Search

Figure S2. Protein profiling on liver tissues of chicken embryos. A total of 15 gels were assayed, and each gel contained three samples. Samples from the lean and fat chicken lines were labeled with Cy3 and Cy5, respectively. A pooled sample was used as the internal standard, labeled with Cy2. (DOC 4823Â kb)

Figure S3. Distribution of distinct tags. “Tags Containing N”, tags containing unknown bases; “Only adaptors”, reads containing only the adaptor sequence; “Copy Number < 2”, tags whose copy number is less than 2; “Clean tags”, tags remained after quality control and used for downstream analysis. L and F represent the lean and fat chicken lines, respectively. (DOC 176 kb)

Table S6. Primer sequences used for qRT-PCR. (DOC 43Â kb)

In the traditional compressed sensing algorithms, the precision of the time delay estimation is closely related to the number of atoms in the dictionary. The bigger the atom number, the smaller the atomic interval becomes, thus the higher the accuracy of the time delay estimation will be. However, the bigger atom number leads to a higher calculation load. Considering the limited calculation capacity of on-board computer, in order to fast obtain high-accuracy time delay estimation value of the integrated pulsar profile of pulsar in the X-ray pulsar-based navigation, we propose a time delay estimation method based on two-level compression sensing. Compressed sensing mainly includes three parts:the dictionary, the measurement matrix, and the recovery algorithm. Among them, the dictionary size is one of the most important factors that affect the estimation accuracy of the compressed sensing. Aiming to solve the problem of the greater computational load with the increase of the atom number in the dictionary of compressed sensing while improving the accuracy of estimation, we combine the rough estimation with the precision estimation as a two-level dictionary. In the first level, the global phase estimation of the low-dimensional integrated pulsar profile is carried out by making use of the feature of the large atomic interval and the small atomic amount of the rough estimation dictionary. Specifically, first, construct a coarse estimation dictionary according to the low-dimensional standard pulsar profile. Then make dimension reduction sampling on the low-dimensional integrated pulsar profile by the rough estimation measurement matrix based on low-dimensional Hadamard matrix. Finally, use an orthogonal matching pursuit method to obtain the predictive estimation of delay value. In the second level, by taking advantage of the small atomic intervals and numbers of the precise estimation dictionary which are suitable for local estimation, the exact time delay estimation of the high dimensional integrated pulsar profile is performed. Specifically, the original position is first corrected by using the predictive estimation of time delay value, that is, shifting the initial high-dimensional integrated pulsar profile as the input signal of the second level. Then the precise estimation dictionary is constructed according to the partial signal of the length of the high dimension standard pulse profile, using the precise estimation measurement matrix sampling on high-dimensional integrated pulsar profile to obtain measurement value. Finally, the optimal matching position is obtained through the recovery algorithm, which is then combined with the predictive estimation of delay value to calculate the prcis time delay estimation value. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the quantity of data in the two level dictionary is two orders of magnitude smaller than in the traditional dictionary. The proposed method reduces the computational complexity greatly compared with traditional compression sensing method in the same time delay estimation accuracy. Therefore, this method has the advantages of high precision and small calculation load.

Graphene, a 2-dimensional material, has received increasing attention due to its unique physicochemical properties (high surface area, excellent conductivity, and high mechanical strength). Field-effect transistor is shown to be a very promising candidate for electrically detecting chemical and biological species. Most of the reports on graphene field-effect transistors show that solution-gated graphene field effect transistors have been used so far. Although the traditional solution-gated graphene field effect transistor has high sensitivity, but the graphene channel is contaminated easily. The stability of the device is reduced so that the device cannot be reused. Only very recently, has the top-gated graphene, which is potentially used for pH sensors, been reported. In the top-gated graphene the dielectrics is deposited at the top of graphene. However, the sensitivity is lower than other sensors. To improve the properties, we design and fabricate a top-gated graphene ion-sensitive field effect transistor by using large-area graphene synthesized by chemical vapor deposition. At the top of graphene, HfO2/Al2O3 thin film is deposited by atomic layer deposition. The Al2O3 film plays a role of sensitive membrane, and the HfO2/Al2O3 thin film protects the graphene from contamination of the solution. After depositing the top-gate, because of the shield of the insulation, the boundary between the graphene and the substrate is not clear. And the Raman spectrum indicates the presence of a defective top layer accompanied by an increase in the Raman D peak. After a series of electrical characterizations, compared with solution-gated graphene field effect transistor which directly contacts the graphene channel with the solution, the top-gated graphene ion-sensitive field effect transistor has a high resistance. This increase relative to uncovered grapheme, is attributed to the participation of the top -orbitals in van der Waals bonds to the insulation. The graphene -orbitals contributing to van der Waals bonds have less overlaps and thus result in reduced conductivity. However the output curves and transfer curves show that the top-gated graphene ion-sensitive field effect transistor has higher signal-to-noise ratio and better stability. In view of the biochemical detection, in this paper we also examine the adsorption of single-stranded DNA. Silane functionalization of metal oxide system is a versatile technique that can be used in DNA microarray and nanotechnology. The DNA immobilization process we have developed contains several steps: silanization (APTES), crosslinker attachment (EDC and NHS), reaction with carboxyl-DNA and removal of non-covalently bound DNA. We characterize the process with carboxyl-quantum dots. We also measure the transfer curves before and after the adsorption of DNA, and demonstrate the effectiveness of the functionalized process and the feasibility that the top-gated graphene ion-sensitive field effect transistor is used as the biosensor.