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Globally, diabetes mellitus (DM) and stroke are two common chronic illnesses that have a substantial impact on rates of morbidity and mortality. There is significant evidence linking diabetes to an increased risk of stroke in terms of incidence, severity, and mortality. This extensive review looks at shared risk factors, underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, epidemiological trends, and evidencebased therapy approaches to give a thorough analysis of the causal relationship between diabetes mellitus and stroke. Studies using epidemiological data regularly show that people with diabetes have a higher incidence of stroke than people without the disease. Furthermore, diabetes is linked to a less favorable outcome following a stroke, as well as an elevated chance of stroke recurrence. Determining the pathophysiological pathways that connect diabetes and stroke is essential to understanding their relationship. Key pathophysiological processes associated with these disorders include endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. Due to microvascular complications, these mechanisms raise the risk of hemorrhagic stroke and predispose diabetics to an increased risk of ischemic stroke by creating a prothrombotic and atherosclerotic milieu. Diabetes and stroke are linked due to shared risk factors like smoking, obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and poor glycemic control. Lifestyle changes, blood pressure control, lipid-lowering therapy, antiplatelet medicines, and a nutritious diet are essential for stroke risk reduction. Reducing the risk of stroke in people with diabetes requires the implementation of management techniques that focus on both diabetes control and stroke prevention. Optimizing results and lowering the frequency of stroke-related complications in diabetics requires multidisciplinary care. The intricate interactions between diabetes mellitus and stroke are highlighted in this review's conclusion, which also highlights the value of patient education, risk factor treatment, the effect of antidiabetic therapy on stroke, and integrated care in lowering the incidence of stroke in people with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of sleep problems is approximately 40% among the general and health-care populations. Post-covid-19 sleep disturbances may persist for a long time and are often precursors of psychiatric disorders and expeditors of many systemic diseases. Studies on sleep quality in COVID-19 patients are considerable but in post-COVID-recovered subjects are scanty. There is no study on sleep quality of such patients in Eastern India. Aims and Objectives: We hypothesize that both sleep disturbances and sleep quality may be affected in subjects in their post-COVID state. Therefore, we planned to study the prevalence of sleep disturbances, sleep quality, severity of insomnia, and the relationship of different parameters with respect to sleep quality. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and fifty COVID-19-recovered patients were administered a pre-structured questionnaire including Pittsburgh sleep quality index and insomnia severity index containing various sleep parameters. Results: Majority of the study participants had sleep disturbances in the form of change in sleep pattern (59.6%), poor sleep quality (77.6%), reduced sleep duration (29.6%), daytime sleepiness (20%), difficulty in sleep initiation (29.6%), and subthreshold insomnia (53.6%). Poor sleep quality was strongly associated with reinfection, change in sleep pattern after infection, sleep pattern alteration during pandemic, and those who felt tired during daytime. Conclusion: This study concludes that a significant number of COVID19-recovered subjects experienced sleep disturbances including poor sleep quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a case of Crohn's disease (CD) presenting as a thromboembolic middle cerebral artery stroke due to a left ventricular (LV) thrombus in a 50-year-old lady. The proinflammatory and procoagulant state reported in CD seems responsible for this. The patient was managed with conservative treatment, but she died quickly. The findings highlight the rare occurrence of LV thrombus in a patient of CD as well as the need for aggressive control of disease activity with disease-modifying drugs at an earlier phase of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe a simple extravesical laparoscopic approach for supratrigonal vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) repair without cystotomy and closer of the vaginal vault. Materials and Methods: This retrospective observational study reviewed data of 36 patients from January 2015 to January 2020. In our technique, the fistula tract was identified without cystotomy with the help of preplaced ureteric catheter in VVF tract. After meticulous extravesical dissection of the fistula tract, the bladder wall was closed in a single layer using polyglactin 2.0 sutures. The omental flap was approximated over the vaginal vault without primary closer of the vault. Results: In most of the patients the fistula opening were located 2 cm away from ureteric orifice while in 4 patients it located within 2 cm of orifice. The mean operative time was 86 min (65-125) and estimated blood loss was 94 ml (40-130). The mean size of fistula was 7.1 mm (5-15 mm). Omental flap was approximate over vaginal opening in most of the patients. The average hospital stay of patients was 5 days. In all patients, Foley catheter was removed on day 14 after cystogram. The mean follow-up of patients was 4.2 months (3-7). All patients remained continent and symptom free during the follow-up periods. Conclusion: Our technique without suturing of the vaginal vault in laparoscopic VVF repair is safe in a simple supratrigonal fistula with good results and avoiding added suturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition elements exhibit strong correlations and configuration interactions between core and valence excited states, which give rise to different excitations inside materials. Nickel exhibits satellite features in its emission and absorption spectra. Effects of such transitions on the optical constants of nickel have not been reported earlier and the available database of Henke et al. does not represent such fine features. In this study, the optical behaviour of ion beam sputter deposited Ni thin film near the L2,3‐edge region is investigated using reflection spectroscopy techniques, and distinct signatures of various transitions are observed. The soft X‐ray reflectivity measurements in the 500–1500 eV photon energy region are performed using the soft X‐ray reflectivity beamline at the Indus‐2 synchrotron radiation source. Kramers–Kronig analysis of the measured reflectivity data exhibit features corresponding to spin orbital splitting and satellite transitions in the real and imaginary part of the refractive index (refraction and absorption spectra). Details of fine features observed in the optical spectra are discussed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting fine features in the measured optical spectra of Ni near its L2,3‐edge region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ayurvedic medicines are a part of Indian cultural and tradition. These medicines are taken by many people for treatment of different ailments. Different types of metallic compounds are used in the preparation of ayurvedic medicines. Consumption of ayurvedic medicines for a long period might result in chronic heavy metal poisoning. In the wake of such cases it becomes important to maintain the concentration of metals in such medicines. In this paper an attempt has been made to determine the presence of heavy metals in some commonly available ayurvedic medicines using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrophotometry. 21 samples of different ayurvedic medicines were analyzed for the presence of arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inhalant abuse is one of the most emerging as well as perilous problem in respect of drug abuse in adolescent children. Because of the easier availability, low cost and high psychological kick, inhalants are increasingly abused by people of all ages. However, the worst effects can be seen in children in their teens. Conventional and modern gas chromatographic methods are most frequently used for their detection in different types of samples. This review article intends to summarize all the work done in field of detection and analysis of inhalants in matrices of toxicological importance. Minimum work has been done in terms of detection of inhalants from forensic point of view. Therefore, it is necessary to develop more methods for detection of inhalants using GC and other hyphenated techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Drug Induced Parkinsonism (DIP) is important as it is reversible if identified and treated early.we present various clinical patterns and drugs commonly causing DIP. Materials and Methods: This is a Retrospective andat the out patient neurology services of Aarogyam Neuroclinic, from Durgapur, West Bengal, during January 1 2021 to July 31,2021. In this study consecutive patients satisfying the inclusion criteria for Drug Induced Parkinsonism were included. The Inclusion criteria were 1.All patients with two of the four cardinal features of Parkinsonism -- Bradykinesia,Tremor,Rigidity and Postural Imbalance. 2.There should be temporal relationship of intake of medications before the onset of symptoms. 3.Exclusion of other causes of parkinsonism The Age,sex and other demographic characterstics of study population was studied. The pattern of parkinsonism -- Symmetric, Asymmetric,Tremor dominant or Rigidity dominant was noted. Results: Out of 52 patients studied,34(65.38%) were male and 18(34.61%) were female .The most common age group involved was 60-70 years (30.76%),followed by 70- 80 years(26.92%),50-60 years(19.23.%).The mean age was 60.61 years with standard deviation of 13.44 years. On analysis of the clinical patterns of parkinsonism,commonest type was Tremor Dominant symmetric parkinsonism(53.84%) followed by Asymmetric parkinsonism (25%) and Akinetic Rigid Parkinsonism (21.12%).Orofacial dyskinesias were seen in 17.3% along with parkinsonism. Common drugs associated with DIP were Gastrointestinal motility agent Levosulpiride(25%),calcium channel blocker Flunarizine(19. 23%),Aripiprazole(11.53%),Amisulpiride(7.69%),Sodium Va lproate(7.69%),Olanzepine(3.8%),Itopride,flupenthixol and Risperidone(1.72%).40 patients were followed up for six months of which,majority(50%) showed complete recovery while 25% each showed partial or persistent symptoms. Conclusion: DIP is a common disorder with varied presentations. Early diagnosis is crucial for complete recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a refractory, chronic, and nonspecific disease occurred usually in the rectum and the entire colon. The etiopathology is probably related to dysregulation of the mucosal immune response toward the resident bacterial flora together with genetic and environmental factors. Several types of medications are used to control the inflammation or reduce symptoms. Herbal medicine includes a wide range of practices and therapies outside the realms of conventional Western medicine. However, there are limited controlled evidences indicating the efficacy of traditional Chinese medicines, such as aloe vera gel, wheat grass juice, Boswellia serrata, and bovine colostrum enemas in the treatment of UC. Although herbal medicines are not devoid of risk, they could still be safer than synthetic drugs. The potential benefits of herbal medicine could lie in their high acceptance by patients, efficacy, relative safety, and relatively low cost. Patients worldwide seem to have adopted herbal medicine in a major way, and the efficacy of herbal medicine has been tested in hundreds of clinical trials in the management of UC. The evidences on herbal medicine are incomplete, complex, and confusing, and certainly associated with both risks and benefits. There is a need for further controlled clinical trials of the potential efficacy of herbal medicine approaches in the treatment of UC, together with enhanced legislation to maximize their quality and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Management of chyluria with initial conservative approach and then using endoscopic sclerotherapy is a mainstay approach. However, a wide range of sclerosants are available with differential success rates and complication rates. This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of a single-dose instillation of 1% povidone iodine for the treatment of chyluria., Materials and Methods: This was a prospective, observational study conducted on patients with chyluria who did not respond to conservative management with dietary restriction and diethylcarbamazine. The site of chyle efflux was identified by cystoscopy. A 6 Fr ureteral stent was inserted into effluxing side, diluted contrast was injected to delineate the pelvicalyceal system and the pyelolymphatic connection (arborization of the pelvicalyceal system), and a single-dose of 1% povidone iodine was instilled. Patients were observed for loin pain, fever, and disappearance of milky urine postinstillation and followed up at intervals of 3 months for a total duration of 1 year., Results: Of a total 50 patients included, 35 were men and 15 were women, with a mean age of 37 years. Pyelolymphatic connections were noted in 48% of the patients. All patients showed an immediate disappearance of milky urine. During 1-year follow-up, 92% of the patients were symptom-free till the last follow-up while only 8% of the patients experienced recurrence of chyluria which were treated with other treatment modalities. The mean duration of recurrence was 8 weeks., Conclusion: Single dose of 1% povidone iodine was effective in immediate clearance of milky urine and well tolerated in patients with chyluria during 1-year follow-up., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2021 Urology Annals.)

Transition elements exhibit strong correlations and configuration interactions between core and valence excited states, which give rise to different excitations inside materials. Nickel exhibits satellite features in its emission and absorption spectra. Effects of such transitions on the optical constants of nickel have not been reported earlier and the available database of Henke et al. does not represent such fine features. In this study, the optical behaviour of ion beam sputter deposited Ni thin film near the L 2,3 -edge region is investigated using reflection spectroscopy techniques, and distinct signatures of various transitions are observed. The soft X-ray reflectivity measurements in the 500-1500 eV photon energy region are performed using the soft X-ray reflectivity beamline at the Indus-2 synchrotron radiation source. Kramers-Kronig analysis of the measured reflectivity data exhibit features corresponding to spin orbital splitting and satellite transitions in the real and imaginary part of the refractive index (refraction and absorption spectra). Details of fine features observed in the optical spectra are discussed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting fine features in the measured optical spectra of Ni near its L 2,3 -edge region.