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This review summarized the technical route and development process of matrix reference materials in China, and the current research progress of steroid hormone matrix reference materials were also introduced. The problems existing in the development and production of matrix reference materials in China and the future development are prospectsed.

Abstract Background The features of carotid atherosclerosis in ketosis-onset diabetes have not been investigated. Our aim was to evaluate the prevalence and clinical characteristics of carotid atherosclerosis in newly diagnosed Chinese diabetic patients with ketosis but without islet-associated autoantibodies. Methods In total, 423 newly diagnosed Chinese patients with diabetes including 208 ketosis-onset diabetics without islet-associated autoantibodies, 215 non-ketotic type 2 diabetics and 79 control subjects without diabetes were studied. Carotid atherosclerosis was defined as the presence of atherosclerotic plaques in any of the carotid vessel segments. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), carotid atherosclerotic plaque formation and stenosis were assessed and compared among the three groups based on Doppler ultrasound examination. The clinical features of carotid atherosclerotic lesions were analysed, and the risk factors associated with carotid atherosclerosis were evaluated using binary logistic regression in patients with diabetes. Results The prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis was significantly higher in the ketosis-onset diabetic group (30.80%) than in the control group (15.2%, p=0.020) after adjusting for age- and sex-related differences, but no significant difference was observed in comparison to the non-ketotic diabetic group (35.8%, p=0.487). The mean CIMT of the ketosis-onset diabetics (0.70±0.20 mm) was markedly higher than that of the control subjects (0.57±0.08 mm, p Conclusions The prevalence and risk of carotid atherosclerosis were significantly higher in the ketosis-onset diabetics than in the control subjects but similar to that in the non-ketotic type 2 diabetics. The characteristics of carotid atherosclerotic lesions in the ketosis-onset diabetics resembled those in the non-ketotic type 2 diabetics. Our findings support the classification of ketosis-onset diabetes as a subtype of type 2 diabetes.

Objective: To compare the detection rates of atherosclerosis by carotid versus lower limb ultrasound in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetics and analyze the relationship between atherosclerosis and cardio-cerebrovascular events., Methods: A total of 148 newly diagnosed type 2 diabetics were recruited. Both carotid and lower extremity atherosclerosis were assessed by Doppler ultrasound. Diabetic atherosclerosis was defined as the presence of either carotid or lower extremity plaques in any of the above-mentioned arterial segments. A kappa value was computed to document the agreement between isolated carotid (or lower limb) atherosclerosis and diabetic atherosclerosis. The prevalence of cardio-cerebrovascular events was compared among different distribution types of atherosclerosis., Results: According to the diagnostic criteria, the prevalence of diabetic atherosclerosis was 66.2% in the newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Based on carotid or lower extremity ultrasound, the prevalence of diabetic atherosclerosis was 27.0% and 62.2% respectively in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. The kappa values for the agreement between carotid/lower limb atherosclerosis and diabetic atherosclerosis were 0.32/0.91 (95% confidence interval 0.22-0.42 for carotid vs 0.84-0.98 for lower extremity). The combination of carotid and lower extremity arterial atherosclerosis was associated with a significantly increased detection rate of cardio-cerebrovascular events (26.5%) versus those with either carotid or lower extremity arterial atherosclerosis (0% and 10.3% respectively)., Conclusion: The combination of carotid and lower extremity ultrasonography can more accurately reflect the atherosclerotic lesions in type 2 diabetes. Due to a higher prevalence of cardio-cerebrovascular events, type 2 diabetics with both carotid and lower extremity atherosclerosis should be managed more aggressively to reduce the risk of cardio-cerebrovascular events.