21 results on '"Wolffe, Taylor"'
Search Results
2. Culture and awareness of occupational health risks amongst UK firefighters
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Wolffe, Taylor A. M., Turrell, Louis, Robinson, Andrew, Dickens, Kathryn, Clinton, Anna, Maritan-Thomson, Daniella, and Stec, Anna A.
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- 2023
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3. Mental health of UK firefighters
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Wolffe, Taylor A. M., Robinson, Andrew, Clinton, Anna, Turrell, Louis, and Stec, Anna A.
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- 2023
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4. Evidence-based approaches to chemical risk assessment and risk management decision-making
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Wolffe, Taylor
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363.738 - Abstract
Chemicals policy is designed to protect human and ecological health from the adverse effects that can result from exposure to manufactured chemical substances. It entails a complex process of regulatory chemical risk assessment and risk-management decision-making, drawing expertise from a diverse range of fields including toxicology and environmental health. However, these decision-making processes have come under increased scrutiny in recent years – criticized for bias, lack of transparency, rigor and a failure to identify unacceptable risks before widespread exposure occurs. This has resulted in calls for a more “evidence-based” approach, in which all relevant, available evidence is analyzed in a robust, transparent and reproducible manner. There is thus a growing need to incorporate methodological frameworks capable of facilitating evidence-based approaches to chemical risk assessment and regulatory decision-making. Such frameworks have been successfully developed in the field of medicine, which underwent a similar paradigm shift to that currently shaping chemical risk assessment, in the early 1990s. The gold-standard for evidence-based decision-making championed by the evidence-based medicine movement takes the form of systematic review. Systematic review describes a prescriptive and transparent method for collating, appraising and analyzing all available, relevant evidence in answer to a specific research question. By pooling the results of individual (independent) studies, systematic reviews synthesize conclusions which are not only more precise but are representative of an entire evidence-base. Now well established within clinical decision-making, the application of systematic review to chemical risk assessment is beginning to gain prominence. However, several challenges and barriers threaten to slow the uptake and quality of systematic review for chemical risk assessment. These include the prohibitively narrow focus of systematic reviews, which are at odds with the information requirements of regulatory decisions, and a mismatch in the resource availability within chemical risk assessment compared to the resource demands associated with systematic review. This thesis explores the challenges associated with implementing evidence-based approaches such as systematic review for chemical risk assessment, and identifies key methodological solutions: Chapter 1 examines the risk of bias assessment process – one of the most important but also most challenging aspects of systematic review methodology to adapt for environmental health. It examines the rationale for eschewing seemingly objective, quantitative approaches to assessing risk of bias in favour of seemingly more subjective, qualitative approaches. Through illustrative models, this thesis uncovers the mismatch between the mechanics of quantitative risk of bias assessment methods and the fundamental mechanics of risk of bias itself. Promoting understanding of this issue is increasingly important as systematic review gains prominence within chemical risk assessment – a field traditionally reliant on quantitative scoring methods for assessing the quality of included evidence. Chapter 2 considers the wider challenges to uptake of systematic review in environmental health, and proposes “systematic evidence mapping” as a methodological solution. A systematic evidence map is a queryable database of systematically gathered evidence which facilitates the broader identification of trends across the evidence-base. In this thesis, the potential utility of systematic mapping for existing and future chemical risk assessment workflows is characterized and critically assessed. A hypothetical but representative example (in which legacy flame retardants are prioritized for further regulatory assessment) is used to demonstrate the trend-spotting capacity of the methodology. Chapter 3 further explores the methodological adaptions required for effective implementation of systematic evidence mapping in chemical risk assessment and wider environmental health. By surveying current evidence mapping practice in environmental management (a field where the methodology is more mature), and qualitatively appraising this practice against the concepts of “data storage technology”, “data integrity”, “data accessibility”, and “transparency”, this thesis reveals the ill-suited nature of conventional tabular data structures for housing complex and highly connected environmental health/toxicology data. It identifies graph-based storage technologies as the most flexible and optimally suited data structures for the varied needs of chemical risk assessment workflows, and makes recommendations for their uptake in systematic evidence mapping. Chapter 4 of this thesis explores the practical implementation of graph-based solutions to evidence mapping in environmental health by conducting a proof-of-concept evidence mapping exercise, in which trends in the study of exposure-outcome associations for National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) datasets in the academic literature are explored. By contrasting this graph-based evidence mapping exercise to an equivalent tabular scoping review, this chapter demonstrates how significant gains in resolution and complexity can be achieved by adopting the graph data model – leading to greater insights than can be offered by traditional evidence-surveillance methods. The transparency, accessibility, interoperability and potential to expand graph-based evidence maps is also highlighted in this chapter by providing data models and methods which can be further adapted e.g. for the development of a suitable controlled vocabulary ontology. Finally, this thesis concludes by discussing the future direction of evidence-based chemical risk assessment and the role of graph-based evidence mapping within it, highlighting the need for further advances in automation and the uptake of data standards.
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- 2020
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5. The PFAS-Tox Database: A systematic evidence map of health studies on 29 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
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Pelch, Katherine E., Reade, Anna, Kwiatkowski, Carol F., Merced-Nieves, Francheska M., Cavalier, Haleigh, Schultz, Kim, Wolffe, Taylor, and Varshavsky, Julia
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- 2022
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6. Cancer incidence amongst UK firefighters
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Wolffe, Taylor A. M., Robinson, Andrew, Dickens, Kathryn, Turrell, Louis, Clinton, Anna, Maritan-Thomson, Daniella, Joshi, Miland, and Stec, Anna A.
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- 2022
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7. Recommendations for the conduct of systematic reviews in toxicology and environmental health research (COSTER)
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Whaley, Paul, Aiassa, Elisa, Beausoleil, Claire, Beronius, Anna, Bilotta, Gary, Boobis, Alan, de Vries, Rob, Hanberg, Annika, Hoffmann, Sebastian, Hunt, Neil, Kwiatkowski, Carol F., Lam, Juleen, Lipworth, Steven, Martin, Olwenn, Randall, Nicola, Rhomberg, Lorenz, Rooney, Andrew A., Schünemann, Holger J., Wikoff, Daniele, Wolffe, Taylor, and Halsall, Crispin
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- 2020
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8. Scottish Firefighters Occupational Cancer and Disease Mortality Rates: 2000-2020
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Stec, Anna A, Robinson, Andrew, Wolffe, Taylor A M, Bagkeris, E, Stec, Anna A, Robinson, Andrew, Wolffe, Taylor A M, and Bagkeris, E
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Background Increased mortality from cancers and other diseases has been reported in USA, Canadian, and Nordic firefighters. However, UK firefighters are understudied. Aims To determine whether UK firefighters suffer increased mortality from cancers and other diseases when compared with the general population. Methods Mortality from cancer and other diseases in Scottish male firefighters between 2000 and 2020 was compared with the general Scottish male population and expressed as standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) (with 95% confidence intervals, CI). Results Significant overall excess cancer mortality was found for Scottish firefighters compared with the general population (SMR 1.61, CI 1.42-1.81). Scottish firefighters were nearly three times more likely to die of malignant neoplasms (unspecified sites) (SMR 2.71, CI 1.71-4.00). Excess cancer mortality was also found for several site-specific cancers, including prostate (SMR 3.80, CI 2.56-5.29), myeloid leukaemia (SMR 3.17, CI 1.44-5.58), oesophagus (SMR 2.42, CI 1.69-3.29) and urinary system (kidney and bladder) (SMR 1.94, CI 1.16-2.91). Mortality from neoplasms of unknown behaviour was over six times greater in Scottish firefighters (SMR 6.37, CI 2.29-12.49). Additionally, significantly higher mortality was found for: acute ischaemic heart diseases (SMR 5.27, CI 1.90-10.33), stroke (SMR 2.69, CI 1.46-4.28), interstitial pulmonary diseases (SMR 3.04, CI 1.45-5.22), renal failure (SMR 3.28, CI 1.18-6.44) and musculoskeletal system diseases (SMR 5.64, CI 1.06-13.83). Conclusions UK firefighters suffer significant excess mortality from cancer and other diseases when compared with the general population. Preventative health monitoring and presumptive legislation are urgently required to protect UK firefighters’ health.
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- 2023
9. Using the PFAS-Tox Database to Streamline Identification of Developmental Hazards
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Pelch, KE, Reade, A, Kwiatkowski, CF, Merced-Nieves, FM, Cavalier, H, Schultz, K, Wolffe, Taylor, Varshavsky, J, Pelch, KE, Reade, A, Kwiatkowski, CF, Merced-Nieves, FM, Cavalier, H, Schultz, K, Wolffe, Taylor, and Varshavsky, J
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- 2023
10. Cancer incidence amongst UK firefighters
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Wolffe, Taylor A. M., Robinson, Andrew, Dickens, Kathryn, Turrell, Louis, Clinton, Anna Elizabeth pauline, Maritan-Thomson, Daniella, Joshi, Miland, Stec, Anna A., Wolffe, Taylor A. M., Robinson, Andrew, Dickens, Kathryn, Turrell, Louis, Clinton, Anna Elizabeth pauline, Maritan-Thomson, Daniella, Joshi, Miland, and Stec, Anna A.
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Firefighters suffer an increased risk of cancer from exposures to chemicals released from fires. Our earlier research has found that fire toxicants not only remain on firefighters’ PPE, but are also tracked back to fire stations. The UK Firefighter Contamination Survey assesses firefighters’ risk of developing cancer due to occupational exposure to fire toxins. Over 4% of surveyed firefighters were found to have a cancer diagnosis, with the age-specific cancer rate up to 323% higher (35–39 year olds) than that of the general population. Firefighters who had served ≥ 15 years were 1.7 times more likely to develop cancer than those who had served less time. Firefighters were at least twice as likely to be diagnosed with cancer if they noticed soot in their nose/throat (odds ratio (OR) = 2.0, 1.1–3.5), or remained in their PPE for more than four hours after attending a fire incident (OR = 2.3, 1.1–5.2). Also associated with an increased likelihood of cancer was: eating while wearing PPE (OR = 1.8, 1.2–2.7); failing to store clean/dirty PPE separately (OR = 1.3, 1.0–1.7); working in a station that smells of fire (OR = 1.3, 1.0–1.8) or not having designated (separated) clean and dirty areas (OR = 1.4, 1.1–1.7); using an on-site washing machine to launder fire hoods (OR = 1.3, 1.0–1.7); feeling that cleaning is not taken seriously at work (OR = 1.5, 1.2–2.0).
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- 2023
11. Contamination of UK firefighters personal protective equipment and workplaces
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Wolffe, Taylor, Clinton, Anna Elizabeth pauline, Robinson, Andrew, Turrell, Louis, Stec, Anna A, Wolffe, Taylor, Clinton, Anna Elizabeth pauline, Robinson, Andrew, Turrell, Louis, and Stec, Anna A
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Firefighters’ personal protective equipment (PPE) is a potential source of chronic exposure to toxic contaminants commonly released from fires. These contaminants have also been found in fire stations. However, little research characterises the routes via which fire contaminants travel back to fire stations. The UK Firefighter Contamination Survey provides information on firefighters’ PPE provision, decontamination, and storage practices. All serving UK firefighters were eligible to take part in the survey, which comprised 64 questions. A total of 10,649 responses were included for analysis, accounting for roughly 24% of the UK’s firefighting workforce. Results revealed that most firefighters (84%) de-robe contaminated PPE/workwear after re-entering the appliance cab. There was a significant decreasing tendency to send PPE for cleaning after every incident with increasing seniority of role, length of service, and fire attendance frequency. Around one third of firefighters cleaned PPE after every incident. A number of issues were linked to external professional cleaning services, e.g. shrinkage, fit, turn-around time, and stock of reserve/pooled PPE. PPE storage was found to be a potential source of cross contamination, with almost half of firefighters (45%) indicating clean and dirty PPE is not stored separately. More than half of firefighters (57%) stored fire gloves (an item sent for professional decontamination by only 19% of firefighters, and never cleaned by 20%) within other items of PPE such as helmets, boots and tunic/trouser pockets. The survey’s results can be used to target gaps in decontamination measures within UK Fire and Rescue Services.
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- 2023
12. Cancer incidence amongst UK firefighters
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Wolffe, Taylor A. M., primary, Robinson, Andrew, additional, Dickens, Kathryn, additional, Turrell, Louis, additional, Clinton, Anna, additional, Maritan-Thomson, Daniella, additional, Joshi, Miland, additional, and Stec, Anna A., additional
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- 2023
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13. The PFAS-Tox Database: A systematic evidence map of health studies on 29 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
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Pelch, Katherine E, Reade, Anna, Kwiatkowski, Carol F, Merced-Nieves, Francheska M, Cavalier, Haleigh, Schultz, Kim, Wolffe, Taylor, Varshavsky, Julia, Pelch, Katherine E, Reade, Anna, Kwiatkowski, Carol F, Merced-Nieves, Francheska M, Cavalier, Haleigh, Schultz, Kim, Wolffe, Taylor, and Varshavsky, Julia
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PFAS (per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances) are a large class of synthetic chemicals widely used in consumer products and industrial processes. The scientific literature on PFAS has increased dramatically in the last decade. Many stakeholders, including regulators, scientists, non-governmental organizations, and concerned individuals could benefit from an efficient way to access the health and toxicological literature related to PFAS. To create a systematic evidence map of the available peer-reviewed health or toxicological research for 29 PFAS. A protocol for conducting this systematic evidence map was initially published on Zenodo (Pelch et al. 2019c), then peer reviewed and published in Environment International (Pelch et al. 2019d). PubMed database was searched through January 25, 2021. Studies were screened for inclusion and exclusion according to the Populations, Exposures, Comparators, and Outcomes (PECO) statement. Inclusion criteria were intentionally broad and included any human, animal, and/or in vitro study that investigated exposure to one of the 29 PFAS of interest and a human health or toxicological effect. Selected study details were extracted from included studies as described in the protocol. Study appraisal was not conducted. The included studies and extracted meta-data are freely available in the online, interactive systematic evidence map at https://pfastoxdatabase.org. Over 15,000 studies were retrieved from the PubMed literature searches. After manual screening, 1,067 studies were identified and included as investigating the health or toxicological effect of one or more PFAS of interest. There were 505 human, 385 animal, and 220 in vitro studies. Summary tables of the extracted data and overall observations are included in this report. The PFAS-Tox Database is a useful tool for searching, filtering, and identifying peer reviewed research on the health and toxicological effects of the included PFAS. In this summary of the evidence map we provide
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- 2022
14. A survey of systematic evidence mapping practice and the case for knowledge graphs in environmental health & toxicology
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Wolffe, Taylor, Vidler, John, Halsall, Crispin, Hunt, Neil, Whaley, Paul, Wolffe, Taylor, Vidler, John, Halsall, Crispin, Hunt, Neil, and Whaley, Paul
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Systematic evidence mapping offers a robust and transparent methodology for facilitating evidence-based approaches to decision-making in chemicals policy and wider environmental health. Interest in the methodology is growing; however, its application in environmental health is still novel. To facilitate the production of effective systematic evidence maps for environmental health use cases, we survey the successful application of evidence mapping in other fields where the methodology is more established. Focusing on issues of “data storage technology”, “data integrity”, “data accessibility”, and “transparency”, we characterise current evidence-mapping practice and critically review its potential value for environmental health contexts. We note that rigid, flat data tables and schema-first approaches dominate current mapping methods and highlight how this practice is ill-suited to the highly connected, heterogeneous and complex nature of environmental health data. We propose this challenge is overcome by storing and structuring data as “knowledge graphs”. Knowledge graphs offer a flexible, schemaless and scalable model for systematically mapping the environmental health literature. Associated technologies such as ontologies are well-suited to the long-term goals of systematic mapping methodology in promoting resource-efficient access to the wider environmental health evidence base. Several graph storage implementations are readily available, with a variety of proven use cases in other fields. Thus, developing and adapting systematic evidence mapping for environmental health should utilise these graph-based resources to ensure the production of scalable, interoperable and robust maps to aid decision-making processes in chemicals policy and wider environmental health.
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- 2020
15. Knowledge Organization Systems for Systematic Chemical Assessments
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Whaley, Paul, Edwards, Stephen W, Kraft, Andrew, Nyhan, Kate, Shapiro, Andrew, Watford, Sean, Wattam, Steve, Wolffe, Taylor, Angrish, Michelle, Whaley, Paul, Edwards, Stephen W, Kraft, Andrew, Nyhan, Kate, Shapiro, Andrew, Watford, Sean, Wattam, Steve, Wolffe, Taylor, and Angrish, Michelle
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BACKGROUND: Although the implementation of systematic review and evidence mapping methods stands to improve the transparency and accuracy of chemical assessments, they also accentuate the challenges that assessors face in ensuring they have located and included all the evidence that is relevant to evaluating the potential health effects an exposure might be causing. This challenge of information retrieval can be characterized in terms of "semantic" and "conceptual" factors that render chemical assessments vulnerable to the streetlight effect. OBJECTIVES: This commentary presents how controlled vocabularies, thesauruses, and ontologies contribute to overcoming the streetlight effect in information retrieval, making up the key components of Knowledge Organization Systems (KOSs) that enable more systematic access to assessment-relevant information than is currently achievable. The concept of Adverse Outcome Pathways is used to illustrate what a general KOS for use in chemical assessment could look like. DISCUSSION: Ontologies are an underexploited element of effective knowledge organization in the environmental health sciences. Agreeing on and implementing ontologies in chemical assessment is a complex but tractable process with four fundamental steps. Successful implementation of ontologies would not only make currently fragmented information about health risks from chemical exposures vastly more accessible, it could ultimately enable computational methods for chemical assessment that can take advantage of the full richness of data described in natural language in primary studies. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6994.
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- 2020
16. A code of practice for the conduct of systematic reviews in toxicology and environmental health research (COSTER)
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Whaley, Paul, Aiassa, Elisa, Beausoleil, Claire, Beronius, Anna, Bilotta, Gary, Boobis, Alan, de Vries, Rob, Hanberg, Annika, Hoffmann, Sebastian, Hunt, Neil, Kwiatkowski, Carol, Lam, Juleen, Lipworth, Steven, Martin, Olwenn, Randall, Nicola, Rhomberg, Lorenz, Rooney, Andrew A., Schünemann, Holger J., Wikoff, Daniele, Wolffe, Taylor, and Halsall, Crispin
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research methods ,systematic review ,chemical risk assessment ,research synthesis ,environmental health ,epidemiology ,research standards ,toxicology - Abstract
Background: There are several standards which make explicit a consensus view on sound practice in systematic reviews (SRs) for the medical sciences. Until now, no equivalent standard has been published for SRs which focus on human health risks posed by exposure to environmental challenges, chemical or otherwise. Objectives: To develop an expert, cross-sector consensus on a core set of requirements for sound practice in planning and conducting a SR in the environmental health sciences. Methods: A draft set of requirements was derived from two existing standards for SRs in biomedicine and discussed at an international workshop of 33 participants from government, industry, non-government organisations, and academia. The guidance was revised over six follow-up webinars and several rounds of email feedback, until there was group consensus that a comprehensive framework for the planning and conduct of high-quality environmental health SRs had been articulated. Results: The Conduct of Systematic Reviews in Toxicology and Environmental Health Research (COSTER) standard is a code of practice consisting of 70 requirements across eight performance domains, representing the consensus view of a diverse group of experts as to what constitutes “sound and good” practice in the conduct of environmental health SRs. Discussion: COSTER provides a set of sound-practice requirements which, if followed, should facilitate the production of credible, high-value SRs of environmental health evidence. COSTER clarifies sound and good practice in a number of controversial aspects of SR conduct, providing requirements relating to management of conflicts of interest, inclusion of grey literature, and protocol registration and publication. Not all of the practices are yet commonplace, but environmental health SRs would benefit from their introduction. Some aspects of SR, such as assessment of external validity at the level of individual study, are not yet sufficiently developed for consensus on sound practice to be achieved.
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- 2019
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17. Knowledge Organization Systems for Systematic Chemical Assessments
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Whaley, Paul, primary, Edwards, Stephen W., additional, Kraft, Andrew, additional, Nyhan, Kate, additional, Shapiro, Andrew, additional, Watford, Sean, additional, Wattam, Steve, additional, Wolffe, Taylor, additional, and Angrish, Michelle, additional
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- 2020
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18. PFAS Health Database: A Protocol for a Systematic Evidence Map
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Pelch, Katherine, Reade, Anna, Wolffe, Taylor, and Kwiatkowski, Carol
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Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances ,PFAS ,Systematic Evidence Map ,Toxicology - Abstract
Background: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) confer waterproof, greaseproof, and non-stick properties when added to consumer products. They are also used for industrial purposes including in aqueous film forming foams for firefighting. PFAS are ubiquitous in the environment, are widely detected in human biomonitoring studies, and are of growing regulatory concern across federal, state, and local governments. Regulators, scientists, and citizens need to stay informed on the growing health and toxicology literature related to PFAS. Objectives: The goal of this systematic evidence map is to identify and organize the available health and toxicology related literature on a set of 23 PFAS of emerging and growing concern. Search and study eligibility: We will search the electronic database PubMed for health or toxicological studies on 23 PFAS of emerging concern. Eligible studies must contain primary research investigating the link between one or more of the PFAS of interest and a health effect, toxicological, or biological mechanistic endpoint. Study appraisal and synthesis methods: Title and abstract screening and full text review will require a single reviewer for inclusion to the next level and two independent reviewers for exclusion. Study quality will not be conducted for this evidence mapping. Study characteristics will be extracted from the included studies and checked for accuracy by a second reviewer. The extracted information will be visualized in a publicly available, interactive database hosted on Tableau Public. Results of the evidence mapping will be published in a narrative summary., This document was submitted to Environment International for peer review and is to be considered vs 1.0 of this protocol. Subsequent updates to the protocol, including in response to peer reviewer comments, will be made available.
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- 2019
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19. Systematic evidence maps as a novel tool to support evidence-based decision-making in chemicals policy and risk management
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Wolffe, Taylor, Whaley, Paul, Halsall, Crispin, Rooney, Andrew, Walker, Vickie, Wolffe, Taylor, Whaley, Paul, Halsall, Crispin, Rooney, Andrew, and Walker, Vickie
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Background While systematic review (SR) methods are gaining traction as a method for providing a reliable summary of existing evidence for health risks posed by exposure to chemical substances, it is becoming clear that their value is restricted to a specific range of risk management scenarios - in particular, those which can be addressed with tightly focused questions and can accommodate the time and resource requirements of a systematic evidence synthesis. Methods The concept of a systematic evidence map (SEM) is defined and contrasted to the function and limitations of systematic review (SR) in the context of risk management decision-making. The potential for SEMs to facilitate evidence-based decision-making are explored using a hypothetical example in risk management priority-setting. The potential role of SEMs in reference to broader risk management workflows is characterised. Results SEMs are databases of systematically gathered research which characterise broad features of the evidence base. Although not intended to substitute for the evidence synthesis element of systematic reviews, SEMs provide a comprehensive, queryable summary of a large body of policy relevant research. They provide an evidence-based approach to characterising the extent of available evidence and support forward looking predictions or trendspotting in the chemical risk sciences. In particular, SEMs facilitate the identification of related bodies of decision critical chemical risk information which could be further analysed using SR methods, and highlight gaps in the evidence which could be addressed with additional primary studies to reduce uncertainties in decision-making. Conclusions SEMs have strong and growing potential as a high value tool in resource efficient use of existing research in chemical risk management. They can be used as a critical precursor to efficient deployment of high quality SR methods for characterising chemical health risks. Furthermore, SEMs have potential, at
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- 2019
20. PFAS health effects database: Protocol for a systematic evidence map
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Pelch, Katherine E., primary, Reade, Anna, additional, Wolffe, Taylor A.M., additional, and Kwiatkowski, Carol F., additional
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- 2019
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21. Systematic evidence maps as a novel tool to support evidence-based decision-making in chemicals policy and risk management
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Wolffe, Taylor A.M., primary, Whaley, Paul, additional, Halsall, Crispin, additional, Rooney, Andrew A., additional, and Walker, Vickie R., additional
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- 2019
- Full Text
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