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In this work, novel DPS/MWCNT composites were synthesized through filling multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with dialkyl pentasulfide (DPS) using a wet-chemical method. A nanofluid that use the DPS/MWCNT composites as additives was then developed for achieving a high-performance turning. The performance of the developed nanofluid including dispersion stability, heat transfer capacity, and wettability was evaluated using thermophysical analytical methods. The machining performance of the DPS/MWCNT composites nanofluid was systematically investigated in the turning of AISI 52100 alloy steel, using a commercial emulsion coolant as a benchmark. The lubrication mechanism of the nanofluid involved in the turning process was reveal with the aid of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that DPS was successfully filled into MWCNTs with a filling rate of around 25.7%. The nanofluid had an excellent dispersion performance and produced respective 105.0% and 23.6% improvements in the heat transfer and wetting performance, in comparison to a base fluid. During turning, the composites suspended in the nanofluid acted as microbearings to reduce the friction of sliding, while the DPS filled in the MWCNTs was released under pressure to generate a complex lubricating film at the tool-chip interface, leading to a low resistance to cutting. This thus resulted in 15% and 25% reductions in the cutting force and temperature as well as 16% and 22% improvements in the surface roughness and tool life, in comparison to a conventional turning.

There is evidence that both omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) and choline can influence sports performance, but information establishing their combined effects when given in the form of krill oil during power training protocols is missing. The purpose of this study was therefore to characterize n-3 PUFA and choline profiles after a one-hour period of high-intensity physical workout after 12 weeks of supplementation. Thirty-five healthy power training athletes received either 2.5 g/day of Neptune krill oilTM (550 mg EPA/DHA and 150 mg choline) or olive oil (placebo) in a randomized double-blind design. After 12 weeks, only the krill oil group showed a significant HS-Omega-3 Index increase from 4.82 to 6.77% and a reduction in the ARA/EPA ratio (from 50.72 to 13.61%) (p < 0.001). The krill oil group showed significantly higher recovery of choline concentrations relative to the placebo group from the end of the first to the beginning of the second exercise test (p = 0.04) and an 8% decrease in total antioxidant capacity post-exercise versus 21% in the placebo group (p = 0.35). In conclusion, krill oil can be used as a nutritional strategy for increasing the HS-Omega-3 Index, recover choline concentrations and address oxidative stress after intense power trainings.

The processed surface contour shape is extracted with the finite element simulation software, and the difference value of contour shape change is used as the parameters of balancing surface roughness to construct the infinitesimal element cutting finite element model of supersonic vibration milling in cutting stability domain. The surface roughness trial scheme is designed in the central composite test design method to analyze the surface roughness test result in the response surface methodology. The surface roughness prediction model is established and optimized. Finally, the finite element simulation model and surface roughness prediction model are verified and analyzed through experiment. The research results show that, compared with the experiment results, the maximum error of finite element simulation model and surface roughness prediction model is 30.9% and12.3%, respectively. So, the model in this paper is accurate and will provide the theoretical basis for optimization study of auxiliary milling process of supersonic vibration.

Supporting voice commands in applications presents significant benefits to users. However, adding such support to existing GUI-based web apps is effort-consuming with a high learning barrier, as shown in our formative study, due to the lack of unified support for creating multimodal interfaces. We present Geno---a developer tool for adding the voice input modality to existing web apps without requiring significant NLP expertise. Geno provides a high-level workflow for developers to specify functionalities to be supported by voice (intents), create language models for detecting intents and the relevant information (parameters) from user utterances, and fulfill the intents by either programmatically invoking the corresponding functions or replaying GUI actions on the web app. Geno further supports multimodal references to GUI context in voice commands (e.g. "move this [event] to next week" while pointing at an event with the cursor). In a study, developers with little NLP expertise were able to add multimodal voice command support for two existing web apps using Geno.

Additional file 3. Distribution of scores and curves.

Introduction We evaluated an intervention designed to teach 10 to 12-year-old primary school children to assess claims about the effects of treatments (any action intended to maintain or improve health). We report here on outcomes measured one year after the intervention. Methods In this cluster-randomised trial, we included primary schools in the central region of Uganda that taught year-five children (aged 10 to 12 years). We randomly allocated a representative sample of eligible schools to either an intervention or control group. Intervention schools received the Informed Health Choices primary school resources (textbooks, exercise books, and a teachers’ guide). The primary outcome, measured at the end of the school term and again after one year, was the mean score on a test with two multiple-choice questions for each of the 12 concepts and the proportion of children with passing scores. Results We assessed 2960 schools for eligibility; 2029 were eligible, and a random sample of 170 were invited to recruitment meetings. After recruitment meetings, 120 eligible schools consented and were randomly assigned to either the intervention group (n=60, 76 teachers and 6383 children) or control group (n=60, 67 teachers and 4430 children). After one year, the mean score in the multiple-choice test for the intervention schools was 68.7% compared to 53.0% for the control schools (adjusted mean difference 16.7%, 95% CI 13.9 to 19.5; p

To summarize the mid-term effectiveness of arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction combined with meniscus allograft transplantation.A clinical data of 21 patients treated with arthroscopic ACL reconstruction and meniscus allograft transplantation and followed up more than 5 years between February 2007 and December 2014 was retrospectively analyzed. There were 12 males and 9 females, aged from 18 to 45 years, with an average age of 23.5 years. The cause of injury was sport sprain in 15 cases, falling in 4 cases, and traffic accident in 2 cases. The time from injury to operation ranged from 2 to 36 months, with an average of 12 months. Among them, 15 patients underwent previous meniscectomy, with an average interval of 1.6 years (range, 3 months to 6.5 years). All patients were primary ACL reconstruction. Preoperative anterior drawer test, Lachman test, and pivot shift test were positive. Lysholm score was 43.6±10.2. International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score was 60.50±14.06. Of the 21 patients, 10 were gradeⅠ-Ⅱcartilage injuries and 11 were grade Ⅲ cartilage injuries according to MRI.All patients were followed up 5.1-7.8 years, with an average of 5.5 years. There were 2 cases of numbness of lower extremity, 3 cases of slight exudation of incision, 2 cases of articular movement bounce, 5 cases of mild joint swelling and pain after exercise. At last follow-up, Lachman tests were negative in 18 cases and positive in 3 cases; anterior drawer tests were negative in 19 cases and positive in 2 cases; pivot shift tests were negative in all cases. Lysholm score was 84.5±16.5 and IKDC score was 85.25±4.60, which were significantly higher than those before operation (For patients with severe meniscus injury and ACL rupture, ACL reconstruction combined with meniscus allograft transplantation can restore the stability of the joint, recover the meniscus function which is conducive to the protection of articular cartilage and obtain satisfactory mid-term effectiveness.总结关节镜下前交叉韧带（anterior cruciate ligament，ACL）重建联合同种异体半月板移植术治疗半月板严重损伤伴 ACL 断裂的中期疗效。.回顾分析 2007 年 2 月—2014 年 12 月，21 例接受 ACL 重建联合同种异体半月板移植治疗并随访 5 年以上的患者临床资料。男 12 例，女 9 例；年龄 18～45 岁，平均 23.5 岁。致伤原因：运动扭伤 15 例，摔伤 4 例，交通事故伤 2 例。受伤至手术时间为 2～36 个月，平均 12 个月。其中 15 例患者既往行半月板切除术，与该次手术间隔 3 个月～6.5 年，平均 1.6 年。21 例均为初次 ACL 重建。术前前抽屉试验、Lachman 试验、轴移试验均为阳性。Lysholm 评分为（43.6±10.2）分，国际膝关节文献委员会（IKDC）评分为（60.50±14.06）分。术前 MRI 关节软骨分级：Ⅰ～Ⅱ级 10 例，Ⅲ级 11 例。.术后患者均获随访，随访时间 5.1～7.8 年，平均 5.5 年。术后出现下肢麻木 2 例，切口轻度渗液 3 例，关节活动弹响 2 例，运动锻炼后关节轻度肿胀、疼痛 5 例。末次随访时，Lachman 试验阴性 18 例，阳性 3 例；前抽屉试验阴性 19 例，阳性 2 例；轴移试验均为阴性。Lysholm 评分为（84.5±16.5）分，IKDC 评分为（85.25±4.60）分，均明显高于术前（对于半月板严重损伤伴 ACL 断裂患者，同种异体半月板移植联合 ACL 重建能恢复关节稳定性，同时半月板功能的恢复有利于保护关节软骨，中期疗效良好。.

Background— Serine and glycine interconversion and methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1 (MTHFD1)–mediated 1-carbon transfer are the major sources of methyl groups for 1-carbon metabolism. Recently, plasma glycine and a common polymorphism in MTHFD1 have been associated with risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). It is, therefore, of interest to explore if these 2 pathways interact in relation to AMI. Methods and Results— A total of 2571 participants in the WENBIT (Western Norway B Vitamin Intervention Trial) undergoing coronary angiography for stable angina pectoris were studied. Associations of plasma serine and glycine concentrations with risk of AMI across 2 common and functional MTHFD1 polymorphisms ( rs2236225 and rs1076991 ) were explored in Cox regression models. During a median follow-up of 4.7 years, 212 patients (8.2%) experienced an AMI. In age- and sex-adjusted analyses, plasma glycine ( P P =0.52), showed an overall association with AMI. However, interactions of MTHFD1 rs2236225 polymorphism with both plasma serine and glycine were observed ( P interaction =0.03 for both). Low plasma serine and glycine were associated with an increased risk of AMI among patients carrying the rs2236225 minor A allele. Similarly, low plasma glycine showed stronger risk relationship with AMI in the rs1076991 CC genotype carriers but weaker associations in patients carrying the minor T allele ( P interaction =0.02). Conclusions— Our results showed that 2 common and functional polymorphisms in the MTHFD1 gene modulate the risk associations of plasma serine and glycine with AMI. These findings emphasize the possible role of the MTHFD1 in regulating serine and glycine metabolism in relation to atherosclerotic complications. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique Identifier: NCT00354081.

AZ31B alloy was severely rolled at speeds between 18 and 102 m/min by two different reduction schedules, respectively. The recrystallization behaviors, rolling feasibility, temperature distribution, texture and mechanical properties were examined. The {10 1 ¯ 2} tensile twinning and subsequent secondary twinning and continuous dynamic recrystallization dominated the deformation. For 4-pass rolling, as the speed increased, the twin density gradually decreased and the grain size slightly rose due to the suppressed temperature reduction at higher speed. However the effective grain size sharply increased and the recrystallization fraction dropped with increased rolling speed for 2-pass rolling. Full recrystallization mainly occurred in grains with beneficial orientations for {10 1 ¯ 2} twinning, rather than dislocation, during 2-pass rolling at speeds higher than 72 m/min. The rolling feasibility, texture and mechanical properties were largely affected by rolling speed. However, their trends were significantly different, sometimes even on the contrary, under different reduction schedules.

Background: Methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (MTHFD1) catalyzes three sequential reactions that metabolize derivatives of tetrahydrofolate (THF) in folate-dependent one-carbon metabolism. Impaired MTHFD1 flux has been linked to disturbed lipid metabolism and oxidative stress. However, limited information is available on its relation to the development of atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease. Methods and results: We explored the association between a MTHFD1 polymorphism (rs1076991 C > T ) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and potential effect modifications by folic acid/B12 and/or vitamin B6 treatment in suspected stable angina pectoris patients (n Z 2381) participating in the randomized Western Norway B Vitamin Intervention Trial (WENBIT). During the median follow-up of 4.9 years 204 participants (8.6%) suffered an AMI. After adjusting for established CVD risk factors, the MTHFD1 polymorphism was significantly associated with AMI (HR: 1.49; 95% CI, 1.23e1.81). A similar association was observed among patients allocated to treatment with vitamin B6 alone (HR: 1.53; 95% CI, 1.01e2.31), and an even stronger relationship was seen in patients treated with both vitamin B6 and folic acid/B12 (HR: 2.35; 95% CI, 1.55 e3.57). However, no risk association between the MTHFD1 polymorphism and AMI was seen in patients treated with placebo (HR: 1.29; 95% CI, 0.86e1.93) or folic acid/B12 (1.17; 95% CI, 0.83e1.65). Conclusion: A common and functional MTHFD1 polymorphism is associated with increased risk of AMI, although the risk seems to be dependent on specific B vitamin treatment. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the possible mechanisms, also in order to explore potential effect modifications by nutritional factors. publishedVersion

Accurate tool condition monitoring is necessary for the development of automatic milling technology. In order to improve the accuracy and real-time of online monitoring of tool wear state in machining process, an online monitoring system of milling cutter state based on LabVIEW software development is proposed. Firstly, the modern monitoring technology is introduced into the online monitoring of tool state in principle. The vibration signal is analyzed by wavelet packet in time-frequency domain, and the online monitoring of tool state is realized by machine learning algorithm model. The system can be used for real-time monitoring of tool status, timely alarm to facilitate tool replacement, and ensure high efficiency and high quality of processing. The effectiveness and feasibility of the online monitoring system for milling cutter wear state are verified by experiments, and the purpose of online monitoring tool wear state is preliminarily realized.

In order to solve the problem that the joint friction torque value of industrial robots is difficult to be measured in practice, the joint friction identification method based on the energy model is used to indirectly obtain the friction model parameters by measuring the energy consumption value. According to the energy model and the measured robot energy value, the genetic algorithm is used to realize the parameter identification of the Stribeck friction model of joint friction. The results of the two identification methods based on friction torque identification and energy model identification are compared. The simulation results show that the error ratio of all the friction model parameters obtained by the two identification methods is less than 8%, and the error target value of the two identification results is less than 0.1%, which can effectively identify the relevant friction parameters. By designing an experimental scheme, the different speeds and corresponding energy consumption data of the IRB140 robot when joint 1 operates at a constant speed in a specified time are measured, and the Stribeck friction model parameters of the IRB140 robot’s joint 1 are identified by the proposed method.

The energy dissipation level of articulated mechanical arms directly affects the control stability of industrial robot systems. For a six-degree-of-freedom articulated robot driven by a DC servo motor and reduction gear, based on the Hamiltonian and Minimum theories, a model of the articulated manipulator drive system under load torque is established, and the expressions of optimal angular velocity and control current are obtained considering the viscous friction and coulomb factors. According to the analysis of actual parameter simulation experiments, it can be seen that the energy consumption of the joint manipulator drive system increases with the decrease of efficiency, the increase of the coulomb friction torque of the servo motor, and the increase of the load torque. Within the transit time, the total energy consumption of the drive system is smaller, so it is very important to obtain the transit time within the optimal area for the minimum energy consumption of the joint robotic arm drive system. At the same time, a soft neural network model based on the improved BP neural network built on the neural network toolbox for the energy consumption of the articulated mechanical arm is established. Finally, the experimental platform of servo motor drive system is built and used for the experiment of servo motor drive, and the purpose of closed-loop control is also achieved. Through experimental analysis, it can be seen that the proposed soft sensor model of joint minimum energy consumption based on improved BP neural network can more accurately realize the energy consumption prediction under unknown angular displacement and unknown load, and provide a theoretical basis for joint energy monitoring.

The aim of the current study was to investigate the construction of the bone bridge and tibial plateau under arthroscopy during meniscal allograft transplantation, in order to simplify and enhance the accuracy of bone bridge fixation intraoperatively. A traction line passed through the attachment of the anterior and posterior horns of the superior meniscus to the bone bridge was used to pull the bone bridge into the knee joint cavity and fix the anteroposterior horns of the meniscus. At the junction of the body of the meniscus and the posterior and anterior horns of the meniscus, a traction line was created at the anterior and posterior 1/3 of the meniscus to pull and fix the meniscus. Under the arthroscope, the aiming device was placed on the tibial plateau. The direction and width of the guide plate were identical to those of the bone trough of the tibial plateau. The bone tunnel was made using the guide needle and a 9-mm hollow drill, the piston rod was inserted, and the arch-shaped bone knife was inserted along with the piston rod to construct the 9-mm bone trough of the tibial plateau. The periphery of the meniscus was sutured to the joint capsule. These surgical techniques and instruments could standardize meniscal graft transplantation and avoid the incidence of surgical errors caused by mismatched size and shape of the bone bridge and bone trough. This would make the surgery more convenient, safe and accurate. The four-point fixation of the tibial plateau contributed to preventing the reversal of the meniscus during transplantation, and partially reconstructed the coronary ligament of the meniscal tibia, which probably enhanced the stability of the meniscus and minimized the risk of extrusion of the meniscal allograft. The bone bridge and bone trough of the tibial plateau were properly constructed under arthroscopy. Dynamic monitoring of surgical indications, explicit preoperative preparation and standardized surgical procedures could achieve high efficacy and excellent fixation effect during meniscal graft transplantation. The four-point fixation of the tibial plateau maintains and enhances the stability of the meniscal allograft, reduces the risk of meniscal extrusion and ensures the postoperative recovery of meniscal function.

The temperature distribution of Mg–3Al–Zn plate along the thickness and its variation history during rolling was measured by thermocouples embedded in samples. A finite element model was proposed to predict this distribution and the agreement between experimental and computational results represented its validity. The temperature distribution was uneven due to the internal temperature rise effect and the surface chilling effect during rolling. The initial sudden temperature rise and the overall temperature rise through rolling both exhibited proportional relationships with thickness reduction, while inverse correlations with initial temperature. The temperature drop of surface layer first increased and then decreased as the amount of thickness reduction increased during rolling. However it gradually increased as initial temperature increased, reaching a maximum of 147 °C. What's more, this surface chilling layer was only 1/6 of the total thickness and remained unchanged.

High quality and high efficiency are very important factors in the mold industry and must be considered in machining technology development. Corners are one of the typical features in a cavity mold that can cause low accuracy, tool wear, cutter defection, and vibration. Therefore, off-line feedrate optimization in a corner-milling process has been proposed as a means for avoiding these drawbacks. The corner-milling process could be divided into five stages according to the contact conditions between the cutter and workpiece. An improved chip thickness model based on the actual trajectory of the cutter was presented to predict the movement of the cutter along a curved path. Various feedrate optimizations were presented with varying control parameters. In this paper, three feedrate optimizations were implemented using three control parameters, relative volume, milling force, and cutter deflection, based on the differential element method (DEM). A corner-milling force experiment indicated that the simulation results using a modified milling force model agreed well with actual experimental milling results. Following this, a feedrate optimization with multiple constraints was built, according to a combination of three feedrate optimizations and then consider the acceleration and deceleration limitation. The simulation by using the method in this paper demonstrated that the machining time of rough milling, semi-finish milling, and finish milling could be reduced. In addition, it was found that the resulting milling force varies within a narrow range.

Questionnaire: a comparative evaluation of PDQ-Evidence (PDQ first). (DOCX 24 kb)

Introduction Every year, young asylum seekers come to Norway without legal documentation of their chronological age. To ensure that children receive their entitled rights and that adults are not treated as children, it is necessary to estimate their chronological age. Assessments of hand-wrist and third molar teeth using radiographs have been used for age estimation in Norway for years. We have previously published systematic reviews assessing age distribution using radiographs based on the Greulich & Pyle atlas for hand-wrist skeleton, the Demirjian’s stages for the third molar teeth, CT and MRI for medial clavicular, knee and ankle ossification. Here we present a systematic review to evaluate the use of psychological tests for age estimation in adolescents and young adults. Method We conducted a search for studies in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, Google Scholar, PROSPERO and Epistemonikos in May 2018. All available studies that have assessed the psychological maturity for age estimation in people between 10 and 25 years old could be included, regardless of language and study design. Each reference was screened by two authors independently. Studies that were read in full-text but were excluded are listed in a table with the corresponding reason for exclusion. Results We found 3325 titles and abstracts for screening. We considered seven references as potentially relevant and read them in full-text. However, none of the references met our inclusion criteria. Discussion Several psychological methods have been found to be researched in connection with chronological age, but we did not find any direct measure of using these methods for age estimation. Conclusion We have conducted a systematic review to collect evidence of using psychological tests for chronological age estimation in adolescents and young adults. Our systematic literature search did not find any relevant studies that met the research question and the inclusion criteria. There is a lack of research evidence on the application and validity of using psychological test for chronological age estimation in adolescents and young adults. Sammendrag (norsk) Innledning Hvert år kommer unge asylsøkere til Norge uten juridisk dokumentasjon på kronologisk alder. Det er nødvendig å fastsette kronologisk alder for å sikre at barn får de rettighetene de har krav på, og for ikke å behandle voksne som barn. I Norge har alder på asylsøkere blitt estimert ved å evaluere modningen av skjelettet i hånd‐håndrot og tannutviklingen. Vi har tidligere publisert systematiske oversikter som vurderte aldersfordelingen av forskjellige utviklingsstadier av hånd, tann, mediale kragebein, kne og ankel. Her presenterer vi en systematisk oversikt for å vurdere bruk av psykologiske modenhetstester for aldersvurdering av ungdom og unge voksne. Metode Vi søkte etter studier i Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, Google Scholar, PROSPERO og Epistemonikos i mai 2018. Alle studier kunne bli inkludert om de hadde vurdert psykologisk modenhet for aldersvurdering hos mennesker mellom 10 og 25 år, uavhengig av språk og studiedesign. To av forfatterne vurderte hver referanse uavhengig av hverandre. Studier som ble lest i fulltekst, men som ble ekskludert, ble oppført i en egen tabell med begrunnelse for ekskludering. Resultat Vi fant 3325 referanser i søket. Totalt sju potensielt relevante publikasjoner ble vurdert i fulltekst, men ingen av dem oppfylte våre inkluderingskriterier. Diskusjon Det finnes noen psykologiske metoder som har vært knyttet til kronologisk aldersvurdering, men vi fant ingen som faktisk hadde validert disse metodene for aldersvurdering. Konklusjon Vi har gjennomført en systematisk oversikt om bruk av psykologiske tester for kronologisk aldersvurdering av ungdom og unge voksne. Et systematisk litteratursøk fant ingen relevante studier som oppfylte inkluderingskriteriene våre. Det mangler forskning om anvendelse og validiteten av psykologiske modenhetstester for kronologisk aldersvurdering av ungdom og unge voksne.

Predefined and own questions. (DOCX 25 kb)

AZ31B alloy was subjected to vertical rolling at various temperatures prior to multi-pass severe rolling processing including initial rolling including one 80% reduction pass and finish rolling at 300 °C and 350 °C, respectively. The depth and number of edge crack, microstructure evolution and tensile properties were examined. The results indicate that pre-vertical rolling at low temperature before severe rolling can significantly restrain edge crack, change relative frequency distribution of edge-crack depth, increase microstructure homogeneity and sharply change the intensity and distribution of basal texture of initial-rolled sheets. The level of edge crack increases with increased vertical rolling temperature above 100 °C mostly due to the combination of shear band density, microstructure homogeneity, grain size and texture of rolled sheets. Compared with conventional rolling, the effect of vertical rolling on final mechanical properties depends on the finish rolling temperature due to the combination of shear bands, twins and grain size. The variation trend of mechanical properties with increased vertical rolling temperature is also sensitive to finish rolling temperature. For as-rolled sheets, the severe rolling route with vertical rolling at 100 °C and finish rolling at 300 °C should be required.

Background: Claims about what improves or harms our health are ubiquitous. People need to be able to assess the reliability of these claims. We aimed to evaluate an intervention designed to teach primary school children to assess claims about the effects of treatments (ie, any action intended to maintain or improve health). Methods: In this cluster-randomised controlled trial, we included primary schools in the central region of Uganda that taught year-5 children (aged 10–12 years). We excluded international schools, special needs schools for children with auditory and visual impairments, schools that had participated in user-testing and piloting of the resources, infant and nursery schools, adult education schools, and schools that were difficult for us to access in terms of travel time. We randomly allocated a representative sample of eligible schools to either an intervention or control group. Intervention schools received the Informed Health Choices primary school resources (textbooks, exercise books, and a teachers' guide). Teachers attended a 2 day introductory workshop and gave nine 80 min lessons during one school term. The lessons addressed 12 concepts essential to assessing claims about treatment effects and making informed health choices. We did not intervene in the control schools. The primary outcome, measured at the end of the school term, was the mean score on a test with two multiple-choice questions for each of the 12 concepts and the proportion of children with passing scores on the same test. This trial is registered with the Pan African Clinical Trial Registry, number PACTR201606001679337. Findings: Between April 11, 2016, and June 8, 2016, 2960 schools were assessed for eligibility; 2029 were eligible, and a random sample of 170 were invited to recruitment meetings. After recruitment meetings, 120 eligible schools consented and were randomly assigned to either the intervention group (n=60, 76 teachers and 6383 children) or control group (n=60, 67 teachers and 4430 children). The mean score in the multiple-choice test for the intervention schools was 62·4% (SD 18·8) compared with 43·1% (15·2) for the control schools (adjusted mean difference 20·0%, 95% CI 17·3–22·7; p

Background: One-carbon metabolism (OCM) is involved in RNA, DNA synthesis and in epigenetic regulation. Pathway gene analysis is more likely to capture potential gene-disease associations comparing to single gene analysis. We investigated whether genetic variants in folate network as well as their interactions would predict subsequent acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in patients undergoing elective coronary angiography for stable angina pectoris (SAP). Methods: A total of 2381 subjects (98% Caucasian) recruited to the Western Norway B Vitamin Intervention Trial (WENBIT) in 2000-2004 were studied. Patients were followed until a subsequent AMI or end of 2006. We genotyped 18 commonly investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 13 genes in the OCM network. Predictable variants were selected based on both out-of-bag importance scores from random survival forests and their incremental effects from recursive nested analysis. We then assessed gene-gene interactions among those predictive variants with generalized logistic model and calculated hazard ratio (HR), confidence interval (CI) for each predictor in Cox proportional hazard models. Results: There are 204 (8.57%) patients who experienced an AMI throughout 4.9 years (median) follow-up. We observed no violation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in 15 SNPs in our population. Four SNPs (rs1076991, rs1021737, rs1801133 and rs3733890) in folate network were identified as promising candidates for predicting AMI risk. Interestingly, only rs1076991 associated significantly with AMI (HR=1.30, 95% CI: 1.10-1.52), indicating the other SNPs primarily mediate their risk bygene-gene interactions. There was a strong and stable interaction between the dominant model of rs3733890 and dominant model of rs34489327 (P for interaction: 0.003; HR =2.23, 95% CI: 1.27-3.92, adjusted for age, gender, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, extent of CAD by angiography (0-3), apolipoprotein (Apo) A1 and B, left ventricular ejection fraction and estimated glomerular filtration rate). Further adjustment for vitamins involved in OCM (folate, B2, B6, B12), the substrates (betaine and homocysteine) and products (methionine and dimethylglycine) of the betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase (BHMT) had minimal influence on the estimate. Conclusions: Prior studies show that BHMT transcription is associated with co-transcription of Apo B and that the rs3733890 of this gene is associated with higher dimethylglycine levels. We have recently shown that elevated plasma dimethylglycine is associated with increased risk of AMI and improves risk prediction in patients with SAP independent of Apo B levels. The current investigation extends previous knowledge, suggesting that a genetic variant in BHMT may modulate the risk of AMI by interfering with thymidylate synthesis independent of plasma dimethylglycine.

Additional file 2: Table S1. Comparisons related to self-reported behaviours in the 1-year follow-up. Table S2. Ranges of marks and points awarded for each subject. Table S3. Exclusion criteria for self-reported behaviours. Table S4. Number of missing values for each question. Table S5. Attendance and national examinations. Table S6. Sensitivity analyses – 1-year follow-up. Table S7. Attrition, differences in test scores across strata of schools. Table S8. Intended behaviours – 1-year follow-up. Table S9. Self-efficacy. Table S10. Self-reported behaviour – awareness of treatment claims. Table S11. Self-reported behaviour – assessment of trustworthiness of treatment claims. Table S12. Consistent (correct) answers regarding certainty about treatment claims. Table S13. Self-reported behaviour – assessment of the basis of treatment claims. Table S14. Self-reported behaviour – assessment of advantages and disadvantages of treatments. Table S15. Subgroup analysis – reading skills. Table S16. Differences in reading skills. Table S17. Subgroup analysis – parent who listened to the podcast. Table S18. Exploratory analyses – P values for differences between first (end of intervention term) and second (1-year follow-up) effects. Table S19. Exploratory analyses excluding children who did not take the test both times.

PDQ-Evidence search strategies for PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS and PsycINFO. (DOCX 12 kb)

Additional file 2: Table S1. Comparisons related to self-reported behaviours in the 1-year follow-up. Table S2. Ranges of marks and points awarded for each subject. Table S3. Exclusion criteria for self-reported behaviours. Table S4. Number of missing values for each question. Table S5. Attendance and national examinations. Table S6. Sensitivity analyses – 1-year follow-up. Table S7. Attrition, differences in test scores across strata of schools. Table S8. Intended behaviours – 1-year follow-up. Table S9. Self-efficacy. Table S10. Self-reported behaviour – awareness of treatment claims. Table S11. Self-reported behaviour – assessment of trustworthiness of treatment claims. Table S12. Consistent (correct) answers regarding certainty about treatment claims. Table S13. Self-reported behaviour – assessment of the basis of treatment claims. Table S14. Self-reported behaviour – assessment of advantages and disadvantages of treatments. Table S15. Subgroup analysis – reading skills. Table S16. Differences in reading skills. Table S17. Subgroup analysis – parent who listened to the podcast. Table S18. Exploratory analyses – P values for differences between first (end of intervention term) and second (1-year follow-up) effects. Table S19. Exploratory analyses excluding children who did not take the test both times.

PDQ-Evidence search strategies for PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS and PsycINFO. (DOCX 12 kb)