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Background There is a paucity of data comparing 30-day morbidity and mortality of sleeve gastrectomy (SG), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), and one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB). This study aimed to compare the 30-day safety of SG, RYGB, and OAGB in propensity score-matched cohorts. Materials and methods This analysis utilised data collected from the GENEVA study which was a multicentre observational cohort study of bariatric and metabolic surgery (BMS) in 185 centres across 42 countries between 01/05/2022 and 31/10/2020 during the Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. 30-day complications were categorised according to the Clavien–Dindo classification. Patients receiving SG, RYGB, or OAGB were propensity-matched according to baseline characteristics and 30-day complications were compared between groups. Results In total, 6770 patients (SG 3983; OAGB 702; RYGB 2085) were included in this analysis. Prior to matching, RYGB was associated with highest 30-day complication rate (SG 5.8%; OAGB 7.5%; RYGB 8.0% (p = 0.006)). On multivariate regression modelling, Insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolaemia were associated with increased 30-day complications. Being a non-smoker was associated with reduced complication rates. When compared to SG as a reference category, RYGB, but not OAGB, was associated with an increased rate of 30-day complications. A total of 702 pairs of SG and OAGB were propensity score-matched. The complication rate in the SG group was 7.3% (n = 51) as compared to 7.5% (n = 53) in the OAGB group (p = 0.68). Similarly, 2085 pairs of SG and RYGB were propensity score-matched. The complication rate in the SG group was 6.1% (n = 127) as compared to 7.9% (n = 166) in the RYGB group (p = 0.09). And, 702 pairs of OAGB and RYGB were matched. The complication rate in both groups was the same at 7.5 % (n = 53; p = 0.07). Conclusions This global study found no significant difference in the 30-day morbidity and mortality of SG, RYGB, and OAGB in propensity score-matched cohorts.

Background: Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) is an effective treatment for adolescents with severe obesity. Objectives: This study examined the safety of MBS in adolescents during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: This was a global, multicentre and observational cohort study of MBS performed between May 01, 2020, and October 10,2020, in 68 centres from 24 countries. Data collection included in-hospital and 30-day COVID-19 and surgery-specific morbidity/mortality. Results: One hundred and seventy adolescent patients (mean age: 17.75 ± 1.30 years), mostly females (n=122, 71.8%), underwent MBS during the study period. The mean pre-operative weight and body mass index were 122.16 ± 15.92 kg and 43.7± 7.11 kg/m2, respectively. Although majority of patients had pre-operative testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (n=146; 85.9%), only 42.4% (n=72) of the patients were asked to self-isolate pre-operatively. Two patients developed symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection post-operatively (1.2%). The overall complication rate was 5.3% (n=9). There was no mortality in this cohort. Conclusions: MBS in adolescents with obesity is safe during the COVID-19 pandemic when performed within the context of local precautionary procedures (such as pre-operative testing). The 30-day morbidity rates were similar to those reported pre-pandemic. These data will help facilitate the safe re-introduction of MBS services for this group of patients.

Background: There is a paucity of data comparing 30-day morbidity and mortality of sleeve gastrectomy (SG), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), and one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB). This study aimed to compare the 30-day safety of SG, RYGB, and OAGB in propensity score-matched cohorts. Materials and methods: This analysis utilised data collected from the GENEVA study which was a multicentre observational cohort study of bariatric and metabolic surgery (BMS) in 185 centres across 42 countries between 01/05/2022 and 31/10/2020 during the Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. 30-day complications were categorised according to the Clavien–Dindo classification. Patients receiving SG, RYGB, or OAGB were propensity-matched according to baseline characteristics and 30-day complications were compared between groups. Results: In total, 6770 patients (SG 3983; OAGB 702; RYGB 2085) were included in this analysis. Prior to matching, RYGB was associated with highest 30-day complication rate (SG 5.8%; OAGB 7.5%; RYGB 8.0% (p = 0.006)). On multivariate regression modelling, Insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolaemia were associated with increased 30-day complications. Being a non-smoker was associated with reduced complication rates. When compared to SG as a reference category, RYGB, but not OAGB, was associated with an increased rate of 30-day complications. A total of 702 pairs of SG and OAGB were propensity score-matched. The complication rate in the SG group was 7.3% (n = 51) as compared to 7.5% (n = 53) in the OAGB group (p = 0.68). Similarly, 2085 pairs of SG and RYGB were propensity score-matched. The complication rate in the SG group was 6.1% (n = 127) as compared to 7.9% (n = 166) in the RYGB group (p = 0.09). And, 702 pairs of OAGB and RYGB were matched. The complication rate in both groups was the same at 7.5 % (n = 53; p = 0.07). Conclusions: This global study found no significant difference in the 30-day morbidity and mortality of SG, RYGB, and OAGB in propensity score-matched cohorts. © 2021, The Author(s).

Introduction: The purposes of this study were to compare adjuvant treatment modalities and to determine prognostic factors in stage III endometrioid endometrial cancer (EC). Methods: SATEN III was a retrospective study involving 13 centers from 10 countries. Patients who had been operated on between 1998 and 2018 and diagnosed with stage III endometrioid EC were analyzed. Results: A total of 990 women were identified; 317 with stage IIIA, 18 with stage IIIB, and 655 with stage IIIC diseases. The median follow-up was 42 months. The 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) of patients with stage III EC by adjuvant treatment modality was 68.5% for radiotherapy (RT), 54.6% for chemotherapy (CT), and 69.4% for chemoradiation (CRT) (p=0.11). The 5-year overall survival (OS) for those patients was 75.6% for RT, 75% for CT, and 80.7% for CRT (p=0.48). For patients with stage IIIA disease treated by RT versus CT versus CRT, the 5-year OS rates were 75.6%, 75.0%, and 80.7%, respectively (p=0.48). Negative peritoneal cytology (HR: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.23 to 0.86; p=0.02) and performance of lymphadenectomy (HR: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.16 to 0.77, p=0.001) were independent predictors for improved OS for stage IIIA EC. For women with stage IIIC EC treated by RT, CT, and CRT, the 5-year OS rates were 78.9%, 67.0%, and 69.8%, respectively (p=0.08). Independent prognostic factors for better OS for stage IIIC disease were age

Halal is used by Muslims to mean religiously 'not forbidden,' 'permitted,' and as opposed to concepts like 'haram' and 'makrooh', similar to the concepts of 'mubah' and 'jaiz'. While it was easier to distinguish between halal and haram in the pre-industrial era, today it has become much more difficult due to complex products which are a result of innovations through industry and technology and their tremendous outreach. This has led to a loss of confidence in Muslims in the products they buy and increased the number of products whose halalness is doubted. While historically muhtasibs assumed the duty of preserving people's confidence in markets by inspecting them, nowadays halal certificates are attempting to do the inspection and generate confidence. Although halal certificate activities have been going on and improving for almost half a century, they are not at a level to generate widespread and efficient halal guarantees. Opinion differences in fiqh, differences in institutions of certification, differences in halal certificates and logos, national and international legal gaps, and commercial competition between countries and institutions of certification affect the efficiency of the process negatively. The claim that the halal certificate is the best standard in terms of health, trustworthiness, and hygiene, its contribution to individual and societal religiosity, and the commercial advantages and disadvantages that it provides to Muslims is a remarkable field of inquiry.

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), which was adopted by the UN and by most countries of the world, has influenced women's rights and led to important developments in countries party to the treaty. Most Islamic countries have put reservations on some articles of the Convention citing Islamic law practices and local culture while ratifying the Treaty, but then have removed some of these reservations by passing adaptive laws. While some of these regulations such as women's share in inheritance, their testimony, and obedience to husband have a strong connection to main religious sources, others such as reduced sentences in honor killings, women carrying their own surname, voting in elections, and female genital mutilation are based on customary and tacit law judgments. Through CEDAW, Muslim countries have faced pressure and criticism in international platforms with the allegation that their laws on person, family, inheritance, punishments, citizenship, and procedural law involve discrimination against women. With the influence of the international atmosphere, women's movements have risen in Muslim countries and through legal changes there has been developments with regard to women's rights in line with CEDAW. Even though after CEDAW there is some convergence between the Islamic World and the West in terms of women's rights and gender equality, differences based on culture continue to exist.

Zakat is a monetary form of religious worship thatestablishes a bridge between a rich and a poor, helps those who are in need andcontributes to peace and tranquillity within a society. When zakat is collectedproperly under a government control and transmitted to those who deserve, ithelped to decrease the gap between the poor and the rich, supported activitiesof social solidarity and revived the economy as well. Malaysia after itsindependence in 1957 has developed an interest in Islamic practices by drawingattention to a distinctive practice with the public zakat system. Even though anational- central system of zakat could not be established due to the federalstructure of the country, the collection and distribution of zakat has beencentralized on a state level. Parts of the practice are being criticized,reviewed and new regulations are introduced. Unlike Malaysia, the zakatpractice in Turkey is out of state control, thus it hinders zakat fromachieving its real purpose. There is a need to make use of the well-functioningzakat systems around the world and establish a public zakat system in ourcountry so that we can make the most of the benefits that zakat has forindividuals and societies. This article aims to be a step in that direction.Zakat is one of the main forms of worship and is atthe same time one of the main sources for the state budget in Islam. It aims at making sure that the rich –thosewith higher wealth and income– protects the poor and the powerless and throughthis it contributes to the peace in the society. In the Islamic creed wealth inreality belongs to Allah; therefore, those who live an affluent life should notattribute their wealth to themselves alone and help those who, for whateverreason, are unable to meet their needs. Because there is a social dimension tothis form of worship, it is the duty of the head of state to collect the zakatand distribute it to the right people. Historically this duty has takendifferent forms and today, many Muslim countries sustain this collection andredistribution under state supervision.Malaysia is a country where zakat is collected anddistributed officially at the state level. In each state, there is an Islamiccouncil responsible for taking care of activities related to Islam and issemi-independent from the government that organizes the zakat process. Some ofthese do the collection and distribution together, some do it separately. Insome states, the process has been totally privatized. Constitutionally, eachstate is dependent on its own sultan in religious affairs, thus each has itsown mufti and partially different zakat practices and eac collect anddistributes its zakat within that state.Because religious affairs have been codified as theprivilege of the sultans of each state in the constitution during Malaysia’sfoundation, there is no attempt at centralizing religious affairs and acentralization of zakat practices; the establishment of an institution toachieve this is not possible. Moreover, the secular character of the federationdoes not seem yet compatible with making zakat obligatory. However, due to thedominant Shafi‘i tradition and the convention in the country, people see it asimperative to hand over the charity and tithe to state institutions.Furthermore, there are local fatwas – which are considered as legal regulationsin Malaysia – that require people with an income over a certain amount to payzakat. Those who have the most are expected to give it voluntarily.In the 19th century, when wealth sourcessuch as palm oil, cacao, rubber, tin were discovered, Malaysian officials werenot able to extend the tithe to these; however, in the last twenty-five years,based on fatwas that income should be taxable under zakat has led to a boom inzakat. In all states, the largest portion of zakat is collected through income,usually automatically deducted from payroll. An influential factor in thisoutcome is that individually paid zakat can be deducted from income tax. From2005 on, there have been other regulations to make it possible for legalpersonalities to deduct zakat from taxes.To increase zakat payment, especially publicationshave been produced to inform and encourage people, and modern opportunities tomake payment easy have been developed. The most often used method is directdeduction from payroll. The second most common method is payment through zakatmachines in different parts of the city by cash, check, Islamic credit cardand, debit card. In addition to these, online, internet banking, telephone banking,ATM machines, post offices, kiosk machines, sms-zakat options are allavailable.The distribution of zakat differs from year to yearand state to state. In general, there is an observable effort to pay all groupsfrom zakat, but because there are no slaves in some states no payment is doneunder this category. There are both direct transfers and indirect transfers,such as through the construction of houses for poor people. There have beencases where poor people who had projects were supported with funds and thoselater returned in zakat. There is support for students in terms of scholarshipsthrough fuqarā’, fī sabīl allāh and ibn al-sabīl classes. For the muallafaal-qulūb class, there is a foundation to encourage local people to convertto Islam and help them for food, shelter, clothes and education. For Muslimswho suffer as minorities in other countries help is provided through the riqāb,muallafa al-qulūb, fī sabīl allāh andibn al-sabīl classes. In the ghārimīn class, especially victimsof natural disasters such as flood and earthquake are supported.For those who have a right to receive zakat be ableto receive it, the state has to side with the powerless and help zakat fulfillits social and individual functions. The way zakat is spent requires statepolicy and will. For this reason, zakat should be institutionalized and allactivities should be organized by a single institution with state power behindit. Determining the recipients and the zakat-payers, and using the fundsefficiently is easier with the coordination of state institutions.Extensive zakat councils that include stateinstitutions should consider the ijtihāds in the area of zakat anew andmake decisions to create a just and consistent zakat system. For thesedecisions to be applicable, the question of what kind of a system could befounded in our country should be on the agenda in these councils. Once aninstitution – official or autonomous but with state power behind it- iscreated, solutions can be found as they arise in the way., Zekât, zengin ile fakir arasında köprü oluşturan,darda kalanların imdadına yetişen ve böylece toplumsal huzur ve barışa önemlikatkı sağlayan mali bir ibadettir. Devletin gözetim ve denetiminde usulüneuygun toplanıp hak edenlere ulaştırıldığı zamanlarda ekonomik açıdan zengin vefakir arasındaki mesafenin azalmasına, toplumda sosyal yardımlaşma ve dayanışmafaaliyetlerinin gelişmesine ve ekonominin canlanmasına destek olmuştur. 1957yılında İngilizlerden bağımsızlığını kazanan Malezya, bağımsızlıktan sonra ülkeninasıl halkı olan Müslümanların, sömürgecilik ve Çinli göçü sebebiyle ortayaçıkan endişelerini hafifletmek ve ülkenin İslami kimliğini göstermek üzere, hacfonu, zekât kurumu, İslam bankacılığı ve sigortacılığı, helal belgelendirmegibi bazı İslami uygulamalarıyla dikkat çekmiş ve kamusal zekât uygulamasındakendine has bir model geliştirmiştir. Eyalet sistemi sebebiyle bütün ülkede tekmerkezden yönetilen bir zekât sistemi kurulamamış olsa da eyalet bazındazekâtın toplanması ve dağıtılması merkezileştirilmiştir. Uygulamanın bazı eksikve kusurları eleştirilmekte ve zamanla yeni düzenlemeler yapılmaktadır. Bunamukabil ülkemizdeki kamu kontrolünden uzak zekât uygulaması bu ibadetin amacınaulaşmasını olumsuz etkilemektedir. İyi işleyen zekât sistemlerinden istifadeederek ülkemizde de kamu denetiminde bir zekât sisteminin kurulmasına ihtiyaçvardır. Böylece zekâtın amacı doğrultusunda fert ve toplum hayatına yapacağıkatkılar daha iyi ortaya çıkabilecektir. Bu makale bu yolda atılmış bir adımolmayı hedeflemektedir.İslam’ıntemel ibadetlerinden olan ve aynı zamanda İslam devlet bütçesinin anagelirlerinden olan zekât, toplumda mal varlığı ve geliri yüksek olanların,mağdur ve muhtaç durumda olanları gözetmesini ve korumasını hedef alaraktoplumsal barışa ve huzura katkı yapar. İslam öğretisinde mal ve mülkün asılsahibi Allah olduğu için nimet ve bolluk içinde olanlar bunları sadecekendisinden bilmemeli, çeşitli sebeplerle ihtiyaçlarını karşılayamayan veyakarşılamakta güçlük çekenlere destek olmalıdır. Bu ibadetin toplumsal boyutu vehak sahipleri bulunduğu için zekâtı toplamak ve hak edenlere ulaştırmak devletbaşkanın görevleri arasındadır. Tarihtebu görev çeşitli şekillerde icra edilmiş, günümüzde de birçok Müslüman ülkedebir kamu görevi olarak devletin gözetim ve denetiminde yürütülmektedir.Malezyazekâtın kurumsal olarak eyalet bazında dahi olsa resmi olarak toplanıpdağıtıldığı bir ülkedir. Her eyalette İslam dini ile ilgili işleri yürütmeklegörevli olan ve kısmen hükümetten ayrı addedilebilecek İslam Konseyi’ne bağlıolarak zekât kurumları oluşturulmuştur. Bu kurumların bazıları toplama vedağıtım işini birlikte yürütmekte bazıları ayrı ayrı iki kurum halindeyürütmektedir. Kimi eyaletlerde ise zekât toplama tamamen özelleştirilerek birşirkete devredilmiştir. Anayasa gereği eyaletler din işlerinde kendisultanlarına bağlı olduğu için her eyaletin ayrı müftüsü ve dolayısıyla hereyalette kısmen de olsa farklılık arz eden zekât uygulamaları görülmekte, hereyaletin zekâtı kendi içinde toplanmakta ve dağıtılmaktadır.Devletinkuruluş değerlerinden biri olarak Anayasal garanti altına alınmış olansultanların imtiyaz alanı olan dini konularda merkezi düzenlemeye teşebbüsedilmemekte ve zekât kurumlarının birleştirilmesi, merkezi bir zekât kurumuoluşturulması gibi düşünceler hayata geçirilememektedir. Aynı şekilde federasyonunlaik karakteri de zekâtı yasal zorunluluk haline getiren bir düzenlemeyi henüzkabullenmemiş görünmektedir. Fakat ülkedeki hâkim Şafii gelenekler vegeleneksel uygulamalar sebebiyle fitrenin ve çeltik öşrünün zekât kurumuyetkililerine verilmesi zorunlu görülmektedir. Ayrıca nisabın üzerindemaaş-ücret geliri olanların zekât vermesinin gerekli olduğunu bildiren veMalezya açısından yasal düzenleme sayılan yerel müftülük fetvalarıbulunmaktadır. En fazla zekât toplanması düşünülebilecek servet ve sermaye sahipleriningönüllü zekât vermesi beklenmektedir. 19.yüzyılda palmiye yağı, kakao, kauçuk, kalay gibi zenginlik kaynaklarıçıktığında çeltik öşrünü bunlara teşmil edemeyen Malezya İslam yetkilileri son25 yılda gelir ve ücretlerin zekâta tabi olduğu yönünde güncel bir fetvayı esasalarak bu alanda âdeta zekât patlamasına yol açmışlardır. Bütün eyaletlerdetoplanan zekâtta en büyük pay gelirden ödenen ve genellikle maaştan otomatikolarak aylık kestirilen guruba aittir. Bunda bireysel ödenen zekâtın gelir vergisindentam olarak düşülebilmesinin de etkisi büyüktür. 2005 yılından itibaren tüzelkişiliklerin de ödedikleri zekâtı kısmen vergiden düşebilmesi yönünde düzenlemeyapılmıştır. Zekâtödemeyi artırmak için özellikle medya araçları vasıtasıyla duyuru, bilgilendirmeve teşvik etme amaçlı yayınlar yapılmakta ve zekât ödemeyi kolaylaştıracakmodern imkânlar kullanılmaktadır. En çok ve en yaygın kullanılan ödeme yöntemizekâtın maaştan doğrudan kesilmesidir. İkinci en yaygın kullanılan yöntemşehrin birçok noktasında bulunan zekât gişelerinde nakit, çek, İslami kredikartı ve banka kartı kullanılarak zekâtın ödenmesidir. Bunların dışında,internet üzerinden online olarak, internet bankacılığı, telefon bankacılığı veATM’ler kullanılarak, postane gişelerinden, bazı merkezi yerlere yerleştirilmişolan kiosk makinelerinden ve sms-zekat uygulamasından zekat ödenebilmektedir. Zekâtın dağıtımı yıldan yıla ve eyaletteneyalete farklılık göstermektedir. Genellikle bütün sınıflara zekâttan payödenme gayreti gözlenmekte, fakat bazı eyaletlerde köle sınıfı kalmadığı içinbu gurup altında bir ödeme yapılmamaktadır. Doğrudan temlik olduğu gibifakirlere ev inşası gibi dolaylı temlikler de görülmektedir. Projesi olup işkurmak isteyen fakirlere verilen sermaye desteklerinin zekât olarak geridöndüğü görülmüştür. Öğrencilere fukarâ, fîsebîlillâh ve ibnissebîlsınıflarından burs ve eğitim yardımı yapılmaktadır. Müellefe-i kulûb sınıfından özellikleyerlilerin İslam’a girişini teşvik etmek üzere bir vakıf kurumuş olması veonların yiyecek, giyecek, barınak ve eğitim giderlerinin karşılanması dikkatçekicidir. Azınlık oldukları ülkelerde mağdur ve mahrum durumda bulunanMüslümanlara rikâb, müellefe-i kulûb, fîsebîlillâh ve ibnissebîl sınıflarındanyardım yapılmaktadır. Ġārimîn sınıfından ise özellikle yangın,sel, deprem gibi afetlere maruz kalanlara destek verilmektedir.Zekâttanpay almaya hakkı olanların bu hakkını alabilmesi için devlet güçsüzün yanındayer almalı ve zekâtın ferdi ve toplumsal amaçlarının gerçekleşmesine zeminhazırlamalıdır. Zekâtın harcama kalemleri arasında bulunan zekât memurları,kalpleri İslam’a ısındırılacak olanlar, borçlular, Allah yolunda ve yolcular içinharcamalar devlet aklını, siyasetini, iradesini gerekli kılmaktadır. Bu sebeplezekât kurumsallaşmalı, bütün faaliyetler bir kurum üzerinden organize edilmelive bu organizasyonda devlet gücü ve aklı kullanılmalıdır. Zekât verecek vezekât alacakların tespiti ve ödenen zekâtların etkili kullanımı ilgili devletkurumlarının işbirliği ile daha iyi sonuç verecektir. Devletkurumlarının da içinde olduğu geniş katılımlı zekât şûraları zekât alanındagüncellenmesi gereken içtihatları ele almalı, adil, tutarlı bir zekât sistemiiçin kararlar üretmelidir. Bu kararların pratiğe dönüşmesi için ülkemizde nasılbir zekât sisteminin uygulanabileceği de bu şuraların gündemi olmalıdır.Arkasında devlet iradesini bulunduran resmi veya özerk bir kurum oluşturduktansonra uygulamada karşılaşılan sorunlar doğrultusunda iyileştirmeleryapılacaktır.

The resistance-nodulation-division (RND) family efflux pumps are important in the antibiotic resistance of Gram-negative bacteria. However, although a number of bacterial RND efflux pump inhibitors have been developed, there has been no clinically available RND efflux pump inhibitor to date. A set of BSN-coded 2-substituted benzothiazoles were tested alone and in combinations with ciprofloxacin (CIP) against the AcrAB-TolC overexpressor Escherichia coli AG102 clinical strain. The results indicated that the BSN compounds did not show intrinsic antimicrobial activity when tested alone. However, when used in combinations with CIP, a reversal in the antibacterial activity of CIP with up to 10-fold better MIC values was observed. In order to describe the binding site features of these BSN compounds with AcrB, docking studies were performed using the CDocker method. The performed docking poses and the calculated binding energy scores revealed that the tested compounds BSN-006, BSN-023, and BSN-004 showed significant binding interactions with the phenylalanine-rich region in the distal binding site of the AcrB binding monomer. Moreover, the tested compounds BSN-006 and BSN-023 possessed stronger binding energies than CIP, verifying that BSN compounds are acting as the putative substrates of AcrB.

RND family efflux pumps are important for multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. To date no efflux pump inhibitors for clinical use have been found, so developing the specific inhibitors of this pump system will be beneficial for the treatment of infections caused by these multidrug-resistant pathogens. A set of BSN-coded 2-substituted benzothiazoles were tested alone and in combination with ciprofloxacin (CIP) against the RND family efflux pump AdeABC overexpressor Acinetobacter baumannii SbMox-2 strain. The results indicated that the BSN compounds did not have antimicrobial activity when tested alone. However, if they were applied in combination with CIP, it was observed that the antibiotic had antimicrobial activity against the tested pathogen, possessing a minimum inhibitory concentration value that could be utilized in clinical treatment. A 3D-common features pharmacophore model was applied by using the HipHop method and the generated pharmacophore hypothesis revealed that the hydrogen bond acceptor property of nitrogen in the thiazole ring and the oxygen of the amide substituted at the second position of the benzothiazole ring system were significant for binding to the target protein. Moreover, three hydrophobic aromatic features were found to be essential for inhibitory activity.

Veronica scutellata L. occurs in moist and wet habitats, such as ponds, marshes and other wetlands. This study was conducted on this species to examine its mineral element uptake status in terms of interactions between soil and plant. Experimental materials were taken from the Southern coast of Black Sea at coordinates 40°36'N and 31°16'E at an altitude of 1400 m above sea level from Bolu - Turkey; using standard methods and plant (root, stem and leaf parts) and soil mineral element measurements (Al, B, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni and Zn) were done. During the study, ICP-OES was employed for the measurement of mineral elements. It was observed that considerable amounts of B, Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Na and Zn are accumulated by the plant., Veronica scutellata L. wujud di habitat lembab dan basah seperti kolam, rawa dan tanah bencah lain. Kajian dijalankan ke atas spesies ini untuk meneliti status pengambilan unsur mineral daripada segi saling tindakan antara tanih dan tumbuhan. Bahan percubaan telah diambil dari Pantai Timur Laut Hitam pada koordinat 40º36’U dan 31º16’T pada altitud 1400 m atas paras laut dari Bolu, Turki dengan menggunakan kaedah piawai dan tumbuhan (bahagian akar, batang dan daun) dan pengukuran unsur mineral tanih (Al, B, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni dan Zn) telah dilakukan. Semasa kajian, ICP-OES telah digunakan bagi pengukuran unsur mineral. Telah diperhatikan bahawa sejumlah amaun B, Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Na dan Zn telah terkumpul oleh tumbuhan.

Concentrations of Al, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb in Laurus nobilis L. were examined for assessment of the impact of heavy metal exposure during winter periods, since these metals have the highest toxic potential. In this study, leaf (washed and unwashed), bark and branch samples of L. nobilis and soil samples were collected from 13 different localities, belonged to three stations. In conjunction with analyzing impact of the heavy metal exposure on the city using L. nobilis as a biomonitoring tool, the uptake and composition of mineral nutrients of L. nobilis were also investigated for determining the effects of heavy metals on mineral nutrition metabolism of the plant. The heavy metal and mineral nutrient concentrations of the collected samples were measured by using ICP-OES. The obtained data was analyzed with SPSS statistics program. As a result of measurements, the lowest and highest heavy metal accumulations and the amount of mineral nutrients measured in plants were as follows; Al (14.69-122.44 mg/kg d. wt), Cd (0.23-0.89 mg/kg d. wt), Cu (1.64-14.25 mg/kg d. wt.), Ni (0.001-0.45 mg/kg d. wt.), Pb (2.06-5.28 mg/kg d. wt.) and B (1.04- 6.67 mg/kg d. wt.), Ca (1195.34-4919.03 mg/kg d. wt.), Fe (17.13-203.25 mg/kg d. wt.), K (538.99-3778.37 mg/kg d. wt.), Mg(48.1-268.5 mg/kg d. wt.), Na (24.91-77.43 mg/kg d. wt.) and Zn (4.75-15.74 mg/kg d. wt.). According to the experimental data, the volume of the air pollution was analyzed and found significant in the city. Also, it was noticed that the metabolism of mineral nutrients of L. nobilis was altered by heavy metals. Finally, it was proved that L. nobilis is a suitable organism to be used as a biomonitoring tool for conducting research on heavy metal pollution.