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ABSTRACT Recognizing cryptic species is crucial for understanding global biodiversity. The intertidal snail Littoraria flammea is potentially a cryptic species of L. melanostoma widely distributed in the Northwest Pacific. However, the evidence from traditional morphology and single genetic markers is inconsistent. Our study combined quantitative morphological and whole‐genome molecular data to clarify the phylogenetic relationship of three species (L. flammea, L. aff. melanostoma, and L. melanostoma). Three‐dimensional models of shells revealed significant differences in morphology between L. flammea and L. melanostoma. Neutral SNPs indicated that individuals of L. flammea and L. melanostoma were in different clusters. The ratio of interspecific FST to intraspecific FST between L. flammea and L. melanostoma (16) was much larger than the lowest ratio (2.31) in six published genera with cryptic species in gastropods. Non‐neutral SNPs disclosed divergence in functional genes related to reproduction and protein binding. The morphological and phylogenetic analyses corroborated the transitional status of L. aff. melanostoma. These results confirmed that the L. flammea snails north of the Yangtze River Estuary is a cryptic species of L. melanostoma, and allopatric speciation occurs in the L. melanostoma complex.

Transportation is a necessary aspect of the aquaculture industry that might induce inevitable stress and compromise product quality. In the present study, the transcriptomic profiles in the brain and liver of Chinese sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus) were characterized after transportation stress at two different densities (low-density: 20 kg/m3 and high-density: 40 kg/m3). Transcriptome analysis revealed that 485 and 627 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were determined in the brain and liver from sea bass after transportation stress, respectively. KEGG enrichment analysis demonstrated that the DEGs were significantly enriched in focal adhesion, PI3K-Akt, MAPK signaling pathway, apoptosis, and circadian rhythm under transportation stress. Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) networks showed that COL1A1, COL1A2, COL5A2, COL10A1, and COL16A1 associated with protein digestion and absorption, together with LUM, SERPINH1, and ADAMTS2 were recognized as hub genes in the brain, while JUN, NFKB1, MAPK14, MAP3K7, HSPA1, HSP90AA1, PIK3CA and PIK3R1 tightly related to MAPK and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and SMAD3 and PPARGC1A were considered as hub genes in the liver. These results indicated that the alterations in transcripts of sea bass are primarily involved in cell adhesion, signal transduction, immune response, and metabolic regulation in response to transportation stress. Our study provides new perspectives into the molecular mechanism underlying responses to transportation and theoretical support for optimizing transportation in the Chinese sea bass.

Abstract Ellobium chinense is an airbreathing, pulmonate gastropod species that inhabits saltmarshes in estuaries of the northwestern Pacific. Due to a rapid population decline and their unique ecological niche in estuarine ecosystems, this species has attracted special attention regarding their conservation and the genomic basis of adaptation to frequently changing environments. Here we report a draft genome assembly of E. chinense with a total size of 949.470 Mb and a scaffold N50 of 1.465 Mb. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that the GO terms enriched among four gastropod species are related to signal transduction involved in maintaining electrochemical gradients across the cell membrane. Population genomic analysis using the MSMC model for 14 re-sequenced individuals revealed a drastic decline in Korean and Japanese populations during the last glacial period, while the southern Chinese population retained a much larger effective population size (N e ). These contrasting demographic changes might be attributed to multiple environmental factors during the glacial–interglacial cycles. This study provides valuable genomic resources for understanding adaptation and historical demographic responses to climate change.

Summary: Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs) play a pivotal role in regulating extracellular matrix (ECM) dynamics and have been extensively studied in vertebrates. However, understanding their evolution across invertebrate phyla is limited. Utilizing the high-quality Pteria penguin genome, we conducted phylogenomic orthology analyses across metazoans, revealing the emergence and distribution of the TIMP gene family. Our findings show that TIMP repertoires originated during eumetazoan radiation, experiencing independent duplication events in different clades, resulting in varied family sizes. Particularly, Pteriomorphia bivalves within Mollusca exhibited the most significant expansion and displayed the most diverse TIMP repertoires among metazoans. These expansions were attributed to multiple gene duplication events, potentially driven by the demands for functional diversification related to multiple adaptive traits, contributing to the adaptation of Pteriomorphia bivalves as stationary filter feeders. In this context, Pteriomorphia bivalves offer a promising model for studying invertebrate TIMP evolution.

Summary: Rapid genetic selection is critical for allowing natural populations to adapt to different thermal environments such as those that occur across intertidal microhabitats with high degrees of thermal heterogeneity. To address the question of how thermal regimes influence selection and adaptation in the intertidal black mussel Mytilisepta virgata, we continuously recorded environmental temperatures in both tidal pools and emergent rock microhabitats and then assessed genetic differentiation, gene expression patterns, RNA editing level, and cardiac performance. Our results showed that the subpopulations in the tidal pool and on emergent rocks had different genetic structures and exhibited different physiological and molecular responses to high-temperature stress. These results indicate that environmental heterogeneity across microhabitats is important for driving genetic differentiation and shed light on the importance of post-settlement selection for adaptively modifying the genetic composition and thermal responses of these intertidal mussels.

Synonymous mutations are shown to affect the gene expression profile and interact with microhabitat heterogeneity to influence thermal resistance in black mussels.

Abstract The magnitude of negative environmental impacts generated by food production means it is now imperative we develop food systems in a way that can actively support the recovery of degraded ecosystems, while also meeting increasing demands for food and livelihoods. Aquaculture, when it utilizes the right practices and species and occurs in the right places, can strike this balance, enabling food production that supports the health of aquatic ecosystems. To ensure the efficacy of this approach, however, a clear, common understanding of the ways in which this industry can achieve this outcome is needed. This paper highlights a definition of “restorative aquaculture”, identifies global principles for the use and development of restorative practices, and identifies needs for information, data, and tools that, if addressed, would greatly expand our understanding of the ways in which aquaculture and restorative activities can have positive environmental outcomes. This guidance was developed by a working group of representatives from global aquaculture, environment, economic and academic organizations. It can assist industry and government in making decisions about sustainability as well as restoration and rehabilitation strategies that intersect with aquaculture.

Summary: High-throughput determination of circadian rhythms in metabolic response and their divergent patterns in various microhabitats are crucial for understanding how organisms respond to environmental stresses. A mid-intertidal limpet Cellana toreuma was collected at various time points across both daytime and nighttime in winter during low tide for investigating the diurnal metabolomic responses to cold stress and elucidating the divergent metabolic responses to temperature variations across microhabitats. Temperatures of emergent rock microhabitats were lower than the tidal pool and even aggravated at night. A series of metabolomic responses exhibited coordinated diurnal changes in winter. Metabolic responses which were associated with cellular stress responses and energy metabolism of emergent rock microhabitat individuals were highly induced compared to the tidal pool ones. This study shed light on the diurnal patterns of metabolomic responses of intertidal molluscs in the field and emphasized the variations in metabolic responses between microhabitats.

Abstract Macrobenthic invertebrates are ubiquitously distributed in the epipelagic zone of the open ocean. Yet, our understanding of their genetic structure patterns remains poorly understood. Investigating the genetic differentiation patterns of pelagic Lepas anatifera and clarifying the potential roles of temperature maintaining this pattern are crucial for our understanding of the distribution and biodiversity of pelagic macrobenthos. In the present study, mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtDNA COI) from three South China Sea (SCS) populations and six Kuroshio Extension (KE) region populations of L. anatifera sampled from fixed buoys and genome‐wide SNPs from a subset of populations (two SCS populations and four KE region populations) were sequenced and analyzed for investigating the genetic pattern of the pelagic barnacle. Water temperature was different among sampling sites; in other words, the water temperature decreased with latitude increases, and the water temperature on the surface was higher than in the subsurface. Our result showed that three lineages with clear genetic differentiation were found in different geographical locations and depths based on mtDNA COI, all SNPs, neutral SNPs, and outlier SNPs. Lineage 1 and lineage 2 were dominant in the subsurface populations and surface populations from the KE region, respectively. Lineage 3 was dominant in the SCS populations. Historical events during the Pliocene epoch shaped the differentiation of the three lineages, while, nowadays, temperature heterogeneity maintains the current genetic pattern of L. anatifera in the northwest Pacific. The subsurface populations were genetically isolated from the surface populations in the Kuroshio Extension (KE) region, implying small‐scale vertical thermal heterogeneity was also an important factor maintaining the genetic differentiation pattern of the pelagic species.

The barnacle Lepas anatifera Linnaeus, 1758 (Scalpellomorpha, Lepadidae) is a worldwide distributed species. For investigating its genetic diversity in the northwest Pacific, two complete mitochondrial genomes were determined and analyzed. The lengths of the two complete mitogenomes were 15,708 bp and 15,703 bp, respectively. Both of them contained typical 37 genes with an identical order to L. anserifera Linnaeus, 1767 and L. australis Darwin, 1851 mitogenome. Except for ND1 and ND2, 11 protein-coding genes (PCGs) started with an ATN initiation codon (ATA, ATG, ATC, and ATT). Twelve PCGs were terminated with TAA or TAG stop codon, whereas ND1 possessed an incomplete termination codon (T–). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that L. australis and L. anserifera clustered together, and then with L. anatifera. The distinct genetic distances (0.17) based on concatenated sequence of 13 PCGs between the two mitogenomes of L. anatifera suggest the existence of cryptic speciation. Additional samples from multiple localities should be collected and analyzed to deepen the understanding of cryptic diversity within the northwest Pacific.

Abstract Background Although pathological evaluation has been considered an effective evaluation method, some problems still exist in practice. Therefore, we explored whether there are more reasonable and practical pathological evaluation criteria for neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Here, we aim to determine pathological judgment criteria for neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Methods Eighty-seven patients with cT2–4 or cN+ were enrolled in this study. Pathological factors for overall survival (OS) were investigated using univariate and multivariate analyses, and the pathological criteria for neoadjuvant chemotherapy were then determined. Results A total of 87 patients underwent 3–4 cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, with 67 (77.0%), 15 (17.2%), and 5 (5.8%) receiving Folfox6, Xelox, and SOX regimens, respectively. All patients showed different levels of graded histological regression (GHR) of the primary tumor, with a ≥ 50% regression rate of 50.6%. The univariate analysis showed that GHR ≥ 50% (p = 0.022), 66.7% (p = 0.013), and 90% (p = 0.028) were significantly correlated with OS. The multivariate analysis demonstrated that ypTNM (II/III) stage was significantly associated with OS compared with ypTNM (0+I) stage [HR = 3.553, 95% CI 1.886–6.617; HR = 3.576, 95% CI 1.908–6.703, respectively] and that the Lauren classification of diffuse type was also an independent risk factor for OS compared with the intestinal type (HR = 3.843, 95% CI 1.443–10.237). Conclusions The Lauren classification and ypTNM stage after neoadjuvant chemotherapy are independent prognostic factors in advanced gastric cancer. A GHR ≥ 50%/

To evaluate the thermal resistance of marine invertebrates to elevated temperatures under scenarios of future climate change, it is crucial to understand parental effect of long acclimatization on thermal tolerance of offspring. To test whether there is parental effect of long acclimatization, adult sea cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicus) from the same broodstock were transplanted southward and acclimatized at high temperature in field mesocosms. Four groups of juvenile sea cucumbers whose parents experienced different durations of high temperature acclimatization were established. Upper thermal limits, oxygen consumption and levels of heat shock protein mRNA of juveniles was determined to compare thermal tolerance of individuals from different groups. Juvenile sea cucumbers whose parents experienced high temperature could acquire high thermal resistance. With the increase of parental exposure duration to high temperature, offspring became less sensitive to high temperature, as indicated by higher upper thermal limits (LT50), less seasonal variations of oxygen consumption, and stable oxygen consumption rates between chronic and acute thermal stress. The relatively high levels of constitutive expression of heat-shock proteins should contribute to the high thermal tolerance. Together, these results indicated that the existence of a parental effect of long acclimatization would increase thermal tolerance of juveniles and change the thermal sensitivity of sea cucumber to future climate change.

Genetic data were used to measure the phylogeographic distribution of the limpet, Cellana toreuma along the China coast in order to acsertain impacts of historic events, ocean currents and especially freshwater discharge from the Yangtze River on the connectivity of intertidal species with limited larval dispersal capability.Genetic variation in 15 populations of C. toreuma (n = 418), ranging from the Yellow Sea (YS), East China Sea (ECS) and South China Sea (SCS), were determined from partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene. Genetic diversity and divergence based on haplotype frequencies were analyzed using CONTRIB, and AMOVA was used to examine genetic population structure. Historic demographic expansions were evaluated from both neutrality tests and mismatch distribution tests. Among the 30 haplotypes identified, a dominant haplotype No. 1 (H1) existed in all the populations, and a relatively abundant private haplotype (H2) in YS. Pairwise F(ST) values between YS and the other two groups were relatively high and the percentage of variation among groups was 10.9%.The high nucleotide and gene diversity in the YS, with large pairwise genetic distances and relatively high percentages of variation among groups, suggests that this group was relatively isolated from ECS and SCS. This is likely driven by historic events, ocean currents, and demographic expansion. We propose that freshwater discharge from the Yangtze River, which may act as physical barrier limiting the southward dispersal of larvae from northern populations, is especially important in determining the separation of the YS group from the rest of the Chinese populations of C. toreuma.

Physiological responses to temperature reflect the evolutionary adaptations of organisms to their thermal environment and the capability of animals to tolerate thermal stress. Contrary to conventional metabolism theory, increasing environmental temperatures have been shown to reduce metabolic rate in rocky-eulittoral-fringe species inhabiting highly variable environments, possibly as a strategy for energy conservation. To study the physiological adaptations of an intertidal-subtidal species to the extreme and unpredictable heat stress of the intertidal zone, oxygen consumption rate and heat shock protein expression were quantified in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Using simulate natural temperatures, the relationship between temperature, physiological performance (oxygen consumption and heat shock proteins) and thermotolerance were assessed. Depression of oxygen consumption rate and upregulation of heat shock protein genes (hsps) occurred in sequence when ambient temperature was increased from 24 to 30°C. Large-scale mortality of the sea cucumber occurred when temperatures rose beyond 30°C, suggesting that the upregulation of heat shock proteins and mortality are closely related to the depression of aerobic metabolism, a phenomenon that is in line with the concept of oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance (OCLTT). The physiologically-related thermotolerance of this sea cucumber should be an adaptation to its local environment.

Macromolecular function commonly involves rapidly reversible alterations in three-dimensional structure (conformation). To allow these essential conformational changes, macromolecules must possess higher order structures that are appropriately balanced between rigidity and flexibility. Because of the low stabilization free energies (marginal stabilities) of macromolecule conformations, temperature changes have strong effects on conformation and, thereby, on function. As is well known for proteins, during evolution, temperature-adaptive changes in sequence foster retention of optimal marginal stability at a species’ normal physiological temperatures. Here, we extend this type of analysis to messenger RNAs (mRNAs), a class of macromolecules for which the stability–lability balance has not been elucidated.We employ in silico methods to determine secondary structures and estimate changes in free energy of folding (ΔGfold) for 25 orthologous mRNAs that encode the enzyme cytosolic malate dehydrogenase in marine mollusks with adaptation temperatures spanning an almost 60 °C range. The change in free energy that occurs during formation of the ensemble of mRNA secondary structures is significantly correlated with adaptation temperature: ΔGfold values are all negative and their absolute values increase with adaptation temperature. A principal mechanism underlying these adaptations is a significant increase in synonymous guanine + cytosine substitutions with increasing temperature. These findings open up an avenue of exploration in molecular evolution and raise interesting questions about the interaction between temperature-adaptive changes in mRNA sequence and in the proteins they encode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparative studies of orthologous proteins of species evolved at different temperatures have revealed consistent patterns of temperature-related variation in thermal stabilities of structure and function. However, the precise mechanisms by which interspecific variations in sequence foster these adaptive changes remain largely unknown. Here, we compare orthologs of cytosolic malate dehydrogenase (cMDH) from marine molluscs adapted to temperatures ranging from -1.9 °C (Antarctica) to ~55 °C (South China coast) and show how amino acid usage in different regions of the enzyme (surface, intermediate depth, and protein core) varies with adaptation temperature. This eukaryotic enzyme follows some but not all of the rules established in comparisons of archaeal and bacterial proteins. To link the effects of specific amino acid substitutions with adaptive variations in enzyme thermal stability, we combined site-directed mutagenesis (SDM) and in vitro protein experimentation with in silico mutagenesis using molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) techniques. SDM and MDS methods generally but not invariably yielded common effects on protein stability. MDS analysis is shown to provide insights into how specific amino acid substitutions affect the conformational flexibilities of mobile regions (MRs) of the enzyme that are essential for binding and catalysis. Whereas these substitutions invariably lie outside of the MRs, they effectively transmit their flexibility-modulating effects to the MRs through linked interactions among surface residues. This discovery illustrates that regions of the protein surface lying outside of the site of catalysis can help establish an enzyme's thermal responses and foster evolutionary adaptation of function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orthologous proteins of species adapted to different temperatures exhibit differences in stability and function that are interpreted to reflect adaptive variation in structural "flexibility." However, quantifying flexibility and comparing flexibility across proteins has remained a challenge. To address this issue, we examined temperature effects on cytosolic malate dehydrogenase (cMDH) orthologs from differently thermally adapted congeners of five genera of marine molluscs whose field body temperatures span a range of ∼60 °C. We describe consistent patterns of convergent evolution in adaptation of function [temperature effects on KM of cofactor (NADH)] and structural stability (rate of heat denaturation of activity). To determine how these differences depend on flexibilities of overall structure and of regions known to be important in binding and catalysis, we performed molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) analyses. MDS analyses revealed a significant negative correlation between adaptation temperature and heat-induced increase of backbone atom movements [root mean square deviation (rmsd) of main-chain atoms]. Root mean square fluctuations (RMSFs) ofmovement by individual amino acid residues varied across the sequence in a qualitatively similar pattern among orthologs. Regions of sequence involved in ligand binding and catalysis-termed mobile regions 1 and 2 (MR1 and MR2), respectively-showed the largest values for RMSF. Heat-induced changes in RMSF values across the sequence and importantly, in MR1 and MR2 were greatest in coldadapted species. MDS methods are shown to provide powerful tools for examining adaptation of enzymes by providing a quantitative index of protein flexibility and identifying sequence regions where adaptive change in flexibility occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biogeographic distributions are driven by cumulative effects of smaller scale processes. Thus, vulnerability of animals to thermal stress is the result of physiological sensitivities to body temperature (Tb), microclimatic conditions, and behavioural thermoregulation. To understand interactions among these variables, we analysed the thermal tolerances of three species of intertidal snails from different latitudes along the Chinese coast, and estimated potential Tb in different microhabitats at each site. We then empirically determined the temperatures at which heart rate decreased sharply with rising temperature (Arrhenius breakpoint temperature, ABT) and at which it fell to zero (flat line temperature, FLT) to calculate thermal safety margins (TSM). Regular exceedance of FLT in sun-exposed microhabitats, a lethal effect, was predicted for only one mid-latitude site. However, ABTs of some individuals were exceeded at sun-exposed microhabitats in most sites, suggesting physiological impairment for snails with poor behavioural thermoregulation and revealing inter-individual variations (physiological polymorphism) of thermal limits. An autocorrelation analysis of Tb showed that predictability of extreme temperatures was lowest at the hottest sites, indicating that the effectiveness of behavioural thermoregulation is potentially lowest at these sites. These results illustrate the critical roles of mechanistic studies at small spatial scales when predicting effects of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High levels of biodiversity and phylogeographic structure in marine species in Southeast Asia are strongly linked to Quaternary sea-level fluctuations and complex oceanographic conditions. Cellana toreuma is a common limpet on intertidal rocky shores and is widely distributed in the Western Pacific. Analyses of partial mitochondrial COI gene sequences from Southeast Asia, combined with previously published sequences from East Asia and Indonesia, revealed the existence of five well-supported clades with high genetic divergences (between 1.4 and 7.6%), namely the East Asia clade, the eastern Southeast Asia clade, the western Southeast Asia clade, the Pelabuan Ratu (Java) clade and the Ogasawara clade. The geographical distribution of the five clades is likely related to the history of glaciations and rapid postglacial population expansions. Analyses of pairwise FST and hierarchical analysis of molecular variance shows significant population structure among collections in East and Southeast Asia. These results suggest that historical events have had strong effects on the phylogeographic structure of C. toreuma. In addition, present environmental factors, such as unsuitable habitats and ocean currents, have also affected the genetic footprints of past environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Substrate, ocean current and freshwater discharge are recognized as important factors that control the larval dispersal and recruitment of intertidal species. Life history traits of individual species will determine the differential responses to these physical factors, and hence resulting in contrasting phylogeography across the same biogeographic barrier. To determine how these factors affect genetic structure of rocky shore species along the China coast, a comparative phylogeographic study of four intertidal and subtidal species was conducted using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA by combining new sequences from Siphonaria japonica with previously published sequences from three species (Cellana toreuma, Sargassum horneri and Atrina pectinata). Results: Analysis of molecular variance and pairwise ΦST revealed significant genetic differences between the Yellow Sea (YS) and the other two marginal seas (East China Sea, ECS and South China Sea, SCS) for rocky-shore species (S. japonica, C. toreuma, S. horneri), but not for muddy-shore species Atrina pectinata. Demographic history analysis proved that the population size of all these four species were persistent though the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ~20 ka BP). Migration analysis revealed that gene flow differentiated northward and southward migration for these four species. However, the inferred direction of gene flow using alternatively mitochondrial or nuclear markers was contradictory in S. japonica. Conclusions: It is concluded that there is a phylogeographical break at the Yangtze River estuary for the rocky shore species and the causation of the barrier is mainly due to the unsuitable substratum and freshwater discharge. All four intertidal and subtidal species appear to have persisted through the LGM in China, indicating the lower impact of LGM on intertidal and subtidal species than generally anticipated. The imbalanced gene flow between YS and ESCS groups for these four species could be explained by historical refugia. The discordance between mitochondrial and nuclear markers in the MIGRATE analysis of S. japonica prove the importance of employing multi-locus data in biogeographic study. Climate change, land reclamation and dam construction, which are changing substrate and hydrological conditions around Yangtze River estuary, will consequently affect the biogeographic pattern of intertidal species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of heat stress on organisms are manifested at the levels of organ function, metabolic activity, protein stability and gene expression. Here, we examined effects of high temperature on the intertidal limpet Cellana toreuma to determine how the temperatures at which (1) organ failure (cardiac function), (2) irreversible protein damage (carbonylation) and (3) expression of genes encoding proteins involved in molecular chaperoning (hsp70 and hsp90) and metabolic regulation (ampk and sirt1) occur compare with field temperatures, which commonly exceed 30°C and can reach 46°C. Heart failure, indexed by the Arrhenius break temperature, occurred at 34.3°C. Protein carbonylation rose significantly at 38°C. Genes for heat shock proteins HSP70 (hsp70) and HSP90 (hsp90), for two subunits of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) (ampka and ampkß) and for histone/protein deacetylase SIRT1 (sirt1) all showed increased expression at 30°C. Temperatures of maximal expression differed among genes, as did temperatures at which upregulation ceased. Expression patterns for ampk and sirt1 indicate that heat stress influenced cellular energy homeostasis; above ~30°C, upregulation of ATP-generating pathways is suggested by elevated expression of genes for ampk; an altered balance between reliance on carbohydrate and lipid fuels is indicated by changes in expression of sirt1. These results show that C. toreuma commonly experiences temperatures that induce expression of genes associated with the stress response (hsp70 and hsp90) and regulation of energy metabolism (ampk and sirt1). At high temperatures, there is likely to be a shift away from anabolic processes such as growth to catabolic processes, to provide energy for coping with stressinduced damage, notably to proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied thermal tolerance limits, heat-hardening, and Hsp70 to elucidate the difference in thermotolerance between two color variants of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Green and Red variants occupy different habitats and have different aestivation responses to high temperature in summer. In the absence of heat-hardening, the variants showed no difference in the temperature at which 50% of the individuals died: Green, 31.49 °C; Red, 31.39 °C. However, Green specimens acquired higher thermotolerance than Red after a prior sublethal heat exposure. After 72 h of recovery from a heat-hardening treatment (30 °C for 2 h), the survival of Green variants was more than 50% and that of Red was less than 5% when they were treated at 33 °C for 2 h. Levels of mRNA and protein for Hsp70 were significantly higher in Green than Red after the heat shock of 30 °C, and the stability of hsp70 mRNA of Green was significantly higher than that of Red. Our findings suggest that within the same species, different variants that have similar thermal limits in the absence of heathardening can acquire different thermotolerances after a prior sublethal heat shock. The difference in induced thermotolerance between Green and Red is closely related to the expression pattern of Hsp70, which was partly governed by the stability of hsp70 mRNA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION:To study effect of garlic and garlic-green tea mixture on serum contents of Tch,LDL and HDL in MNNG induced gastric carcinoma (GC) and precancerous lesion (PL) in Wistar rats.METHODS:Serum contents of Tch,LDL and HDL in normal control group (n=10,NG),MNNG group (n=30,MG),prevention group (n=30,PG),treatment group I (n=20,TG I) and treatment group II(n=20,TG II) were detected by PGE 6000/COD.RESULTS:Serum Tch and LDL of rats of MG (6.86±1.39 3.72±1.10) and its GC(6.95±1.37 3.77±1.08) and PL(6.42±1.04 3.56±0.74) were lower than that of NG (8.74±1.89 5.89±1.61) PG(7.73±3.18 4.96±2.89) and its GC(8.36±3.41 5.93±3.31) and PL(7.45±3.16 4.55±2.71),TGI(8.86±1.75 5.38±1.76) and its GC (9.10±2.27 5.55±2.51) and PL (8.61±1.17 5.22±0.55) and TG II (8.16±0.76 5.32±0.72) and its GC(8.52±0.67 5.96±0.48) and PL (8.02±0.79 5.09±0.65),respectively (P <0.01-0.05).Serum HDL of MG rats (2.76±0.48) and its GC(2.79±0.48) were remarkably higher than that of MG (2.20±0.85) and GC of PG (2.24±0.38) (P <0.05).CONCLUSION:Experimental gastric carcinoma and precancerous lesion were associated with hypocholesterolaemia,LDL and HDL.Garlic and garlic-green tea mixture can inhibit and reverse MNNG-induced gastric carcinoma and precancerous lesion in Wistar rats.