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Abstract Background Genomic structural variations (GSVs), notably copy number variations (CNVs), significantly shape genetic diversity and facilitate adaptation in cattle populations. Despite their importance, the genome-wide characterization of CNVs in indigenous Ethiopian cattle breeds—Abigar, Fellata, and Gojjam-Highland remains largely unexplored. In this study, we applied a read-depth approach to whole genome sequencing (WGS) data to conduct the first comprehensive analysis of CNVs in these populations. Results We identified 3,893 CNV regions (CNVRs) covering 19.15 Mb (0.71% of the cattle genome). These CNVRs ranged from 1.60 kb to 488.0 kb, with an average size of 4.92 kb. These CNVRs included deletions (1713), duplications (1929), and mixed events (251) showing notable differences in distribution among the breeds. Four out of five randomly selected CNVRs were successfully validated using real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Further analyses identified candidate genes associated with high-altitude adaptation (GBE1 and SOD1), heat stress adaptation (HSPA13, DNAJC18, and DNAJC8) and resistance to tick infestations (BoLA and KRT33A). In addition, variance stabilizing transformation (V ST ) statistics highlighted population-specific CNVRs, emphasizing the unique genetic signatures of high-altitude adaptation in the Gojjam-Highland cattle breed. Among the detected CNVRs, 4.93% (192 out of 3,893) overlapped with 520 quantitative traits loci (QTLs) associated with six economically important trait categories suggesting that these CNVRs may significantly contribute to the genetic variation underlying these traits. Conclusions Our comprehensive analysis reveals significant CNVRs associated with key adaptive traits in Ethiopian cattle breeds highlighting their genetic diversity and resilience. These findings offer valuable insights into the genetic basis of adaptability and can inform sustainable breeding practices and conservation efforts. Future research should prioritize the functional validation of these CNVRs and their integration into breeding programs to enhance traits such as disease resistance and environmental adaptability.

Abstract Indigenous animal genetic resources play a crucial role in preserving global genetic diversity and supporting the livelihoods of millions of people. In Ethiopia, the majority of the cattle population consists of indigenous breeds. Understanding the genetic architecture of these cattle breeds is essential for effective management and conservation efforts. In this study, we sequenced DNA samples from 70 animals from seven indigenous cattle breeds, generating about two terabytes of pair-end reads with an average coverage of 14X. The sequencing data were pre-processed and mapped to the cattle reference genome (ARS-UCD1.2) with an alignment rate of 99.2%. Finally, the variant calling process produced approximately 35 million high-quality SNPs. These data provide a deeper understanding of the genetic landscape, facilitate the identification of causal mutations, and enable the exploration of evolutionary patterns to assist cattle improvement and sustainable utilization, particularly in the face of unpredictable climate changes.

As an effective economic decision-making tool in enterprise economic management, Marginal Analysis is crucial to reflect the small change relationship between costs and benefits. This paper aims to develop a multi-objective marginal analysis optimization algorithm (MMAOA) that utilizes marginal analysis to optimize the enterprise economic management model and risk control. This algorithm's improvement of the population initialization method and constraint handling enhances the quality of understanding and search efficiency. In this study, an improved population initialization method is designed to ensure that the population is within the upper and lower limits of the output power. Then the constraints are reasonably handled by the penalty function method and the correction method to enhance the feasibility and robustness of the algorithm. Guided by the concept of Pareto optimality, MMAOA is successfully applied to multi-objective optimization problems, and the algorithm can efficiently generate a set of Pareto optimal solutions under the consideration of equilibrium constraints and inequality constraints, in which the objective function values of certain optimization instances are improved by more than 10%. Following marginal analysis, this study presents the disparity in ROI between the East and West and the three stages of agricultural economic efficiency. This article provides a new optimization tool for enterprise financial management and a quantitative analysis method for risk assessment.

Purpose. Insulin receptor (InsR) sensitizers represent a new type of therapeutic agent for the treatment of diabetes, with 2′-O-methylperlatolic acid (2-O-M) being a potential InsR targeting drug. The purpose of this study was to determine whether 2-O-M functions as an activator of the insulin signaling pathway, regulating glucose hemostasis through the InsR and exerting a glucose-lowering effect in an animal model of diabetes. Methods. SPR-based analyses were used to detect the binding of different concentrations of 2-O-M to the InsR. The protein levels of IR-β, p-IR, AKT, and p-AKT in Hepa and C2C12 cell lines and liver and muscle tissues were determined by western blotting. Glucose uptake capacity was determined in C2C12 cells. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice were randomly divided into four groups: the control, insulin treated, 2-O-M treated, and combined insulin and 2-O-M treated. Mice were injected with 2-O-M or normal saline and the average blood glucose concentration after 120 min, and the serum levels of insulin, glucagon, and C-peptide were measured. Next, qRT-PCR was performed to detect the mRNA expression of genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism in the liver and muscle tissues. Results. 2-O-M binds to the extracellular domain of the InsR. Moreover, combination treatment with 2-O-M and insulin resulted in significant activation of the insulin signaling pathway in vitro and significant stimulation of the glucose uptake capacity of C2C12 myotubes. In mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes, 2-O-M significantly prolonged the blood glucose-lowering effect of insulin, significantly reduced the secretion of exogenous insulin, and reduced the blood glucose concentration in vivo. In addition, treatment with 2-O-M alone significantly enhanced the phosphorylation of AKT in muscle tissue, which enhanced glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes. Further, 2-O-M significantly increased glucagon secretion and enhanced liver gluconeogenesis to prevent hypoglycemia. Conclusion. 2-O-M enhances the hypoglycemic effect of insulin through the insulin signaling pathway and can be used as a complement to insulin. This synergetic effect may lower the required dose of insulin and protect β cells.

A previous study using next-generation sequencing illustrated and confirmed that the cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3 (CHRM3) gene resides within CNVRs of yak populations that overlap with quantitative trait loci (QTL) relating to meat quality and growth, and plays a prominent role in smooth muscle contraction. This study was conducted to determine the distribution of the CNVs of the CHRM3 gene in five Chinese domestic yak breeds and to investigate the influences of the CHRM3 gene on the gene expression and growth traits of the Datong yak. The data were analyzed by ANOVA using SPSS software. Our results revealed that a gain CNV type in the CHRM3 gene is more highly associated (P

Objective To study the difference in the flora structure and gene function of dental plaque in caries-free and caries-active preschool children by 16S rRNA sequencing. Methods After oral examination of 96 preschool children aged 3-6 years, they were divided into 3 groups according to their decayed, missing and filled surface (dmfs) index: group CF with no caries (n=31), group ECC with moderate early childhood caries (n=29) and group SECC with severe early childhood caries (n=36). Dental plaques were collected, and DNA was extracted and then underwent metagenomic sequencing by Illumina HiSeq 2 500. The bacterial community structure was analyzed by Qiime. Results A total of 12 phyla, 31 classes, 31 orders, 50 families, 92 genera and 1 104 species were found in the dental plaque samples of the three groups, most of which belonged to 9 dominant genera, including Streptococcus, Veillonella, etc. The microbial diversity of the dental plaques in the three groups was similar (P > 0.05). Veillonella, Lactobacillus, Megasphaera, and Scardovia in the SECC group were significantly higher than those in the other two groups. There was a significant correlation between the decayed, missing and filled surface (dmfs) index and the genus. Bifidobacterium, Veillonella, Lactobacillus had a positive correlation with the dmfs index, while Eikenella had a negative correlation with the dmfs index. Indicator species analysis showed that Atopobium, Veillonella, Megasphaera, Scardovia, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium had high indicative values in the SECC group. Conclusion There are significant differences in plaque microbiota among preschool children with different caries sensitivities. Veillonella, Megasphaera, Scardovia, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Atopobium may be the indicator genera of severe early children caries.

Objective To investigate the effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor antagonists (ondansetron [OND]) versus dopamine receptor antagonists (droperidol [DRO]) in the prevention of postoperative nausea, vomiting (PONV) and headache by pooling data from open published studies. Methods Performed systematic electronic searches of PubMed, Embase, Google scholar and CNKI, to identify open-published prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs) relevant to the comparison of OND versus DRO for preventing PONV and headache to be included in the present study. The pooled PONV, headache, dizziness and drowsiness were calculated based on the original data of each included study. The pooled data was presented with risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Results Thirteen prospective randomized clinical trials were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled PONV, post-operative nausea (PON) and positive operative vomiting (POV) were 0.67 (95%CI:0.48-0.93, p0.05) and 0.56 (95%CI:0.39-0.82,p0.05), 0.63 (95%CI:0.21-1.87, p>0.05) and 0.48(0.28-0.81,p

This paper presents a double frequency conductivity measurement method for measuring mine bursting water, to solve the capacitance effect of the conductivity sensor itself has the help. The core controller of the system is the single chip microcomputer ATMEGA128. This paper introduces the basic principle of the measurement of the existing problems and the dual frequency measurement method, and then introduces and analyzes the hardware. To test and analyze the collected data, the double frequency method is found to have good stability and accuracy in the measurement of the electrical conductivity of mine inrush water. It is proved that the method and the system design of the hardware circuit can accurately measure the electric conductivity of the mine inrush water source.

Abstract Background Adipogenesis is a complex process that involves many genes/proteins at different stages of differentiation. In order to identify genes critical for adipogeneis, we took a novel approach based on phenotype change of individual cell, to search for genes with regulatory roles in adipogenesis genome-wide in 3T3-L1 cells. Methods Lentivirus-based inducible random homologous knockdown was used for the screening of functional gene that altered lipid formation in the adipocyte during differentiation. Results In the present study, we reported the identification of an alternatively spliced mitochondrial oxodicarboxylate carrier (ODC), so named ODC-AS. ODC-AS is different from ODC by replacing 22 amino acids with 29 amino acids at the N-terminal. ODC was widely expressed in most tissues in mouse as determined by multi-tissue cDNA panel polymerase chain reaction. However, ODC-AS was only detected in adipose tissue and in iris and sclera-choroid complex of the eye. The expression of ODC-AS in 3T3-L1 was detected after the induction of differentiation, and reached a peak at day 4 and then reduced thereafter, whereas no ODC transcript detected in the cells neither before nor after differentiation. Knocking down of ODC-AS expression by RNA interference led to significant reduction in lipid accumulation as determined by triglyceride measurement and Nile Red staining, as well as adipogenic marker CEBPα, PPARγ, aP2 and CD36. Although both ODC and ODC-AS are expressed in white and brown adipose tissues, only the expression of ODC-AS was down-regulated in brown adipose tissue by cold exposure. Conclusion These results implicate that ODC-AS may promote lipid accumulation during adipocyte differentiation and play an important role in the regulation of lipid metabolism in adipose tissues.

Yak (Bos grunniens) is a large ruminant endemic to the Tibetan plateau. The addition of enzyme complexes to feed can significantly improve their growth performance. Therefore, studying the effects of ruminant compound enzyme preparations dosage on yak rumen microorganisms and production performance is crucial to promoting the development of the yak industry. This study aimed to determine the effects of feeding yaks with different doses of ruminant enzyme compounds on the performance, meat quality, and rumen microorganisms of yaks. Three kinds of experimental diets with doses of 0.5 g/kg (LE group), 1 g/kg (ME group), and 2 g/kg (HE group) were selected to determine the growth index, meat quality, serum biochemical indexes, rumen fluid pH and other indexes of the three experimental groups. Metagenomics studies were used to investigate the differences in rumen microbial composition and function among yak groups, and transcriptome sequencing of the longest dorsal muscle was performed to reveal the expression of differential genes among different groups. It was determined that the levels of dietary enzyme complexes significantly affected growth performance, rumen fluid pH, and serum biochemical indices. At the phylum level, the dominant phylum in all three treatment groups was Bacteroidota, Bacillota, Kiritimatiellota, and Pseudomonadota. At the genus level, Prevotella, Methanobrevibacter, Oscillibacter. Fibrobacter showed statistically significant differences in abundance (p < 0.05). CAZymes family analysis revealed significant differences in GHs, CTs, and CEs among the three groups. Genome-wide differential gene expression in the longest muscle of the yak back was analyzed by RNA-seq between the three experimental groups. Some DEGs were found to be enriched in the ECM, PI3K-Akt, PPAR, and protein digestion and absorption receptor pathways. Combined metagenomics and transcriptomics analyses revealed that some microorganisms were significantly associated with the genes COL11A1, POSTN, and PTHLH, which are involved in growth metabolism. In summary, this study investigated the effects and interrelationships of ruminant complex enzymes on yak performance, meat quality, and rumen environment. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for adding ruminant enzymes to yaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-cell sequencing technology provides apparent advantages in cell population heterogeneity, allowing individuals to better comprehend tissues and organs. Sequencing technology is currently moving beyond the standard transcriptome to the single-cell level, which is likely to bring new insights into the function of breast cells. In this study, we examine the primary cell types involved in breast development, as well as achievements in the study of scRNA-seq in the microenvironment, stressing the finding of novel cell subsets using single-cell approaches and analyzing the problems and solutions to scRNA-seq. Furthermore, we are excited about the field's promising future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yaks are crucial to local herders' economy and agriculture. However, several diseases pose a significant threat to the health of yaks and cause substantial economic losses for herders. Therefore, studying the immune indicators and breeding of yaks has become an important task. This study aimed to investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the G protein-activated inwardly rectifying K+ channel 2 (KCNJ6, GIRK2) gene and yak immune indicators, with the goal of identifying potential candidate molecular markers for yak breeding. In this study, we genotyped 192 healthy adult yaks and detected three SNPs (g163684421 C > T, g163688148 C > T, and g163690745 T > C) in the yak KCNJ6 gene. These SNPs were found to be distributed in the yak population. Subsequently, we performed a linkage disequilibrium analysis and found that the linkage disequilibrium levels of g163684421 C > T and g163690745 T > C were relatively high. Through a correlation analysis of yak KCNJ6 gene SNPs and immune indicators, we found that g163684421 C > T and g163690745 T > C were significantly associated with IgA, IgG, IgM, CRP, HP, IL-2, IL-4, IFN-γ, and TNF-α (p < 0.05), and the mutation of these SNPs leads to a decrease in yak immune indicators. On the other hand, g163688148 C > T was significantly associated with IgG, IL-4, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IgA, CRP, and HP (p < 0.05), and the mutation of this SNP leads to an increase in yak immune indicators. In conclusion, we identified SNPs associated with yak immune indicators and found that KCNJ6 gene polymorphisms can serve as candidate molecular markers for yak immune indicators. This study provides valuable genetic resources for marker-assisted selection in yak breeding. The results of this study are of great importance for the research on yak immune indicators and marker-assisted selection in yak breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Yaks are indispensable economic animals in pastoral areas, providing local herdsmen with abundant necessities of life. Their meat is of excellent quality and highly favored by the market. As a newly cultivated breed, the Ashidan yak has been under continuous selection and breeding to improve its production performance, which is a long-term goal. The growth traits of yaks are crucial indicators of their economic benefits. Therefore, through the use of SNP molecular marker-assisted selection technology, the early and precise selection of yak growth traits can be achieved. This technology effectively accelerates the pace of genetic improvement and enhances breeding efficiency. The tyrosine protein kinase (TXK) gene, as a member of the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Tec family, plays a vital role in signal transduction mediation. Phospholipase C epsilon 1 (PLCE1), a membrane-associated enzyme, is of paramount importance for the differentiation of myoblasts and the normal functioning of muscle tissue. In recent years, both of these genes have been reported to be associated with the economic traits of animals. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TXK and PLCE1 genes and growth traits in Ashidan yaks and to search for potential molecular marker loci that can influence Ashidan yak breeding. A cGPS liquid microarray was utilized to genotype 232 Ashidan yaks and to analyze correlations between two SNP loci in the TXK and PLCE1 genes and yak body weight, body height, body length, and chest circumference at different periods. The results indicated that the g.55,999,531C>T locus of the TXK gene and the g.342,350T>G locus of the PLCE1 gene were significantly correlated with the growth traits of Ashidan yaks. Among these, individuals with the CC genotype at the g.55,999,531C>T locus showed a significantly higher body length at 6 months old compared to TT individuals, and those with the CT genotype at 12 months old had a significantly higher chest circumference than TT individuals. At the g.342,350T>G locus, the body height of GG genotype individuals at 18 months of age was significantly higher than that of TT genotype individuals and TG genotype individuals. The above findings can be used as theoretical support for the subsequent improvement of Ashidan yak breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein 2 (IQGAP2) gene functions as a tumor suppressor, reducing the malignant properties of breast cancer cells. The circulating cartilage acidic protein 1 (CRTAC1) gene, present in the whey protein fraction of dairy cows throughout lactation, is significantly correlated with fatty acids in milk. In this study, we investigated the correlation between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IQGAP2 and CRTAC1 genes and milk quality traits in Gannan yaks, aiming to identify potential molecular marker loci for enhancing milk quality. Using the Illumina Yak cGPS 7K liquid chip, we genotyped 162 yaks and identified five SNPs in the IQGAP2 (g.232,769C>G, g.232,922G>C) and CRTAC1 (g.4,203T>C, g.5,348T>G, g.122,451T>C) genes. Genetic polymorphism analysis revealed that these five SNPs were moderately polymorphic and in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. An association analysis results showed that, at the g.232,769C>G locus of the IQGAP2 gene, the heterozygous CG genotype had significantly higher lactose content than the CC and GG homozygous genotypes (p < 0.05). Similarly, at the g.232,922G>C locus, the heterozygous GC and mutant CC genotypes significantly increased the contents of milk fat, lactose, and total solids (TS) (p < 0.05). In the CRTAC1 gene (g.4,203T>C, g.5,348T>G, g.122,451T>C), the mutant CC genotype significantly increased milk fat content, while the heterozygous TG genotype significantly increased lactose content (p < 0.05). In summary, mutations at the loci of g.232,769C>G, g.232,922G>C, g.4,203T>C, g.5,348T>G, and g.122,451T>C significantly elevated the lactose, milk fat, and TS content in Gannan yak milk, providing potential molecular marker candidates for improving Gannan yak milk quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]