43 results on '"Win, Nay"'
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2. Current progress in application of 1-Methylcyclopropene to improve postharvest quality of cut flowers
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Naing, Aung Htay, Win, Nay Myo, Kyu, Swum Yi, Kang, In-Kyu, and Kim, Chang Kil
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- 2022
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Catalog
3. Efficient Regeneration of Transgenic Rice from Embryogenic Callus via Agrobacterium -Mediated Transformation: A Case Study Using GFP and Apple MdFT1 Genes.
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Do, Van Giap, Kim, Seonae, Win, Nay Myo, Kwon, Soon-Il, Kweon, Hunjoong, Yang, Sangjin, Park, Juhyeon, Do, Gyungran, and Lee, Youngsuk
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GENE expression ,GREEN fluorescent protein ,REPORTER genes ,GENETIC transformation ,TRANSGENIC rice - Abstract
Genetic transformation is a critical tool for gene manipulation and functional analyses in plants, enabling the exploration of key phenotypes and agronomic traits at the genetic level. While dicotyledonous plants offer various tissues for in vitro culture and transformation, monocotyledonous plants, such as rice, have limited options. This study presents an efficient method for genetically transforming rice (Oryza sativa L.) using seed-derived embryogenic calli as explants. Two target genes were utilized to assess regeneration efficiency: green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and the apple FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)-like gene (MdFT1). Antisense MdFT1 was cloned into a vector controlled by the rice α-amylase 3D (Ramy3D) promoter, while eGFP was fused to Cas9 under the Ubi promoter. These vectors were introduced separately into rice embryogenic calli from two Korean cultivars using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transgenic seedlings were successfully regenerated via hygromycin selection using an in vitro cultivation system. PCR confirmed stable transgene integration in the transgenic calli and their progeny. Fluorescence microscopy revealed eGFP expression, and antisense MdFT1-expressing lines exhibited notable phenotypic changes, including variations in plant height and grain quality. High transformation efficiency and regeneration frequency were achieved for both tested cultivars. This study demonstrated the effective use of seed-derived embryogenic calli for rice transformation, offering a promising approach for developing transgenic plants in monocot species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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4. Clinical manifestations and outcome of viral acute lower respiratory infection in hospitalised children in Myanmar
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Kamata, Kazuhiro, Thein, Khin Nyo, Di Ja, Lasham, Win, Nay Chi, Win, Su Mon Kyaw, Suzuki, Yuko, Ito, Ai, Osada, Hidekazu, Chon, Irina, Phyu, Wint Wint, Aizawa, Yuta, Ikuse, Tatsuki, Ota, Tomomi, Kyaw, Yadanar, Tin, Htay Htay, Shobugawa, Yugo, Watanabe, Hisami, Saito, Reiko, and Saitoh, Akihiko more...
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- 2022
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5. Heat Stress and Water Irrigation Management Effects on the Fruit Color and Quality of ‘Hongro’ Apples
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Do, Van Giap, primary, Lee, Youngsuk, additional, Park, Juhyeon, additional, Win, Nay Myo, additional, Kwon, Soon-Il, additional, Yang, Sangjin, additional, and Kim, Seonae, additional
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- 2024
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6. Effects of Pneumatic Defoliation on Fruit Quality and Skin Coloration in 'Fuji' Apples.
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Win, Nay Myo, Yoo, Jingi, Do, Van Giap, Yang, Sangjin, Kwon, Soon-Il, Kweon, Hun-Joong, Kim, Seonae, Lee, Youngsuk, Kang, In-Kyu, and Park, Juhyeon
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PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY active radiation (PAR) ,TRANSCRIPTION factors ,FRUIT skins ,SOLAR radiation ,DEFOLIATION - Abstract
Fruit skin color and physical quality are important for customer acceptability and market value. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of pneumatic defoliation on the fruit quality, coloration, and anthocyanin content of 'Fuji' apples. Apple trees were subjected to no defoliation (control) and defoliation at low (0.6 bar) and high (0.9 bar) air pressure 20 days before harvest at 1 km/h of tractor speed. High-defoliation treatment increased the leaf damage rate but did not significantly affect the defoliation rate compared to low-defoliation treatment. Additionally, photosynthetically active radiation and solar irradiance inside the tree canopies were highest in the high-defoliation group, followed by the low-defoliation and control groups. With the exception of higher firmness in the high-defoliation treatment, pneumatic defoliation treatments had little effect on fruit size and weight, titratable acidity, soluble solids content, the starch pattern index, and the sunburn incidence of fruit. Compared with that of the control group, both defoliation treatments significantly increased the a* and C values and decreased the h
o values of the fruit color. Moreover, both defoliation treatments significantly increased anthocyanin content and upregulated the anthocyanin biosynthesis genes (MdPAL, MdCHS, MdCHI, MdF3H, MdANS, MdANS, MdUFGT) and the transcription factor (MdMYB10). A Pearson′s correlation analysis also showed that anthocyanin production was strongly correlated with each of the anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, especially in the pneumatic defoliation treatments. Conclusively, the results show that pneumatic defoliation at low pressure bars could be an effective strategy for improving the red coloration of 'Fuji' apples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...- Published
- 2024
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7. Whole-Genome Analysis of the Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Viruses Isolated from Influenza-like Illness Outpatients in Myanmar and Community-Acquired Oseltamivir-Resistant Strains Present from 2015 to 2019.
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Chon, Irina, Win, Su Mon Kyaw, Phyu, Wint Wint, Saito, Reiko, Kyaw, Yadanar, Win, Nay Chi, Lasham, Di Ja, Tin, Htay Htay, Tamura, Tsutomu, Otoguro, Teruhime, Wagatsuma, Keita, Sun, Yuyang, Li, Jiaming, and Watanabe, Hisami more...
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WHOLE genome sequencing ,NUCLEOTIDE sequencing ,POLYMERASE chain reaction ,VIRAL variation ,GENETIC variation ,NEURAMINIDASE - Abstract
In this study, we describe the genetic characteristics of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 strains detected in Myanmar from 2015 to 2019. Whole genomes from 60 A(H1N1)pdm09 virus isolates were amplified using real-time polymerase chain reaction and successfully sequenced using the Illumina iSeq100 platforms. Eight individual phylogenetic trees were retrieved for each segment along with those of the World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended Southern Hemisphere vaccine strains for the respective years. A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses from 2015 were found to belong to clade 6B, those from 2016 to 6B.1, 2017 to 6B.1A, and 2019 to 6B.1A.5a, and were genetically distinct from the Southern Hemisphere vaccine strains for the respective seasons, A/California/7/2009 and A/Michigan/45/2015. We observed one virus with intra-subtype reassortment, collected in the 2015 season. Importantly, three viruses possessed the H275Y substitution in the neuraminidase protein, appearing to be community-acquired without the prior administration of neuraminidase inhibitors. These viruses exhibited highly reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir and peramivir. This study demonstrates the importance of monitoring genetic variations in influenza viruses that will contribute to the selection of global influenza vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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8. Differential Coloration, Pigment Biosynthesis-Related Gene Expression, and Accumulation According to Developmental Stage in the ‘Enbu’ Apple
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Do, Van Giap, primary, Kim, Seonae, additional, Lee, Youngsuk, additional, Yang, Sangjin, additional, Kim, Jeong-Hee, additional, Win, Nay Myo, additional, Kwon, Young-Soon, additional, Park, Juhyeon, additional, and Park, Jong-Taek, additional more...
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- 2023
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9. The Synergistic Effects of Environmental and Genetic Factors on the Regulation of Anthocyanin Accumulation in Plant Tissues
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Do, Van Giap, primary, Lee, Youngsuk, additional, Kim, Jeong-Hee, additional, Kwon, Young-Soon, additional, Park, Jong-Taek, additional, Yang, Sangjin, additional, Park, Juhyeon, additional, Win, Nay Myo, additional, and Kim, Seonae, additional more...
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- 2023
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10. Pneumatic Defoliation Enhances Fruit Skin Color and Anthocyanin Pigments in ‘Picnic’ Apples
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Win, Nay Myo, primary, Lee, Youngsuk, additional, Kim, Seonae, additional, Do, Van Giap, additional, Cho, Young Sik, additional, Kang, In-Kyu, additional, Yang, Sangjin, additional, and Park, Juhyeon, additional more...
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- 2023
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11. Echocardiography and strain analysis in Malaysian elite athletes versus young healthy adults
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Roslan, Aslannif, primary, Stanislaus, Rohith, additional, Yee Sin, Tey, additional, Aris, Faten A., additional, Ashari, Afif, additional, Shaparudin, Abdul A., additional, Rahimi Shah, Wan Faizal W., additional, Hui Beng, Koh, additional, Tjen Jhung, Lee, additional, Tantawi Jauhari Aktifanus, Ahmad, additional, Kamsani, Suraya H., additional, Rusani, Beni I., additional, Win, Nay T., additional, Abdul Rani, Muhd Najmi H., additional, Ai Ming, Tan, additional, Aedrus, Noraminah, additional, Azman, Kartina, additional, Halim, Mohamad Norsyamfarhan A., additional, Zainal, Mohammed Dzaqqee Y., additional, Hussein, Kamarul, additional, Shariff Hamid, Mohd, additional, Puji, Arshad, additional, and Khairuddin, Ahmad, additional more...
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- 2023
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12. Whole-Genome Analysis of Influenza A(H3N2) and B/Victoria Viruses Detected in Myanmar during the COVID-19 Pandemic in 2021
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Chon, Irina, primary, Saito, Reiko, additional, Kyaw, Yadanar, additional, Aye, Moe Myat, additional, Setk, Swe, additional, Phyu, Wint Wint, additional, Wagatsuma, Keita, additional, Li, Jiaming, additional, Sun, Yuyang, additional, Otoguro, Teruhime, additional, Win, Su Mon Kyaw, additional, Yoshioka, Sayaka, additional, Win, Nay Chi, additional, Ja, Lasham Di, additional, Tin, Htay Htay, additional, and Watanabe, Hisami, additional more...
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- 2023
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13. Evolutionary Dynamics of Whole-Genome Influenza A/H3N2 Viruses Isolated in Myanmar from 2015 to 2019
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Phyu, Wint Wint, primary, Saito, Reiko, additional, Kyaw, Yadanar, additional, Lin, Nay, additional, Win, Su Mon Kyaw, additional, Win, Nay Chi, additional, Ja, Lasham Di, additional, Htwe, Khin Thu Zar, additional, Aung, Thin Zar, additional, Tin, Htay Htay, additional, Pe, Eh Htoo, additional, Chon, Irina, additional, Wagatsuma, Keita, additional, and Watanabe, Hisami, additional more...
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- 2022
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14. TCTAP C-120 Leave Nothing Behind - Drug Eluting Balloon
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Beh, Ting Yuen, primary and Win, Nay Thu, additional
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- 2022
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15. TCTAP C-040 High Risk PCI in a Patient With Triple Vessel Disease and Left Main Lesion: How to Overcome Challenges to Rewire the Side Branch by Using Guide Extension Catheter
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Win, Nay Thu, primary, Beh, Ting Yuen, additional, and Ganesan, Kumara Gurupparan, additional
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- 2022
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16. TCTAP C-092 A Lesson Well Learnt - Acute Stent Thrombosis Resulting in Inferior Myocardial Infarction
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Lee, Tjen Jhung, primary, Rosman, Azhari, additional, Win, Nay Thu, additional, and Kolanthaivelu, Jayakhanthan, additional
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- 2022
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17. Additional file 1 of Clinical manifestations and outcome of viral acute lower respiratory infection in hospitalised children in Myanmar
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Kamata, Kazuhiro, Thein, Khin Nyo, Di Ja, Lasham, Win, Nay Chi, Win, Su Mon Kyaw, Suzuki, Yuko, Ito, Ai, Osada, Hidekazu, Chon, Irina, Phyu, Wint Wint, Aizawa, Yuta, Ikuse, Tatsuki, Ota, Tomomi, Kyaw, Yadanar, Tin, Htay Htay, Shobugawa, Yugo, Watanabe, Hisami, Saito, Reiko, and Saitoh, Akihiko more...
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Additional file 1: Table S1. Sequences of primers and probes, concentration, and size of PCR products of each PCR assay. Table S2. Clinical characteristics based on the detected number of viruses (n = 570). Table S3. Clinical signs, course, and outcomes based on the detected numbers of viruses (n = 570). Table S4. Laboratory and radiologic findings based on the number of viruses detected (n = 570). more...
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- 2022
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18. Epidemiology and Genetic Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in Myanmar during the Community Outbreaks in 2020
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Phyu, Wint, primary, Saito, Reiko, additional, Wagatsuma, Keita, additional, Abe, Takashi, additional, Tin, Htay, additional, Pe, Eh Htoo, additional, Win, Su Mon Kyaw, additional, Win, Nay Chi, additional, Di Ja, Lasham, additional, Tsuyoshi, Sekizuka, additional, Makoto, Kuroda, additional, Kyaw, Yadanar, additional, Chon, Irina, additional, Watanabe, Shinji, additional, Hasegawa, Hideki, additional, and Watanabe, Hisami, additional more...
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- 2022
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19. Fruit Quality Attributes of ‘Arisoo’ and ‘Picnic’ Apples as Influenced by 1-Methylcyclopropene Concentration and Its Application Frequency during Cold Storage
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Kwon, Jung-Geun, primary, Yoo, Jingi, additional, Win, Nay Myo, additional, Maung, The-Thiri, additional, Naing, Aung Htay, additional, and Kang, In-Kyu, additional
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- 2021
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20. Effects of 1-Methylcyclopropene Treatment on Fruit Quality during Cold Storage in Apple Cultivars Grown in Korea
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Yoo, Jingi, primary, Win, Nay Myo, additional, Mang, Hyunggon, additional, Cho, Young-Je, additional, Jung, Hee-Young, additional, and Kang, In-Kyu, additional
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- 2021
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21. TCTAP C-015 Wellen's Syndrome: The Widow Maker - A Pre-infarction State of Coronary Artery Disease
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Penwala, Tanveer Iqbal, primary, Win, Nay Thu, additional, and Kolanthaivelu, Jayakhanthan, additional
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- 2021
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22. TCTAP C-075 Waiting for a Healing: PCI to Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection Under Intravascular Ultrasound Guidance
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Win, Nay Thu, primary, Abdul Hamid, Ahmad Farhan, additional, and Hadi, Hafidz Abd, additional
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- 2021
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23. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PHYSICAL SEPARATION PROCESS FOR THE ALLUVIAL TIN (HEINDA) ORE, MYANMAR
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Win, Nay Zaw Htay, Numprasanthai, Apisit, Laowattanabandit, Pipat, Win, Nay Zaw Htay, Numprasanthai, Apisit, and Laowattanabandit, Pipat
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Mineral beneficiation is a process by which valuable constituents of an ore are concentrated through a physical separation process. In the present investigation, tin ore samples were collected from the Heinda tin mine, Thanintharyi region, Myanmar. Heinda mine is tin placer deposits which are located about 50 Km east of Dawai, Tanintharyi, Myanmar. The mine can be reached by road from Poo Nam Ron checkpoint, Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand. In this study, particle size analysis (PSD) was carried out over the range of - 6.7 mm and +0.075 mm in 9 different mesh sizes. The operating variables used to determine the recovery effectiveness of the jigging and shaking table include; particle size, stroke, table slope, and dilution ratio, then the percent recovery of tin concentrate was evaluated by applying X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The results showed that the tin mineral concentrate of the jig separator is 70.7% and the shaking table is 49.8%. The cassiterite recovery processes were conducted by using physical separation processes and the discounted cash flow model (DCF) for an economic analysis of the project. In this study, the internal rate of return (IRR) is 11.45percent which is higher than the discount rate of 8 percent, and NPV is 790,886,832.61 US $. The payback period of the project is equal to 8 to 9 years of project life for 30 years. Consequently, the Heinda tin ore project is proven feasible. more...
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- 2020
24. Influenza Outbreaks in Myanmar in 2017 and Contribution of Niigata University
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Win, Su Mon Kyaw, Win, Nay Chi, and Ja, Lasham Di
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A/H 1Nlpdm 09 ,Transmission ,Myanmar ,Pneumonia ,Influenza - Abstract
2017年,ミャンマーでインフルエンザA/H1Nlpdm09の大流行が起こった.肺炎による死者が続き一時はパニックに陥った.新潟大学は,ミャンマー国立衛生研究所と協力して流行制圧に貢献した. ウイルス遺伝子解析の結果から重症者化を起こすウイルス変異は認められないこと,ミャンマー株はインドから伝播し,2018 年の冬にはこの株が日本で流行したことを突き止めた.
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- 2018
25. Numerical analysis on the influence of process parameters on the deep drawn product by using Taguchi method
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Win, Nay Chi Than, primary, Myint, Phyo Wai, additional, and Nandar, Wutyee, additional
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- 2021
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26. Epidemic of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 analyzed by full genome sequences and the first case of oseltamivir-resistant strain in Myanmar 2017
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Kyaw Win, Su Mon, primary, Saito, Reiko, additional, Win, Nay Chi, additional, Lasham, Di Ja, additional, Kyaw, Yadanar, additional, Lin, Nay, additional, Thein, Khin Nyo, additional, Chon, Irina, additional, Odagiri, Takashi, additional, Thein, Win, additional, Kyaw, Latt Latt, additional, Tin, Ommar Swe, additional, Saitoh, Akihiko, additional, Tamura, Tsutomu, additional, Hirokawa, Chika, additional, Uchida, Yuko, additional, Saito, Takehiko, additional, Watanabe, Shinji, additional, Odagiri, Takato, additional, Kamata, Kazuhiro, additional, Osada, Hidekazu, additional, Dapat, Clyde, additional, Watanabe, Hisami, additional, and Tin, Htay Htay, additional more...
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- 2020
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27. Cyrtodactylus pyadalinensis Grismer & Wood & Thura & Win & Quah 2019, sp. nov
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Grismer, L. Lee, Wood, Perry L., Thura, Myint Kyaw, Win, Nay Myo, and Quah, Evan S. H.
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Reptilia ,Cyrtodactylus ,Squamata ,Animalia ,Biodiversity ,Chordata ,Gekkonidae ,Cyrtodactylus pyadalinensis ,Taxonomy - Abstract
Cyrtodactylus pyadalinensis sp. nov. Panluang-Pyadalin Cave Bent-toed Gecko (Figs. 5, 6) Holotype. Subadult male CAS 226143 collected during the evening on 16 July 2002 by G.O.U. Wogan, R. S. Lucas, J. V. Vindum, Thin Thin, and A. K. Shein from Panluang-Pyadalin Cave Wildlife Sanctuary, Ywangan Township, Shan State, Myanmar (21.107000°N, 96.352111°E; 220 m in elevation). Paratypes. Subadult male CAS 226142 collected during the evening on 16 July 2002 by Htun Win from Panluang-Pyadalin Cave Wildlife Sanctuary, Ywangan Township, Shan State, Myanmar (21.115801°N, 96.360694°E; 346 m in elevation). Adult female LSUHC 13932 collected at 2100 hrs on 26 March 2018 by Perry L. Wood Jr., Nyo Min Htwe, and L. Lee Grismer from immediately outside the Pyadalin Cave, Panluang-Pyadalin Cave Wildlife Sanctuary, Ywangan Township, Taunggyi District, Shan State, Myanmar (21.13275°N, 96.34026°E; 306m in elevation.) Additional material examined. Hatchling LSUHC 13933 bearing the same locality and collection data as LSUHC 13932 except that it was collected by Nyo Min Htwe, Perry L. Wood Jr., and L. Lee Grismer. Diagnosis. Cyrtodactylus pyadalinensis sp. nov. differs from all other species in the peguensis group by having the unique combination of eight supralabials and 6–8 infralabials; 31–33 paravertebral tubercles; 19–21 longitudinal rows of body tubercles; 38–40 ventral scales; 16–18 subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe; 14 or 15 femoral pores in males; nine or 10 precloacal pores in males; two or three rows of enlarged, post-precloacal scales; top of head bearing dark blotches; 4–6 dark body bands; dark body bands lacking paravertebral elements; and maximum SVL of 72.1 mm (Table 4). Description of holotype. Subadult male, SVL 51.1 mm; head moderate in length (HL/SVL 0.28), wide (HW/ HL 0.61), somewhat flattened (HD/HL 0.37), distinct from neck, triangular in dorsal profile; lores inflated, prefrontal region concave, canthus rostralis rounded; snout elongate (ES/HL 0.39), rounded in dorsal profile; eye large (ED/HL 0.21); ear opening elliptical, moderate in size (EL/HL 0.09); eye to ear distance greater than diameter of eye; rostral rectangular, partially divided dorsally, bordered posteriorly by large left and right supranasals separated small internasal, laterally by first supralabials; external nares bordered anteriorly by rostral, dorsally by large supranasal, posteriorly by three postnasals (upper largest), ventrally by first supralabial; eight (R,L) rectangular supralabials extending to below midpoint of eye; seven (R,L) infralabials tapering smoothly to below posterior margin of eye; scales of rostrum and lores flat, larger than granular scales on top of head and occiput; scales on top of head and occiput intermixed with slightly enlarged tubercles; dorsal supraciliaries not elongate or keeled; mental triangular, bordered laterally by first infralabials and posteriorly by large, left and right trapezoidal postmentals that contact medially for 70% of their length posterior to mental; one row of slightly large chinshields tapering posteriorly to fourth infralabial; and gular and throat scales small, granular, grading posteriorly into larger, flatter, smooth, subimbricate to imbricate, pectoral and ventral scales. Body relatively short (AG/SVL 0.44) with weak ventrolateral folds; dorsal scales small, interspersed with larger, semi-regularly arranged, moderately keeled tubercles; tubercles extend from occiput onto base of tail but no farther; tubercles on occiput and nape smaller than those on posterior portion of body; approximately 21 longitudinal rows of dorsal tubercles; 31 paravertebral tubercles; approximately 40 flat, imbricate, ventral scales larger than dorsal scales; nine pore-bearing precloacal scales; two rows of large post-precloacal scales; and no deep precloacal groove or depression. Forelimbs moderate in stature, relatively short (FL/SVL 0.15); flat scales of anterior margin of forearm larger than those on body, not interspersed with tubercles; palmar scales raised; digits relatively short, well-developed, inflected at basal, interphalangeal joints, slightly narrower distal to inflections; claws well-developed, sheathed by a dorsal and ventral scale; hind limbs more robust than forelimbs, moderate in length (TBL/SVL 0.16), covered dorsally by granular scales interspersed with slightly larger, weakly keeled tubercles and anteriorly by large, flat, imbricate scales; ventral scales of femora flat, imbricate, larger than dorsals, lacking a distinct row of enlarged femoral scales; small postfemoral scales form an abrupt union with large, flat ventral scales of posteroventral margin of thigh; subtibial scales flat, imbricate; plantar scales slightly raised; digits relatively short, well- developed, inflected at basal, interphalangeal joints, slightly narrower distal to inflections; 18 subdigital lamellae (R,L) on fourth toe; claws well-developed, base of claw sheathed by a dorsal and ventral scale; two enlarged postcloacal tubercles at base of tail; and postcloacal scales flat. Tail original, 56.9 mm in length, 4.9 mm in width at base, tapering to a point; dorsal scales square and flat; transversely enlarged, median, subcaudal scales twice as wide as long, not extending onto lateral margin of tail in original section. Coloration in life (Fig. 6). Dorsal ground color of head body, limbs, and tail yellow; top of head bearing large, dark-brown, irregularly shaped, conjoined blotches edged in yellow; dark-brown, wide, nuchal loop extending from posterior margin of one eye, across occiput, to posterior margin of other eye; nape bearing a wide, dark-brown band edged in yellow; five wide, dark-brown body bands between limb insertions edged in yellow lacking paravertebral components, posterior three obliquely oriented; large, round, dark-brown markings between body bands; 6–8 smaller, diffuse brown blotches along lower margins of flanks; one dark-brown post-sacral band edged in yellow not bearing paravertebral elements; 12 dark-brown caudal bands wider than the 12 yellow caudal bands; dorsal portion of forelimbs darkly mottled to banded; dorsal portion of hind limbs bearing irregularly shaped, darkbrown blotches edged in yellow; and all ventral surfaces generally beige, immaculate. Variation. The paratypes generally approach the holotype in most aspects of coloration and pattern. The most notable difference is in the dorsal banding pattern where the paratypes have more transversely oriented dark, dorsal bands as opposed to the holotype whose bands are more obliquely oriented. In the paratype CAS 226142, the central band between the limb insertions is somewhat oval-shaped and bears a central light spot. The dark dorsal bands in the paratype LSUHC 13933 are considerably narrower than those of all the other specimens in the type series and the distal one-half of the tail is missing. The paratype LSUHC 13932 has a regenerated tail bearing a dark-beige ground color overlain with small, dark, irregularly shaped markings. Meristic differences among specimens of the type series are resented in Table 5. ……continued on the next page 22 TABLE 5. Meristic, mensural, and color pattern data for Cyrtodactylus pyadalinensis sp. nov. and C. nyinyikyawi sp. nov. / = data unobtainable. ……continued on the next page Distribution. Cyrtodactylus pyadalinensis sp. nov. is known only from the vicinity of the Panluang-Pyadalin Cave in the Panluang-Pyadalin Cave Wildlife Sanctuary, Ywangan Township, Taunggyi District, Shan State, Myanmar (Fig. 1). Etymology. The specific epithet, pyadalinensis, is a toponym referring to the type locality in the vicinity of the Pyadalin Cave. Natural history. The type series of Cyrtodactylus pyadalinensis sp. nov. were all collected in the vicinity of the Kinda Reservoir between the Panulaung River and the Pyadalin Cave. This area is within the foothills and rocky plain of the Nwalabo Mountain range on the western fringe of the Shan Plateau (Fig. 1) between 213 and 306 m in elevation. The habitat is composed of low-lying, highly eroded terrain and scree of the Nwalabo Mountains. It bears scattered karstic rocks and boulders surrounded by disturbed, drought-adapted, scrub Indiang Forest vegetation that is seasonally burned (Fig. 7). All specimens were found at night between 1900 and 2300 hrs among small rocks and leaf-leaf litter. Comparisons. Cyrtodactylus pyadalinensis sp. nov. descends from one of the deeper divergences of the peguensis group and the sister species to the clade (C. niyniykyawi sp. nov. (C. peguensis (C. pyinyaungensis and C. myintkyawthurai))) from which it differs by an uncorrected pairwise sequence divergence of 9.0–10.3%. From C. meersi and C. annandalei which occur outside this clade, it differs by 10.7–11.0% and 14.0–14.3%, respectively. It differs from all other species except C. nyinyikyawi sp. nov. in the dark-brown dorsal bands lacking as opposed to having paravertebral elements. It differs further from C. annandalei in that the top of the head is blotched as opposed to being unicolor. Differences from C. nyinyikyawi sp. nov. are presented in the Comparisons section above. Statistically significant mean differences in meristic characters among C. pyadalinensis sp. nov., C. myintkyawthurai, and C. pyinyaungensis are presented in Tables 3 and 4. more...
- Published
- 2019
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28. Cyrtodactylus nyinyikyawi Grismer & Wood & Thura & Win & Quah 2019, sp. nov
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Grismer, L. Lee, Wood, Perry L., Thura, Myint Kyaw, Win, Nay Myo, and Quah, Evan S. H.
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Reptilia ,Cyrtodactylus ,Cyrtodactylus nyinyikyawi ,Squamata ,Animalia ,Biodiversity ,Chordata ,Gekkonidae ,Taxonomy - Abstract
Cyrtodactylus nyinyikyawi sp. nov. Shwe Settaw Bent-toed Gecko (Fig. 4) Holotype. Adult female CAS 226139 collected on 14 September 2002 at 1030 hrs by Thin Thin, Kyi Soe Lwin, and Hla Tun from Shwe Settaw Wildlife Sanctuary, Min Bu Township, Magway Region, Myanmar (20.05972°N, 94.59611°E; 137 m in elevation). Diagnosis. Cyrtodactylus nyinyikyawi sp. nov. differs from all other species in the peguensis group by having the unique combination of nine supralabials; eight infralabials; 35 paravertebral tubercles; 20 longitudinal rows of body tubercles; 35 ventral scales; 19 subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe; four rows of enlarged, post-precloacal scales; keeled, conical, body tubercles; top of head bearing dark blotches; five dark, body bands; dark body bands lacking paravertebral elements; and maximum SVL of 64.5 mm (Table 3). Description of holotype. Adult female, SVL 64.5 mm; head moderate in length (HL/SVL 0.25), wide (HW/ HL 0.62), somewhat flattened (HD/HL 0.42), distinct from neck, triangular in dorsal profile; lores inflated, prefrontal region concave, canthus rostralis rounded; snout elongate (ES/HL 0.40), rounded in dorsal profile; eye large (ED/HL 0.20); ear opening elliptical, moderate in size (EL/HL 0.09); eye to ear distance greater than diameter of eye; rostral rectangular, partially divided dorsally, bordered posteriorly by large left and right supranasals separated small internasal, laterally by first supralabials; external nares bordered anteriorly by rostral, dorsally by large supranasal, posteriorly by three postnasals (upper largest), ventrally by first supralabial; nine (R) supralabials extending to below midpoint of eye ball; eight rectangular infralabials tapering smoothly to below posterior margin of eye ball; scales of rostrum and lores flat, larger than granular scales on top of head and occiput; scales on top of head and occiput intermixed with slightly enlarged tubercles; dorsal supraciliaries not elongate or keeled; mental triangular, bordered laterally by first infralabials and posteriorly by large, left and right trapezoidal postmentals that contact medially for 70% of their length posterior to mental; one row of slightly enlarged chinshields tapering posteriorly to fourth infralabial; and gular and throat scales small, granular, grading posteriorly into larger, flatter, smooth, subimbricate to imbricate, pectoral and ventral scales. Body relatively short (AG/SVL 0.52) with weak ventrolateral folds; dorsal scales small, interspersed with larger, semi-regularly arranged, weakly keeled tubercles; tubercles extend from occiput onto base of tail but no farther; tubercles on occiput and nape smaller than those on posterior portion of body; approximately 20 longitudinal rows of dorsal tubercles; approximately 35 paravertebral tubercles; 35 flat, imbricate, ventral scales larger than dorsal scales; seven dimpled, precloacal scales; and four rows of enlarged post-precloacal scales. Forelimbs moderate in stature, relatively short (FL/SVL 0.13); flat scales of anterior margin of forearm larger than those on body, not interspersed with tubercles; palmar scales raised; digits relatively short, well-developed, inflected at basal, interphalangeal joints, slightly narrower distal to inflections; claws well-developed, sheathed by a dorsal and ventral scale; hind limbs more robust than forelimbs, moderate in length (TBL/SVL 0.17), covered dorsally by granular scales interspersed with slightly larger, weakly keeled tubercles and anteriorly by large, flat, imbricate scales; ventral scales of femora flat, imbricate, larger than dorsals, lacking a distinct row of enlarged femoral scales; small postfemoral scales form an abrupt union with larger, flat ventral scales of posteroventral margin of thigh; subtibial scales flat, imbricate; plantar scales slightly raised; digits relatively short, welldeveloped, inflected at basal, interphalangeal joints, slightly narrower distal to inflections; 19 subdigital lamellae (R,L) on fourth toe; claws well-developed, base of claw sheathed by a dorsal and ventral scale; two enlarged postcloacal tubercles at base of tail; postcloacal scales flat. Proximal 14.4 mm of tail original, posterior 32.4 mm regenerated, 5.4 mm in width at base, tapering to a point; dorsal scales of original of tail granular rapidly becoming flatter posteriorly; dorsal scales of regenerated tail large, flat, semi-regular in arrangement; and transversely enlarged, median, subcaudal scales twice as wide as long, not extending onto lateral margin of tail in original section. Coloration in life (Fig. 4). Dorsal ground color of head body, limbs, and tail yellow; top of head bearing large, dark-brown, irregularly shaped blotches edged in yellow; dark-brown, wide, nuchal loop extending from posterior margin of one eye, across occiput, to posterior margin of other eye; nape bearing a wide, dark-brown band edged in yellow; four wide, dark-brown body bands between limb insertions edged in yellow lacking distinct, paravertebral components; large, round, dark-brown markings between body bands two and three and three and four; seven or eight smaller, somewhat diffuse brown blotches along lower margins of flanks; one wide, dark-brown post-sacral band edged in yellow not bearing paravertebral sections; one dark-brown caudal band on original portion of tail; regenerated portion of tail light-colored bearing diffuse, randomly arranged, dark markings; dorsal portion of forelimbs darkly mottled to banded; dorsal portion of hind limbs bearing irregularly shaped, dark-brown blotches edged in yellow. All ventral surfaces generally beige, immaculate. Distribution. Cyrtodactylus nyinyikyawi sp. nov. is known only from the type locality of the Shwe Settaw Wildlife Sanctuary, Min Bu Township, Magway Region, Myanmar (Fig. 1). Etymology. The specific epithet, nyinyikyawi is a patronym honoring Nyi Nyi Kyaw the Director General of the Forestry Department for his contributions to conservation efforts in Myanmar in general and to our work in particular. Natural History. The holotype CAS 226139 is a gravid female collected on the ground in secondary dry deciduous hardwood forest at 1030 hrs along the edges of a small seasonal lake. Being gravid with two eggs indicates that the monsoon month of September falls within this species’ reproductive season. Comparisons Cyrtodactylus nyinyikyawi sp. nov. is the sister species of a clade that includes the sister species C. peguensis and C. pyinaungensis and C. myinykyawthurai (Fig. 2). It differs from C. peguensis by a 9.3% uncorrected pairwise sequence divergence, from C. myintkyawthurai by an 11.3–12.3% sequence divergence, and from C. pyinaungensis by a sequence divergence of 10.0–10.3%. Outside this clade, C. nyinyikyawi sp. nov. differs from C. meersi by a sequence divergence of 10%, from the Panluang-Pyadalin Cave population if differs by 9.3– 9.7%, and from C. annandalei it differs by 10.3%. It differs from all species of the peguensis group by having a higher number of paravertebral tubercles (35 vs. 25–33, collectively) and differs from all other species except the Panluang-Pyadalin Cave population by the dark dorsal bands lacking distinct, paravertebral elements as opposed to having them (Figs. 4, 5). It differs further from C. annandalei in that the top of the head is blotched as opposed to being unicolor It differs further from the Panluang-Pyadalin Cave population in having 35 as opposed to 38–40 ventral scale rows. Other differences separating C. nyinyikyawi sp. nov. form other peguensis group species are listed in Tables 2 and 3. continued. myintkyawthurai, C. pyinyaungensis, and C. pyadalinensis sp. nov. Remarks. Some (i.e. Dayrat 2005; Thomas Hbrek, in litt, 2018) have grave concerns about descriptions of new species based on only a single specimen, and posit that this should ‘never’ be done because such a description cannot take into account intraspecific variation that could potentially preclude its specific recognition. The myopic nature of this opinion notwithstanding, it is not only incorrect philosophically—as the ontological existence of a species is independent of its diagnosis (Frost & Kluge 1994)—it is counterproductive in reality. Additionally, such tactics would impede biodiversity studies in general and taxonomy in particular. Estimates have shown that 19% of all new vertebrate species described between 2000 and 2010 were based on a single specimen (Lim et al. 2012) and that number is likely to have increased in the last seven years—an indication that often, this is the logical first step in constructing species delimitation hypotheses (i.e. integrative taxonomies). Furthermore, with well-supported phylogenetic data such as that herein indicating that the specimen in question is not nested within or a sister species to any other species and shares a 9.3–12.3% uncorrected pairwise sequence divergence from its closest relatives, renders any morphological arguments to the contrary moot—regardless of these arguments’ erroneous conflation and confusion of ontology and epistemology. However, in this case, Cyrtodactylus nyinyikyawi sp. nov. has widely differing morphological and color pattern characters that at this point, distinguish it from all other species in the peguensis group, thus further eclipsing assumptions that it may be conspecific with something else. We are concerned about describing a new species based on a single specimen but only because the diagnosis is incomplete, not because it has anything to do with the reality of the specimen representing a distinct, independently evolving lineage based on the molecular evidence. Given the general ongoing biodiversity crisis throughout Southeast Asia, we felt it prudent to describe this species for potential protective status rather than delay its publication for the sake of a better diagnosis. The weak part of recognizing this specimen as a distinct species is not the incomplete diagnosis, but that the species was initially delimited on the basis of a single-locus mtDNA phylogeny. It is well-documented that mtDNA phylogenies can reveal significant structure in a data set by recovering sequentially nested monophyletic groups even though within that same data set, nuclear genes can indicate significant gene flow among these groups (e.g. Shaw 2002; Fisher-Reid & Wiens,2011; Toews & Brelsford 2012), thus precluding their species status. This weakens any hypothesis of specific identity based solely on mtDNA data. Nonetheless, given the current data available concerning its phylogenetic relationships and the discrete morphological and color pattern differences separating C. nyinyikyawi sp. nov. from its congeners in the peguensis group, we regard its specific identity as a robust, testable hypothesis. more...
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29. Cyrtodactylus chrysopylos Bauer 2003
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Grismer, L. Lee, Wood, Perry L., Thura, Myint Kyaw, Win, Nay Myo, Grismer, Marta S., Trueblood, Llyod A., and Quah, Evan S. H.
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Reptilia ,Cyrtodactylus ,Squamata ,Animalia ,Biodiversity ,Cyrtodactylus chrysopylos ,Chordata ,Gekkonidae ,Taxonomy - Abstract
Cyrtodactylus chrysopylos Bauer, 2003 Nwalabo Mountain Cave Bent-toed Gecko (Figs. 5, 7, 10) Holotype. Adult male CAS 22641 collected on 14 July 2002 by G. O. U. Wogan, R. S. Lucas, J. V. Vindum, Htun Win, Thin Thin, Awan Khwi Shen, and H. Tun from “Panlaung-Pyadalin Cave Wildlife Sanctuary, Ywangan Township, [Taunggyi District], Shan State, Myanmar (21°0’58.4”N, 96°20’25.0”E)” at 306 m in elevation. The type locality “Panlaung-Pyadalin Cave Wildlife Sanctuary…” (Bauer 2003) encompasses an area of 333.8 km 2 ranging from 118–1371 m in elevation. This region contains varying ecological regions along an elevational transect from dry lowland Indaing and mixed deciduous forests to dry and wet upper mixed deciduous forests (Grismer 2018). The topography of the area is equally varied and sculpted by limestone cliff faces and their associated rocky foothills and scree, shallow river basins, and narrow floodplains. Although no natural history data were provided with the description of C. chrysopylos, its coordinates place it at the Pyadalin Cave. Given that the seven additional specimens reported here were collected from within the Pyadalin Cave and are essentially genetically identical to the holotype, we restrict the type locality here to the Pyadalin Cave, Panlaung-Pyadalin Cave Wildlife Sanctuary, Ywangan Township, Shan State, Myanmar (21.13275°N, 96.34026°E; 303 m). Additional specimens examined here from the type locality. LSUHC 13126–27 collected by Myint Kyaw Thura, L. Lee Grismer, Marta S. Grismer, and Matthew L. Murdoch on 24 March 2017 and LSUHC 13934–38 collected by Myint Kyaw Thura, L. Lee Grismer, Perry L. Wood, Jr., and Nyo Min Htwe on 24 March 2018 from the Pyadalin Cave within the Panlaung-Pyadalin Cave Wildlife Sanctuary, Ywangan Township, Shan State, Myanmar ” (21.13275°N, 96.34026°E; 303 m). Diagnosis. Cyrtodactylus chrysopylos differs from other species of Cyrtodactylus by having the unique combination of the following characters: 8–11 supralabials and infralabials; 30–35 paravertebral tubercles; 16–20 longitudinal rows of body tubercles; well-developed body tubercles extending past the hemipenial swellings; no gular tubercles; ventrolateral folds; 39–55 ventral scales; digits not relatively short; basal subdigital lamellae expanded proximal to digital inflection; 19–23 subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe; no enlarged femoral scales or pore-bearing femoral scales; no precloacal groove; 8–13 pore-bearing, contiguous, precloacal scales; precloacal scale row not sharply angular; multiple enlarged post-precloacal scales; two or three cloacal spurs in males; caudal scales arranged in poorly defined segments; no enlarged, plate-like subcaudal scales; band on nape; 6–8 dorsal bands lacking paravertebral elements, zig-zag to regular in shape, wider than the immaculate interspaces, not bearing lightened centers, variably edged posteriorly with light-colored tubercles, and posterior borders bold and anterior borders diffuse; usually clusters of enlarged, light-colored scales in ventrolateral fold; 11–15 immaculate light caudal bands not encircling tail; 11–15 dark caudal bands wider than light caudal bands; variably raised, moderately keeled body tubercles; and a maximum SVL of 83.8 mm. These characters are scored across all species in the gansi group in Table 3. Re-description based on seven adults (LSUHC 13126–27, 13934–38) from the type locality. Adult SVL 69.7–83.8 mm; head moderate in length (HL/SVL 0.27–0.30), width (HW/HL 0.65–0.73), somewhat flattened (HD/HL 0.38–0.47), distinct from neck, triangular in dorsal profile; lores inflated; prefrontal region concave; rostrum concave laterally; canthus rostralis rounded; snout elongate (ES/HL 0.40–0.43), rounded in dorsal profile; eye large (ED/HL 0.23–0.27); ear opening oval to triangular in shape, moderate in size (EL/HL 0.07–0.13); eye to ear distance greater than diameter of eye; rostral rectangular, depressed medially, divided dorsally, bordered posteriorly by large left and right supranasals variably separated by small internasal, laterally by external nares and first supralabials; external nares bordered anteriorly by rostral, dorsally by one large anterior and one smaller posterior supranasal, posteriorly by 4–6 small postnasals, ventrally by first supralabial; 8–10 rectangular supralabials extending to below midpoint of eye; 9–11 infralabials tapering smoothly to below posterior margin of orbit; scales of rostrum and lores slightly raised, slightly larger than granular scales on top of head and occiput; scales on top of head and occiput intermixed with scattered, slightly enlarged tubercles; dorsal supraciliaries raised, bluntly rounded; mental triangular, bordered laterally by first infralabials and posteriorly by large, left and right trapezoidal postmentals that contact medially for 15–40% of their length posterior to mental; one row of slightly enlarged chinshields extending posteriorly to fourth infralabial; and gular and throat scales small, granular, grading posteriorly into larger, flatter, smooth, subimbricate to imbricate, pectoral scales that grade posteriorly into larger, imbricate ventral scales. Body relatively short (AG/SVL 0.42–0.47) with well-developed ventrolateral folds; dorsal scales small, interspersed with larger, moderate to strongly keeled, semi-regularly arranged tubercles; tubercles extend from top of head onto approximately one-half the way down tail; tubercles on occiput and nape smaller and less distinctly keeled than those on posterior portion of body; approximately 16–20 longitudinal rows of dorsal tubercles; approximately 30–34 paravertebral tubercles; 39–55 flat, imbricate, ventral scales larger than dorsal scales; 11–13 contiguous, pore-bearing precloacal scales that are not sharply angled; 2–6 large post-precloacal scales with a greatly enlarged medial scale; precloacal groove or depression absent; and three cloacal spurs on each side in males. Forelimbs moderate in stature, relatively short (FL/SVL 0.16–0.18); raised scales of forearm same size as those on body, interspersed with large tubercles; palmar scales slightly raised; digits well-developed, inflected at basal, interphalangeal joints, slightly narrower distal to inflections; claws well-developed, sheathed by a dorsal and ventral scale; enlarged series of scales at base of first digit; hind limbs more robust than forelimbs, moderate in length (TBL/SVL 0.18–0.21), covered dorsally by granular scales interspersed with large keeled tubercles and anteriorly by flat, imbricate scales; ventral scales of thigh flat, imbricate, slightly larger than dorsals, lacking a row of enlarged or pore-bearing scales; small, raised postfemoral scales grade smoothly into larger, flatter ventral scales of posteroventral margin of thigh; subtibial scales large, flat, imbricate; plantar scales raised; digits well-developed, inflected at interphalangeal joints; seven or eight expanded subdigital lamellae on fourth toe proximal to inflection, 12–15 more narrow subdigital lamellae distal to inflection, 19–23 total subdigital lamellae; and claws welldeveloped, base of claw sheathed by a dorsal and ventral scale. Original tail moderate in proportions, 123–126% of SVL, 5.4–7.8 mm in width at base, tapering to a point; dorsal scales of base of tail small, raised but rapidly transform into larger, flatter scales posteriorly; caudal scales arranged in poorly defined segments delimited posteriorly by slightly enlarged scales; two longitudinal rows of enlarged, median, subcaudal scales not extending onto lateral margin of tail. Coloration in life (Fig. 5). Dorsal ground color of head light-brown and body, limbs, and tail brown to paleyellow; top of head nearly unicolor, bearing weak, dark speckling; ventral portion of lores and supralabials darkened, continuing as a bold, dark, postorbital stripe forming a smooth to jagged nuchal loop extending above ear opening from posterior margin of one orbit to the other; dark loreal region, postorbital stripe, and nuchal loop highlighted dorsally by pale yellow stripe; regular to irregularly shaped, dark band on nape; nape and seven or eight regular to irregularly shaped dorsal body bands bear bold posterior and diffuse anterior borders; one postsacral band; bands not bordered posteriorly by white tubercles except for LSUHC 13937; no distinct dark markings in dorsal interspaces except in LSUHC 13934; dorsal bands wider than interspaces; clusters of enlarged, white scales in ventrolateral folds; 11–14 light caudal bands not encircling original tail; 11–14 dark caudal bands on original tail wider than light caudal bands; forelimbs dark, faintly mottled; hind limbs bearing faint, irregular banding; all ventral surfaces generally beige except for posterior portion of tail slightly darker. Variation (Fig. 5). Body tuberculation varies from low to moderately keeled tubercles (LSUHC 13126–27, 13934–35, 13938) to more raised and strongly keeled tubercles (LSUHC 13936–37). Variation in dorsal pattern is most evident in dorsal banding ranging from broken, zig-zag, irregularly shaped dorsal bands in LSUHC 13127 and 13937 to bold, more regularly shaped bands such as those in LSUHC 13934 and 13936. The light caudal bands in LSUHC 13934–35, 13938 bear distinct dark markings not found in the other specimens. Meristic variation is presented in Table 6. Distribution. Cyrtodactylus chrysopylos is known form the type locality of the Paydalin Cave in the Panlaung- Pyadalin Cave Wildlife Sanctuary, Ywangan Township, [Taunggyi District], Shan State, Myanmar (21.13275°N, 96.34026°E) at 303 m in elevation and the crest of the Nwalabo Mountains (21.02783°N, 96.41283°E) at 951 m in elevation, 5.1 km south of the type locality and immediately east of Yane Village (Fig. 7). Geographic variation. Even though the PCA appears to demonstrate reasonable separation in morphospace between the Pyadalin Cave and Yane populations along PC1 and PC2 (Fig. 7), these components only account for 53% of the variation in the data set (Table 7) and their centroids do not differ significantly (Welch two sample ttest, p = 0.47). 4TLU and 4TL account for the majority of the loadings along PC1 but ANOVA analyses did not recover their means as being significantly different. Likewise, for PVT, LRT, and BB along PC2. This indicates that the suite of characters used in this analysis do not significantly discriminate one population from another nor does any character stand out as a statistically significant contributor to interpopulational differences (Tables 6 and 9). Four PC eigenvalues and the first discriminate function were retained for the DAPC which accounted for 81.8% of the variation and demonstrated significant overlap in the density plots for both populations (Fig. 7)—also an indication they are not well-differentiated. We also found no discrete color pattern differences between the two populations although we could not confirm either the presence of absence of the bright-orange hatchling coloration of the Yane population in the Pyadalin Cave population (Fig. 6). Thus, the morphological evidence aligns itself with the genetic evidence which shows no significant interpopulational differences. Nonetheless, the Yane population tends to have more paravertebral and longitudinal rows of tubercles; more unexpanded and total subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe (Fig. 7); fewer pore-bearing precloacal scales (8–11 versus 11–13); and adults tend to be smaller (64.9–70.5 mm SVL versus 69.7–83.8 mm SVL) (Tables 6 and 8). Natural history. Pyadalin Cave is a limestone formation situated among the low-lying, highly eroded foothills and scree of the Nwalabo Mountains to the east lying 4.2 km north of the Maupin forest camp (Fig. 7). It consists of nine large, open chambers connected by narrow passages and three sink holes that let in natural light. The cave extends for approximately 245 m into the foot of the mountain and the interior bears several formations of flowstone, columns, stalagmites, and stalactites (Fig. 8). These and numerous bays, alcoves, tunnels, and cracks in the cave walls provide ideal microhabitat for Cyrtodactylus chrysopylos. Cyrtodactylus chrysopylos is abundant inside the cave and easily observed both day and night. During the day on 24 March 2017, we observed five specimens. Lizards were seen on stalactites up to 3 m above the cave floor, in horizontal cracks no more the 0.5 m above the cave floor, and in vertical cracks on columns 2 m above the cave floor. All were wary and quickly retreated into deeper cracks upon our approach. During the evening of 24 March 2018, we found three specimens out in the open on the walls at the cave entrance and two more on stalagmites in the interior. Several more specimens were observed but were not collected. We searched the karstic boulders, scree, and rubble immediately outside the cave ……continued on the next page 5 for the definition of the superscripts. ……continued on the next page for approximately 200 m in each direction but found no geckos despite what looked like appropriate habitat. We also found no hatchlings or gravid females which in other Burmese species of Cyrtodactylus, are commonly found this time of year (Grismer 2017a, 2018) and not others (Grismer 2017b, c). Although this population appears to rely heavily on this cave for shelter, gene flow must exist between it and the Yane population 5.1 km to the south and 600 m higher in elevation along the rocky face of the Nwalabo Range (Fig. 7). Yane Village occurs within the Panluang-Pyadalin Cave Wildlife Sanctuary and is situated in valley at 444 m in elevation between the foot of the Nwalabo mountain range and the eroded foothills to the west (Fig. 7). On the crest of the mountain above the village at 951 m in elevation is an isolated limestone outcropping on a west-facing cliff side composed of massive limestone boulders bearing several deep cracks and small caves (Fig. 9). The forest surrounding this outcropping is sparse and was being burned at the time of our visit. After dark, we observed several individuals of Cyrtodactylus chrysopylos of which we collected five adults and four hatchlings. The adults were observed on the karst from 1–4 m above the ground in both open areas and within cracks. One specimen was observed 1 m above the ground on a small branch on nearby vegetation. Three of the hatchlings were found on the ground crawling through the leaf litter and ashes near the karst and one was found low (0.25 m) on the karst. All were wary and when exposed to our light, would rapidly and often irretrievably escape into cracks in the boulders or occasionally into cracks between the ground and a boulder. Hatchling coloration. The most striking feature of Cyrtodactylus chrysopylos is the bright-orange coloration of the hatchlings (Figs. 6, 10). This poses interesting questions pertaining to the adaptive significance of a nocturnal species being bright-orange and why this coloration changes ontogenetically. Many animals are active during low levels of low illumination but to comprehend the adaptive significance of an animals’ coloration—be it for crypsis or social displays—requires understanding its visual system and that of the species with which it interacts along with the environmental circumstances within which the animal is visualized (Sumner & Mollon 2002). Although all lizards have pure cone retinas, the visual system of most geckos has unique modifications adapted for a nocturnal life style making their night time vision 3 50–400 times more sensitive than that of humans (Roth & Kelber 2004; Kelber & Lind 2010). These modifications include enlarged, rod-like cones with rod-specific opsins and cone visual pigments (Kojima et al. 1992; Röll 2000) that are highly sensitive to relatively short (363–533 nm) ultraviolet, blue, and green wavelengths of light (Crescitelli et al. 1977; Loew et al. 1996; Kelber & Roth 2006; Roth et al. 2009). This enables geckos to discriminate objects within this color range during levels of illumination that approximate that of dim moonlight (Roth & Kelber 2004). Additionally, nocturnal geckos have relatively larger eyes, pupils, and shorter focal lengths than diurnal lizards, thus allowing even more light to expose the retina (Kelber & Roth 2006; Schmitz & Higham 2018). However, longer wavelengths of light (597–622 nm) from the colors yellow, orange, and red fall outside the visual spectrum of the gecko species examined (Crescitelli et al., 1977; Loew et al. 1996; Roth et al. 2009) and thus, we hypothesize the orange hatchling coloration in C. chrysopylos is not for intraspecific interactions. A classic study by Pokorny et al. (2006) noted that in dimly lit natural environments, objects reflecting short to medium wavelengths of light (i.e. ultraviolet, blue, and green) appear brighter than objects reflecting longer wavelengths (i.e. yellow, orange, and red). In the ocean’s mesopelagic zone (150–1000 m), many species have taken advantage of this phenomenon where down-welling daylight creates extended viewscapes that become increasingly dimmer and bluer with depth. Species in the upper mesopelagic begin to take on orange or reddish colors that absorb the incident blue light, making them appear darker to match the darker color of the blue water below. In lower mesopelagic depths below 600 m, the levels of illumination are greatly reduced and orange and red pigmentation become more intense and the predominant body colors, rendering many species nearly black (Warrant & Locket 2004). Based on this, we hypothesize that orange coloration in hatchling Cyrtodactylus chrysopylos is a form of crypsis during the low illumination levels of dusk and night time. Curiously, as hatchlings (SVL = 34.8–37.6 mm) grow, their coloration and pattern is completely transformed to that of an adult by at least a SVL of 64.9 mm. Commensurate with growth and a change in coloration, is a change in microhabitat preference from being a terrestrial leaf-litter inhabitant to a saxicolous karst boulder specialist. The visual system of many mammals is characterized by a dichromatic retina that lacks cones sensitive to long wavelengths of light and thus shades of yellow, orange, and red do not register in their visual spectra as such (Neitz et al. 1989). In dichromatic carnivores, such as canids, felids, and procyonids, orange coloration under low levels of illumination shifts and appears grey to dull-yellow (Neitz et al. 1989). Nocturnal carnivores sympatric with Cyrtodactylus chrysopylos that are potential predators (Francis 2008) include the canids Canis alpinus (Dhole) and C. lupus dingo (Dingo); the felids Pardofelis marmorata (Marbled Cat), Prionailurus bengalensis (Leopard Cat), and Catopuma temminckii (Asian Golden Cat); and the viverrids Arctictis binturong (Binturong), Viverra zibetha (Large Indian Civet), Viverricula indica (Small Indian Civet), and Paguma larvata (Mask, Published as part of Grismer, L. Lee, Wood, Perry L., Thura, Myint Kyaw, Win, Nay Myo, Grismer, Marta S., Trueblood, Llyod A. & Quah, Evan S. H., 2018, A re-description of Cyrtodactylus chrysopylos Bauer (Squamata: Gekkonidae) with comments on the adaptive significance of orange coloration in hatchlings and descriptions of two new species from eastern Myanmar (Burma), pp. 151-185 in Zootaxa 4527 (2) on pages 169-180, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4527.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2612067, {"references":["Bauer, A. M. (2003) Descriptions of seven new Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) with a key to the species of Myanmar (Burma). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 54, 463 - 498.","Grismer, L. L. (2017 a) Herpetofaunal survey of the Pyinyaung Limestone Mining Area. Unpublished report for Flora & Fauna International, Yangon, 12 pp.","Grismer, L. L. (2017 b) Herpetofunal survey of limestone habitats in the Salween Basin, Kayin and Mon States. Unpublished report for Flora & Fauna International, Yangon, 19 pp.","Grismer, L. L. (2017 c) Herpetofaunal survey of Mount Popa and limestone habitats in Kayah and Shan States. Unpublished report for Flora & Fauna International, Yangon, 29 pp.","Sumner, P. & Mollon, J. D. (2002) Colors of primate pelage and skin: objective assessment of conspicuousness. American Journal of Primatology, 59, 67 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ajp. 10066","Roth, L. S. & Kelber, A. (2004) Nocturnal colour vision in geckos. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 271, 485 - 487. [S 485 - S 487] https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsbl. 2004.0227","Kelber, A. & Lind, O. (2010) Limits of colour vision in dim light. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 30, 454 - 459. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 1313.2010.00721. x","Kojima, D., Okano, T., Fukada, Y., Shichida, Y., Yoshizawa, T. & Ebrey, T. (1992) Cone visual pigments are present in gecko rod cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 89, 6841 - 6845. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 89.15.6841","Roll, B. (2000) Gecko vision: visual cells, evolution, and ecological constraints. Journal of Neurocytology, 29, 471 - 484. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1007293511912","Crescitelli, F., Dartnall, H. J. & Loew, E. R. (1977) The gecko visual pigments: A microspectrophotometric study. The Journal of Physiology, 268, 559 - 573. https: // doi. org / 10.1113 / jphysiol. 1977. sp 011872","Loew, E. R., Govardovskii, V. I., Rohlich, P. & Szel, A. (1996) Microspectrophotometric and immunocytochemical identification of ultraviolet photoreceptors in geckos. Fisual Neuroscience, 13, 247 - 256. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0952523800007483","Kelber, A. & Roth, L. S. V. (2006) Nocturnal colour vision - not as rare as we might think. Journal of Experimental Biology, 209, 781 - 788. https: // doi. org / 10.1242 / jeb. 02060","Roth, L. S. V., Lundstrom, L., Kelber, A., Kroger, R. H. H. & Unsbo, P. (2009) The pupils and optical systems of gecko eyes. Journal of Fision, 9, 1 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.1167 / 9.3.27","Schmitz, L. & Higham, T. E. (2018) Non-uniform evolutionary response to gecko eye size to changes in diel activity patterns. Biology Letters, 14, 21180064. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsbl. 2018.0064","Pokorny, J., Lutze, M., Cao, D. & Zele, A. J. (2006) The color of night: surface color perception under dim light. Fisual Neuroscience, 23, 525 - 530. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0952523806233492","Warrant E. J. & Locket, N. A. (2004) Vision in deep sea. Biology Review, 79, 671 - 712. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 1464793103006420","Neitz, J. Geist, T. & Jacobs, G. H. (1989) Color vision in dogs. Fisual Neuroscience, 3, 119 - 125. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0952523800004430","Francis, C. M. (2008) A Field Guide to the Mammals of South-East Asia. New Holland Publishers, London, 392 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1644 / 08 - mamm-r- 336.1","Grismer, L. L. & Norhayati, A. (2008) A new insular species of Cyrtodactylus","Grismer, L. L., Wood Junior, P. L., Quah, E. S. H., Shahrul, A., Muin, M. A., Sumontha, M., Norhayati, A., Bauer, A. M., Wangkulangkul, S., Grismer, J. L. & Pauwels, O. S. G. (2012) A phylogeny and taxonomy of the Thai-Malay Peninsula bent-toed geckos of the Cyrtodactylus pulchellus complex (Squamata: Gekkonidae): combined morphological and molecular analyses with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa, 3520, 1 - 55.","Grismer, L. L., Wood Junior, P. L., Anuar, S., Grismer, M. S., Muin, M. A., Davis, H. R., Aguilar, C., Klabacka, R., Cobos, A. J., Aowphol, A. & Sites Junior, J. (2016) Two new bent-toed geckos of the Cyrtodactylus pulchellus complex from Peninsular Malaysia and multiple instances of convergent adaptation to limestone forest ecosystems. Zootaxa, 4105, 401 - 429. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4105.5.1"]} more...
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30. Cyrtodactylus gansi Bauer 2003
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Grismer, L. Lee, Wood, Perry L., Thura, Myint Kyaw, Win, Nay Myo, Grismer, Marta S., Trueblood, Llyod A., and Quah, Evan S. H.
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Cyrtodactylus gansi ,Reptilia ,Cyrtodactylus ,Squamata ,Animalia ,Biodiversity ,Chordata ,Gekkonidae ,Taxonomy - Abstract
Cyrtodactylus gansi group Definition and diagnosis. The Cyrtodactylus gansi group ranges from the vicinity of Jowai and Phuldungsei of eastern India, eastward through the Chin Hills of western Myanmar and across the northern section of the Ayeyarwady Basin to the fragmented foothills and upland areas of the western margin of the Shan Plateau (Fig. 1). This monophyletic lineage contains 10 species C. gansi, C. aunglini sp. nov. (description below), C. jaintianensis Agarwal et al. , C. nagalandensis Agarwal et al. , C. montanus Agarwal et al. , Cyrtodactylus sp. Mizoram, C. brevidactylus Bauer, C. myaleiktaung sp. nov. (see description below), and C. chrysopylos Bauer. Cyrtodactylus mandalayensis Mahony is provisionally placed in this group based on its location from the vicinity of Mogok, Mandalay Region approximately 100 km north of Kyauk Nagar Cave along the western margin of the Shan Plateau and its superficial similarity to C. aunglini (Mahony 2009; Table 3). Confirmation of the placement of this species in the gansi group awaits molecular phylogenetic evidence. The gansi group is diagnosed by having the unique combination of the following characters: maximum SVL of 59.0��� 96.2 mm; 7���12 supralabials; 8���11 infralabials; 30���53 paravertebral tubercles; 16���30 rows of longitudinal tubercles; 21���57 ventral scales; 10���29 subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe; no enlarged femoral scales; no pore-bearing femoral scales; 8���29, enlarged, contiguous, pore-bearing, precloacal scales in males; 2���7 cloacal spurs; no plate-like subcaudal scales; light caudal bands not encircling the tail; 7���15 light caudal bands; and 7���15 dark caudal bands (Table 3)., Published as part of Grismer, L. Lee, Wood, Perry L., Thura, Myint Kyaw, Win, Nay Myo, Grismer, Marta S., Trueblood, Llyod A. & Quah, Evan S. H., 2018, A re-description of Cyrtodactylus chrysopylos Bauer (Squamata: Gekkonidae) with comments on the adaptive significance of orange coloration in hatchlings and descriptions of two new species from eastern Myanmar (Burma), pp. 151-185 in Zootaxa 4527 (2) on page 158, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4527.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2612067, {"references":["Mahony, S. (2009) Taxonomic status of Cyrtodactylus khasiensis tamaiensis (Smith, 1940) and description of a new species allied to C. chrysopylos Bauer, 2003 from Myanmar (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Hamadryad, 34, 62 - 74."]} more...
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31. Cyrtodactylus myaleiktaung Grismer & Wood & Thura & Win & Grismer & Trueblood & Quah 2018, sp. nov
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Grismer, L. Lee, Wood, Perry L., Thura, Myint Kyaw, Win, Nay Myo, Grismer, Marta S., Trueblood, Llyod A., and Quah, Evan S. H.
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Reptilia ,Cyrtodactylus myaleiktaung ,Cyrtodactylus ,Squamata ,Animalia ,Biodiversity ,Chordata ,Gekkonidae ,Taxonomy - Abstract
Cyrtodactylus myaleiktaung sp. nov. Mya Leik Taung Bent-toed Gecko (Fig. 4) Holotype. Adult female LSUHC 13965 collected on 1 December 2017 at 1030 hrs by Nay Myo Win from Mya Leik Taung, 25.3 km southeast of Mandalay, Aungmyethazan Township, Mandalay District, Mandalay Region, Myanmar (21.77722 N, 96.25138 E; 250 m in elevation). Diagnosis. Cyrtodactylus myaleiktaung sp. nov. differs from other species of Cyrtodactylus by having the unique combination of the following characters: nine supralabials and infralabials; no gular tubercles; a ventrolateral fold; 57 ventral scales; digits not relatively short; basal subdigital lamellae expanded proximal to digital inflection; 18 subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe; no enlarged femoral scales or pore-bearing femoral scales; no precloacal groove; no enlarged post-precloacal scales; band on nape; six dorsal bands lacking paravertebral elements, regular in shape, wider than interspaces, few dark makings in interspaces, interspaces bearing lightened centers, not edged posteriorly by light-colored tubercles, posterior and anterior borders of bands bold; clusters of enlarged, light-colored scales in ventrolateral fold; and top of head generally unicolor (Table 5). These characters are scored across all species in the gansi group in Table 3. Description of holotype. Damaged adult female, SVL 67.4 mm; sections of the skin missing from tip of rostrum, right supralabials, right temporal region, base of nape, anterior gular region, cloacal region, and right forelimb and hind limb; tail missing; head moderate in length (HL/SVL 0.27), width (HW/HL 0.60), somewhat flattened (HD/HL 0.40), distinct from neck, triangular in dorsal profile; lores inflated, prefrontal region concave, canthus rostralis rounded; snout elongate (ES/HL 0.44), rounded in dorsal profile; eye large (ED/HL 0.29); ear opening oval, moderate in size (EL/HL 0.15); eye to ear distance less than diameter of eyeball; rostral rectangular, depressed medially, bordered laterally by external nares and first supralabials; nine (L) rectangular supralabials extending to below midpoint of eye; 9 (L) infralabials tapering smoothly to below posterior margin of eyeball; scales of rostrum and lores flat, slightly larger than granular scales on top of head and occiput; scales on top of head and occiput intermixed with slightly enlarged tubercles; dorsal supraciliaries raised and pointed; mental triangular, bordered laterally by first infralabials and posteriorly by large, left and right trapezoidal postmentals; and gular and throat scales small, granular, grading posteriorly into larger, flatter, smooth, subimbricate to imbricate, pectoral scales that grade posteriorly into larger and imbricate ventral scales. Body relatively short (AG/SVL 0.46) with well-developed ventrolateral folds; dorsal scales small, interspersed with larger, weakly keeled, semi-regularly arranged tubercles; tubercles extend from top of head onto base of tail; tubercles on occiput and nape smaller than those on posterior portion of body that are larger and keeled; approximately 57 flat, imbricate, ventral scales larger than dorsal scales; large post-precloacal scales present; and no precloacal groove or depression. Forelimbs moderate in stature, relatively short (FL/SVL 0.15); raised scales of forearm same size as those on body, interspersed with large tubercles; palmar scales slightly raised; digits well-developed, inflected at basal, interphalangeal joints, slightly narrower distal to inflections; claws well-developed, sheathed by a dorsal and ventral scale; enlarged series of scales at base of first digit; hind limbs more robust than forelimbs, moderate in length (TBL/SVL 0.18), covered dorsally by granular scales interspersed with large keeled tubercles and anteriorly by large, flat, imbricate scales; ventral scales of thigh flat, imbricate, slightly larger than dorsals, lacking a row of enlarged or pore-bearing scales; small postfemoral scales grade smoothly into large, flat ventral scales of posteroventral margin of thigh; subtibial scales large, flat, imbricate; plantar scales raised; digits well-developed, inflected at interphalangeal joints; seven expanded subdigital lamellae on fourth toe proximal to inflection, 11 more narrow subdigital lamellae distal to inflection, 18 total subdigital lamellae; and claws well-developed, base of claw sheathed by a dorsal and ventral scale. Coloration in life (Fig. 4). Dorsal ground color of head body, limbs, and tail pale-yellow to light-brown; top of head unicolor; ventral portion of lores and supralabials darkened; dark postorbital stripe extends across top of ear opening forming a wavy nuchal loop and contacting posterior margin of opposing eyes; wide, dark band on nape; six regularly shaped dorsal body bands (including nape) bear bold anterior and posterior borders and lightened centers; one postsacral band; bands not bordered posteriorly by white tubercles; few faint, dark markings in dorsal interspaces; clusters of enlarged, white scales in ventrolateral folds; forelimbs diffusely mottled; banding on hind limbs slightly more distinct; all ventral surfaces generally beige. Distribution. Cyrtodactylus myaleiktaung sp. nov. is known only from the type locality of Mya Leik Taung, 25.3 km southeast of Mandalay, Aungmyethazan Township, Mandalay District, Mandalay Region, Myanmar (Fig. 1). Etymology. The specific epithet myaleiktaung is in reference to the Mya Leik Taung mountain range which is the type locality. It is a noun in apposition, invariable. Natural History. Mya Leik Taung is an isolated hill on the eastern edge of the Ayeyarwady Basin immediately east of the small village of Kanduin. The hill is dissected east to west by a series of shallow, rocky valleys. Mya Leik Taung reaches nearly 700 m in elevation and its hillsides are covered in sparse scrubby vegetation amongst varying sizes of karstic boulders and outcrops (Fig. 4). The single adult female was collected during the evening at 250 m in elevation. Comparisons. Cyrtodactylus myaleiktaung sp. nov. differs from all other species in the gansi group by having more ventral scales (57 versus 21–55, collectively), and having body bands with lightened centers. It differs from C. brevidactylus in having 6 versus three or four dorsal bands. Cyrtodactylus myaleiktaung sp. nov. is most closely related to C. chrysopylos and differs further from it by having a 17.0–19.4% uncorrected pairwise sequence divergence. Remarks. Some (i.e. Dayrat, 2005; Thomas Hbrek, in litt, 2018) have grave concerns about descriptions of new species based on only a single specimen, and posit that this should ‘never’ be done because such a description cannot take into account intraspecific variation that could potentially preclude its specific recognition. Although this is a theoretically noble notion, it is not only incorrect philosophically—as the ontological existence of a species is independent of its diagnosis—but it is counterproductive in reality and bereft of phylogenetic input in practice. Additionally, such tactics would impede biodiversity studies in general and taxonomy in particular. Estimates have shown that 19% of all new vertebrate species described between 2000 and 2010 were based on a single specimen (Lim et al. 2012) and that number is likely to have increased in the last seven years—an indication that in many circumstances this the logistic reality of constructing species delimitation hypotheses. Furthermore, with wellsupported phylogenetic data such as that herein indicating that the specimen in question is not nested within any other species and shares a 17.0–19.4% uncorrected pairwise sequence divergence from its closest relative, renders any morphological arguments to the contrary moot—regardless of their erroneous conflation of ontology with epistemology (Frost & Kluge 1994). However, in this case, Cyrtodactylus myaleiktaung sp. nov. has morphological and color pattern characters that distinguish it from all other species in the gansi group thus further eclipsing any assumption that it may be conspecific with any other species. Additionally, the fact that the specimen is damaged has no bearing on its phylogenetic history or genetic distinctiveness which are the data used herein to hypothesize its identity by delimiting its species boundaries. We are concerned about describing a new species based on a single damaged specimen but only because the diagnosis is incomplete, not because it has anything to do with the reality of this specimen representing a distinct independently evolving lineage. We do admit we have knowledge that Mya Leik Taung mountain is being investigated by a cement company wanting to quarry its hillsides for limestone and we felt it prudent to get this species described for potential protective status as soon as possible rather than delay its publication for the sake of a better description. Furthermore, we point out that two other species of the gansi group, C. chrysopylos and C. mandalayensis were also described on the basis of single specimens. The weak part of recognizing this specimen as a distinct species is not the incomplete diagnosis, but that the species is being delimited on the basis of a single-locus mtDNA phylogeny. It is well-documented that mtDNA phylogenies can reveal significant structure in a data set by recovering sequentially nested monophyletic groups even though within that same data set, nuclear genes can indicate significant gene flow among these groups (e.g. Shaw 2002; Fisher-Reid & Wiens,2011; Toews & Brelsford 2012 ), thus precluding their species status. This weakens any hypothesis of specific identity based solely on mtDNA data. Nonetheless, given the current data available concerning its phylogenetic relationships and the discrete morphological and color pattern differences separating C. myaleiktaung sp. nov. from its congeners, we regard its specific identity as a testable hypothesis. more...
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32. Cyrtodactylus aunglini Grismer & Wood & Thura & Win & Grismer & Trueblood & Quah 2018, sp. nov
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Grismer, L. Lee, Wood, Perry L., Thura, Myint Kyaw, Win, Nay Myo, Grismer, Marta S., Trueblood, Llyod A., and Quah, Evan S. H.
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Reptilia ,Cyrtodactylus ,Squamata ,Animalia ,Cyrtodactylus aunglini ,Biodiversity ,Chordata ,Gekkonidae ,Taxonomy - Abstract
Cyrtodactylus aunglini sp. nov. Kyauk Nagar Cave Bent-toed Gecko (Figs. 2, 3) Holotype. Adult male LSUHC 13947 collected on 24 March 2018 at 1030 hrs Myint Kyaw Thura, Aung Lin, Perry L. Wood, Jr., Aung Lin Htet, and L. Lee Grismer from Kyauk Nagar Cave, 11 km southwest of Pyin Oo Lwin, Pyin Oo Lwin Township, Pyin Oo Lwin District, Mandalay Region, Myanmar (20.93087��N, 95.22580��E; 715 m in elevation). Paratypes. Adult males LSUHC 13946, and 13948���52 bear the same collection data as the holotype. Additional specimens examined. Hatchlings LSUHC 13943���45 bear the same collection data as the holotype. Diagnosis. Cyrtodactylus aunglini sp. nov. differs from all other species of Cyrtodactylus by having the unique combination of the following characters: 8���10 supralabials and infralabials; 36���45 paravertebral tubercles; 21���26 longitudinal rows of body tubercles; well-developed body tubercles not extending past the hemipenial swellings; no gular tubercles; a ventrolateral fold; 41���49 ventral scales; digits not relatively short; basal subdigital lamellae expanded proximal to digital inflection; 19���23 subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe; no enlarged femoral scales or pore-bearing femoral scales; no precloacal groove; 12 or 13 pore-bearing, contiguous, precloacal scales; precloacal scale row not sharply angular; multiple enlarged post-precloacal scales; three or four cloacal spurs in males; caudal scales arranged in poorly defined segments; no enlarged, plate-like, medial subcaudal scales; band on nape; seven or eight dorsal bands lacking paravertebral elements, zig-zag to regular in shape, usually wider than immaculate interspaces, not bearing lightened centers, not edged posteriorly with light-colored tubercles, and posterior borders bold and anterior borders diffuse; clusters of enlarged, light-colored scales usually in ventrolateral fold; top of head generally unicolor; nine or 10 immaculate light caudal bands not encircling tail; nine or 10 dark caudal bands wider than light caudal bands; raised, moderately keeled body tubercles; and a maximum SVL of 81.6 mm (Tables 4, 5). These characters are scored across all species in the gansi group in Table 3. Description of holotype. Adult male, SVL 78.6 mm; head moderate in length (HL/SVL 0.28), width (HW/HL 0.61), somewhat flattened (HD/HL 0.40), distinct from neck, triangular in dorsal profile; lores inflated, prefrontal region concave, canthus rostralis rounded; snout elongate (ES/HL 0.41), rounded in dorsal profile; eye large (ED/ HL 0.20); ear opening oval, moderate in size (EL/HL 0.10); eye to ear distance greater than diameter of eye; rostral rectangular, depressed medially, divided dorsally, bordered posteriorly by large left and right supranasals separated by an internasal, laterally by external nares and first supralabials; external nares bordered anteriorly by rostral, dorsally by one large anterior and one smaller posterior supranasal, posteriorly by five small postnasals, ventrally by first supralabial; nine (R) eight (L) rectangular supralabials extending to below midpoint of eye; 10 (R) 9 (L) infralabials tapering smoothly to below posterior margin of orbit; scales of rostrum and lores slightly raised, slightly larger than granular scales on top of head and occiput; scales on top of head and occiput intermixed with slightly enlarged tubercles; dorsal supraciliaries raised and pointed; mental triangular, bordered laterally by first infralabials and posteriorly by large, left and right trapezoidal postmentals that contact medially for 30% of their length posterior to mental; one row of slightly enlarged chinshields extending posteriorly to third infralabial; and gular and throat scales small, granular, grading posteriorly into larger, flatter, smooth, subimbricate to imbricate, pectoral scales that grade posteriorly into larger and imbricate ventral scales. Body relatively short (AG/SVL 0.42) with well-developed ventrolateral folds; dorsal scales small, interspersed with larger, weakly keeled, semi-regularly arranged tubercles; tubercles extend from top of head onto base of tail with well-developed tubercles extending no farther than the posterior margin of the hemipenial swellings; tubercles on occiput and nape smaller than those on posterior portion of body which are larger and keeled; approximately 21 longitudinal rows of dorsal tubercles; 37 paravertebral tubercles; approximately 41 flat, imbricate, ventral scales larger than dorsal scales; 12 contiguous, pore-bearing precloacal scales that are not in a sharply angled row; seven large post-precloacal scales with no greatly enlarged medial scale; precloacal groove or depression absent; and three cloacal spurs on each side of hemipenial swelling. Forelimbs moderate in stature, relatively short (FL/SVL 0.13); raised scales of forearm same size as those on body, interspersed with large tubercles; palmar scales slightly raised; digits well-developed, inflected at basal, interphalangeal joints, slightly narrower distal to inflections; claws well-developed, sheathed by a dorsal and ventral scale; enlarged series of scales at base of first digit; hind limbs more robust than forelimbs, moderate in length (TBL/SVL 0.17), covered dorsally by granular scales interspersed with large, keeled, tubercles and anteriorly by large, flat, imbricate scales; ventral scales of thigh flat, imbricate, slightly larger than dorsals, lacking a row of enlarged or pore-bearing scales; small postfemoral scales grade smoothly into large, flat ventral scales of posteroventral margin of thigh; subtibial scales large, flat, imbricate; plantar scales raised; digits well-developed, inflected at interphalangeal joints; six expanded subdigital lamellae on fourth toe proximal to inflection, 13 more narrow subdigital lamellae distal to inflection, 19 total subdigital lamellae; and claws well-developed, base of claw sheathed by a dorsal and ventral scale. ������continued on the next page ......continued on the next page Original tail moderate in proportions, 88.0 mm in length, 7.7 mm in width at base, tapering to a point, posteriormost 15.6 mm regenerated; dorsal scales of base of tail small, raised but rapidly transition into larger, flatter scales posteriorly; caudal scales arranged in poorly defined segments delimited anteriorly and posteriorly by slightly enlarged scales; and two longitudinal rows of median, subcaudal scales that do not extend onto lateral margin of tail. Coloration in life (Fig. 2). Dorsal ground color of head body, limbs, and tail brown; top of head nearly unicolor, bearing weak, dark speckling; ventral portion of lores and supralabials darkened; dark postorbital stripe extends to ear opening; occipital region bordered by a narrow, dark, W-shaped band; thin dark band on nape; nape and seven regularly shaped dorsal body bands bear bold posterior and diffuse anterior borders; one postsacral band; all bands bordered posteriorly by white tubercles; no distinct dark markings in dorsal interspaces; clusters of enlarged, white scales in ventrolateral folds; light caudal bands do not encircle tail, five remaining bands on original portion of tail; six dark caudal bands remaining on original portion of tail that are wider than light caudal bands; forelimbs generally unicolor; hind limbs bearing faint, broken bands; all ventral surfaces generally beige except for posterior portion of tail that is darkly mottled. Variation (Figs. 2, 3). The paratypes vary modestly from the holotype in aspects of color pattern. LSUHC 13946 and 13951���52 have a more faded and less boldly marked dorsal pattern whereas that of LSUHC 13949���50 have an equally bold color pattern but the dorsal body bands are more zig-zag in shape. LSUHC 13938 is unique in having a very boldly marked color pattern bearing irregularly shaped, broken, and medially divided dorsal bands. The ground color of LSUHC 13948 and 13950 is more yellow than that of the remaining type series. LSUHC 13949 and 13951 have unicolored regenerated tails and the tail tips of LSUHC 13946 and 13950 are regenerated. Hatchlings have a far less bold color pattern but more distinct and better-defined black and white caudal bands. Meristic variation is presented in Table 5. Distribution. Cyrtodactylus aunglini sp. nov. is known only from the type locality of Kyauk Nagar Cave, 11 km southwest of Pyin Oo Lwin, Pyin Oo Lwin Township, Pyin Oo Lwin District, Mandalay Region, Myanmar (Fig. 1). Etymology. This species is named to honor Mr. Aung Lin of Fauna & Flora International, Yangon for his extensive participation and assistance during all our expeditions in Myanmar and for his outreach projects to various communities that emphasize habitat conservation through sustainable utilization. Natural History. Kyauk Nagar Cave at 715 m in elevation in disturbed hill forest, lies on the outskirts of the small village of Taung Kyun at approximately 900 m. The 2.5 km of terrane between the village and the cave is composed of scattered karst boulders but at the cave, the boulders are much larger, more numerous, and concentrated around the cave entrance (Fig. 3). The interior of the cave varies from narrow 1 m wide choke points to being 20 m in height and 30 m in width. It bears all the associated cave architecture of stalactites, stalagmites, alcoves, cracks, etc. that provide excellent microhabitat for Cyrtodactylus and it extends for approximately 1.5 km. However, we found no geckos inside the cave but they were concentrated just outside the cave entrance and other nearby subterranean retreats. We saw several hatchlings and all were only in the leaf-litter whereas all the adults were on the karst. The adults were fast, extremely wary, and would escape into cracks between the rocks or into rock piles. Some would escape into cracks between the rock and the ground. All adults were observed near areas into which they could quickly escape and none were seen out in the open on the surface of the boulders. This is a pattern we are beginning to see in several of the karst-associated species we have described (Grismer et al. 2018a, 2018b, c). These geckos will use caves opportunistically but they are not necessarily cave-adapted. Their concentration around the cave opening at Kyauk Nagar may be related to the fact that this is where the best habitat is in terms of rock size. All observations were made between 1830 and 2400 hrs. Comparisons. Cyrtodactylus aunglini sp. nov. is most closely related to C. gansi from which it differs by being larger (maximum SVL = 81.6 mm versus 62.3 mm); having well-developed dorsal tubercles that do not extend beyond the hemipenial swelling; distinctive ventrolateral folds; more ventral scales (41���47 versus 30���36); relatively longer digits; more subdigital lamellae (19���23 versus 10); no precloacal groove; 12 or 13 contiguous, pore-bearing, precloacal scales versus 16���29 contiguous, pore-bearing, precloacal scales; enlarged post precloacal scales; and various aspects of head color pattern (Tables 3, 4, 5). The two are also separated by a 16.9% uncorrected pairwise sequence divergence. From the superficially similar C. mandalayensis, C. aunglini sp. nov. varies by having more longitudinal rows of body tubercles (21���26 versus 18); more ventral scales (41���47 versus 32); more pore-bearing, precloacal scales (12 or 13 versus eight); caudal scales arranged in regular segments; and various aspects of color pattern (Tables 3, 4, 5). Cyrtodactylus aunglini sp. nov. varies from all other species of the gansi group in not having well-developed tubercles that extend beyond the base of the hemipenial swellings; it varies from all other species of the gansi group except C. myaleiktaung sp. nov. in that the top of the head is unicolor as opposed to bearing a dark pattern of varying configurations (Table 3, 4, 5). Table 3 lists combinations of other characters separating C. aunglini sp. nov. from varying combinations of other species of the gansi group., Published as part of Grismer, L. Lee, Wood, Perry L., Thura, Myint Kyaw, Win, Nay Myo, Grismer, Marta S., Trueblood, Llyod A. & Quah, Evan S. H., 2018, A re-description of Cyrtodactylus chrysopylos Bauer (Squamata: Gekkonidae) with comments on the adaptive significance of orange coloration in hatchlings and descriptions of two new species from eastern Myanmar (Burma), pp. 151-185 in Zootaxa 4527 (2) on pages 158-164, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4527.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2612067, {"references":["Grismer, L. L., Wood. Jr., P. L., Myint Kyaw Thura, Zin, T., Quah, E. S. H., Murdoch, M. L., Grismer, M. S., Lin, A., Kyaw, H. & Ngwe, L. (2018 a) Twelve new species of Cyrtodactylus Gray (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from isolated limestone habitats in east-central and southern Myanmar demonstrate high localized diversity and unprecedented microendemism. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 182, 862 - 959. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlx 057","Grismer, L. L., Wood Junior, P. L., Quah, E. S. H., Thura, M. K., Murdoch, M. L., Grismer, M. S., Herr, M. W., Espinoza, R. E., Brown, R. M. & Lin, A. (2018 b) Phylogenetic taxonomy of the Cyrtodactylus peguensis group (Reptilia: Squamata: Gekkonidae) with descriptions of two new species from Myanmar. PeerJ. [submitted]","Grismer, L. L., Wood Junior, P. L., Thura, M. K., Quah, E. S. H., Grismer, M. S., Murdoch, M. L., Espinoza, R. E. & Lin, A. (2018 c) A new Cyrtodactylus Gray (Squamata, Gekkonidae) from the Shan Hills and the biogeography of bent-toed geckos from eastern Myanmar. Zootaxa, 4446 (4), 477 - 500. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4446.4.4"]} more...
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- 2018
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33. Characterization of Fruit Quality Attributes and Cell Wall Metabolism in 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP)-Treated ‘Summer King’ and ‘Green Ball’ Apples During Cold Storage
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Win, Nay Myo, primary, Yoo, Jingi, additional, Kwon, Soon-Il, additional, Watkins, Christopher B., additional, and Kang, In-Kyu, additional
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- 2019
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34. TCTAP C-134 How to Deal with Wire Induced Coronary Intramural Hematoma
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Win, Nay Thu, primary, Teoh, Chee Kiang, additional, and Ghazi, Azmee Mohd, additional
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- 2019
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35. TCTAP C-065 Malignant Right Coronary Artery: Early Intervention or Observation
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Win, Nay Thu, primary, Ang, Chui Munn, additional, Roslan, Aslannif, additional, Nuruddin, Amin Ariff, additional, and Mohamed Yusof, Ahmad Khairuddin, additional
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- 2019
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36. Atrial fibrillation in older patients—reducing stroke risk is not only about anticoagulation
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Win, Nay Thu and Teo, Shyh Poh
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Stroke ,Bleeding ,Hypertension ,Warfarin ,Letter to the Editor ,Atrial fibrillation - Published
- 2016
37. Targeting Macrophage Activation in Hyperhemolysis Syndrome with Novel Use of Tocilizumab
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Lee, Lauren E, primary, Beeler, Bradley W, additional, Henderson, Aaron T, additional, Graham, Brendan C, additional, Osswald, Michael B, additional, Win, Nay, additional, and Cap, Andrew P, additional more...
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- 2018
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38. Azapropazone And Warfarin
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Win, Nay, Mitchell, D. C., Jones, P. A. E., and French, E. A.
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- 1991
39. Role of Nano-silver and the Bacterial Strain Enterobacter cloacae in Increasing Vase Life of Cut Carnation ‘Omea’
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Naing, Aung H., primary, Win, Nay M., additional, Han, Jeung-Sul, additional, Lim, Ki B., additional, and Kim, Chang K., additional
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- 2017
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40. Re-analysis of the nineteenth century hydrology and sediment load data for the ayeyarwady river, myanmar
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Oo, Win Nay, Robinson, Ruth A. J., Bird, Michael Ian, Hoey, Trevor B., Aye, Maung Maung, Higgitt, David, Lu, Xi Xi, Swe, Aung, and Tun, Tin
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discharge ,denudation ,Irrawaddy (Ayeyarwady) ,Salween (Thanlwin) ,sediment flux - Abstract
The Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) River of Myanmar (formerly Burma) is generally though to have the 5^<th> largest suspended load of any world river, and the 4^<th> highest total dissolved load. From these flux estimates, the combined systems of the Ayeyarwady and Thanlwin (Salween) rivers are regarded as contributing 20% of the total flux of material from the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen and deliver it over a short length of coastline into the Gulf of Martaban in the eastern Indian Ocean. The estimates for the Ayeyarwady are taken from published quotes of a 19^<th> Century dataset (Gordon 1885) and there are no available published data for the Thanlwin. We present a re-analysis of the Ayeyarwady data from the original 550 page report of Gordon (1879) covering ten years of discharge (1869-1879) and one year of sediment concentration measurements (1877) and demonstrate that the commonly cited values of sediment loads (and therefore chemical fluxes) are in error. Taken at face value, the sediment flux estimates are conservatively assessed as being underestimated by 18%, and possibly as much as 38%, due to omission of the fine particulate load. However, an early 20^<th> Century Ayeyarwady River engineer criticised Gordon's discharge measuring methods, suggesting they lead to over-estimation of both water and sediment fluxes. These two opposing uncertainties require careful review. We describe the approaches employed, evaluate Gordon's measurements, calculations, and subsequent adjustments and present our revised interpretation of daily and annual discharges and sediment fluxes along with an estimate of uncertainty. Our re-evaluation suggests that the annual sediment flux from the Ayeyarwady-Thanlwin system may be significant for ocean geochemistry and estimation of denudation rates. The new values suggest that the Ayeyarwady and Thanlwin rivers contribute half the present day Ganges-Brahmaputra flux to the Indian Ocean. The catchments of the Ayeyarwady and Thanlwin are affected by ongoing land-use change, and our recently collected water and sediment flux data suggest that modern sediment loads are lower than those in the late 19^<th> Century. more...
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- 2007
41. Role of Nano-silver and the Bacterial Strain Enterobacter cloacae in Increasing Vase Life of Cut Carnation 'Omea'.
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Nainga, Aung H., Win, Nay M., Jeung-Sul Han, Lim, Ki B., and Kim, Chang K.
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ENTEROBACTER cloacae ,ANTIOXIDANTS ,CYSTEINE proteinase inhibitors - Abstract
We investigated the role of nano-silver (NAg) and the bacterial strain Enterobacter cloacae in increasing the vase life of cut carnation flowers 'Omea.' NAg treatment extended vase life of the flowers by increasing relative fresh weight, antioxidant activities, and expression level of the cysteine proteinase inhibitor gene (DcCPi), and by suppressing bacterial blockage in stem segments, ethylene production and expression of ethylene biosynthesis genes and DcCP1 gene, compared with the control. Out of all the treatments, administration of 25 mg L
-1 NAg gave the best results for all the analyzed parameters. Interestingly, application of E. cloacae also extended the vase life of cut flowers by 3 days in comparison with control flowers, and overall, showed better results than the control for all the analyzed parameters. Taken together, these results demonstrate the positive role of NAg and E. cloacae in increasing the longevity of cut carnation flowers, and indicate that this effect is brought about through multiple modes of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...- Published
- 2017
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42. Assessment of the Efficacy of Intravenous Iron Therapy (Venofer®) in the Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA)
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Bansal, Goldy, primary, Burton, Jack, additional, Win, Nay yee, additional, Selahi, Saman, additional, and Foss, Scott, additional
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- 2010
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43. Echocardiography and strain analysis in Malaysian elite athletes versus young healthy adults.
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Roslan A, Stanislaus R, Yee Sin T, Aris FA, Ashari A, Shaparudin AA, Rahimi Shah WFW, Hui Beng K, Tjen Jhung L, Tantawi Jauhari Aktifanus A, Kamsani SH, Rusani BI, Win NT, Abdul Rani MNH, Ai Ming T, Aedrus N, Azman K, Halim MNA, Zainal MDY, Hussein K, Shariff Hamid M, Puji A, and Khairuddin A more...
- Abstract
Background: Athletes have changes that can mimic pathological cardiomyopathy., Methods: Echocardiographic study of 50 male, female athletes (MA, FA) and non-athletes (MNA, FNA) age 18 to 30 years. These athletes participate in sports with predominantly endurance component. All participants exhibit no known medical illnesses or symptoms., Results: MA have thicker wall (IVSd) than MNA. No MA have IVSd > 1.2 cm and no FA have IVSd > 1.0 cm. Left ventricle internal dimension (LVIDd), left ventricle end diastolic volume index (LVEDVi) is bigger in athletes. None have LVIDd > 5.8 cm. Right ventricle fractional area change (FAC) is lower in athletes. (MA vs MNA, p = 0.013, FA vs FNA, p = 0.025). Athletes have higher septal and lateral e' (Septal e'; MA 13.57 ± 2.66 cm/s vs MNA 11.46 ± 2.93 cm/s, p < 0.001, Lateral e'; MA 17.17 ± 3.07 cm/s vs MNA 14.82 ± 3.14 cm/s, p < 0.001), (Septal e'; FA 13.46 ± 2.32 cm/s vs FNA 12.16 ± 2.05 cm/s, p = 0.04, Lateral e'; FA 16.92 ± 2.97 cm/s vs FNA 15.44 ± 2.29 cm/s, p = 0.006).No difference in Global longitudinal (GLS), Right ventricle free wall (RVFWS) and Global circumferential strain (GCS). Left atrial reservoir (LArS) and left atrial booster strain (LAbS) is smaller in athletes. (LArS, MA 44.12 ± 9.55% vs MNA 52.95 ± 11.17%, p < 0.001 LArS, FA 48.07 ± 10.06% vs FNA 53.64 ± 8.99%, p = 0.004), (LAbS, MA 11.59 ± 5.13% vs MNA 17.35 ± 5.27%, p < 0.001 LAbS FA 11.77 ± 4.65% vs FNA 15.30 ± 4.19%, p < 0.001)., Conclusion: Malaysian athletes have thicker wall and bigger left ventricle than controls. No athletes have IVSd > 1.2 cm and/or LVIDd > 5.8 cm. There is no difference in GLS, RVFWS and GCS but athletes have smaller LArS and LAbS., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Author(s).) more...
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- 2023
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