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In this chapter, we explore the catalytic human capital outcomes of grant funding, relevant to a career-stage model of research careers. To do this, we provide an overview of the state of knowledge on the relationship between funding and research careers. Because funding tools that target various career stages have emerged over time, we identify several important trends in research funding and their consequences for the support of research careers. Our discussion is organized around career stages to highlight the early, mid, and later career factors relevant to the design of funding instruments and how career scripts are reflected in, and potentially shaped by these career-stage-specific instruments. We conclude with a discussion of the knowledge gaps relevant to improving our understanding of the relationships between research funding and academic careers, with suggestions for future research.

Impact assessment research has developed theory-based approaches to trace the societal impact of scientific research. Impact assessment typically starts from the perspective of a research investment, organization, or project. Research users, non-academic actors involved in knowledge production, translation, and application, are well represented in many of these approaches. Researcher users are usually positioned as contributors to research, recipients of research outputs, or beneficiaries of research-driven outcomes. This paper argues that impact assessment would benefit from a more comprehensive understanding and analysis of research valorization processes from the user perspective. The first half of the paper reviews key impact assessment literature to identify how research users are positioned and portrayed in relation to valorization processes. In the second half of the paper, we use the results of this review to propose a set of principles to guide a systematic approach to constructing user perspectives on research impact. We suggest four concepts for operationalization of this approach. The paper concludes that the addition of a more comprehensive research user perspective on research valorization would complement and enhance existing impact assessment approaches.

The internal dynamics and structure of collaborations affect the performance of its members and, ultimately, the success of the collaborative enterprise. This is tested under conditions of disruption, stressing team dynamics and their ability to succeed. Teams may adapt, employing social innovations which facilitate their ability to adjust to uncertain and changing circumstances. We examine these innovations within the context of international collaborative teams, specifically in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study employs a mixedmethods, multi-country case study research design to identify successful teams’ characteristics and develop a typology of social innovations that can promote team resilience. The analysis focuses on individual, group, and organizational factors that contribute to teams’ adaptability, including adjustments in behaviors, expectations, work and resource allocation, and social interactions. Our study sheds light on how teams’ resilience capacity helps teams innovate their social dynamics and navigate external shocks and succeed in dynamic environments.

The international mobility of academic researchers is a topic of sustained scholarly and policy interest. International mobility has come to be seen as something of a ‘rite of passage’ for early career researchers. Many early career grants require international visits of significant duration. In many national science systems, access to tenured positions and/or mid-career support grants requires or values previous international experience. International mobility can thus be understood as an important contributing factor in the transition to independence in academic careers. This paper uses data from surveys of the mobility of European university researchers to consider the role of international scientific mobility (job changes and long stays) in the transition to career independence. Results suggest that whilst overall mobility appears to have a positive effect on competence acquisition and career progress, this finding varies according to epistemic (disciplinary) and institutional (national system) factors, and gender.

The interplay between science and society takes place through a wide range of intertwined relationships and mutual influences that shape each other and facilitate continuous knowledge flows. Stylised consequentialist perspectives on valuable knowledge moving from public science to society in linear and recursive pathways, whilst informative, cannot fully capture the broad spectrum of value creation possibilities. As an alternative we experiment with an approach that gathers together diverse science-society interconnections and reciprocal research-related knowledge processes that can generate valorisation. Our approach to value creation attempts to incorporate multiple facets, directions and dynamics in which constellations of scientific and societal actors generate value from research. The paper develops a conceptual model based on a set of nine value components derived from four key research-related knowledge processes: production, translation, communication, and utilization. The paper conducts an exploratory empirical study to investigate whether a set of archetypes can be discerned among these components that structure science-society interconnections. We explore how such archetypes vary between major scientific fields. Each archetype is overlaid on a research topic map, with our results showing the distinctive topic areas that correspond to different archetypes. The paper finishes by discussing the significance and limitations of our results and the potential of both our model and our empirical approach for further research.

This paper emerges from the work of the Oslo Institute for Research on the Impact of Science (OSIRIS). OSIRIS brings together different disciplines to look at the process of research impact and asks: How can we characterise the process through which research makes an impact in society? The paper takes up this question from the perspective of the research evaluation literature. It takes a first step toward trying to develop methodological principles for systematic investigation of the role of research user in the generation of value from research.

[ES] La percepción pública de la ciencia es un aspecto social ampliamente estudiado mediante encuestas a la población para evaluar la comprensión de la ciencia y las actitudes hacia la misma. Sin embargo, existen críticas robustas hacia los supuestos teóricos que sustentan el diseño de estos sondeos y hacia la metodología empleada. La presente tesis pretende aportar vías de análisis más innovadoras a la discusión. En primer lugar, se proporciona un marco introductorio que esboza las relaciones más destacables entre ciencia y sociedad en el mundo moderno, incluyendo los enfoques de participación, considerados más democráticos. En segundo lugar, se profundiza en el marco del nuevo escenario de la vida digital, en particular con la finalidad de complementar los estudios clásicos de percepción social de la ciencia con la propuesta de una herramienta metodológica adaptada a la sociedad digital que abra nuevas direcciones de investigación orientadas hacia los espacios de participación ciudadana que constituyen las redes sociales digitales. Para ello, se diseña un algoritmo capaz de analizar tendencias en el impacto de la comunicación de la ciencia en Twitter a partir de conjuntos representativos de tuits utilizando técnicas computacionales de minería de datos, combinadas con una valoración cualitativa de los tipos de contenido ¿categorizado como: «ciencia», «cultura», «político-social», «creencias», «medios» y «emocional»¿. Para probar la herramienta, se examina una variedad de discursos en abierto sobre temas científicos presentes en la plataforma, aplicando el algoritmo sobre perfiles de distinta naturaleza ¿científicos famosos, instituciones y otros¿ y sobre conversaciones no centralizadas en usuarios específicos, sino recabando la información relativa a cuestiones científicas de las que los medios se han hecho eco. El resultado es una herramienta de bajo coste fácilmente reproducible por otros investigadores que revela aspectos sobre las estrategias de comunicación ci, [EN] Public perception of science is a widely studied social aspect through population surveys to assess understanding of science and attitudes towards it. However, there are strong criticisms of the theoretical assumptions behind the design of these surveys and the methodology used. This thesis aims to provide more innovative ways of analysis to the discussion. Firstly, it provides an introductory framework outlining the most remarkable relationships between science and society in the modern world, including approaches to 'engagement' in science, which are considered to be more democratic. Secondly, it delves into the framework of the new scenario of digital life, in particular with the aim of complementing the classic studies of the social perception of science with the proposal of a methodological tool adapted to the digital society that opens up new directions of research oriented towards the spaces of citizen participation that constitute social networks. To this end, an algorithm is designed that is capable of analyzing the impact of science communication on Twitter from representative sets of tweets using computational data mining techniques, combined with a qualitative assessment of the types of content; categorized as «science», «culture», «political-social», «beliefs», «media» and «emotional». To test the tool, a variety of open discourses on scientific topics present in the platform are examined, applying the algorithm on profiles of different nature (famous scientists, institutions and others) and on conversations not centralized on specific users, but gathering information on scientific issues that have been echoed by the media. The result is a low-cost tool that can be easily reproduced by other researchers and that reveals aspects about the science communication strategies that generate the greatest impact. As a next step, more in-depth, large-scale studies are required to corroborate whether the preliminary trends identified with the proposed method, [CA] La percepció pública de la ciència és un aspecte social àmpliament estudiat mitjançant enquestes a la població per avaluar la comprensió de la ciència i les actituds de la ciutadania. No obstant això, hi ha crítiques robustes cap als supòsits teòrics que sustenten el disseny d'aquests sondejos i cap a la metodologia utilitzada. La present tesi pretén aportar vies d'anàlisi més innovadores a la discussió. En primer lloc, es proporciona un marc introductori que esbossa les relacions més destacables entre ciència i societat en el món modern, incloent els enfocaments de participació ¿o engagement¿, considerats més democràtics. En segon lloc, s'aprofundeix en el marc de el nou escenari de la vida digital, en particular amb la finalitat de complementar els estudis clàssics de percepció social de la ciència amb la proposta d'una eina metodològica adaptada a la societat digital que obri noves direccions de investigació orientades cap als espais de participació ciutadana que constitueixen les xarxes socials. Per a això, es dissenya un algoritme capaç d'analitzar l'impacte de la comunicació de la ciència a Twitter a partir de conjunts representatius de tuits utilitzant tècniques computacionals de mineria de dades, combinades amb una valoració qualitativa dels tipus de contingut ¿categoritzat com: «ciència», «cultura», «politicosocial», «creences», «mitjans» i «emocional»¿. Per provar l'eina, s'examina una varietat de discursos en obert sobre temes científics presents a la plataforma, aplicant l'algoritme sobre perfils de diferent naturalesa ¿científics famosos, institucions i altres¿ i sobre converses no centralitzades en usuaris específics, sinó recaptant la informació relativa a qüestions científiques de les que els mitjans de comunicació s'han fet ressò. El resultat és una eina de baix cost fàcilment reproduïble per altres investigadors que revela aspectes sobre les estratègies de comunicació científica que generen major impacte. Com següent pas, es requereixen estudi

[EN] Investments in data infrastructures, data management, data repositories, and Open Data sharing policies and recommendations are viewed as increasingly important for scientific knowledge production. One of the underlying assumptions justifying these investments is that the more available Open Data becomes, then the greater the possibilities for creating new knowledge that can advance both science and human wellbeing. Yet efforts and investments in Open Data and other ways of data sharing only have value if data are actually reused. Recent scholarly efforts have brought forth some of the challenges and facilitators related to the reuse of data, in order to inform current and future policies and investments. However, despite these efforts, we still do not know why and how some researchers are successful in reusing data, despite the challenges they face, and why some researchers abandon the process of reusing data when facing such challenges. This dissertation aims to fill this gap by focusing on a causal explanation of the data reuse process, which it understands as being nested in broader patterns of researchers' motivations, scientific goals and decision-making strategies. The dissertation is comprised of three main elements. First, it proposes a heuristic model of the scientific actor, the bounded individual horizon (BIH) model, which understands that, on the one hand, researchers' work and careers are structured by their motivation to produce scientific contributions and rewards systems that prioritizes certain types of contributions. On the other hand, researchers' struggles to achieve their objective of creating new findings that accrue recognition and rewards occur within a frame of limited information and resources, conditioned by multiple institutional, social, and other factors. Second, the study proposes a mechanistic causal theoretical explanation that enables us to understand the data reuse process and its effects (outcomes). The data-reuse mechanism, [ES] Las inversiones en infraestructuras de datos, gestión de datos, repositorios de datos y políticas y recomendaciones de intercambio de Datos Abiertos (Open Data) se consideran cada vez más importantes para la producción del conocimiento científico. Una de las razones que justifica estas inversiones es que cuanto más Datos Abiertos haya, mayores serán las posibilidades de crear nuevo conocimiento que pueda hacer avanzar tanto la ciencia como el bienestar humano. Sin embargo, los esfuerzos y la inversión en Datos Abiertos y otras formas de compartirlos sólo tienen valor si se reutilizan realmente. Recientes trabajos académicos han puesto de manifiesto algunos de los retos y factores facilitadores relacionados con la reutilización de los datos, a fin de asesorar las políticas e inversiones actuales y futuras. Sin embargo, a pesar de esos esfuerzos, todavía desconocemos por qué y cómo algunos/as investigadores/as logran reutilizar los datos, a pesar de los retos a los que enfrentan, y por qué otros/as investigadores/as abandonan el proceso de reutilización de los datos. La presente tesis tiene por objeto llenar este vacío centrándose en una explicación causal del proceso de reutilización de los datos, que se entiende está inmersa en pautas de conducta más amplias que se relacionan con las motivaciones, los objetivos científicos y las estrategias de toma de decisiones de los/as investigadores/as. Este estudio consta de tres elementos principales. En primer lugar, propone un modelo heurístico del actor científico, el modelo del horizonte individual delimitado (BIH por su nombre en inglés, bounded individual horizon). En él se entiende que, por una parte, el trabajo y la carrera de los/as investigadores/as se estructuran en función de su motivación para producir contribuciones científicas y de los sistemas de recompensa que dan prioridad a determinados tipos de contribuciones. Por otra parte, los esfuerzos de los/as investigadores/as para lograr su objetivo de crear nu, [CA] Les inversions en infraestructures de dades, gestió de dades, repositoris de dades i polítiques i recomanacions d'intercanvi de Dades Obertes (Open Data) es consideren cada vegada més importants per a la producció del coneixement científic. Un dels supòsits subjacents que justifiquen aquestes inversions és que com més disponibles siguen les Dades Obertes, majors seran les possibilitats de crear nou coneixement que pugui fer avançar tant la ciència com el benestar humà. No obstant això, els esforços i les inversions en les Dades Obertes i altres maneres de compartir dades només tenen valor si les dades es reutilitzen realment. Recents investigacions acadèmics han posat de manifest alguns dels reptes i dels factors facilitadors relacionats amb la reutilització de les dades, a fi d'informar les polítiques i inversions actuals i futures. No obstant això, encara desconeixem per què i com alguns/es investigador(e)s aconsegueixen reutilitzar les dades, malgrat els reptes als quals s’enfronten, i per què altres investigador(e)s abandonen el procés de reutilització de les dades quan s'enfronten a aquests reptes. La present tesi té com a objectiu omplir aquest buit centrant-se en una explicació causal del procés de reutilització de dades, que s'entén que està associada amb pautes més àmplies derivades de les motivacions, els objectius científics i les estratègies de presa de decisions d’els/les investigador(e)s. La tesi consta de tres elements principals. En primer lloc, proposa un model heurístic de l'actor científic, el model de l'horitzó individual delimitat (BIH pel nom anglès, bounded individual horizon), que entén que, d'una banda, el treball i la carrera d’els/les investigador(e)s s'estructuren en funció de la seua motivació per a produir contribucions científiques i dels sistemes de recompensa que prioritzen determinats tipus de contribucions. D'altra banda, els esforços d’els/les investigador(e)s per aconseguir el seu objectiu d’obtenir nous resultats que acumul

International scientific mobility and research careers are two concepts that are intimately related. Yet, it has been very difficult for scholarship to pinpoint exactly how international mobility impacts on research careers. This paper contributes to this question by investigating links between international mobility, research career stage progression and job changes. It does so using a large-scale survey (MORE) which targets researchers based in European universities. The results establish that the profile of international mobility varies by academic research career stage. They also show that for researchers in the established mid-career phase who are working internationally, there are career advancement benefits associated with return mobility to their home country. However, these benefits may reduce if the timing of return is too delayed. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of these results for researcher mobility policy in the context of the European Higher Education Area and the European Research Area.

The impact of the 2008 financial crisis led to the imposition of severe 'crisis measures' focused on alleviating budget deficits at all levels of Spanish government. In this context, the central government sought to restrict regional and local government spending. One of the key mechanisms at the Spanish government’s disposal was restricting public sector employment. This paper examines the responses to these centrally imposed measures in two local municipal governments, Bilbao (Basque Country) and Parla (Madrid) between 2010 and 2015. The paper applies a ‘varieties of capitalism’ conceptual approach to investigate what it refers to as subnational institutional systems and suggests that processes of economic and social adjustment in Spain are also influenced by distinctive regional and local political economic arrangements. Key factors contributing to the different industrial relations outcomes observed in the two case study locations are described and discussed. The results show that different types and degrees of coordination can co-exist within a decentralised national political economy., Die Finanzkrise zog seit 2008 schwerwiegende "Krisenmaßnahmen" nach sich, die auf allen Verwaltungsebenen Spaniens darauf konzentriert waren, das Haushaltsdefizit zu verringern. In diesem Kontext versuchte die Zentralregierung die Ausgaben regionaler und lokaler Verwaltungen zu beschränken. Eines der zentralen Instrumente über welche die spanische Regierung verfügte, war die Reduktion der öffentlichen Beschäftigung. Der Beitrag untersucht, wie die zwei Lokalverwaltungen von Bilbao (Baskenland) und Parla (Madrid) 2010 bis 2015 auf die zentral auferlegten Maßnahmen reagierten, indem ein Varieties of Capitalism-Konzept zur Untersuchung sub-nationaler Institutionen angewandt wird. Es wird der Schluss gezogen, dass Prozesse wirtschaftlicher und sozialer Anpassung in Spanien auch durch verschiedene regionale und lokale politische und wirtschaftliche Arrangements beeinflusst werden. Es werden Schlüsselfaktoren der unterschiedlichen Folgen für die industriellen Beziehungen beschrieben und diskutiert. Die Befunde zeigen, dass verschiedene Typen und Grade der Koordination innerhalb einer dezentralisierten Ökonomie existieren können.

We argue that the commitment to science-society integration and Responsible Research and Innovation in past European framework programmes has already made considerable progress in better aligning research and innovation with European societies. The framework programmes have important socialisation effects and recent research point to positive trends across key areas of Responsible Research and Innovation within academic organisations. What appears to be a step away from the concerted efforts to facilitate European citizens' meaningful contribution to research and innovation in the upcoming Horizon Europe framework programme seems counter-productive and poorly timed.

Monitoring the evolution and benefits of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) in Europe has been a three-and-a-half year-long endeavour in terms of conceptual thinking, data challenges, pragmatic solutions, critical reflections and last but not least substantial findings. The study programme started with an initial scoping of the RRI dimensions (Gender equality, Public engagement, Science literacy and science education, Open access, Ethics, and as overarching dimension Governance). A heavy data collection exercise – including the collection of existing data and the launch of different surveys – was complemented by qualitative research in the form of case study analysis and the identification of benefits. Testing the data results for robustness and significance led to identification of core indicators and a clustering of EU countries. Conceptual ideas about the identification and measurement of benefits led to the development of impact pathways, which suggest that RRI dimension.

Background: Changes in clinical variables associated with the administration of pimobendan to dogs with preclinical myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) and cardiomegaly have not been described. Objectives: To investigate the effect of pimobendan on clinical variables and the relationship between a change in heart size and the time to congestive heart failure (CHF) or cardiac-related death (CRD) in dogs with MMVD and cardiomegaly. To determine whether pimobendan-treated dogs differ from dogs receiving placebo at onset of CHF. Animals: Three hundred and fifty-four dogs with MMVD and cardiomegaly. Materials and Methods: Prospective, blinded study with dogs randomized (ratio 1:1) to pimobendan (0.4-0.6 mg/kg/d) or placebo. Clinical, laboratory, and heart-size variables in both groups were measured and compared at different time points (day 35 and onset of CHF) and over the study duration. Relationships between short-term changes in echocardiographic variables and time to CHF or CRD were explored. Results: At day 35, heart size had reduced in the pimobendan group: median change in (D) LVIDDN -0.06 (IQR: -0.15 to +0.02), P < 0.0001, and LA: Ao -0.08 (IQR: -0.23 to +0.03), P < 0.0001. Reduction in heart size was associated with increased time to CHF or CRD. Hazard ratio for a 0.1 increase in DLVIDDN was 1.26, P - 0.0003. Hazard ratio for a 0.1 increase in DLA: Ao was 1.14, P = 0.0002. At onset of CHF, groups were similar. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Pimobendan treatment reduces heart size. Reduced heart size is associated with improved outcome. At the onset of CHF, dogs treated with pimobendan were indistinguishable from those receiving placebo.

Social, political, economic, geographic and cultural processes related to the significant growth of the gambling industries have, in recent years, been the subject of a growing body of research. This body of research has highlighted relationships between social class and gambling expenditure, as well as the design, marketing and location of gambling products and businesses. It has also demonstrated the regressive nature of much gambling revenue, illuminating the influence that large gambling businesses have had on government policy and on researchers, including research priorities, agendas and outcomes. Recently, critics have contended that although such scholarship has produced important insights about the operations and effects of gambling businesses, it is ideologically motivated and lacks scientific rigour. This response explains some basic theoretical and disciplinary concepts that such critique misunderstands, and argues for the value of social, political, economic, geographic and cultural perspectives to the broader, interdisciplinary field of gambling research.

[DE] Die Finanzkrise zog seit 2008 schwerwiegende ¿Krisenmaßnahmen¿ nach sich, die auf allen Verwaltungsebenen Spaniens darauf konzentriert waren, das Haushaltsdefizit zu verringern. In diesem Kontext versuchte die Zentralregierung die Ausgaben regionaler und lokaler Verwaltungen zu beschränken. Eines der zentralen Instrumente über welche die spanische Regierung verfügte, war die Reduktion der öffentlichen Beschäftigung. Der Beitrag untersucht, wie die zwei Lokalverwaltungen von Bilbao (Baskenland) und Parla (Madrid) 2010 bis 2015 auf die zentral auferlegten Maßnahmen reagierten, indem ein Varieties of Capitalism-Konzept zur Untersuchung sub-nationaler Institutionen angewandt wird. Es wird der Schluss gezogen, dass Prozesse wirtschaftlicher und sozialer Anpassung in Spanien auch durch verschiedene regionale und lokale politische und wirtschaftliche Arrangements beeinflusst werden. Es werden Schlüsselfaktoren der unterschiedlichen Folgen für die industriellen Beziehungen beschrieben und diskutiert. Die Befunde zeigen, dass verschiedene Typen und Grade der Koordination innerhalb einer dezentralisierten Ökonomie existieren können., [EN] The impact of the 2008 financial crisis led to the imposition of severe `crisis measures¿ focused on alleviating budget deficits at all levels of Spanish government. In this context, the central government sought to restrict regional and local government spending. One of the key mechanisms at the Spanish government¿s disposal was restricting public sector employment. This paper examines the responses to these centrally imposed measures in two local municipal governments, Bilbao (Basque Country) and Parla (Madrid) between 2010 and 2015. The paper applies a `varieties of capitalism¿ conceptual approach to investigate what it refers to as subnational institutional systems and suggests that processes of economic and social adjustment in Spain are also influenced by distinctive regional and local political economic arrangements. Key factors contributing to the different industrial relations outcomes observed in the two case study locations are described and discussed. The results show that different types and degrees of coordination can co-exist within a decentralised national political economy.

Social, political, economic, geographic and cultural processes related to the significant growth of the gambling industries have, in recent years, been the subject of a growing body of research. This body of research has highlighted relationships between social class and gambling expenditure, as well as the design, marketing and location of gambling products and businesses. It has also demonstrated the regressive nature of much gambling revenue, illuminating the influence that large gambling businesses have had on government policy and on researchers, including research priorities, agendas and outcomes. Recently, critics have contended that although such scholarship has produced important insights about the operations and effects of gambling businesses, it is ideologically motivated and lacks scientific rigour. This response explains some basic theoretical and disciplinary concepts that such critique misunderstands, and argues for the value of social, political, economic, geographic and cultural perspectives to the broader, interdisciplinary field of gambling research.

[EN]: The impact of the 2008 financial crisis led to the imposition of severe ‘crisis measures’ focused on alleviating budget deficits at all levels of Spanish government. In this context, the central government sought to restrict regional and local government spending. One of the key mechanisms at the Spanish government’s disposal was restricting public sector employment. This paper examines the responses to these centrally imposed measures in two local municipal governments, Bilbao (Basque Country) and Parla (Madrid) between 2010 and 2015. The paper applies a ‘varieties of capitalism’ conceptual approach to investigate what it refers to as subnational institutional systems and suggests that processes of economic and social adjustment in Spain are also influenced by distinctive regional and local political economic arrangements. Key factors contributing to the different industrial relations outcomes observed in the two case study locations are described and discussed. The results show that different types and degrees of coordination can co-exist within a decentralised national political economy., [DE]: Die Finanzkrise zog seit 2008 schwerwiegende „Krisenmaßnahmen“ nach sich, die auf allen Verwaltungsebenen Spaniens darauf konzentriert waren, das Haushaltsdefizit zu verringern. In diesem Kontext versuchte die Zentralregierung die Ausgaben regionaler und lokaler Verwaltungen zu beschränken. Eines der zentralen Instrumente über welche die spanische Regierung verfügte, war die Reduktion der öffentlichen Beschäftigung. Der Beitrag untersucht, wie die zwei Lokalverwaltungen von Bilbao (Baskenland) und Parla (Madrid) 2010 bis 2015 auf die zentral auferlegten Maßnahmen reagierten, indem ein Varieties of Capitalism-Konzept zur Untersuchung sub-nationaler Institutionen angewandt wird. Es wird der Schluss gezogen, dass Prozesse wirtschaftlicher und sozialer Anpassung in Spanien auch durch verschiedene regionale und lokale politische und wirtschaftliche Arrangements beeinflusst werden. Es werden Schlüsselfaktoren der unterschiedlichen Folgen für die industriellen Beziehungen beschrieben und diskutiert. Die Befunde zeigen, dass verschiedene Typen und Grade der Koordination innerhalb einer dezentralisierten Ökonomie existieren können.

Models of research systems increasingly emphasize collaborations between networks of heterogeneous actors, to both produce knowledge and formulate interdisciplinary responses to societal challenges and market needs. In this context, researchers’ goals and practices are required to satisfy professional requirements for new scientific findings and societal demand for relevant knowledge. Researchers may need also to find ways to reconcile tensions between these two missions. This article proposes an analytical and operational framework that incorporates individual, organizational and process-context factors to explain distinct configurations of scientific and societal impacts from research. The framework emphasises the role of productive interactions with different nonacademic actors as a mechanism for reconciling the scientific and societal missions of research.

There is an increasing social expectation regarding the joint realisation of scientific and societal impact from publicly funded research. Achieving this goal involves facing important challenges, which affect individual researchers, research performing organisations, and the science governance system as a whole. This special section includes conceptual, methodological, and empirical papers that aim to contribute to the building of an improved appreciation of the factors and dynamics shaping the intertwined quest for scientific quality and societal impact.

The atomistic structure of the tip apex plays a crucial role in performing reliable atomic-scale surface and adsorbate manipulation using scanning probe techniques. We have developed an automated extraction routine for controlled removal of single hydrogen atoms from the H:Si(100) surface. The set of atomic extraction protocols detect a variety of desorption events during scanning tunneling microscope (STM)-induced modification of the hydrogen-passivated surface. The influence of the tip state on the probability for hydrogen removal was examined by comparing the desorption efficiency for various classifications of STM topographs (rows, dimers, atoms, etc). We find that dimer-row-resolving tip apices extract hydrogen atoms most readily and reliably (and with least spurious desorption), while tip states which provide atomic resolution counter-intuitively have a lower probability for single H atom removal.