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We have entered the Fourth Industrial Revolution, which has brought widespread digital transformation with advanced and broadened technologies including artificial intelligence (AI). To help students prosper in a world full of AI applications, it is important for us to offer students sufficient AI-integrated learning opportunities across different subjects, including science. In this position paper, a pedagogical approach to AI-integrated science education through facilitating epistemic discourse is proposed. To establish a foundation for this integration, epistemic similarities and differences between how scientific knowledge is constructed and how AI agents learn are compared, referring to Chinn et al.’s (2014) epistemic cognition framework that attends to epistemic aims, ideals, and processes. Four bins of instructional strategies for facilitating epistemic discourse in AI-integrated science classrooms is suggested, which will help students more readily act as informed knowledge constructors, critics, and users of AI and science, who can pose questions that matter to their lives.

Hyperbilirubinemia is the most common neonatal disease and is observed in about 80% of newborns worldwide in neonatal period within a week after birth. Untreated infant hyperbilirubinemia may lead to brain damage and even death, so it is very important to diagnose it quickly and accurately. In this study, a total bilirubin measurement system was developed that is portable and easy to use without pre-processing using a commercial smartphone. This system measures using the LED and camera of the smartphone without the need for additional devices, and because a small amount of blood is injected without pre-treatment, anyone can easily measure it in the field. In a comparative study with Cobas c111 results, accuracy meets CLIA guidelines with 94% (17/18) within ±0.4 mg/dL below 3 mg/dL and 98% within ±20% above 3 mg/dL (276/282). This system offers a simple, fast and accurate diagnosis for jaundice in infants and young children in low-resource settings.

SYNOPSIS The purpose of this paper is to encourage and support academic research related to U.S. state and local government financial reporting. We provide an overview of U.S. state and local governments and their financial reporting, discuss sources of government data available to researchers, review key streams of academic research on governmental financial reporting, and suggest opportunities for future research in this area. JEL Classifications: H50; H70; H71; H72; H83; M41; M48.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell derivatives containing diverse cellular molecules, have various physiological properties and are also present in stem cells used for regenerative therapy. We selected a “multiplexed target” that demonstrates multiple effects on various cardiovascular cells, while functioning as a cargo of EVs. We screened various microRNAs (miRs) and identified miR-210 as a candidate target for survival and angiogenic function. We confirmed the cellular and biological functions of EV-210 (EVs derived from ASCmiR-210) secreted from adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) transfected with miR-210 (ASCmiR-210). Under hypoxic conditions, we observed that ASCmiR-210 inhibits apoptosis by modulating protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1). In hypoxic endothelial cells, EV-210 exerted its angiogenic capacity by inhibiting Ephrin A (EFNA3). Furthermore, EV-210 enhanced cell survival under the control of PTP1B and induced antiapoptotic effects in hypoxic H9c2 cells. In cardiac fibroblasts, the fibrotic ratio was reduced after exposure to EV-210, but EVs derived from ASCmiR-210 did not communicate with fibroblasts. Finally, we observed the functional restoration of the ischemia/reperfusion-injured heart by maintaining the intercommunication of EVs and cardiovascular cells derived from ASCmiR-210. These results suggest that the multiplexed target with ASCmiR-210 is a useful tool for cardiovascular regeneration., Heart disease: Boosting microRNA activity may restore heart function A therapy designed to enhance the activity of a small regulatory RNA molecule could prompt the restoration of cellular communication and improve heart function during heart disease. Heart cells struggle to function and regenerate under the reduced oxygen conditions caused by narrowed or blocked blood vessels. Stem cell-derived therapies may restore damaged heart tissues, and can be designed to secrete specific factors that boost regeneration. To identify factors that may improve heart recovery chances, Woochul Chang at Pusan National University, Busan, Korea and co-workers examined stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), cellular membrane sacs that carry proteins and RNAs to surrounding tissues and boost intercellular communication. The team identified microRNA-210 as a key factor that inhibits heart cell death, reduces fibrosis, and enhances regeneration of heart cell populations. EVs secreting microRNA-210 may prove a useful therapeutic tool.

Addressing ways in which systemic injustices manifest in learning environments has been a significant challenge to the field of informal science learning (ISL). The dominant discourses of equity are framed around calls for inclusion and the extension of rights for quality learning opportunities for all youth. In this paper, we move beyond inclusionary approaches to use the justice-oriented framework of rightful presence. Grounded in participatory design research, the findings show how possibilities for rightful presence arise when educators and youths collaboratively engage in exposing, disrupting, and transforming unjust narratives and practices that position youths as knowledge recipients and temporary guests in the host ISL institutions. These possibilities are characterized by opportunities to foreground youths’ lived lives and community wisdom in ways that shift the boundaries of who and what science is for. We discuss insights, dilemmas, and implications regarding justice-oriented pedagogies and their possibilities for rightful presence in science education.

An amphipathic PAA-POSS@DOX drug delivery system that responds sensitively to pH changes in the cancer microenvironment has been developed using a nanoparticle based on inorganic polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS). POSS was introduced to the carboxylic acid group of polyacrylic acid to which doxorubicin anticancer drug was loaded to prepare 480 ± 192 nm self-assembled nanoparticles. PAA-POSS had a high loading efficiency of over 75% and doxorubicin was quickly released to the target area responding sensitively to weakly acidic conditions. The possibility of employing PAA-POSS as a targeted drug delivery system has been confirmed by observing the death of cells of the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer line.

Self-regulated “smart” insulin administration system that mimic pancreatic endocrine function would be highly desirable for diabetes management. Here, a glucose-responsive continuous insulin delivery system is developed, where novel polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane (POSS) modified with 3‐aminophenylboronic acid (APBA) were used to encapsulate insulin (insulin entrapment efficiency: 73.2%) to prepare a fast response, high stability, good distribution, and excellent biocompatible system. Due to the strong hydrophobicity of POSS, the POSS moiety is located at the core in aqueous solution and combines with the boronic group of APBA and the diol generated in PEG-insulin to form a nanomicelle structure, that is, nanoparticles naturally. Micelles self‐assembled from these molecules possess glucose‐responsiveness at varying glucose concentrations. The interaction of the PBA and diol containing insulin via boronate ester bond and its interchange with glucose was investigated by FT-IR, 1H NMR and XPS. Furthermore, the successful glucose-triggered release of insulin from the POSS-APBA micelles was investigated at neutral pH. A linear graph was plotted with the measured released insulin vs glucose concentrations, with a linear correlation coefficient (R2) value close to 1. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy analysis was performed to measure insulin activity by comparing secondary structures of insulin, PEG-Insulin, and POSS-APBA@insulin. When confirming intracellular apoptosis signaling, cleaved caspase 3 and caspase 9 were not increased by 640 μg/ml POSS-APBA and POSS-APBA@insulin in HeLa, HDF and HUVE cells. Application in the biomedical field for controlled delivery of insulin appear to be promising.

In the chemical mechanical polishing process of semiconductor manufacturing, the concentration of ‘large’ particles (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\ge $$\end{document}≥0.5 μm) in the slurry, which is considerably larger in size than the main abrasives (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\approx $$\end{document}≈ 0.1 μm), is a critical parameter that strongly influences manufacturing defects, yields, and reliabilities of large-scale-integrated circuits. Various instruments, so-called particle counters, based on light scattering, light extinction, and holography techniques have been developed to measure and monitor the large particle concentration in semiconductor fabs in real time. However, sizeable fluctuation in the measured particle concentration complicates the statistical process control in the fabs worldwide. Here, we show that an inherent fluctuation exists in the counting of large particles, which is universal, independent of instrument type, and quantitatively determined by the instrument’s operation parameters. We analytically derive a statistical theory of the fluctuation based on Poisson statistics and validate the theory through experiments and Monte-Carlo simulation. Furthermore, we provide a strategy to enhance the measurement accuracy by statistically adjusting the instrumental parameters commonly involved in the particle counters. The present results and analyses could be useful for statistical process control in semiconductor fabs to prevent large particle-induced defects such as micro-scratches and pits on wafers.

Macrophages are re-educated and polarized in response to myocardial infarction (MI). The M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype is a known dominator of late stage MI. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a promising tool for cell therapy, particularly heart related diseases. In general, MSCs induce alteration of the macrophage subtype from M1 to M2, both in vitro and in vivo. We conjectured that hypoxic conditions can promote secretome productivity of MSCs. Hypoxia induces TGF-β1 expression, and TGF-β1 mediates M2 macrophage polarization for anti-inflammation and angiogenesis in infarcted areas. We hypothesized that macrophages undergo advanced M2 polarization after exposure to MSCs in hypoxia. Treatment of MSCs derived hypoxic conditioned medium (hypo-CM) promoted M2 phenotype and neovascularization through the TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway. In addition, hypo-CM derived from MSCs improved restoration of ischemic heart, such as attenuating cell apoptosis and fibrosis, and ameliorating microvessel density. Based on our results, we propose a new therapeutic method for effective MI treatment using regulation of macrophage polarization. [BMB Reports 2020; 53(11): 600-604].

Room-temperature fabrication of TiO2/Cu composite films for embedded passive components were attempted via aerosol deposition process. XRD analysis and observation of internal microstructures revealed that TiO2/Cu composite films using 500 nm-sized TiO2 had further tight bonding between particles compared to 25 nm-sized TiO2, due to effect of initial TiO2 particle size on densification of internal microstructures. Then, to optimize their adhesive strength and temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR), electrical and mechanical properties of TiO2 (500 nm)/Cu composite films with different content of TiO2 were evaluated for applications as advanced composite film resistors. Results showed that TiO2/Cu (50 wt%/50 wt%) composite films had sufficient electrical resistivity (5.8 ×10−3 Ω cm), excellent near-zero TCR (−3 ppm/℃), and improved adhesive strength (~ 7.37 N/mm2) resulting from proper coexistence of anchoring bonds and mechanical interlocking formed during deposition.

Exosomes are small membranous vesicles which contain abundant RNA molecules, and are transferred from releasing cells to uptaking cells. MicroRNA (miRNA) is one of the transferred molecules affecting the adopted cells, including glioma cells. We hypothesized that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can secrete exosomes loading miRNA and have important effects on the progress of gliomas. To determine these effects by treating exosomal miRNA in culture media of miRNA mimic transfected MSCs, we assessed the in vitro cell proliferation and invasion capabilities, and the expression level of relative proteins associated with cell apoptosis, growth and migration. For animal studies, the mice injected with U87 cells were exposed to exosomes derived from miRNA-584-5p transfected MSCs, to confirm the influence of exosomal miRNA on the progress of glioma. Based on our results, we propose a new targeted cancer therapy wherein exosomes derived from miRNA transfected MSCs could be used to modulate tumor progress as the anticancer vehicles. [BMB Reports 2018; 51(8): 406-411].

The performance of glucose sensors based on non-enzymatic receptors is often limited because of the aggregation of receptors and the resulting lowered binding efficiency. To improve the limit of detection (LOD) in glucose sensors, a polyoligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) is introduced as a support to enhance the binding efficiency between glucose and non-enzymatic receptor. POSS support reduces the aggregation and partially grants orientation to ensure that non-enzymatic receptors can productively react with targets. The synthesized amine@POSS-aminophenylboronic acid (APBA) conjugate was immobilized on the surface of gold nanoparticles, which were fastened on the optical fiber. Optical fiber-based sensors using localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) enabled rapid detection, ease of handling, and remote sensing. After confirming the response characteristics to the refractive index, a suitable concentration of amine@POSS-APBA receptor was selected for the fabricated fiber optic sensor. Glucose detection was performed at various concentrations using non-enzymatic receptors with and without POSS support. The experimental results demonstrated that increased responses were observed in the designed method than when only the non-enzymatic receptor was applied. The LOD for glucose was quantified as 25.0 μM. We believe that improved glucose sensors based on fiber optic LSPR and POSS support has the potential to be applied to field detection in various fields, such as medicine, food safety, and the environment.

Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) has become a biologically important and validated epigenetic target for cancer therapy since its identification in 2004. LSD1 mediates many cellular signaling pathways and is involved in the initiation and development of cancers. Aberrant overexpression of LSD1 has been observed in different types of cancers, and such epigenetic dysregulation plays a critical role in pathogenesis of various types of cancers such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or small cell lung cancer (SCLC). In this study, we introduce HM97346 and its derivatives as novel LSD1 inhibitors, and report a therapeutic potential for AML and SCLC patients based on several preclinical characterization and assessment. HM97346 and its derivatives were designed and synthesized as novel reversible inhibitors of LSD1. Standard cell proliferation assay, immunoblotting, biomarker expression, and apoptosis analysis were carried out to validate their potency in vitro studies using different AML and SCLC cell lines. The in vivo antitumor activity was evaluated in AML and SCLC cell xenograft mouse models. Tumor sizes were measured and tumor samples were analyzed to define the mechanisms of action. HM97346 and its derivatives showed strong inhibition on LSD1 enzymatic activity in biochemical assay and promoted the methylations of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) in both SCLC and AML cells. They reduced the expression of neuroendocrine factors ASCL1 in SCLC cells, effectively and dose-dependently. Moreover, in human AML cell lines, they stimulated cellular differentiation by disrupting LSD1-GFI1 complex and induced transcription factor PU.1 as well as myeloid differentiation markers CD86 and CD11b. As a result, they significantly inhibited cellular proliferation and induced apoptosis in studies using AML and SCLC cells. Oral administration of HM97346 and its derivatives inhibited tumor growth in human AML and SCLC cell xenograft mouse models studies. These antitumor effects dramatically increased in combination with standard chemotherapies. In conclusion, HM97346 and its derivatives, new synthesized reversible LSD1 inhibitors, showed potential anticancer activity in preclinical AML and SCLC models. Moreover, these compounds could provide a new insight and possibility in cancer therapy through epigenetic modulation as not only monotherapy but also combination therapy. Citation Format: Joo-Yun Byun, Won Jong Lee, Won jung Kim, Minjeong Kim, Inhwan Bae, Seokhyun Hong, Yu-Yon Kim, Hyunjin Park, Eunyoung Kim, Young Hoon Kim, Young Gil Ahn, Kwee Hyun Suh. Antitumor activity of novel reversible LSD1 inhibitors in preclinical models of AML and SCLC [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1135.

Consequential learning is an equity-oriented framework in which students create learning pathways to pursue what matters to themselves and to the communities they care about. In this paper, I seek to identify the moments of consequential learning from a story in which my students and I danced together to express a set of scientific knowledge: how atoms change their configuration during photosynthesis while sustaining the total mass as consistent. Taking an autoethnographic approach, I examine how consequential learning was presented during the project and how I worked as a change agent to support it. Based on findings that show how students and I sought to transform science into a powerful tool to actualize what mattered to them while creating varied patterns of participation, I argue that, as change agents for consequential learning, teachers should take a stance on students as a rightful presence.

Electromagnetic interference shielding composite with low density (1.18 g/cm 3 ) was fabricated usingelectroless plated FeCo magnetic metal hollow fibers and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) polymer.Aspect ratio of the fibers were controlled and their hollow structure was obtained by heat treatment process. TheFeCo hollow fibers were then mixed with EPDM to manufacture the composite. The higher aspect ratio of themagnetic metal hollow fibers resulted in high electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (30 dB) of thecomposite due to its low sheet resistance (30 ohm/sq). The enhanced electromagnetic interference shieldingeffectiveness was mainly attributed to the formation of conducting network over the percolation threshold by highaspect ratio of fibers as well as an increase of the reflection loss by impedance mismatch owing to low sheetresistance, absorption loss, and multiple internal reflections loss.초록 : 무전해 도금을 통해 제조한 FeCo 자성 금속 중공형 섬유와 EPDM 고분자를 이용하여 전자파 차폐 복합재를 제작하였다. 열처리 공정을 통하여 섬유의 종횡비를 제어하였으며 중공형 구조로 섬유를 제조한 후, 이를 EPDM수지에 첨가하여 복합재를 제조하였다. 자성 금속 중공형 섬유의 종횡비가 클수록 낮은 표면 저항 특성과 우수한전자파 차폐 성능을 나타내었다. 약 100 μm 길이의 자성 금속 중공형 섬유를 이용한 두께 150 μm 전자파 차폐 복합재의 경우 밀도 1.18 g/cm

We investigated the effect of phosphor deposition methods on the correlated color temperature (CCT), luminous flux and thermal characteristics of packaged white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) for use in mobile display products. For both the samples, the CCT decreased with increasing viewing angle. Phosphor sedimentation samples displayed much better angular color uniformity than phosphor dispersion samples. The phosphor sedimentation sample had higher luminous flux and luminous efficacy at 20 mA than the phosphor dispersion sample. The phosphor sedimentation sample displayed much better high-temperature/humidity (85 °C/85%) reliability and lower package temperatures compared with the phosphor dispersion sample.

Hadoop framework was designed to be suitable for processing very large files. On the other hand, when processing the Small Files, it waste the resource of a distributed system, and occur performance degradation. It is shown noticeable the more the Small Files. This problem is caused by the Small Files, it can be solved through the merging of associated Small Files. But a way of merging of Small Files has some limited point. in this paper, examines existing limit of merging method, design merging method Small Files for effective process.

A 12-year-old castrated male Pekingese dog was presented with weakness, exercise intolerance, and an episode of coughing started 2 weeks earlier upon presentation. Physical examination revealed a grade II/VI left systolic heart murmur. Echocardiographic examination revealed a pericardial effusion and a mass at the heart base located beside the left atrium. The mass beside the left atrium was also visible on the thoracic radiograph after drainage of the pericardial effusion. An aortic body tumor was definitely diagnosed based on postmortem histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining for specific markers. The dog lived 234 days after diagnosis with only medical management and without recurrence of the pericardial effusion.

In order to create an environment for Apache Hadoop for parallel distributed processing system of Bigdata, by connecting a plurality of computers, or to configure the node, using the configuration of the virtual nodes on a single computer it is necessary to build a cloud fading environment. However, be constructed in practice for education in these systems, there are many constraints in terms of cost and complex system configuration. Therefore, it is possible to be used as training for educational institutions and beginners in the field of Bigdata processing, development of learning systems and inexpensive practical is urgent. Based on the Raspberry Pi board, training and analysis of Big data processin g, such as Hadoop and NoSQL is now the design and implementation of a learning system of parallel distributed processing of possible Bigdata in this study. It is expected that Bigdata parallel distributed processing system that has been implemented, and be a useful system for beginners who want to start a Bigdata and education.

The recent development and popularization of personal mobile devices has brought a lot of changes into information search and offering. In particular, the newly emerged augmented reality system made possible an innovative way of information acquisition by providing additional information of the virtual world to the real world. This work used the markerless augmented reality system on smartphones to design and implement the smartphone application service aimed at efficiently conveying information on advertisements to users. The conventional advertising applications simply introduce and explain goods by inducing consumers to have an interest, whereas the markerless application service developed in this work interacts with the augmented reality system and database management system to quickly provide more accurate and diversified information to users.

The purpose of this study was to analyze task commitment types of science learning in high school students' biology classification. Thirty students were selected as the representatives of five task commitment types according to task commitment type inventory scores. They participated in think-aloud ...

The purpose of this study is to develop an inventory to classify task commitment types of sciencelearning and to classify highschool students' task commitment types. Firstly, inventory questions were designedfollowing the literature analysis on the task commitment components which involve self confidence, high goalsetting, and focused attention. Prototype inventory underwent the content validity test, pilot test, and reliability test.Through these steps, final inventory was input to 462 high school students and underwent the factor analysis andcluster analysis. Factor analysis confirmed three components of task commitment as the three factors of inventoryquestions. In order to find how many clusters exist, factors of developed inventory became new variables. Eachfactor's factor mean was calculated and served as the new variable of the cluster analysis. Cluster analysis extractedfive clusters as task commitment types. The 5 clusters were suggested by the agglomarative schedule anddendrogram gained from a hierarchical cluster analysis with the setting of the Ward algorithm and Squared Euclideandistance. Based on the factor mean score, traits of each cluster could be drawn out. Inventory developed by this studyis expected to be used to identify student commitment types and assess the effectiveness of task commitmentenhancement programs. Key words: task commitment type, inventory development, science learning, cluster analysis, highschool student Korea National University of Educcation

Encapsulation of electronic devices such as dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is prone to degradation under normal atmospheric conditions, even with hermetic barriers on the metal electrodes. Overcoming this problem is crucial to increasing DSSC lifetimes and making them commercially viable. Herein, we report a new impermeable flexible liquid barrier film using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and partially reduced graphene oxide (PrGO), which dramatically enhances the lifetime of Ag metal electrodes (typically used in DSSCs) immersed in a highly acidic iodolyte solution. The Ag metal electrode encapsulated by the PVA/PrGO film survived for over 500 hrs, superior to existing barriers of glass frits, epoxy resins and polymers. The PVA/PrGO film strongly adheres to the Ag metal surface, and the resulting PVA/PrGO/Ag electrode is stable even on a curved substrate, with a sheet resistance nearly independent of curvature. These results give new insight for the design of high-performance and solution-processable flexible liquid barrier films for a wide range of applications, in particular for the encapsulation of electronic devices with liquid electrolytes.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the verbal interaction during elementary students` hypothesis generation learning. For this study, 32 6th graders were selected and were assorted into heterogeneous small-groups by achievement levels. The topics of hypothesis generation learning were developed by analyzing the current elementary school curriculum. Each group`s verbal interactions were audio/video taped and transcribed. After coding the protocol and having student retrospective interview, types and frequency of verbal interaction were analyzed. The frequency of verbal interaction during observation was highest and that of questioning situation identification was lowest. Regarding to the quality of verbal interactions, low level interactions were significantly frequent during observation. On the other hand, hypothetical explicans generation revealed high frequency of high level interactions. The results revealed that elementary students can make high level verbal interactions through hypothesis generation learning.

E-mail: chemhds@inje.ac.krReceived February 21, 2012, Accepted April 20, 2012Conductive honeycomb-patterned polystyrene (PS) thin films were prepared by the formation of a polyaniline(PANI) thin layer on the surface of the patterned PS thin films using simple one-step chemical oxidativepolymerization of aniline. The in situ chemical oxidation polymerization of aniline hydrochloride solution onthe patterned structure of the PS films was conducted in the presence of multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MWCNT) to prepare the PANI-MWCNT/PS composite film. The concentration (wt %) of MWCNT wasvaried in the range of 1%-3% by weight. The dependence of surface morphology of the PANI/PS and PANI-MWCNT/PS composite film to the polymerization time was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Theroom temperature DC conductivity was obtained by the four-probe technique. The conductivity of the PANI-MWCNT/PS composite film was affected both by the MWCNT concentration and polymerization time. Inaddition, DC electrical field was loaded during the oxidative polymerization to affect the distribution of theMWCNT included in the composite film, varying the loading voltage in the range of 0.1-3.0 V. Theconductivity of the PANI-MWCNT/PS composite film was increased as loading voltage rose. However, thisincrease stops at a voltage higher than the critical value. Key Words : Carbon nanotubes, Composite materials, Conducting polymers, Honeycomb-patterned filmIntroductionCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) with unique structures andproperties are attractive building blocks for novel materialsand devices of important practical applications.

A polyaniline-gold composite was prepared via the polymerization of aniline hydrochloride with or without water-soluble graphite oxide using auric acid as an oxidant. The reaction products were characterized using Xray photoelectron spectroscopy. The thermal stability and embedded crystallinity of the composites were also investigated using thermogravimetric and X-ray diffraction analyses. The electrical properties of the composites were examined using cyclic voltammetric measurements at room temperature and temperature-dependent DC conductivity within 300-500 K. Compared to pure graphene oxide and polyaniline-gold composite, the polyaniline-gold-graphene composite exhibited higher crystallinity and thermal stability, and higher current density response under equivalent conditions.

Highlights ► We report a fully integrated microdevice incorporating a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with an immunochromatographic strip (ICS) for visual detection of rapid gene expression of influenza A H1N1 virus on a portable system. ► An assembled five-layered glass–polydimethylsiloxane hybrid microdevice has a functional unit of a pneumatic micropump, a RT-PCR chamber, a microvalve, and an ICS. ► One-step RT-PCR reaction, gold nanoparticle conjugation, and the colorimetric detection on an ICS were performed successively on a portable system to identify the target H1 gene of H1N1 virus., An integrated microdevice of a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) reactor and an immunochromatographic strip was constructed for colorimetric detection of gene expression of influenza A virus subtype H1N1. An RT-PCR cocktail, which included Texas Red-labeled primers, dNTP including biotin-labeled dUTP, and RNA templates of influenza A H1N1 virus, was filled in the PCR chamber through the micropump, and the RT-PCR was performed to amplify the target H1 gene (102 bp). The resultant amplicons bearing biotin moieties and Texas Red haptens were subsequently eluted to the immunochromatographic strip, in which they were first conjugated with the gold nanoparticle labeled anti-hapten antibody in the conjugation pad, and then captured on the streptavidin coated test line through the biotin–streptavidin interaction. By observing a violet color in the test line which was derived from the gold nanoparticle, we confirmed the H1N1 target virus. The entire process on the integrated microdevice consisting of a micropump, a 2 μL PCR chamber, and an immunochromatographic strip was carried out on the portable genetic analyzer within 2.5 h, enabling on-site colorimetric pathogen identification with detection sensitivity of 14.1 pg RNA templates.