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1. Response of the XENON100 Dark Matter Detector to Nuclear Recoils

Author

The XENON100 Collaboration, Aprile, E., Alfonsi, M., Arisaka, K., Arneodo, F., Balan, C., Baudis, L., Bauermeister, B., Behrens, A., Beltrame, P., Bokeloh, K., Brown, A., Brown, E., Bruenner, S., Bruno, G., Budnik, R., Cardoso, J. M. R., Chen, W. -T., Choi, B., Colijn, A. P., Contreras, H., Cussonneau, J. P., Decowski, M. P., Duchovni, E., Fattori, S., Ferella, A. D., Fulgione, W., Gao, F., Garbini, M., Geis, C., Ghag, C., Giboni, K. -L., Goetzke, L. W., Grignon, C., Gross, E., Hampel, W., Itay, R., Kaether, F., Kessler, G., Kish, A., Lamblin, J., Landsman, H., Lang, R. F., Calloch, M. Le, Levy, C., Lim, K. E., Lin, Q., Lindemann, S., Lindner, M., Lopes, J. A. M., Lung, K., Undagoitia, T. Marrodan, Massoli, F. V., Fernandez, A. J. Melgarejo, Meng, Y., Messina, M., Molinario, A., Ni, K., Oberlack, U., Orrigo, S. E. A., Pantic, E., Persiani, R., Plante, G., Priel, N., Rizzo, A., Rosendahl, S., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Sartorelli, G., Schreiner, J., Schumann, M., Lavina, L. Scotto, Scovell, P. R., Selvi, M., Shagin, P., Simgen, H., Teymourian, A., Thers, D., Vitells, O., Wang, H., Weber, M., Weinheimer, C., Schuhmacher, H., and Wiegel, B.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

Results from the nuclear recoil calibration of the XENON100 dark matter detector installed underground at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS), Italy are presented. Data from measurements with an external 241AmBe neutron source are compared with a detailed Monte Carlo simulation which is used to extract the energy dependent charge-yield Qy and relative scintillation efficiency Leff. A very good level of absolute spectral matching is achieved in both observable signal channels - scintillation S1 and ionization S2 - along with agreement in the 2-dimensional particle discrimination space. The results confirm the validity of the derived signal acceptance in earlier reported dark matter searches of the XENON100 experiment., Comment: 10 pages, 10 figures. Matches version accepted by PRD. Contains revised representation of expected WIMP event signature. Conclusions remain unaffected

Published
2013
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2. Production and characterization of a custom-made 228Th source with reduced neutron source strength for the Borexino experiment

Author

Maneschg, W., Baudis, L., Dressler, R., Eberhardt, K., Eichler, R., Keller, H., Lackner, R., Praast, B., Santorelli, R., Schreiner, J., Tarka, M., Wiegel, B., and Zimbal, A.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

A custom-made 228Th source of several MBq activity was produced for the Borexino experiment for studying the external background of the detector. The aim was to reduce the unwanted neutron emission produced via (alpha,n) reactions in ceramics used typically for commercial 228Th sources. For this purpose a ThCl4 solution was converted chemically into ThO2 and embedded into a gold foil. The paper describes the production and the characterization of the custom-made source by means of gamma-activity, dose rate and neutron source strength measurements. From gamma-spectroscopic measurements it was deduced that the activity transfer from the initial solution to the final source was >91% (at 68% C.L.) and the final activity was (5.41+-0.30) MBq. The dose rate was measured by two dosimeters yielding 12.1 mSv/h and 14.3 mSv/h in 1 cm distance. The neutron source strength of the 5.41 MBq 228Th source was determined as (6.59+-0.85)/sec., Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures

Published
2011
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3. Demonstration of reduced neoclassical energy transport in Wendelstein 7-X

Author

W7-X Team, Beidler, C. D., Smith, H. M., Alonso, A., Andreeva, T., Baldzuhn, J., Beurskens, M. N. A., Borchardt, M., Bozhenkov, S. A., Brunner, K. J., Damm, H., Drevlak, M., Ford, O. P., Fuchert, G., Geiger, J., Helander, P., Hergenhahn, U., Hirsch, M., Höfel, U., Kazakov, Ye. O., Kleiber, R., Krychowiak, M., Kwak, S., Langenberg, A., Laqua, H. P., Neuner, U., Pablant, N. A., Pasch, E., Pavone, A., Pedersen, T. S., Rahbarnia, K., Schilling, J., Scott, E. R., Stange, T., Svensson, J., Thomsen, H., Turkin, Y., Warmer, F., Wolf, R. C., Zhang, D., Abramovic, I., Äkäslompolo, S., Alcusón, J., Aleynikov, P., Aleynikova, K., Ali, A., Anda, G., Ascasibar, E., Bähner, J. P., Baek, S. G., Balden, M., Banduch, M., Barbui, T., Behr, W., Benndorf, A., Biedermann, C., Biel, W., Blackwell, B., Blanco, E., Blatzheim, M., Ballinger, S., Bluhm, T., Böckenhoff, D., Böswirth, B., Böttger, L.-G., Borsuk, V., Boscary, J., Bosch, H.-S., Brakel, R., Brand, H., Brandt, C., Bräuer, T., Braune, H., Brezinsek, S., Brunner, K.-J., Burhenn, R., Bussiahn, R., Buttenschön, B., Bykov, V., Cai, J., Calvo, I., Cannas, B., Cappa, A., Carls, A., Carraro, L., Carvalho, B., Castejon, F., Charl, A., Chaudhary, N., Chauvin, D., Chernyshev, F., Cianciosa, M., Citarella, R., Claps, G., Coenen, J., Cole, M., Cole, M. J., Cordella, F., Cseh, G., Czarnecka, A., Czerski, K., Czerwinski, M., Czymek, G., Molin, A. da, Silva, A. da, Pena, A. de la, Degenkolbe, S., Dhard, C. P., Dibon, M., Dinklage, A., Dittmar, T., Drewelow, P., Drews, P., Durodie, F., Edlund, E., Effenberg, F., Ehrke, G., Elgeti, S., Endler, M., Ennis, D., Esteban, H., Estrada, T., Fellinger, J., Feng, Y., Flom, E., Fernandes, H., Fietz, W. H., Figacz, W., Fontdecaba, J., Fornal, T., Frerichs, H., Freund, A., Funaba, T., Galkowski, A., Gantenbein, G., Gao, Y., García Regaña, J., Gates, D., Geiger, B., Giannella, V., Gogoleva, A., Goncalves, B., Goriaev, A., Gradic, D., Grahl, M., Green, J., Greuner, H., Grosman, A., Grote, H., Gruca, M., Grulke, O., Guerard, C., Hacker, P., Han, X., Harris, J. H., Hartmann, D., Hathiramani, D., Hein, B., Heinemann, B., Henneberg, S., Henkel, M., Hernandez Sanchez, J., Hidalgo, C., Hollfeld, K. P., Hölting, A., Höschen, D., Houry, M., Howard, J., Huang, X., Huang, Z., Hubeny, M., Huber, M., Hunger, H., Ida, K., Ilkei, T., Illy, S., Israeli, B., Jablonski, S., Jakubowski, M., Jelonnek, J., Jenzsch, H., Jesche, T., Jia, M., Junghanns, P., Kacmarczyk, J., Kallmeyer, J.-P., Kamionka, U., Kasahara, H., Kasparek, W., Kenmochi, N., Killer, C., Kirschner, A., Klinger, T., Knauer, J., Knaup, M., Knieps, A., Kobarg, T., Kocsis, G., Köchl, F., Kolesnichenko, Y., Könies, A., König, R., Kornejew, P., Koschinsky, J.-P., Köster, F., Krämer, M., Krampitz, R., Krämer-Flecken, A., Krawczyk, N., Kremeyer, T., Krom, J., Ksiazek, I., Kubkowska, M., Kühner, G., Kurki-Suonio, T., Kurz, P. A., Landreman, M., Lang, P., Lang, R., Langish, S., Laqua, H., Laube, R., Lazerson, S., Lechte, C., Lennartz, M., Leonhardt, W., Li, C., Li, Y., Liang, Y., Linsmeier, C., Liu, S., Lobsien, J.-F., Loesser, D., Loizu Cisquella, J., Lore, J., Lorenz, A., Losert, M., Lücke, A., Lumsdaine, A., Lutsenko, V., Maaßberg, H., Marchuk, O., Matthew, J. H., Marsen, S., Marushchenko, M., Masuzaki, S., Maurer, D., Mayer, M., McCarthy, K., McNeely, P., Meier, A., Mellein, D., Mendelevitch, B., Mertens, P., Mikkelsen, D., Mishchenko, A., Missal, B., Mittelstaedt, J., Mizuuchi, T., Mollen, A., Moncada, V., Mönnich, T., Morisaki, T., Moseev, D., Murakami, S., Náfrádi, G., Nagel, M., Naujoks, D., Neilson, H., Neu, R., Neubauer, O., Ngo, T., Nicolai, D., Nielsen, S. K., Niemann, H., Nishizawa, T., Nocentini, R., Nührenberg, C., Nührenberg, J., Obermayer, S., Offermanns, G., Ogawa, K., Ölmanns, J., Ongena, J., Oosterbeek, J. W., Orozco, G., Otte, M., Pacios Rodriguez, L., Panadero, N., Panadero Alvarez, N., Papenfuß, D., Paqay, S., Pawelec, E., Pelka, G., Perseo, V., Peterson, B., Pilopp, D., Pingel, S., Pisano, F., Plaum, B., Plunk, G., Pölöskei, P., Porkolab, M., Proll, J., Puiatti, M.-E., Puig Sitjes, A., Purps, F., Rack, M., Récsei, S., Reiman, A., Reimold, F., Reiter, D., Remppel, F., Renard, S., Riedl, R., Riemann, J., Risse, K., Rohde, V., Röhlinger, H., Romé, M., Rondeshagen, D., Rong, P., Roth, B., Rudischhauser, L., Rummel, K., Rummel, T., Runov, A., Rust, N., Ryc, L., Ryosuke, S., Sakamoto, R., Salewski, M., Samartsev, A., Sanchez, M., Sano, F., Satake, S., Schacht, J., Satheeswaran, G., Schauer, F., Scherer, T., Schlaich, A., Schlisio, G., Schluck, F., Schlüter, K.-H., Schmitt, J., Schmitz, H., Schmitz, O., Schmuck, S., Schneider, M., Schneider, W., Scholz, P., Schrittwieser, R., Schröder, M., Schröder, T., Schroeder, R., Schumacher, H., Schweer, B., Sereda, S., Shanahan, B., Sibilia, M., Sinha, P., Sipliä, S., Slaby, C., Sleczka, M., Spiess, W., Spong, D. A., Spring, A., Stadler, R., Stejner, M., Stephey, L., Stridde, U., Suzuki, C., Szabó, V., Szabolics, T., Szepesi, T., Szökefalvi-Nagy, Z., Tamura, N., Tancetti, A., Terry, J., Thomas, J., Thumm, M., Travere, J. M., Traverso, P., Tretter, J., Trimino Mora, H., Tsuchiya, H., Tsujimura, T., Tulipán, S., Unterberg, B., Vakulchyk, I., Valet, S., Vanó, L., Eeten, P. van, Milligen, B. van, Vuuren, A. J. van, Vela, L., Velasco, J.-L., Vergote, M., Vervier, M., Vianello, N., Viebke, H., Vilbrandt, R., Stechow, A. von, Vorköper, A., Wadle, S., Wagner, F., Wang, E., Wang, N., Wang, Z., Wauters, T., Wegener, L., Weggen, J., Wegner, T., Wei, Y., Weir, G., Wendorf, J., Wenzel, U., Werner, A., White, A., Wiegel, B., Wilde, F., Windisch, T., Winkler, M., Winter, A., Winters, V., Wolf, S., Wright, A., Wurden, G., Xanthopoulos, P., Yamada, H., Yamada, I., Yasuhara, R., Yokoyama, M., Zanini, M., Zarnstorff, M., Zeitler, A., Zhang, H., Zhu, J., Zilker, M., Zocco, A., Zoletnik, S., Zuin, M., W7-X Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society, Applied Physics and Science Education, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, Turbulence in Fusion Plasmas, and European Commission

Subjects
Magnetically Confined Plasmas, Tokamak, Design, Helias, Nuclear engineering, Magnetically confined plasmas, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Article, Plasma physics, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, law, Physics::Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear fusion, 010306 general physics, Engineering & allied operations, Stellarator, Physics, Plasma fusion, Multidisciplinary, Toroid, biology, Plasma Physics, Física, Magnetic confinement fusion, Plasma, biology.organism_classification, Energía Nuclear, ddc:620, Wendelstein 7-X
Abstract

Research on magnetic confinement of high-temperature plasmas has the ultimate goal of harnessing nuclear fusion for the production of electricity. Although the tokamak1 is the leading toroidal magnetic-confinement concept, it is not without shortcomings and the fusion community has therefore also pursued alternative concepts such as the stellarator. Unlike axisymmetric tokamaks, stellarators possess a three-dimensional (3D) magnetic field geometry. The availability of this additional dimension opens up an extensive configuration space for computational optimization of both the field geometry itself and the current-carrying coils that produce it. Such an optimization was undertaken in designing Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X)2, a large helical-axis advanced stellarator (HELIAS), which began operation in 2015 at Greifswald, Germany. A major drawback of 3D magnetic field geometry, however, is that it introduces a strong temperature dependence into the stellarator’s non-turbulent ‘neoclassical’ energy transport. Indeed, such energy losses will become prohibitive in high-temperature reactor plasmas unless a strong reduction of the geometrical factor associated with this transport can be achieved; such a reduction was therefore a principal goal of the design of W7-X. In spite of the modest heating power currently available, W7-X has already been able to achieve high-temperature plasma conditions during its 2017 and 2018 experimental campaigns, producing record values of the fusion triple product for such stellarator plasmas3,4. The triple product of plasma density, ion temperature and energy confinement time is used in fusion research as a figure of merit, as it must attain a certain threshold value before net-energy-producing operation of a reactor becomes possible1,5. Here we demonstrate that such record values provide evidence for reduced neoclassical energy transport in W7-X, as the plasma profiles that produced these results could not have been obtained in stellarators lacking a comparably high level of neoclassical optimization., Previously documented record values of the fusion triple product in the stellarator Wendelstein 7-X are shown to be evidence for reduced neoclassical energy transport in this optimized device.

Published
2021
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4. Publisher Correction: Demonstration of reduced neoclassical energy transport in Wendelstein 7-X

Author

Beidler, C. D., Smith, H. M., Alonso, A., Andreeva, T., Baldzuhn, J., Beurskens, M. N. A., Borchardt, M., Bozhenkov, S. A., Brunner, K. J., Damm, H., Drevlak, M., Ford, O. P., Fuchert, G., Geiger, J., Helander, P., Hergenhahn, U., Hirsch, M., H��fel, U., Kazakov, Ye. O., Kleiber, R., Krychowiak, M., Kwak, S., Langenberg, A., Laqua, H. P., Neuner, U., Pablant, N. A., Pasch, E., Pavone, A., Pedersen, T. S., Rahbarnia, K., Schilling, J., Scott, E. R., Stange, T., Svensson, J., Thomsen, H., Turkin, Y., Warmer, F., Wolf, R. C., Zhang, D., Abramovic, I., ��k��slompolo, S., Alcus��n, J., Aleynikov, P., Aleynikova, K., Ali, A., Anda, G., Ascasibar, E., B��hner, J. P., Baek, S. G., Balden, M., Banduch, M., Barbui, T., Behr, W., Benndorf, A., Biedermann, C., Biel, W., Blackwell, B., Blanco, E., Blatzheim, M., Ballinger, S., Bluhm, T., B��ckenhoff, D., B��swirth, B., B��ttger, L.-G., Borsuk, V., Boscary, J., Bosch, H.-S., Brakel, R., Brand, H., Brandt, C., Br��uer, T., Braune, H., Brezinsek, S., Brunner, K.-J., Burhenn, R., Bussiahn, R., Buttensch��n, B., Bykov, V., Cai, J., Calvo, I., Cannas, B., Cappa, A., Carls, A., Carraro, L., Carvalho, B., Castejon, F., Charl, A., Chaudhary, N., Chauvin, D., Chernyshev, F., Cianciosa, M., Citarella, R., Claps, G., Coenen, J., Cole, M., Cole, M. J., Cordella, F., Cseh, G., Czarnecka, A., Czerski, K., Czerwinski, M., Czymek, G., Da Molin, A., Da Silva, A., De La Pena, A., Degenkolbe, S., Dhard, C. P., Dibon, M., Dinklage, A., Dittmar, T., Drewelow, P., Drews, P., Durodie, F., Edlund, E., Effenberg, F., Ehrke, G., Elgeti, S., Endler, M., Ennis, D., Esteban, H., Estrada, T., Fellinger, J., Feng, Y., Flom, E., Fernandes, H., Fietz, W. H., Figacz, W., Fontdecaba, J., Fornal, T., Frerichs, H., Freund, A., Funaba, T., Galkowski, A., Gantenbein, G., Gao, Y., Garc��a Rega��a, J., Gates, D., Geiger, B., Giannella, V., Gogoleva, A., Goncalves, B., Goriaev, A., Gradic, D., Grahl, M., Green, J., Greuner, H., Grosman, A., Grote, H., Gruca, M., Grulke, O., Guerard, C., Hacker, P., Han, X., Harris, J. H., Hartmann, D., Hathiramani, D., Hein, B., Heinemann, B., Henneberg, S., Henkel, M., Hernandez Sanchez, J., Hidalgo, C., Hollfeld, K. P., H��lting, A., H��schen, D., Houry, M., Howard, J., Huang, X., Huang, Z., Hubeny, M., Huber, M., Hunger, H., Ida, K., Ilkei, T., Illy, S., Israeli, B., Jablonski, S., Jakubowski, M., Jelonnek, J., Jenzsch, H., Jesche, T., Jia, M., Junghanns, P., Kacmarczyk, J., Kallmeyer, J.-P., Kamionka, U., Kasahara, H., Kasparek, W., Kenmochi, N., Killer, C., Kirschner, A., Klinger, T., Knauer, J., Knaup, M., Knieps, A., Kobarg, T., Kocsis, G., K��chl, F., Kolesnichenko, Y., K��nies, A., K��nig, R., Kornejew, P., Koschinsky, J.-P., K��ster, F., Kr��mer, M., Krampitz, R., Kr��mer-Flecken, A., Krawczyk, N., Kremeyer, T., Krom, J., Ksiazek, I., Kubkowska, M., K��hner, G., Kurki-Suonio, T., Kurz, P. A., Landreman, M., Lang, P., Lang, R., Langish, S., Laqua, H., Laube, R., Lazerson, S., Lechte, C., Lennartz, M., Leonhardt, W., Li, C., Li, Y., Liang, Y., Linsmeier, C., Liu, S., Lobsien, J.-F., Loesser, D., Loizu Cisquella, J., Lore, J., Lorenz, A., Losert, M., L��cke, A., Lumsdaine, A., Lutsenko, V., Maa��berg, H., Marchuk, O., Matthew, J. H., Marsen, S., Marushchenko, M., Masuzaki, S., Maurer, D., Mayer, M., McCarthy, K., McNeely, P., Meier, A., Mellein, D., Mendelevitch, B., Mertens, P., Mikkelsen, D., Mishchenko, A., Missal, B., Mittelstaedt, J., Mizuuchi, T., Mollen, A., Moncada, V., M��nnich, T., Morisaki, T., Moseev, D., Murakami, S., N��fr��di, G., Nagel, M., Naujoks, D., Neilson, H., Neu, R., Neubauer, O., Ngo, T., Nicolai, D., Nielsen, S. K., Niemann, H., Nishizawa, T., Nocentini, R., N��hrenberg, C., N��hrenberg, J., Obermayer, S., Offermanns, G., Ogawa, K., ��lmanns, J., Ongena, J., Oosterbeek, J. W., Orozco, G., Otte, M., Pacios Rodriguez, L., Panadero, N., Panadero Alvarez, N., Papenfu��, D., Paqay, S., Pawelec, E., Pelka, G., Perseo, V., Peterson, B., Pilopp, D., Pingel, S., Pisano, F., Plaum, B., Plunk, G., P��l��skei, P., Porkolab, M., Proll, J., Puiatti, M.-E., Puig Sitjes, A., Purps, F., Rack, M., R��csei, S., Reiman, A., Reimold, F., Reiter, D., Remppel, F., Renard, S., Riedl, R., Riemann, J., Risse, K., Rohde, V., R��hlinger, H., Rom��, M., Rondeshagen, D., Rong, P., Roth, B., Rudischhauser, L., Rummel, K., Rummel, T., Runov, A., Rust, N., Ryc, L., Ryosuke, S., Sakamoto, R., Salewski, M., Samartsev, A., S��nchez, E., Sano, F., Satake, S., Schacht, J., Satheeswaran, G., Schauer, F., Scherer, T., Schlaich, A., Schlisio, G., Schluck, F., Schl��ter, K.-H., Schmitt, J., Schmitz, H., Schmitz, O., Schmuck, S., Schneider, M., Schneider, W., Scholz, P., Schrittwieser, R., Schr��der, M., Schr��der, T., Schroeder, R., Schumacher, H., Schweer, B., Sereda, S., Shanahan, B., Sibilia, M., Sinha, P., Sipli��, S., Slaby, C., Sleczka, M., Spiess, W., Spong, D. A., Spring, A., Stadler, R., Stejner, M., Stephey, L., Stridde, U., Suzuki, C., Szab��, V., Szabolics, T., Szepesi, T., Sz��kefalvi-Nagy, Z., Tamura, N., Tancetti, A., Terry, J., Thomas, J., Thumm, M., Travere, J. M., Traverso, P., Tretter, J., Trimino Mora, H., Tsuchiya, H., Tsujimura, T., Tulip��n, S., Unterberg, B., Vakulchyk, I., Valet, S., Van��, L., Van Eeten, P., Van Milligen, B., Van Vuuren, A. J., Vela, L., Velasco, J.-L., Vergote, M., Vervier, M., Vianello, N., Viebke, H., Vilbrandt, R., Von Stechow, A., Vork��per, A., Wadle, S., Wagner, F., Wang, E., Wang, N., Wang, Z., Wauters, T., Wegener, L., Weggen, J., Wegner, T., Wei, Y., Weir, G., Wendorf, J., Wenzel, U., Werner, A., White, A., Wiegel, B., Wilde, F., Windisch, T., Winkler, M., Winter, A., Winters, V., Wolf, S., Wright, A., Wurden, G., Xanthopoulos, P., Yamada, H., Yamada, I., Yasuhara, R., Yokoyama, M., Zanini, M., Zarnstorff, M., Zeitler, A., Zhang, H., Zhu, J., Zilker, M., Zocco, A., Zoletnik, S., and Zuin, M.

Subjects
Chemical engineering, ddc:660
Published
2021

5. Overview of first Wendelstein 7-X high-performance operation

Author

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Baek, S.G., Ballinger, S., Edlund, E., Porkolab, Miklos, Terry, James L, White, A., Wiegel, B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Baek, S.G., Ballinger, S., Edlund, E., Porkolab, Miklos, Terry, James L, White, A., and Wiegel, B.

Abstract

The optimized superconducting stellarator device Wendelstein 7-X (with major radius R = 5.5 m, minor radius a = 0.5 m, and 30 m3 plasma volume) restarted operation after the assembly of a graphite heat shield and 10 inertially cooled island divertor modules. This paper reports on the results from the first high-performance plasma operation. Glow discharge conditioning and ECRH conditioning discharges in helium turned out to be important for density and edge radiation control. Plasma densities of 1-4.5 × 1019 m-3 with central electron temperatures 5-10 keV were routinely achieved with hydrogen gas fueling, frequently terminated by a radiative collapse. In a first stage, plasma densities up to 1.4 × 1020 m-3 were reached with hydrogen pellet injection and helium gas fueling. Here, the ions are indirectly heated, and at a central density of 8 · 1019 m-3 a temperature of 3.4 keV with Te/Ti = 1 was transiently accomplished, which corresponds to nTi(0)TE = 6.4 × 1019 keV s m-3 with a peak diamagnetic energy of 1.1 MJ and volume-averaged normalized plasma pressure {B}= 1.2%. The routine access to high plasma densities was opened with boronization of the first wall. After boronization, the oxygen impurity content was reduced by a factor of 10, the carbon impurity content by a factor of 5. The reduced (edge) plasma radiation level gives routinely access to higher densities without radiation collapse, e.g. well above 1 × 1020 m-2 line integrated density and Te = Ti = 2 keV central temperatures at moderate ECRH power. Both X2 and O2 mode ECRH schemes were successfully applied. Core turbulence was measured with a phase contrast imaging diagnostic and suppression of turbulence during pellet injection was observed., Euratom (Grant Agreement No. 633053)

Published
2020

6. Radiobiological Advanced Biostack Experiment

Author

Bücker, H., Horneck, G., Facius, R., Reitz, G., Schäfer, M., Schott, J. U., Beaujean, R., Enge, W., Schopper, E., Heinrich, H., Beer, J., Wiegel, B., Pfohl, R., François, H., Portal, G., Bonting, S. L., Graul, E. H., Rüther, W., Kranz, A. R., Bork, U., Koller-Lampert, K., Kirchheim, B., Starke, M. E., Planel, H., and Delpoux, M.

Published
1984

7. Overview of first Wendelstein 7-X high-performance operation

Author

Klinger, T., Andreeva, T., Bozhenkov, S., Brandt, C., Burhenn, R., Buttenschön, B., Fuchert, G., Geiger, B., Grulke, O., Laqua, H.P., Pablant, N., Rahbarnia, K., Stange, T., von Stechow, A., Tamura, N., Thomsen, H., Turkin, Y., Wegner, T., Abramovic, I., Äkäslompolo, S., Alcuson, J., Aleynikov, P., Aleynikova, K., Ali, A., Alonso, A., Anda, G., Ascasibar, E., Bähner, J.P., Baek, S.G., Balden, M., Baldzuhn, J., Banduch, M., Barbui, T., Behr, W., Beidler, C., Benndorf, A., Biedermann, C., Biel, W., Blackwell, B., Blanco, E., Blatzheim, M., Ballinger, S., Bluhm, T., Böckenhoff, D., Böswirth, B., Böttger, L.-G., Borchardt, M., Borsuk, V., Boscary, J., Bosch, H.-S., Beurskens, M., Brakel, R., Brand, H., Bräuer, T., Braune, H., Brezinsek, S., Brunner, K.-J., Bussiahn, R., Bykov, V., Cai, J., Calvo, I., Cannas, B., Cappa, A., Carls, A., Carralero, D., Carraro, L., Carvalho, B., Castejon, F., Charl, A., Chaudhary, N., Chauvin, D., Chernyshev, F., Cianciosa, M., Citarella, R., Claps, G., Coenen, J., Cole, M., Cole, M.J., Cordella, F., Cseh, G., Czarnecka, A., Czerski, K., Czerwinski, M., Czymek, G., da Molin, A., da Silva, A., Damm, H., de la Pena, A., Degenkolbe, S., Dhard, C.P., Dibon, M., Dinklage, A., Dittmar, T., Drevlak, M., Drewelow, P., Drews, P., Durodie, F., Edlund, E., van Eeten, P., Effenberg, F., Ehrke, G., Elgeti, S., Endler, M., Ennis, D., Esteban, H., Estrada, T., Fellinger, J., Feng, Y., Flom, E., Fernandes, H., Fietz, W.H., Figacz, W., Fontdecaba, J., Ford, O., Fornal, T., Frerichs, H., Freund, A., Funaba, T., Galkowski, A., Gantenbein, G., Gao, Y., García Regaña, J., Gates, D., Geiger, J., Giannella, V., Gogoleva, A., Goncalves, B., Goriaev, A., Gradic, D., Grahl, M., Green, J., Greuner, H., Grosman, A., Grote, H., Gruca, M., Guerard, C., Hacker, P., Han, X., Harris, J.H., Hartmann, D., Hathiramani, D., Hein, B., Heinemann, B., Helander, P., Henneberg, S., Henkel, M., Hernandez Sanchez, J., Hidalgo, C., Hirsch, M., Hollfeld, K.P., Höfel, U., Hölting, A., Höschen, D., Houry, M., Howard, J., Huang, X., Huang, Z., Hubeny, M., Huber, M., Hunger, H., Ida, K., Ilkei, T., Illy, S., Israeli, B., Jablonski, S., Jakubowski, M., Jelonnek, J., Jenzsch, H., Jesche, T., Jia, M., Junghanns, P., Kacmarczyk, J., Kallmeyer, J.-P., Kamionka, U., Kasahara, H., Kasparek, W., Kazakov, Y.O., Kenmochi, N., Killer, C., Kirschner, A., Kleiber, R., Knauer, J., Knaup, M., Knieps, A., Kobarg, T., Kocsis, G., Köchl, F., Kolesnichenko, Y., Könies, A., König, R., Kornejew, P., Koschinsky, J.-P., Köster, F., Krämer, M., Krampitz, R., Krämer-Flecken, A., Krawczyk, N., Kremeyer, T., Krom, J., Krychowiak, M., Ksiazek, I., Kubkowska, M., Kühner, G., Kurki-Suonio, T., Kurz, P.A., Kwak, S., Landreman, M., Lang, P., Lang, R., Langenberg, A., Langish, S., Laqua, H., Laube, R., Lazerson, S., Lechte, C., Lennartz, M., Leonhardt, W., Li, C., Li, Y., Liang, Y., Linsmeier, C., Liu, S., Lobsien, J.-F., Loesser, D., Loizu Cisquella, J., Lore, J., Lorenz, A., Losert, M., Lücke, A., Lumsdaine, A., Lutsenko, V., Maaßberg, H., Marchuk, O., Matthew, J.H., Marsen, S., Marushchenko, M., Masuzaki, S., Maurer, D., Mayer, M., McCarthy, K., McNeely, P., Meier, A., Mellein, D., Mendelevitch, B., Mertens, P., Mikkelsen, D., Mishchenko, A., Missal, B., Mittelstaedt, J., Mizuuchi, T., Mollen, A., Moncada, V., Mönnich, T., Morisaki, T., Moseev, D., Murakami, S., Náfrádi, G., Nagel, M., Naujoks, D., Neilson, H., Neu, R., Neubauer, O., Neuner, U., Ngo, T., Nicolai, D., Nielsen, S.K., Niemann, H., Nishizawa, T., Nocentini, R., Nührenberg, C., Nührenberg, J., Obermayer, S., Offermanns, G., Ogawa, K., Ölmanns, J., Ongena, J., Oosterbeek, J.W., Orozco, G., Otte, M., Pacios Rodriguez, L., Panadero, N., Panadero Alvarez, N., Papenfuß, D., Paqay, S., Pasch, E., Pavone, A., Pawelec, E., Pedersen, T.S., Pelka, G., Perseo, V., Peterson, B., Pilopp, D., Pingel, S., Pisano, F., Plaum, B., Plunk, G., Pölöskei, P., Porkolab, M., Proll, J., Puiatti, M.-E., Puig Sitjes, A., Purps, F., Rack, M., Récsei, S., Reiman, A., Reimold, F., Reiter, D., Remppel, F., Renard, S., Riedl, R., Riemann, J., Risse, K., Rohde, V., Röhlinger, H., Romé, M., Rondeshagen, D., Rong, P., Roth, B., Rudischhauser, L., Rummel, K., Rummel, T., Runov, A., Rust, N., Ryc, L., Ryosuke, S., Sakamoto, R., Salewski, M., Samartsev, A., Sanchez, E., Sano, F., Satake, S., Schacht, J., Satheeswaran, G., Schauer, F., Scherer, T., Schilling, J., Schlaich, A., Schlisio, G., Schluck, F., Schlüter, K.-H., Schmitt, J., Schmitz, H., Schmitz, O., Schmuck, S., Schneider, M., Schneider, W., Scholz, P., Schrittwieser, R., Schröder, M., Schröder, T., Schroeder, R., Schumacher, H., Schweer, B., Scott, E., Sereda, S., Shanahan, B., Sibilia, M., Sinha, P., Sipliä, S., Slaby, C., Sleczka, M., Smith, H., Spiess, W., Spong, D.A., Spring, A., Stadler, R., Stejner, M., Stephey, L., Stridde, U., Suzuki, C., Svensson, J., Szabó, V., Szabolics, T., Szepesi, T., Szökefalvi-Nagy, Z., Tancetti, A., Terry, J., Thomas, J., Thumm, M., Travere, J.M., Traverso, P., Tretter, J., Trimino Mora, H., Tsuchiya, H., Tsujimura, T., Tulipán, S., Unterberg, B., Vakulchyk, I., Valet, S., Vano, L., van Milligen, B., van Vuuren, A.J., Vela, L., Velasco, J.-L., Vergote, M., Vervier, M., Vianello, N., Viebke, H., Vilbrandt, R., Vorköper, A., Wadle, S., Wagner, F., Wang, E., Wang, N., Wang, Z., Warmer, F., Wauters, T., Wegener, L., Weggen, J., Wei, Y., Weir, G., Wendorf, J., Wenzel, U., Werner, A., White, A., Wiegel, B., Wilde, F., Windisch, T., Winkler, M., Winter, A., Winters, V., Wolf, S., Wolf, R.C., Wright, A., Wurden, G., Xanthopoulos, P., Yamada, H., Yamada, I., Yasuhara, R., Yokoyama, M., Zanini, M., Zarnstorff, M., Zeitler, A., Zhang, D., Zhang, H., Zhu, J., Zilker, M., Zocco, A., Zoletnik, S., Zuin, M., Klinger, T., Andreeva, T., Bozhenkov, S., Brandt, C., Burhenn, R., Buttenschön, B., Fuchert, G., Geiger, B., Grulke, O., Laqua, H.P., Pablant, N., Rahbarnia, K., Stange, T., von Stechow, A., Tamura, N., Thomsen, H., Turkin, Y., Wegner, T., Abramovic, I., Äkäslompolo, S., Alcuson, J., Aleynikov, P., Aleynikova, K., Ali, A., Alonso, A., Anda, G., Ascasibar, E., Bähner, J.P., Baek, S.G., Balden, M., Baldzuhn, J., Banduch, M., Barbui, T., Behr, W., Beidler, C., Benndorf, A., Biedermann, C., Biel, W., Blackwell, B., Blanco, E., Blatzheim, M., Ballinger, S., Bluhm, T., Böckenhoff, D., Böswirth, B., Böttger, L.-G., Borchardt, M., Borsuk, V., Boscary, J., Bosch, H.-S., Beurskens, M., Brakel, R., Brand, H., Bräuer, T., Braune, H., Brezinsek, S., Brunner, K.-J., Bussiahn, R., Bykov, V., Cai, J., Calvo, I., Cannas, B., Cappa, A., Carls, A., Carralero, D., Carraro, L., Carvalho, B., Castejon, F., Charl, A., Chaudhary, N., Chauvin, D., Chernyshev, F., Cianciosa, M., Citarella, R., Claps, G., Coenen, J., Cole, M., Cole, M.J., Cordella, F., Cseh, G., Czarnecka, A., Czerski, K., Czerwinski, M., Czymek, G., da Molin, A., da Silva, A., Damm, H., de la Pena, A., Degenkolbe, S., Dhard, C.P., Dibon, M., Dinklage, A., Dittmar, T., Drevlak, M., Drewelow, P., Drews, P., Durodie, F., Edlund, E., van Eeten, P., Effenberg, F., Ehrke, G., Elgeti, S., Endler, M., Ennis, D., Esteban, H., Estrada, T., Fellinger, J., Feng, Y., Flom, E., Fernandes, H., Fietz, W.H., Figacz, W., Fontdecaba, J., Ford, O., Fornal, T., Frerichs, H., Freund, A., Funaba, T., Galkowski, A., Gantenbein, G., Gao, Y., García Regaña, J., Gates, D., Geiger, J., Giannella, V., Gogoleva, A., Goncalves, B., Goriaev, A., Gradic, D., Grahl, M., Green, J., Greuner, H., Grosman, A., Grote, H., Gruca, M., Guerard, C., Hacker, P., Han, X., Harris, J.H., Hartmann, D., Hathiramani, D., Hein, B., Heinemann, B., Helander, P., Henneberg, S., Henkel, M., Hernandez Sanchez, J., Hidalgo, C., Hirsch, M., Hollfeld, K.P., Höfel, U., Hölting, A., Höschen, D., Houry, M., Howard, J., Huang, X., Huang, Z., Hubeny, M., Huber, M., Hunger, H., Ida, K., Ilkei, T., Illy, S., Israeli, B., Jablonski, S., Jakubowski, M., Jelonnek, J., Jenzsch, H., Jesche, T., Jia, M., Junghanns, P., Kacmarczyk, J., Kallmeyer, J.-P., Kamionka, U., Kasahara, H., Kasparek, W., Kazakov, Y.O., Kenmochi, N., Killer, C., Kirschner, A., Kleiber, R., Knauer, J., Knaup, M., Knieps, A., Kobarg, T., Kocsis, G., Köchl, F., Kolesnichenko, Y., Könies, A., König, R., Kornejew, P., Koschinsky, J.-P., Köster, F., Krämer, M., Krampitz, R., Krämer-Flecken, A., Krawczyk, N., Kremeyer, T., Krom, J., Krychowiak, M., Ksiazek, I., Kubkowska, M., Kühner, G., Kurki-Suonio, T., Kurz, P.A., Kwak, S., Landreman, M., Lang, P., Lang, R., Langenberg, A., Langish, S., Laqua, H., Laube, R., Lazerson, S., Lechte, C., Lennartz, M., Leonhardt, W., Li, C., Li, Y., Liang, Y., Linsmeier, C., Liu, S., Lobsien, J.-F., Loesser, D., Loizu Cisquella, J., Lore, J., Lorenz, A., Losert, M., Lücke, A., Lumsdaine, A., Lutsenko, V., Maaßberg, H., Marchuk, O., Matthew, J.H., Marsen, S., Marushchenko, M., Masuzaki, S., Maurer, D., Mayer, M., McCarthy, K., McNeely, P., Meier, A., Mellein, D., Mendelevitch, B., Mertens, P., Mikkelsen, D., Mishchenko, A., Missal, B., Mittelstaedt, J., Mizuuchi, T., Mollen, A., Moncada, V., Mönnich, T., Morisaki, T., Moseev, D., Murakami, S., Náfrádi, G., Nagel, M., Naujoks, D., Neilson, H., Neu, R., Neubauer, O., Neuner, U., Ngo, T., Nicolai, D., Nielsen, S.K., Niemann, H., Nishizawa, T., Nocentini, R., Nührenberg, C., Nührenberg, J., Obermayer, S., Offermanns, G., Ogawa, K., Ölmanns, J., Ongena, J., Oosterbeek, J.W., Orozco, G., Otte, M., Pacios Rodriguez, L., Panadero, N., Panadero Alvarez, N., Papenfuß, D., Paqay, S., Pasch, E., Pavone, A., Pawelec, E., Pedersen, T.S., Pelka, G., Perseo, V., Peterson, B., Pilopp, D., Pingel, S., Pisano, F., Plaum, B., Plunk, G., Pölöskei, P., Porkolab, M., Proll, J., Puiatti, M.-E., Puig Sitjes, A., Purps, F., Rack, M., Récsei, S., Reiman, A., Reimold, F., Reiter, D., Remppel, F., Renard, S., Riedl, R., Riemann, J., Risse, K., Rohde, V., Röhlinger, H., Romé, M., Rondeshagen, D., Rong, P., Roth, B., Rudischhauser, L., Rummel, K., Rummel, T., Runov, A., Rust, N., Ryc, L., Ryosuke, S., Sakamoto, R., Salewski, M., Samartsev, A., Sanchez, E., Sano, F., Satake, S., Schacht, J., Satheeswaran, G., Schauer, F., Scherer, T., Schilling, J., Schlaich, A., Schlisio, G., Schluck, F., Schlüter, K.-H., Schmitt, J., Schmitz, H., Schmitz, O., Schmuck, S., Schneider, M., Schneider, W., Scholz, P., Schrittwieser, R., Schröder, M., Schröder, T., Schroeder, R., Schumacher, H., Schweer, B., Scott, E., Sereda, S., Shanahan, B., Sibilia, M., Sinha, P., Sipliä, S., Slaby, C., Sleczka, M., Smith, H., Spiess, W., Spong, D.A., Spring, A., Stadler, R., Stejner, M., Stephey, L., Stridde, U., Suzuki, C., Svensson, J., Szabó, V., Szabolics, T., Szepesi, T., Szökefalvi-Nagy, Z., Tancetti, A., Terry, J., Thomas, J., Thumm, M., Travere, J.M., Traverso, P., Tretter, J., Trimino Mora, H., Tsuchiya, H., Tsujimura, T., Tulipán, S., Unterberg, B., Vakulchyk, I., Valet, S., Vano, L., van Milligen, B., van Vuuren, A.J., Vela, L., Velasco, J.-L., Vergote, M., Vervier, M., Vianello, N., Viebke, H., Vilbrandt, R., Vorköper, A., Wadle, S., Wagner, F., Wang, E., Wang, N., Wang, Z., Warmer, F., Wauters, T., Wegener, L., Weggen, J., Wei, Y., Weir, G., Wendorf, J., Wenzel, U., Werner, A., White, A., Wiegel, B., Wilde, F., Windisch, T., Winkler, M., Winter, A., Winters, V., Wolf, S., Wolf, R.C., Wright, A., Wurden, G., Xanthopoulos, P., Yamada, H., Yamada, I., Yasuhara, R., Yokoyama, M., Zanini, M., Zarnstorff, M., Zeitler, A., Zhang, D., Zhang, H., Zhu, J., Zilker, M., Zocco, A., Zoletnik, S., and Zuin, M.

Abstract

The optimized superconducting stellarator device Wendelstein 7-X (with major radius , minor radius , and plasma volume) restarted operation after the assembly of a graphite heat shield and 10 inertially cooled island divertor modules. This paper reports on the results from the first high-performance plasma operation. Glow discharge conditioning and ECRH conditioning discharges in helium turned out to be important for density and edge radiation control. Plasma densities of with central electron temperatures were routinely achieved with hydrogen gas fueling, frequently terminated by a radiative collapse. In a first stage, plasma densities up to were reached with hydrogen pellet injection and helium gas fueling. Here, the ions are indirectly heated, and at a central density of a temperature of with was transiently accomplished, which corresponds to with a peak diamagnetic energy of and volume-averaged normalized plasma pressure . The routine access to high plasma densities was opened with boronization of the first wall. After boronization, the oxygen impurity content was reduced by a factor of 10, the carbon impurity content by a factor of 5. The reduced (edge) plasma radiation level gives routinely access to higher densities without radiation collapse, e.g. well above line integrated density and central temperatures at moderate ECRH power. Both X2 and O2 mode ECRH schemes were successfully applied. Core turbulence was measured with a phase contrast imaging diagnostic and suppression of turbulence during pellet injection was observed.

Published
2019

8. Confirmation of the topology of the Wendelstein 7-X magnetic field to better than 1:100,000

Author

Pedersen, T, Otte, M, Lazerson, S, Helander, P, Bozhenkov, S, Biedermann, C, Klinger, T, Wolf, R, Bosch, H, Abramovic, I, Akaslompolo, S, Aleynikov, P, Aleynikova, K, Ali, A, Alonso, A, Anda, G, Andreeva, T, Ascasibar, E, Baldzuhn, J, Banduch, M, Barbui, T, Beidler, C, Benndorf, A, Beurskens, M, Biel, W, Birus, D, Blackwell, B, Blanco, E, Blatzheim, M, Bluhm, T, Bockenhoff, D, Bolgert, P, Borchardt, M, Bottger, L, Brakel, R, Brandt, C, Brauer, T, Braune, H, Burhenn, R, Buttenschon, B, Bykov, V, Calvo, I, Cappa, A, Carls, A, De Carvalho, B, Castejon, F, Cianciosa, M, Cole, M, Costea, S, Cseh, G, Czarnecka, A, Dal Molin, A, De La Cal, E, De La Pena, A, Degenkolbe, S, Dhard, C, Dinklage, A, Dostal, M, Drevlak, M, Drewelow, P, Drews, P, Dudek, A, Durodie, F, Dzikowicka, A, Von Eeten, P, Effenberg, F, Endler, M, Erckmann, V, Estrada, T, Fahrenkamp, N, Fellinger, J, Feng, Y, Figacz, W, Ford, O, Fornal, T, Frerichs, H, Fuchert, G, Garcia-Munoz, M, Geiger, B, Geiger, J, Gierse, N, Gogoleva, A, Goncalves, B, Gradic, D, Grahl, M, Gross, S, Grote, H, Grulke, O, Guerard, C, Haas, M, Harris, J, Hartfuss, H, Hartmann, D, Hathiramani, D, Hein, B, Heirnich, S, Henneberg, S, Hennig, C, Hernandez, J, Hidalgo, C, Hidalgo, U, Hirsch, M, Hofel, U, Holbe, H, Holting, A, Houry, M, Huber, V, Ionita, C, Israeli, B, Jablonski, S, Jakubowski, M, Van Vuuren, A, Jenzsch, H, Kaczmarczyk, J, Kallmeyer, J, Kamionka, U, Kasahara, H, Kenmochi, N, Kernbichler, W, Killer, C, Kinna, D, Kleiber, R, Knauer, J, Kochl, F, Kocsis, G, Kolesnichenko, Y, Konies, A, Konig, R, Kornejew, P, Koster, F, Kramer-Flecken, A, Krampitz, R, Krawzyk, N, Kremeyer, T, Krychowiak, M, Ksiazek, I, Kubkowska, M, Kuhner, G, Kurki-Suonio, T, Kurz, P, Kuttler, K, Kwak, S, Landreman, M, Langenberg, A, Lapayese, F, Laqua, H, Laube, R, Laux, M, Lentz, H, Lewerentz, M, Liang, Y, Liu, S, Lobsien, J, Cisquella, J, Lopez-Bruna, D, Lore, J, Lorenz, A, Lui, S, Lutsenko, V, Maassberg, H, Maisano-Brown, J, Marchuk, O, Marrelli, L, Marsen, S, Marushchenko, N, Masuzaki, S, Mccarthy, K, Mcneely, P, Medina, F, Milojevic, D, Mishchenko, A, Missal, B, Mittelstaedt, J, Mollen, A, Moncada, V, Monnich, T, Moseev, D, Nagel, M, Naujoks, D, Neilson, G, Neubauer, O, Neuner, U, Ngo, T, Niemann, H, Nuhrenberg, C, Nuhrenberg, J, Ochando, M, Ogawa, K, Ongena, J, Oosterbeek, H, Pablant, N, Pacella, D, Pacios, L, Panadero, N, Pasch, E, Pastor, I, Pavone, A, Pawelec, E, Pedrosa, A, Perseo, V, Peterson, B, Pilopp, D, Pisano, F, Piulatti, M, Plunk, G, Preynas, M, Proll, J, Sitjes, A, Purps, F, Rack, M, Rahbarnia, K, Riemann, J, Risse, K, Rong, P, Rosenberger, J, Rudischhauser, L, Rummel, K, Rummel, T, Runov, A, Rust, N, Ryc, L, Saitoh, H, Satake, S, Schacht, J, Schmitz, O, Schmuck, S, Schneider, B, Schneider, M, Schneider, W, Schrittwieser, R, Schroder, M, Schroder, T, Schroder, R, Schumacher, H, Schweer, B, Seki, R, Sinha, P, Sipilae, S, Slaby, C, Smith, H, Sousa, J, Spring, A, Standley, B, Stange, T, Von Stechow, A, Stephey, L, Stoneking, M, Stridde, U, Suzuki, Y, Svensson, J, Szabolics, T, Szepesi, T, Thomsen, H, Travere, J, Traverso, P, Mora, H, Tsuchiya, H, Tsuijmura, T, Turkin, Y, Valet, S, Van Milligen, B, Vela, L, Velasco, J, Vergote, M, Vervier, M, Viebke, H, Vilbrandt, R, Von Thun, C, Wagner, F, Wang, E, Wang, N, Warmer, F, Wauters, T, Wegener, L, Wegner, T, Weir, G, Wendorf, J, Wenzel, U, Werner, A, Wie, Y, Wiegel, B, Wilde, F, Windisch, T, Winkler, M, Winters, V, Wright, A, Wurden, G, Xanthopoulos, P, Yamada, I, Yasuhara, R, Yokoyama, M, Zhang, D, Zilker, M, Zimbal, A, Zocco, A, Zoletnik, S, Pedersen T. S., Otte M., Lazerson S., Helander P., Bozhenkov S., Biedermann C., Klinger T., Wolf R. C., Bosch H. -S., Abramovic I., Akaslompolo S., Aleynikov P., Aleynikova K., Ali A., Alonso A., Anda G., Andreeva T., Ascasibar E., Baldzuhn J., Banduch M., Barbui T., Beidler C., Benndorf A., Beurskens M., Biel W., Birus D., Blackwell B., Blanco E., Blatzheim M., Bluhm T., Bockenhoff D., Bolgert P., Borchardt M., Bottger L. -G., Brakel R., Brandt C., Brauer T., Braune H., Burhenn R., Buttenschon B., Bykov V., Calvo I., Cappa A., Carls A., De Carvalho B. B., Castejon F., Cianciosa M., Cole M., Costea S., Cseh G., Czarnecka A., Dal Molin A., De La Cal E., De La Pena A., Degenkolbe S., Dhard C. P., Dinklage A., Dostal M., Drevlak M., Drewelow P., Drews P., Dudek A., Durodie F., Dzikowicka A., Von Eeten P., Effenberg F., Endler M., Erckmann V., Estrada T., Fahrenkamp N., Fellinger J., Feng Y., Figacz W., Ford O., Fornal T., Frerichs H., Fuchert G., Garcia-Munoz M., Geiger B., Geiger J., Gierse N., Gogoleva A., Goncalves B., Gradic D., Grahl M., Gross S., Grote H., Grulke O., Guerard C., Haas M., Harris J., Hartfuss H. -J., Hartmann D., Hathiramani D., Hein B., Heirnich S., Henneberg S., Hennig C., Hernandez J., Hidalgo C., Hidalgo U., Hirsch M., Hofel U., Holbe H., Holting A., Houry M., Huber V., Ionita C., Israeli B., Jablonski S., Jakubowski M., Van Vuuren A. J., Jenzsch H., Kaczmarczyk J., Kallmeyer J. -P., Kamionka U., Kasahara H., Kenmochi N., Kernbichler W., Killer C., Kinna D., Kleiber R., Knauer J., Kochl F., Kocsis G., Kolesnichenko Y., Konies A., Konig R., Kornejew P., Koster F., Kramer-Flecken A., Krampitz R., Krawzyk N., Kremeyer T., Krychowiak M., Ksiazek I., Kubkowska M., Kuhner G., Kurki-Suonio T., Kurz P., Kuttler K., Kwak S., Landreman M., Langenberg A., Lapayese F., Laqua H., Laqua H. -P., Laube R., Laux M., Lentz H., Lewerentz M., Liang Y., Liu S., Lobsien J. -F., Cisquella J. L., Lopez-Bruna D., Lore J., Lorenz A., Lui S., Lutsenko V., Maassberg H., Maisano-Brown J., Marchuk O., Marrelli L., Marsen S., Marushchenko N., Masuzaki S., McCarthy K., McNeely P., Medina F., Milojevic D., Mishchenko A., Missal B., Mittelstaedt J., Mollen A., Moncada V., Monnich T., Moseev D., Nagel M., Naujoks D., Neilson G. H., Neubauer O., Neuner U., Ngo T. -T., Niemann H., Nuhrenberg C., Nuhrenberg J., Ochando M., Ogawa K., Ongena J., Oosterbeek H., Pablant N., Pacella D., Pacios L., Panadero N., Pasch E., Pastor I., Pavone A., Pawelec E., Pedrosa A., Perseo V., Peterson B., Pilopp D., Pisano F., Piulatti M. E., Plunk G., Preynas M., Proll J., Sitjes A. P., Purps F., Rack M., Rahbarnia K., Riemann J., Risse K., Rong P., Rosenberger J., Rudischhauser L., Rummel K., Rummel T., Runov A., Rust N., Ryc L., Saitoh H., Satake S., Schacht J., Schmitz O., Schmuck S., Schneider B., Schneider M., Schneider W., Schrittwieser R., Schroder M., Schroder T., Schroder R., Schumacher H. W., Schweer B., Seki R., Sinha P., Sipilae S., Slaby C., Smith H., Sousa J., Spring A., Standley B., Stange T., Von Stechow A., Stephey L., Stoneking M., Stridde U., Suzuki Y., Svensson J., Szabolics T., Szepesi T., Thomsen H., Travere J. -M., Traverso P., Mora H. T., Tsuchiya H., Tsuijmura T., Turkin Y., Valet S., Van Milligen B., Vela L., Velasco J. -L., Vergote M., Vervier M., Viebke H., Vilbrandt R., Von Thun C. P., Wagner F., Wang E., Wang N., Warmer F., Wauters T., Wegener L., Wegner T., Weir G., Wendorf J., Wenzel U., Werner A., Wie Y., Wiegel B., Wilde F., Windisch T., Winkler M., Winters V., Wright A., Wurden G., Xanthopoulos P., Yamada I., Yasuhara R., Yokoyama M., Zhang D., Zilker M., Zimbal A., Zocco A., Zoletnik S., Pedersen, T, Otte, M, Lazerson, S, Helander, P, Bozhenkov, S, Biedermann, C, Klinger, T, Wolf, R, Bosch, H, Abramovic, I, Akaslompolo, S, Aleynikov, P, Aleynikova, K, Ali, A, Alonso, A, Anda, G, Andreeva, T, Ascasibar, E, Baldzuhn, J, Banduch, M, Barbui, T, Beidler, C, Benndorf, A, Beurskens, M, Biel, W, Birus, D, Blackwell, B, Blanco, E, Blatzheim, M, Bluhm, T, Bockenhoff, D, Bolgert, P, Borchardt, M, Bottger, L, Brakel, R, Brandt, C, Brauer, T, Braune, H, Burhenn, R, Buttenschon, B, Bykov, V, Calvo, I, Cappa, A, Carls, A, De Carvalho, B, Castejon, F, Cianciosa, M, Cole, M, Costea, S, Cseh, G, Czarnecka, A, Dal Molin, A, De La Cal, E, De La Pena, A, Degenkolbe, S, Dhard, C, Dinklage, A, Dostal, M, Drevlak, M, Drewelow, P, Drews, P, Dudek, A, Durodie, F, Dzikowicka, A, Von Eeten, P, Effenberg, F, Endler, M, Erckmann, V, Estrada, T, Fahrenkamp, N, Fellinger, J, Feng, Y, Figacz, W, Ford, O, Fornal, T, Frerichs, H, Fuchert, G, Garcia-Munoz, M, Geiger, B, Geiger, J, Gierse, N, Gogoleva, A, Goncalves, B, Gradic, D, Grahl, M, Gross, S, Grote, H, Grulke, O, Guerard, C, Haas, M, Harris, J, Hartfuss, H, Hartmann, D, Hathiramani, D, Hein, B, Heirnich, S, Henneberg, S, Hennig, C, Hernandez, J, Hidalgo, C, Hidalgo, U, Hirsch, M, Hofel, U, Holbe, H, Holting, A, Houry, M, Huber, V, Ionita, C, Israeli, B, Jablonski, S, Jakubowski, M, Van Vuuren, A, Jenzsch, H, Kaczmarczyk, J, Kallmeyer, J, Kamionka, U, Kasahara, H, Kenmochi, N, Kernbichler, W, Killer, C, Kinna, D, Kleiber, R, Knauer, J, Kochl, F, Kocsis, G, Kolesnichenko, Y, Konies, A, Konig, R, Kornejew, P, Koster, F, Kramer-Flecken, A, Krampitz, R, Krawzyk, N, Kremeyer, T, Krychowiak, M, Ksiazek, I, Kubkowska, M, Kuhner, G, Kurki-Suonio, T, Kurz, P, Kuttler, K, Kwak, S, Landreman, M, Langenberg, A, Lapayese, F, Laqua, H, Laube, R, Laux, M, Lentz, H, Lewerentz, M, Liang, Y, Liu, S, Lobsien, J, Cisquella, J, Lopez-Bruna, D, Lore, J, Lorenz, A, Lui, S, Lutsenko, V, Maassberg, H, Maisano-Brown, J, Marchuk, O, Marrelli, L, Marsen, S, Marushchenko, N, Masuzaki, S, Mccarthy, K, Mcneely, P, Medina, F, Milojevic, D, Mishchenko, A, Missal, B, Mittelstaedt, J, Mollen, A, Moncada, V, Monnich, T, Moseev, D, Nagel, M, Naujoks, D, Neilson, G, Neubauer, O, Neuner, U, Ngo, T, Niemann, H, Nuhrenberg, C, Nuhrenberg, J, Ochando, M, Ogawa, K, Ongena, J, Oosterbeek, H, Pablant, N, Pacella, D, Pacios, L, Panadero, N, Pasch, E, Pastor, I, Pavone, A, Pawelec, E, Pedrosa, A, Perseo, V, Peterson, B, Pilopp, D, Pisano, F, Piulatti, M, Plunk, G, Preynas, M, Proll, J, Sitjes, A, Purps, F, Rack, M, Rahbarnia, K, Riemann, J, Risse, K, Rong, P, Rosenberger, J, Rudischhauser, L, Rummel, K, Rummel, T, Runov, A, Rust, N, Ryc, L, Saitoh, H, Satake, S, Schacht, J, Schmitz, O, Schmuck, S, Schneider, B, Schneider, M, Schneider, W, Schrittwieser, R, Schroder, M, Schroder, T, Schroder, R, Schumacher, H, Schweer, B, Seki, R, Sinha, P, Sipilae, S, Slaby, C, Smith, H, Sousa, J, Spring, A, Standley, B, Stange, T, Von Stechow, A, Stephey, L, Stoneking, M, Stridde, U, Suzuki, Y, Svensson, J, Szabolics, T, Szepesi, T, Thomsen, H, Travere, J, Traverso, P, Mora, H, Tsuchiya, H, Tsuijmura, T, Turkin, Y, Valet, S, Van Milligen, B, Vela, L, Velasco, J, Vergote, M, Vervier, M, Viebke, H, Vilbrandt, R, Von Thun, C, Wagner, F, Wang, E, Wang, N, Warmer, F, Wauters, T, Wegener, L, Wegner, T, Weir, G, Wendorf, J, Wenzel, U, Werner, A, Wie, Y, Wiegel, B, Wilde, F, Windisch, T, Winkler, M, Winters, V, Wright, A, Wurden, G, Xanthopoulos, P, Yamada, I, Yasuhara, R, Yokoyama, M, Zhang, D, Zilker, M, Zimbal, A, Zocco, A, Zoletnik, S, Pedersen T. S., Otte M., Lazerson S., Helander P., Bozhenkov S., Biedermann C., Klinger T., Wolf R. C., Bosch H. -S., Abramovic I., Akaslompolo S., Aleynikov P., Aleynikova K., Ali A., Alonso A., Anda G., Andreeva T., Ascasibar E., Baldzuhn J., Banduch M., Barbui T., Beidler C., Benndorf A., Beurskens M., Biel W., Birus D., Blackwell B., Blanco E., Blatzheim M., Bluhm T., Bockenhoff D., Bolgert P., Borchardt M., Bottger L. -G., Brakel R., Brandt C., Brauer T., Braune H., Burhenn R., Buttenschon B., Bykov V., Calvo I., Cappa A., Carls A., De Carvalho B. B., Castejon F., Cianciosa M., Cole M., Costea S., Cseh G., Czarnecka A., Dal Molin A., De La Cal E., De La Pena A., Degenkolbe S., Dhard C. P., Dinklage A., Dostal M., Drevlak M., Drewelow P., Drews P., Dudek A., Durodie F., Dzikowicka A., Von Eeten P., Effenberg F., Endler M., Erckmann V., Estrada T., Fahrenkamp N., Fellinger J., Feng Y., Figacz W., Ford O., Fornal T., Frerichs H., Fuchert G., Garcia-Munoz M., Geiger B., Geiger J., Gierse N., Gogoleva A., Goncalves B., Gradic D., Grahl M., Gross S., Grote H., Grulke O., Guerard C., Haas M., Harris J., Hartfuss H. -J., Hartmann D., Hathiramani D., Hein B., Heirnich S., Henneberg S., Hennig C., Hernandez J., Hidalgo C., Hidalgo U., Hirsch M., Hofel U., Holbe H., Holting A., Houry M., Huber V., Ionita C., Israeli B., Jablonski S., Jakubowski M., Van Vuuren A. J., Jenzsch H., Kaczmarczyk J., Kallmeyer J. -P., Kamionka U., Kasahara H., Kenmochi N., Kernbichler W., Killer C., Kinna D., Kleiber R., Knauer J., Kochl F., Kocsis G., Kolesnichenko Y., Konies A., Konig R., Kornejew P., Koster F., Kramer-Flecken A., Krampitz R., Krawzyk N., Kremeyer T., Krychowiak M., Ksiazek I., Kubkowska M., Kuhner G., Kurki-Suonio T., Kurz P., Kuttler K., Kwak S., Landreman M., Langenberg A., Lapayese F., Laqua H., Laqua H. -P., Laube R., Laux M., Lentz H., Lewerentz M., Liang Y., Liu S., Lobsien J. -F., Cisquella J. L., Lopez-Bruna D., Lore J., Lorenz A., Lui S., Lutsenko V., Maassberg H., Maisano-Brown J., Marchuk O., Marrelli L., Marsen S., Marushchenko N., Masuzaki S., McCarthy K., McNeely P., Medina F., Milojevic D., Mishchenko A., Missal B., Mittelstaedt J., Mollen A., Moncada V., Monnich T., Moseev D., Nagel M., Naujoks D., Neilson G. H., Neubauer O., Neuner U., Ngo T. -T., Niemann H., Nuhrenberg C., Nuhrenberg J., Ochando M., Ogawa K., Ongena J., Oosterbeek H., Pablant N., Pacella D., Pacios L., Panadero N., Pasch E., Pastor I., Pavone A., Pawelec E., Pedrosa A., Perseo V., Peterson B., Pilopp D., Pisano F., Piulatti M. E., Plunk G., Preynas M., Proll J., Sitjes A. P., Purps F., Rack M., Rahbarnia K., Riemann J., Risse K., Rong P., Rosenberger J., Rudischhauser L., Rummel K., Rummel T., Runov A., Rust N., Ryc L., Saitoh H., Satake S., Schacht J., Schmitz O., Schmuck S., Schneider B., Schneider M., Schneider W., Schrittwieser R., Schroder M., Schroder T., Schroder R., Schumacher H. W., Schweer B., Seki R., Sinha P., Sipilae S., Slaby C., Smith H., Sousa J., Spring A., Standley B., Stange T., Von Stechow A., Stephey L., Stoneking M., Stridde U., Suzuki Y., Svensson J., Szabolics T., Szepesi T., Thomsen H., Travere J. -M., Traverso P., Mora H. T., Tsuchiya H., Tsuijmura T., Turkin Y., Valet S., Van Milligen B., Vela L., Velasco J. -L., Vergote M., Vervier M., Viebke H., Vilbrandt R., Von Thun C. P., Wagner F., Wang E., Wang N., Warmer F., Wauters T., Wegener L., Wegner T., Weir G., Wendorf J., Wenzel U., Werner A., Wie Y., Wiegel B., Wilde F., Windisch T., Winkler M., Winters V., Wright A., Wurden G., Xanthopoulos P., Yamada I., Yasuhara R., Yokoyama M., Zhang D., Zilker M., Zimbal A., Zocco A., and Zoletnik S.

Abstract

Fusion energy research has in the past 40 years focused primarily on the tokamak concept, but recent advances in plasma theory and computational power have led to renewed interest in stellarators. The largest and most sophisticated stellarator in the world, Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X), has just started operation, with the aim to show that the earlier weaknesses of this concept have been addressed successfully, and that the intrinsic advantages of the concept persist, also at plasma parameters approaching those of a future fusion power plant. Here we show the first physics results, obtained before plasma operation: that the carefully tailored topology of nested magnetic surfaces needed for good confinement is realized, and that the measured deviations are smaller than one part in 100,000. This is a significant step forward in stellarator research, since it shows that the complicated and delicate magnetic topology can be created and verified with the required accuracy.

Published
2016

9. Magnetic configuration effects on the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator

Author

Dinklage A., Beidler C.D., Helander P., Fuchert G., Maassberg H., Rahbarnia K., Sunn Pedersen T., Turkin Y., Wolf R.C., Alonso A., Andreeva T., Blackwell B., Bozhenkov S., Buttenschon B., Czarnecka A., Effenberg F., Feng Y., Geiger J., Hirsch M., Hofel U., Jakubowski M., Klinger T., Knauer J., Kocsis G., Kramer-Flecken A., Kubkowska M., Langenberg A., Laqua H.P., Marushchenko N., Mollen A., Neuner U., Niemann H., Pasch E., Pablant N., Rudischhauser L., Smith H.M., Schmitz O., Stange T., Szepesi T., Weir G., Windisch T., Wurden G.A., Zhang D., Abramovic I., Akaslompolo S., Ali A., Belloso J.A., Aleynikov P., Aleynikova K., Alzbutas R., Anda G., Ascasibar E., Assmann J., Baek S.-G., Baldzuhn J., Banduch M., Barbui T., Barlak M., Baumann K., Behr W., Beidler C., Benndorf A., Bertuch O., Beurskens M., Biedermann C., Biel W., Birus D., Blanco E., Blatzheim M., Bluhm T., Bockenhoff D., Bolgert P., Borchardt M., Borsuk V., Boscary J., Bosch H.-S., Bottger L.-G., Brakel R., Brand H., Brandt C., Brauer T., Braune H., Brezinsek S., Brunner K.-J., Brunner B., Burhenn R., Bussiahn R., Bykov V., Cai Y., Calvo I., Cannas B., Cappa A., Card A., Carls A., Carraro L., Carvalho B., Castejon F., Charl A., Chernyshev F., Cianciosa M., Citarella R., Ciupinski L., Claps G., Cole M.J., Cordella F., Cseh G., Czermak A., Czerski K., Czerwinski M., Czymek G., da Molin A., da Silva A., Dammertz G., de la Pena A., Degenkolbe S., Denner P., Dittmar T., Dhard C.P., Dostal M., Drevlak M., Drewelow P., Drews P., Dudek A., Dundulis G., Durodie F., van Eeten P., Ehrke G., Endler M., Ennis D., Erckmann E., Esteban H., Estrada T., Fahrenkamp N., Feist J.-H., Fellinger J., Fernandes H., Fietz W.H., Figacz W., Fontdecaba J., Ford O., Fornal T., Frerichs H., Freund A., Fuhrer M., Funaba T., Galkowski A., Gantenbein G., Gao Y., Regana J.G., Garcia-Munoz M., Gates D., Gawlik G., Geiger B., Giannella V., Gierse N., Gogoleva A., Goncalves B., Goriaev A., Gradic D., Grahl M., Green J., Grosman A., Grote H., Gruca M., Grulke O., Guerard C., Hacker P., Haiduk L., Hammond K., Han X., Harberts F., Harris J.H., Hartfuss H.-J., Hartmann D., Hathiramani D., Hein B., Heinemann B., Heitzenroeder P., Henneberg S., Hennig C., Sanchez J.H., Hidalgo C., Holbe H., Hollfeld K.P., Holting A., Hoschen D., Houry M., Howard J., Huang X., Huber M., Huber V., Hunger H., Ida K., Ilkei T., Illy S., Israeli B., Ivanov A., Jablonski S., Jagielski J., Jelonnek J., Jenzsch H., Junghans P., Kacmarczyk J., Kaliatka T., Kallmeyer J.-P., Kamionka U., Karalevicius R., Kasahara H., Kasparek W., Kazakov Y., Kenmochi N., Keunecke M., Khilchenko A., Killer C., Kinna D., Kleiber R., Knaup M., Knieps A., Kobarg T., Kochl F., Kolesnichenko Y., Konies A., Koppen M., Koshurinov J., Koslowski R., Konig R., Koster F., Kornejew P., Koziol R., Kramer M., Krampitz R., Kraszewsk P., Krawczyk N., Kremeyer T., Krings T., Krom J., Krychowiak M., Krzesinski G., Ksiazek I., Kuhner G., Kurki-Suonio T., Kwak S., Landreman M., Lang R., Langish S., Laqua H., Laube R., Lazerson S., Lechte C., Lennartz M., Leonhardt W., Lewerentz L., Liang Y., Linsmeier C., Liu S., Lobsien J.-F., Loesser D., Cisquella J.L., Lore J., Lorenz A., Losert M., Lubyako L., Lucke A., Lumsdaine A., Lutsenko V., Maisano-Brown J., Marchuk O., Mardenfeld M., Marek P., Marsen S., Marushchenko M., Masuzaki S., Maurer D., McCarthy K., McNeely P., Meier A., Mellein D., Mendelevitch B., Mertens P., Mikkelsen D., Mishchenko O., Missal B., Mittelstaedt J., Mizuuchi T., Moncada V., Monnich T., Morisaki T., Moseev D., Munk R., Murakami S., Musielok F., Nafradi G., Nagel M., Naujoks D., Neilson H., Neubauer O., Ngo T., Nocentini R., Nuhrenberg C., Nuhrenberg J., Obermayer S., Offermanns G., Ogawa K., Ongena J., Oosterbeek J.W., Orozco G., Otte M., Rodriguez L.P., Pan W., Panadero N., Alvarez N.P., Panin A., Papenfuss D., Paqay S., Pavone A., Pawelec E., Pelka G., Peng X., Perseo V., Peterson B., Pieper A., Pilopp D., Pingel S., Pisano F., Plaum B., Plunk G., Povilaitis M., Preinhaelter J., Proll J., Puiatti M.-E., Sitjes A.P., Purps F., Rack M., Recsei S., Reiman A., Reiter D., Remppel F., Renard S., Riedl R., Riemann J., Rimkevicius S., Risse K., Rodatos A., Rohlinger H., Rome M., Rong P., Roscher H.-J., Roth B., Rummel K., Rummel T., Runov A., Rust N., Ryc L., Ryosuke S., Sakamoto R., Samartsev A., Sanchez M., Sano F., Satake S., Satheeswaran G., Schacht J., Schauer F., Scherer T., Schlaich A., Schlisio G., Schluter K.-H., Schmitt J., Schmitz H., Schmuck S., Schneider M., Schneider W., Scholz M., Scholz P., Schrittwieser R., Schroder M., Schroder T., Schroeder R., Schumacher H., Schweer B., Shanahan B., Shikhovtsev I.V., Sibilia M., Sinha P., Siplia S., Skodzik J., Slaby C., Smith H., Spiess W., Spong D.A., Spring A., Stadler R., Standley B., Stephey L., Stoneking M., Stridde U., Sulek Z., Pedersen T.S., Suzuki Y., Svensson J., Szabo V., Szabolics T., Szokefalvi-Nagy Z., Tamura N., Terra A., Terry J., Thomas J., Thomsen H., Thumm M., von Thun C.P., Timmermann D., Titus P., Toi K., Travere J.M., Traverso P., Tretter J., Mora H.T., Tsuchiya H., Tsujimura T., Tulipan S., Turnyanskiy M., Unterberg B., Urban J., Urbonavicius E., Vakulchyk I., Valet S., van Milligen B., Vela L., Velasco J.-L., Vergote M., Vervier M., Vianello N., Viebke H., Vilbrandt R., Vorkorper A., Wadle S., Wang E., Wang N., Warmer F., Wauters T., Wegener L., Weggen J., Wegner T., Wei Y., Wendorf J., Wenzel U., Wiegel B., Wilde F., Winkler E., Winters V., Wolf R., Wolf S., Wolowski J., Wright A., Wurden G., Xanthopoulos P., Yamada H., Yamada I., Yasuhara R., Yokoyama M., Zajac J., Zarnstorff M., Zeitler A., Zhang H., Zhu J., Zilker M., Zimbal A., Zocco A., Zoletnik S., Zuin M., W7-X Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, and Turbulence in Fusion Plasmas

Subjects
Physics, Tokamak, Field (physics), General Physics and Astronomy, Plasma, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Bootstrap current, Computational physics, Magnetic field, law.invention, Magnetic mirror, Wendelstein 7-X stellarator, Physics and Astronomy (all), law, Physics::Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Wendelstein 7-X plasmas, Wendelstein 7-X, 010306 general physics, Stellarator
Abstract

The two leading concepts for confining high-temperature fusion plasmas are the tokamak and the stellarator. Tokamaks are rotationally symmetric and use a large plasma current to achieve confinement, whereas stellarators are non-axisymmetric and employ three-dimensionally shaped magnetic field coils to twist the field and confine the plasma. As a result, the magnetic field of a stellarator needs to be carefully designed to minimize the collisional transport arising from poorly confined particle orbits, which would otherwise cause excessive power losses at high plasma temperatures. In addition, this type of transport leads to the appearance of a net toroidal plasma current, the so-called bootstrap current. Here, we analyse results from the first experimental campaign of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator, showing that its magnetic-field design allows good control of bootstrap currents and collisional transport. The energy confinement time is among the best ever achieved in stellarators, both in absolute figures (τE > 100 ms) and relative to the stellarator confinement scaling. The bootstrap current responds as predicted to changes in the magnetic mirror ratio. These initial experiments confirm several theoretically predicted properties of Wendelstein 7-X plasmas, and already indicate consistency with optimization measures. Results from the first experimental campaign of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator demonstrate that its magnetic-field design grants good control of parasitic plasma currents, leading to long energy confinement times.

Published
2018
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10. Galactic cosmic ray abundances and spectra behind defined shielding

Author

Heinrich, W, Benton, E. V, Wiegel, B, Zens, R, and Rusch, G

Subjects
Space Radiation
Abstract

Linear Energy Transfer (LET) spectra have been measured for lunar missions and for several near Earth orbits ranging from 28 deg to 83 deg inclination. In some of the experiments the flux of Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) was determined separately from contributions caused by interactions in the detector material. Results of these experiments are compared to model calculations. The general agreement justifies the use of the model to calculate GCR fluxes. The magnitude of variations caused by solar modulation, geomagnetic shielding, and shielding by matter determined from calculated LET spectra is generally in agreement with experimental data. However, more detailed investigations show that there are some weak points in modeling solar modulation and shielding by material. These points are discussed in more detail.

Published
1994
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11. Ionizing radiation exposure of LDEF (pre-recovery estimates)

Author

Benton, E. V, Heinrich, W, Parnell, T. A, Armstrong, T. W, Derrickson, J. H, Fishman, G. J, Frank, A. L, Watts, J. W. Jr, and Wiegel, B

Subjects
Aerospace Medicine
Abstract

The long duration exposure facility (LDEF), launched into a 258 nautical mile orbit with an inclination of 28.5 degrees, remained in space for nearly 6 yr. The 21,500 lb NASA satellite was one of the largest payloads ever deployed by the Space Shuttle. LDEF completed 32,422 orbits and carried 57 major experiments representing more than 200 investigators from 33 private companies, 21 universities and nine countries. The experiments covered a wide range of disciplines including basic science, electronics, optics, materials, structures and power and propulsion. A number of the experiments were specifically designed to measure the radiation environment. These experiments are of specific interest, since the LDEF orbit is essentially the same as that of the Space Station Freedom. Consequently, the radiation measurements on LDEF will play a significant role in the design of radiation shielding of the space station. The contributions of the various authors presented here attempt to predict the major aspects of the radiation exposure received by the various LDEF experiments and therefore should be helpful to investigators who are in the process of analyzing experiments which may have been affected by exposure to ionizing radiation. The paper discusses the various types and sources of ionizing radiation including cosmic rays, trapped particles (both protons and electrons) and secondary particles (including neutrons, spallation products and high-LET recoils), as well as doses and LET spectra as a function of shielding. Projections of the induced radioactivity of LDEF are also discussed.

Published
1992
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12. Measurements of LET spectra and comparison to models

Author

Wiegel, B, Heinrich, W, Benton, E. V, and Frank, A

Subjects
Space Radiation
Abstract

Measurements of LET spectra for near-earth orbits with various inclinations and altitudes are presented. A comparison with calculated LET spectra shows that the contribution from direct ionizing galactic cosmic rays is well described by the models. An additional contribution to the spectra originates from stopping protons and from nuclear interactions of particles with material. In the case of an interaction, a large amount of energy is deposited in a small volume by target recoils or target fragments. These events will be called short range (SR) events. For a low-inclination orbit radiation belt protons are the main source of these events while galactic protons become more important when increasing the inclination to near-polar orbits. It is shown that the contribution of SR events for orbits with low altitude (324 km) and 57-deg inclination is comparable to that for an orbit with 28-deg inclination at a high altitude (510 km).

Published
1992
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13. Confirmation of the topology of the Wendelstein 7-X magnetic field to better than 1:100,000

Author

Pedersen T. S., Otte M., Lazerson S., Helander P., Bozhenkov S., Biedermann C., Klinger T., Wolf R. C., Bosch H. -S., Abramovic I., Akaslompolo S., Aleynikov P., Aleynikova K., Ali A., Alonso A., Anda G., Andreeva T., Ascasibar E., Baldzuhn J., Banduch M., Barbui T., Beidler C., Benndorf A., Beurskens M., Biel W., Birus D., Blackwell B., Blanco E., Blatzheim M., Bluhm T., Bockenhoff D., Bolgert P., Borchardt M., Bottger L. -G., Brakel R., Brandt C., Brauer T., Braune H., Burhenn R., Buttenschon B., Bykov V., Calvo I., Cappa A., Carls A., De Carvalho B. B., Castejon F., Cianciosa M., Cole M., Costea S., Cseh G., Czarnecka A., Dal Molin A., De La Cal E., De La Pena A., Degenkolbe S., Dhard C. P., Dinklage A., Dostal M., Drevlak M., Drewelow P., Drews P., Dudek A., Durodie F., Dzikowicka A., Von Eeten P., Effenberg F., Endler M., Erckmann V., Estrada T., Fahrenkamp N., Fellinger J., Feng Y., Figacz W., Ford O., Fornal T., Frerichs H., Fuchert G., Garcia-Munoz M., Geiger B., Geiger J., Gierse N., Gogoleva A., Goncalves B., Gradic D., Grahl M., Gross S., Grote H., Grulke O., Guerard C., Haas M., Harris J., Hartfuss H. -J., Hartmann D., Hathiramani D., Hein B., Heirnich S., Henneberg S., Hennig C., Hernandez J., Hidalgo C., Hidalgo U., Hirsch M., Hofel U., Holbe H., Holting A., Houry M., Huber V., Ionita C., Israeli B., Jablonski S., Jakubowski M., Van Vuuren A. J., Jenzsch H., Kaczmarczyk J., Kallmeyer J. -P., Kamionka U., Kasahara H., Kenmochi N., Kernbichler W., Killer C., Kinna D., Kleiber R., Knauer J., Kochl F., Kocsis G., Kolesnichenko Y., Konies A., Konig R., Kornejew P., Koster F., Kramer-Flecken A., Krampitz R., Krawzyk N., Kremeyer T., Krychowiak M., Ksiazek I., Kubkowska M., Kuhner G., Kurki-Suonio T., Kurz P., Kuttler K., Kwak S., Landreman M., Langenberg A., Lapayese F., Laqua H., Laqua H. -P., Laube R., Laux M., Lentz H., Lewerentz M., Liang Y., Liu S., Lobsien J. -F., Cisquella J. L., Lopez-Bruna D., Lore J., Lorenz A., Lui S., Lutsenko V., Maassberg H., Maisano-Brown J., Marchuk O., Marrelli L., Marsen S., Marushchenko N., Masuzaki S., McCarthy K., McNeely P., Medina F., Milojevic D., Mishchenko A., Missal B., Mittelstaedt J., Mollen A., Moncada V., Monnich T., Moseev D., Nagel M., Naujoks D., Neilson G. H., Neubauer O., Neuner U., Ngo T. -T., Niemann H., Nuhrenberg C., Nuhrenberg J., Ochando M., Ogawa K., Ongena J., Oosterbeek H., Pablant N., Pacella D., Pacios L., Panadero N., Pasch E., Pastor I., Pavone A., Pawelec E., Pedrosa A., Perseo V., Peterson B., Pilopp D., Pisano F., Piulatti M. E., Plunk G., Preynas M., Proll J., Sitjes A. P., Purps F., Rack M., Rahbarnia K., Riemann J., Risse K., Rong P., Rosenberger J., Rudischhauser L., Rummel K., Rummel T., Runov A., Rust N., Ryc L., Saitoh H., Satake S., Schacht J., Schmitz O., Schmuck S., Schneider B., Schneider M., Schneider W., Schrittwieser R., Schroder M., Schroder T., Schroder R., Schumacher H. W., Schweer B., Seki R., Sinha P., Sipilae S., Slaby C., Smith H., Sousa J., Spring A., Standley B., Stange T., Von Stechow A., Stephey L., Stoneking M., Stridde U., Suzuki Y., Svensson J., Szabolics T., Szepesi T., Thomsen H., Travere J. -M., Traverso P., Mora H. T., Tsuchiya H., Tsuijmura T., Turkin Y., Valet S., Van Milligen B., Vela L., Velasco J. -L., Vergote M., Vervier M., Viebke H., Vilbrandt R., Von Thun C. P., Wagner F., Wang E., Wang N., Warmer F., Wauters T., Wegener L., Wegner T., Weir G., Wendorf J., Wenzel U., Werner A., Wie Y., Wiegel B., Wilde F., Windisch T., Winkler M., Winters V., Wright A., Wurden G., Xanthopoulos P., Yamada I., Yasuhara R., Yokoyama M., Zhang D., Zilker M., Zimbal A., Zocco A., Zoletnik S., W7-X Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics, Maisano-Brown, Jeannette D., Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, Pedersen, T, Otte, M, Lazerson, S, Helander, P, Bozhenkov, S, Biedermann, C, Klinger, T, Wolf, R, Bosch, H, Abramovic, I, Akaslompolo, S, Aleynikov, P, Aleynikova, K, Ali, A, Alonso, A, Anda, G, Andreeva, T, Ascasibar, E, Baldzuhn, J, Banduch, M, Barbui, T, Beidler, C, Benndorf, A, Beurskens, M, Biel, W, Birus, D, Blackwell, B, Blanco, E, Blatzheim, M, Bluhm, T, Bockenhoff, D, Bolgert, P, Borchardt, M, Bottger, L, Brakel, R, Brandt, C, Brauer, T, Braune, H, Burhenn, R, Buttenschon, B, Bykov, V, Calvo, I, Cappa, A, Carls, A, De Carvalho, B, Castejon, F, Cianciosa, M, Cole, M, Costea, S, Cseh, G, Czarnecka, A, Dal Molin, A, De La Cal, E, De La Pena, A, Degenkolbe, S, Dhard, C, Dinklage, A, Dostal, M, Drevlak, M, Drewelow, P, Drews, P, Dudek, A, Durodie, F, Dzikowicka, A, Von Eeten, P, Effenberg, F, Endler, M, Erckmann, V, Estrada, T, Fahrenkamp, N, Fellinger, J, Feng, Y, Figacz, W, Ford, O, Fornal, T, Frerichs, H, Fuchert, G, Garcia-Munoz, M, Geiger, B, Geiger, J, Gierse, N, Gogoleva, A, Goncalves, B, Gradic, D, Grahl, M, Gross, S, Grote, H, Grulke, O, Guerard, C, Haas, M, Harris, J, Hartfuss, H, Hartmann, D, Hathiramani, D, Hein, B, Heirnich, S, Henneberg, S, Hennig, C, Hernandez, J, Hidalgo, C, Hidalgo, U, Hirsch, M, Hofel, U, Holbe, H, Holting, A, Houry, M, Huber, V, Ionita, C, Israeli, B, Jablonski, S, Jakubowski, M, Van Vuuren, A, Jenzsch, H, Kaczmarczyk, J, Kallmeyer, J, Kamionka, U, Kasahara, H, Kenmochi, N, Kernbichler, W, Killer, C, Kinna, D, Kleiber, R, Knauer, J, Kochl, F, Kocsis, G, Kolesnichenko, Y, Konies, A, Konig, R, Kornejew, P, Koster, F, Kramer-Flecken, A, Krampitz, R, Krawzyk, N, Kremeyer, T, Krychowiak, M, Ksiazek, I, Kubkowska, M, Kuhner, G, Kurki-Suonio, T, Kurz, P, Kuttler, K, Kwak, S, Landreman, M, Langenberg, A, Lapayese, F, Laqua, H, Laube, R, Laux, M, Lentz, H, Lewerentz, M, Liang, Y, Liu, S, Lobsien, J, Cisquella, J, Lopez-Bruna, D, Lore, J, Lorenz, A, Lui, S, Lutsenko, V, Maassberg, H, Maisano-Brown, J, Marchuk, O, Marrelli, L, Marsen, S, Marushchenko, N, Masuzaki, S, Mccarthy, K, Mcneely, P, Medina, F, Milojevic, D, Mishchenko, A, Missal, B, Mittelstaedt, J, Mollen, A, Moncada, V, Monnich, T, Moseev, D, Nagel, M, Naujoks, D, Neilson, G, Neubauer, O, Neuner, U, Ngo, T, Niemann, H, Nuhrenberg, C, Nuhrenberg, J, Ochando, M, Ogawa, K, Ongena, J, Oosterbeek, H, Pablant, N, Pacella, D, Pacios, L, Panadero, N, Pasch, E, Pastor, I, Pavone, A, Pawelec, E, Pedrosa, A, Perseo, V, Peterson, B, Pilopp, D, Pisano, F, Piulatti, M, Plunk, G, Preynas, M, Proll, J, Sitjes, A, Purps, F, Rack, M, Rahbarnia, K, Riemann, J, Risse, K, Rong, P, Rosenberger, J, Rudischhauser, L, Rummel, K, Rummel, T, Runov, A, Rust, N, Ryc, L, Saitoh, H, Satake, S, Schacht, J, Schmitz, O, Schmuck, S, Schneider, B, Schneider, M, Schneider, W, Schrittwieser, R, Schroder, M, Schroder, T, Schroder, R, Schumacher, H, Schweer, B, Seki, R, Sinha, P, Sipilae, S, Slaby, C, Smith, H, Sousa, J, Spring, A, Standley, B, Stange, T, Von Stechow, A, Stephey, L, Stoneking, M, Stridde, U, Suzuki, Y, Svensson, J, Szabolics, T, Szepesi, T, Thomsen, H, Travere, J, Traverso, P, Mora, H, Tsuchiya, H, Tsuijmura, T, Turkin, Y, Valet, S, Van Milligen, B, Vela, L, Velasco, J, Vergote, M, Vervier, M, Viebke, H, Vilbrandt, R, Von Thun, C, Wagner, F, Wang, E, Wang, N, Warmer, F, Wauters, T, Wegener, L, Wegner, T, Weir, G, Wendorf, J, Wenzel, U, Werner, A, Wie, Y, Wiegel, B, Wilde, F, Windisch, T, Winkler, M, Winters, V, Wright, A, Wurden, G, Xanthopoulos, P, Yamada, I, Yasuhara, R, Yokoyama, M, Zhang, D, Zilker, M, Zimbal, A, Zocco, A, Zoletnik, S, Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, and Pacella, D.

Subjects
Tokamak, Plasma parameters, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, Topology (electrical circuits), Topology, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, law, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Physics, Fusion, Wendelstein7-X, Stellarator, Multidisciplinary, ta114, General Chemistry, Plasma, Fusion power, Magnetic field, Erratum, Wendelstein 7-X, Stellarator
Abstract

Fusion energy research has in the past 40 years focused primarily on the tokamak concept, but recent advances in plasma theory and computational power have led to renewed interest in stellarators. The largest and most sophisticated stellarator in the world, Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X), has just started operation, with the aim to show that the earlier weaknesses of this concept have been addressed successfully, and that the intrinsic advantages of the concept persist, also at plasma parameters approaching those of a future fusion power plant. Here we show the first physics results, obtained before plasma operation: that the carefully tailored topology of nested magnetic surfaces needed for good confinement is realized, and that the measured deviations are smaller than one part in 100,000. This is a significant step forward in stellarator research, since it shows that the complicated and delicate magnetic topology can be created and verified with the required accuracy., Early stellarator designs suffered from high particle losses, an issue that can be addressed by optimization of the coils. Here the authors measure the magnetic field lines in the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator, confirming that the complicated design of the superconducting coils has been realized successfully.

Published
2016

14. Performance of Wendelstein 7-X stellarator plasmas during the first divertor operation phase

Author

Wolf, R. C., Alonso, A., Akaslompolo, S., Baldzuhn, J., Beurskens, M., Beidler, C. D., Biedermann, C., Bosch, H. -S., Bozhenkov, S., Brakel, R., Braune, H., Brezinsek, S., Brunner, K. -J., Damm, H., Dinklage, A., Drewelow, P., Effenberg, F., Feng, Y., Ford, O., Fuchert, G., Gao, Y., Geiger, J., Grulke, O., Harder, N., Hartmann, D., Helander, P., Heinemann, B., Hirsch, M., Hofel, U., Hopf, C., Ida, K., Isobe, M., Jakubowski, M. W., Kazakov, Y. O., Killer, C., Klinger, T., Knauer, J., Konig, R., Krychowiak, M., Langenberg, A., Laqua, H. P., Lazerson, S., Mcneely, P., Marsen, S., Marushchenko, N., Nocentini, R., Ogawa, K., Orozco, G., Osakabe, M., Otte, M., Pablant, N., Pasch, E., Pavone, A., Porkolab, M., Puig Sitjes, A., Rahbarnia, K., Riedl, R., Rust, N., Scott, E., Schilling, J., Schroeder, R., Stange, T., Von Stechow, A., Strumberger, E., Sunn Pedersen, T., Svensson, J., Thomson, H., Turkin, Y., Vano, L., Wauters, T., Wurden, G., Yoshinuma, M., Zanini, M., Zhang, D., Andreeva, T., Brandt, C., Burhenn, R., Buttenschon, B., Geiger, B., Tamura, N., Thomsen, H., Wegner, T., Abramovic, I., Alcuson, J., Aleynikov, P., Aleynikova, K., Ali, A., Anda, G., Ascasibar, E., Bahner, J. P., Baek, S. G., Balden, M., Banduch, M., Barbui, T., Behr, W., Beidler, C., Benndorf, A., Biel, W., Blackwell, B., Blanco, E., Blatzheim, M., Ballinger, S., Bluhm, T., Bockenhoff, D., Boswirth, B., Bottger, L. -G., Borchardt, M., Borsuk, V., Boscary, J., Brand, H., Brauer, T., Bussiahn, R., Bykov, V., Cai, J., Calvo, I., Cannas, B., Cappa, A., Carls, A., Carralero, D., Carraro, L., Carvalho, B., Castejon, F., Charl, A., Chaudhary, N., Chauvin, D., Chernyshev, F., Cianciosa, M., Citarella, R., Claps, G., Coenen, J., Cole, M., Cole, M. J., Cordella, F., Cseh, G., Czarnecka, A., Czerski, K., Czerwinski, M., Czymek, G., Da Molin, A., Da Silva, A., De La Pena, A., Degenkolbe, S., Dhard, C. P., Dibon, M., Dittmar, T., Drevlak, M., Drews, P., Durodie, F., Edlund, E., Van Eeten, P., Ehrke, G., Elgeti, S., Endler, M., Ennis, D., Esteban, H., Estrada, T., Fellinger, J., Flom, E., Fernandes, H., Fietz, W. H., Figacz, W., Fontdecaba, J., Fornal, T., Frerichs, H., Freund, A., Funaba, T., Galkowski, A., Gantenbein, G., Garcia Regana, J., Gates, D., Giannella, V., Gogoleva, A., Goncalves, B., Goriaev, A., Gradic, D., Grahl, M., Green, J., Greuner, H., Grosman, A., Grote, H., Gruca, M., Guerard, C., Hacker, P., Han, X., Harris, J. H., Hathiramani, D., Hein, B., Henneberg, S., Henkel, M., Hernandez Sanchez, J., Hidalgo, C., Hollfeld, K. P., Holting, A., Hoschen, D., Houry, M., Howard, J., Huang, X., Huang, Z., Hubeny, M., Huber, M., Hunger, H., Ilkei, T., Illy, S., Israeli, B., Jablonski, S., Jakubowski, M., Jelonnek, J., Jenzsch, H., Jesche, T., Jia, M., Junghanns, P., Kacmarczyk, J., Kallmeyer, J. -P., Kamionka, U., Kasahara, H., Kasparek, W., Kenmochi, N., Kirschner, A., Kleiber, R., Knaup, M., Knieps, A., Kobarg, T., Kocsis, G., Kochl, F., Kolesnichenko, Y., Konies, A., Kornejew, P., Koschinsky, J. -P., Koster, F., Kramer, M., Krampitz, R., Kramer-Flecken, A., Krawczyk, N., Kremeyer, T., Krom, J., Ksiazek, I., Kubkowska, M., Kuhner, G., Kurki-Suonio, T., Kurz, P. A., Kwak, S., Landreman, M., Lang, P., Lang, R., Langish, S., Laqua, H., Laube, R., Lechte, C., Lennartz, M., Leonhardt, W., Li, C., Li, Y., Liang, Y., Linsmeier, C., Liu, S., Lobsien, J. -F., Loesser, D., Loizu Cisquella, J., Lore, J., Lorenz, A., Losert, M., Lucke, A., Lumsdaine, A., Lutsenko, V., Maassberg, H., Marchuk, O., Matthew, J. H., Marushchenko, M., Masuzaki, S., Maurer, D., Mayer, M., Mccarthy, K., Meier, A., Mellein, D., Mendelevitch, B., Mertens, P., Mikkelsen, D., Mishchenko, A., Missal, B., Mittelstaedt, J., Mizuuchi, T., Mollen, A., Moncada, V., Monnich, T., Morisaki, T., Moseev, D., Murakami, S., Nafradi, G., Nagel, M., Naujoks, D., Neilson, H., Neu, R., Neubauer, O., Neuner, U., Ngo, T., Nicolai, D., Nielsen, S. K., Niemann, H., Nishizawa, T., Nuhrenberg, C., Nuhrenberg, J., Obermayer, S., Offermanns, G., Olmanns, J., Ongena, J., Oosterbeek, J. W., Pacios Rodriguez, L., Panadero, N., Panadero Alvarez, N., Papenfuss, D., Paqay, S., Pawelec, E., Pedersen, T. S., Pelka, G., Perseo, V., Peterson, B., Pilopp, D., Pingel, S., Pisano, F., Plaum, B., Plunk, G., Poloskei, P., Proll, J., Puiatti, M. -E., Purps, F., Rack, M., Recsei, S., Reiman, A., Reimold, F., Reiter, D., Remppel, F., Renard, S., Riemann, J., Risse, K., Rohde, V., Rohlinger, H., Rome, M., Rondeshagen, D., Rong, P., Roth, B., Rudischhauser, L., Rummel, K., Rummel, T., Runov, A., Ryc, L., Ryosuke, S., Sakamoto, R., Salewski, M., Samartsev, A., Sanchez, E., Sano, F., Satake, S., Schacht, J., Satheeswaran, G., Schauer, F., Scherer, T., Schlaich, A., Schlisio, G., Schluck, F., Schluter, K. -H., Schmitt, J., Schmitz, H., Schmitz, O., Schmuck, S., Schneider, M., Schneider, W., Scholz, P., Schrittwieser, R., Schroder, M., Schroder, T., Schumacher, H., Schweer, B., Sereda, S., Shanahan, B., Sibilia, M., Sinha, P., Siplia, S., Slaby, C., Sleczka, M., Smith, H., Spiess, W., Spong, D. A., Spring, A., Stadler, R., Stejner, M., Stephey, L., Stridde, U., Suzuki, C., Szabo, V., Szabolics, T., Szepesi, T., Szokefalvi-Nagy, Z., Tancetti, A., Terry, J., Thomas, J., Thumm, M., Travere, J. M., Traverso, P., Tretter, J., Trimino Mora, H., Tsuchiya, H., Tsujimura, T., Tulipan, S., Unterberg, B., Vakulchyk, I., Valet, S., Van Milligen, B., Van Vuuren, A. J., Vela, L., Velasco, J. -L., Vergote, M., Vervier, M., Vianello, N., Viebke, H., Vilbrandt, R., Vorkoper, A., Wadle, S., Wagner, F., Wang, E., Wang, N., Wang, Z., Warmer, F., Wegener, L., Weggen, J., Wei, Y., Weir, G., Wendorf, J., Wenzel, U., Werner, A., White, A., Wiegel, B., Wilde, F., Windisch, T., Winkler, M., Winter, A., Winters, V., Wolf, S., Wright, A., Xanthopoulos, P., Yamada, H., Yamada, I., Yasuhara, R., Yokoyama, M., Zarnstorff, M., Zeitler, A., Zhang, H., Zhu, J., Zilker, M., Zocco, A., Zoletnik, S., Zuin, M., Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, Turbulence in Fusion Plasmas, and W7-X Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society

Subjects
Physics, Technology, Plasma parameters, Divertor, Nuclear engineering, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Electron cyclotron resonance, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Magnetic field, law, 0103 physical sciences, Limiter, Wendelstein 7-X, 010306 general physics, ddc:600, Stellarator
Abstract

Wendelstein 7-X is the first comprehensively optimized stellarator aiming at good confinement with plasma parameters relevant to a future stellarator power plant. Plasma operation started in 2015 using a limiter configuration. After installing an uncooled magnetic island divertor, extending the energy limit from 4 to 80 MJ, operation continued in 2017. For this phase, the electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) capability was extended to 7 MW, and hydrogen pellet injection was implemented. The enhancements resulted in the highest triple product (6.5 × 1019 keV m-3 s) achieved in a stellarator until now. Plasma conditions [Te(0) ≈ Ti(0) ≈ 3.8 keV, τE > 200 ms] already were in the stellarator reactor-relevant ion-root plasma transport regime. Stable operation above the 2nd harmonic ECRH X-mode cutoff was demonstrated, which is instrumental for achieving high plasma densities in Wendelstein 7-X. Further important developments include the confirmation of low intrinsic error fields, the observation of current-drive induced instabilities, and first fast ion heating and confinement experiments. The efficacy of the magnetic island divertor was instrumental in achieving high performance in Wendelstein 7-X. Symmetrization of the heat loads between the ten divertor modules could be achieved by external resonant magnetic fields. Full divertor power detachment facilitated the extension of high power plasmas significantly beyond the energy limit of 80 MJ.

Published
2019
Full Text
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15. Major results from the first plasma campaign of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator

Author

Wolf, R.C., Ali, A., Alonso, A., Baldzuhn, J., Beidler, C., Beurskens, M., Biedermann, C., Bosch, H.-S., Bozhenkov, S., Brakel, R., Dinklage, A., Feng, Y., Fuchert, G., Geiger, J., Grulke, O., Helander, P., Hirsch, M., Höfel, U., Jakubowski, M., Knauer, J., Kocsis, G., König, R., Kornejew, P., Krämer-Flecken, A., Krychowiak, M., Landreman, M., Langenberg, A., Laqua, H.P., Lazerson, S., Maaßberg, H., Marsen, S., Marushchenko, M., Moseev, D., Niemann, H., Pablant, N., Pasch, E., Rahbarnia, K., Schlisio, G., Stange, T., Sunn Pedersen, T., Svensson, J., Szepesi, T., Trimino Mora, H., Turkin, Y., Wauters, T., Weir, G., Wenzel, U., Windisch, T., Wurden, G., Zhang, D., Abramovic, I., Äkäslompolo, S., Aleynikov, P., Aleynikova, K., Alzbutas, R., Anda, G., Andreeva, T., Ascasibar, E., Assmann, J., Baek, S.-G., Banduch, M., Barbui, T., Barlak, M., Baumann, K., Behr, W., Benndorf, A., Bertuch, O., Biel, W., Birus, D., Blackwell, B., Blanco, E., Blatzheim, M., Bluhm, T., Böckenhoff, D., Bolgert, P., Borchardt, M., Borsuk, V., Boscary, J., Böttger, L.-G., Brand, H., Brandt, Ch., Bräuer, T., Braune, H., Brezinsek, S., Brunner, K.-J., Brünner, B., Burhenn, R., Buttenschön, B., Bykov, V., Calvo, I., Cannas, B., Cappa, A., Carls, A., Carraro, L., Carvalho, B., Castejon, F., Charl, A., Chernyshev, F., Cianciosa, M., Citarella, R., Ciupiński, Ł., Claps, G., Cole, M., Cole, M.J., Cordella, F., Cseh, G., Czarnecka, A., Czermak, A., Czerski, K., Czerwinski, M., Czymek, G., da Molin, A., da Silva, A., Dammertz, G., Danielson, J., de la Pena, A., Degenkolbe, S., Denner, P., Dhard, D.P., Dostal, M., Drevlak, M., Drewelow, P., Drews, Ph., Dudek, A., Dundulis, G., Durodie, F., van Eeten, P., Effenberg, F., Ehrke, G., Endler, M., Ennis, D., Erckmann, E., Esteban, H., Estrada, T., Fahrenkamp, N., Feist, J.-H., Fellinger, J., Fernandes, H., Fietz, W.H., Figacz, W., Fontdecaba, J., Ford, O., Fornal, T., Frerichs, H., Freund, A., Führer, M., Funaba, T., Galkowski, A., Gantenbein, G., Gao, Y., García Regaña, J., Garcia-Munoz, M., Gates, D., Gawlik, G., Geiger, B., Giannella, V., Gierse, N., Gogoleva, A., Goncalves, B., Goriaev, A., Gradic, D., Grahl, M., Green, J., Grosman, A., Grote, H., Gruca, M., Guerard, C., Haiduk, L., Han, X., Harberts, F., Harris, J.H., Hartfuß, H.-J., Hartmann, D., Hathiramani, D., Hein, B., Heinemann, B., Heitzenroeder, P., Henneberg, S., Hennig, C., Hernandez Sanchez, J., Hidalgo, C., Hölbe, H., Hollfeld, K.P., Hölting, A., Höschen, D., Houry, M., Howard, J., Huang, X., Huber, M., Huber, V., Hunger, H., Ida, K., Ilkei, T., Illy, S., Israeli, B., Ivanov, A., Jablonski, S., Jagielski, J., Jelonnek, J., Jenzsch, H., Junghans, P., Kacmarczyk, J., Kaliatka, T., Kallmeyer, J.-P., Kamionka, U., Karalevicius, R., Kasahara, H., Kasparek, W., Kenmochi, N., Keunecke, M., Khilchenko, A., Kinna, D., Kleiber, R., Klinger, T., Knaup, M., Kobarg, Th., Köchl, F., Kolesnichenko, Y., Könies, A., Köppen, M., Koshurinov, J., Koslowski, R., Köster, F., Koziol, R., Krämer, M., Krampitz, R., Kraszewsk, P., Krawczyk, N., Kremeyer, T., Krings, Th., Krom, J., Krzesinski, G., Ksiazek, I., Kubkowska, M., Kühner, G., Kurki-Suonio, T., Kwak, S., Lang, R., Langish, S., Laqua, H., Laube, R., Lechte, C., Lennartz, M., Leonhardt, W., Lewerentz, L., Liang, Y., Linsmeier, Ch., Liu, S., Lobsien, J.-F., Loesser, D., Loizu Cisquella, J., Lore, J., Lorenz, A., Losert, M., Lubyako, L., Lücke, A., Lumsdaine, A., Lutsenko, V., Majano-Brown, J., Marchuk, O., Mardenfeld, M., Marek, P., Massidda, S., Masuzaki, S., Maurer, D., McCarthy, K., McNeely, P., Meier, A., Mellein, D., Mendelevitch, B., Mertens, Ph., Mikkelsen, D., Mishchenko, O., Missal, B., Mittelstaedt, J., Mizuuchi, T., Mollen, A., Moncada, V., Mönnich, T., Morizaki, T., Munk, R., Murakami, S., Musielok, F., Náfrádi, G., Nagel, M., Naujoks, D., Neilson, H., Neubauer, O., Neuner, U., Ngo, T., Nocentini, R., Nührenberg, C., Nührenberg, J., Obermayer, S., Offermanns, G., Ogawa, K., Ongena, J., Oosterbeek, J.W., Orozco, G., Otte, M., Pacios Rodriguez, L., Pan, W., Panadero, N., Panadero Alvarez, N., Panin, A., Papenfuß, D., Paqay, S., Pavone, A., Pawelec, E., Pelka, G., Peng, X., Perseo, V., Peterson, B., Pieper, A., Pilopp, D., Pingel, S., Pisano, F., Plaum, B., Plunk, G., Povilaitis, M., Preinhaelter, J., Proll, J., Puiatti, M.-E., Puig Sitjes, A., Purps, F., Rack, M., Récsei, S., Reiman, A., Reiter, D., Remppel, F., Renard, S., Riedl, R., Riemann, J., Rimkevicius, S., Riße, K., Rodatos, A., Röhlinger, H., Romé, M., Rong, P., Roscher, H.-J., Roth, B., Rudischhauser, L., Rummel, K., Rummel, T., Runov, A., Rust, N., Ryc, L., Ryosuke, S., Sakamoto, R., Samartsev, A., Sanchez, M., Sano, F., Satake, S., Satheeswaran, G., Schacht, J., Schauer, F., Scherer, T., Schlaich, A., Schlüter, K.-H., Schmitt, J., Schmitz, H., Schmitz, O., Schmuck, S., Schneider, M., Schneider, W., Scholz, M., Scholz, P., Schrittwieser, R., Schröder, M., Schröder, T., Schroeder, R., Schumacher, H., Schweer, B., Shanahan, B., Shikhovtsev, I.V., Sibilia, M., Sinha, P., Sipliä, S., Skodzik, J., Slaby, C., Smith, H., Spiess, W., Spong, D.A., Spring, A., Stadler, R., Standley, B., Stephey, L., Stoneking, M., Stridde, U., Sulek, Z., Surko, C., Suzuki, Y., Szabó, V., Szabolics, T., Szökefalvi-Nagy, Z., Tamura, N., Terra, A., Terry, J., Thomas, J., Thomsen, H., Thumm, M., von Thun, C.P., Timmermann, D., Titus, P., Toi, K., Travere, J.M., Traverso, P., Tretter, J., Tsuchiya, H., Tsujimura, T., Tulipán, S., Turnyanskiy, M., Unterberg, B., Urban, J., Urbonavicius, E., Vakulchyk, I., Valet, S., van Millingen, B., Vela, L., Velasco, J.-L., Vergote, M., Vervier, M., Vianello, N., Viebke, H., Vilbrandt, R., Vorkörper, A., Wadle, S., Wagner, F., Wang, E., Wang, N., Warmer, F., Wegener, L., Weggen, J., Wei, Y., Wendorf, J., Werner, A., Wiegel, B., Wilde, F., Winkler, E., Winters, V., Wolf, S., Wolowski, J., Wright, A., Xanthopoulos, P., Yamada, H., Yamada, I., Yasuhara, R., Yokoyama, M., Zajac, J., Zarnstorff, M., Zeitler, A., Zhang, H., Zhu, J., Zilker, M., Zimbal, A., Zocco, A., Zoletnik, S., Zuin, M., Wolf, R.C., Ali, A., Alonso, A., Baldzuhn, J., Beidler, C., Beurskens, M., Biedermann, C., Bosch, H.-S., Bozhenkov, S., Brakel, R., Dinklage, A., Feng, Y., Fuchert, G., Geiger, J., Grulke, O., Helander, P., Hirsch, M., Höfel, U., Jakubowski, M., Knauer, J., Kocsis, G., König, R., Kornejew, P., Krämer-Flecken, A., Krychowiak, M., Landreman, M., Langenberg, A., Laqua, H.P., Lazerson, S., Maaßberg, H., Marsen, S., Marushchenko, M., Moseev, D., Niemann, H., Pablant, N., Pasch, E., Rahbarnia, K., Schlisio, G., Stange, T., Sunn Pedersen, T., Svensson, J., Szepesi, T., Trimino Mora, H., Turkin, Y., Wauters, T., Weir, G., Wenzel, U., Windisch, T., Wurden, G., Zhang, D., Abramovic, I., Äkäslompolo, S., Aleynikov, P., Aleynikova, K., Alzbutas, R., Anda, G., Andreeva, T., Ascasibar, E., Assmann, J., Baek, S.-G., Banduch, M., Barbui, T., Barlak, M., Baumann, K., Behr, W., Benndorf, A., Bertuch, O., Biel, W., Birus, D., Blackwell, B., Blanco, E., Blatzheim, M., Bluhm, T., Böckenhoff, D., Bolgert, P., Borchardt, M., Borsuk, V., Boscary, J., Böttger, L.-G., Brand, H., Brandt, Ch., Bräuer, T., Braune, H., Brezinsek, S., Brunner, K.-J., Brünner, B., Burhenn, R., Buttenschön, B., Bykov, V., Calvo, I., Cannas, B., Cappa, A., Carls, A., Carraro, L., Carvalho, B., Castejon, F., Charl, A., Chernyshev, F., Cianciosa, M., Citarella, R., Ciupiński, Ł., Claps, G., Cole, M., Cole, M.J., Cordella, F., Cseh, G., Czarnecka, A., Czermak, A., Czerski, K., Czerwinski, M., Czymek, G., da Molin, A., da Silva, A., Dammertz, G., Danielson, J., de la Pena, A., Degenkolbe, S., Denner, P., Dhard, D.P., Dostal, M., Drevlak, M., Drewelow, P., Drews, Ph., Dudek, A., Dundulis, G., Durodie, F., van Eeten, P., Effenberg, F., Ehrke, G., Endler, M., Ennis, D., Erckmann, E., Esteban, H., Estrada, T., Fahrenkamp, N., Feist, J.-H., Fellinger, J., Fernandes, H., Fietz, W.H., Figacz, W., Fontdecaba, J., Ford, O., Fornal, T., Frerichs, H., Freund, A., Führer, M., Funaba, T., Galkowski, A., Gantenbein, G., Gao, Y., García Regaña, J., Garcia-Munoz, M., Gates, D., Gawlik, G., Geiger, B., Giannella, V., Gierse, N., Gogoleva, A., Goncalves, B., Goriaev, A., Gradic, D., Grahl, M., Green, J., Grosman, A., Grote, H., Gruca, M., Guerard, C., Haiduk, L., Han, X., Harberts, F., Harris, J.H., Hartfuß, H.-J., Hartmann, D., Hathiramani, D., Hein, B., Heinemann, B., Heitzenroeder, P., Henneberg, S., Hennig, C., Hernandez Sanchez, J., Hidalgo, C., Hölbe, H., Hollfeld, K.P., Hölting, A., Höschen, D., Houry, M., Howard, J., Huang, X., Huber, M., Huber, V., Hunger, H., Ida, K., Ilkei, T., Illy, S., Israeli, B., Ivanov, A., Jablonski, S., Jagielski, J., Jelonnek, J., Jenzsch, H., Junghans, P., Kacmarczyk, J., Kaliatka, T., Kallmeyer, J.-P., Kamionka, U., Karalevicius, R., Kasahara, H., Kasparek, W., Kenmochi, N., Keunecke, M., Khilchenko, A., Kinna, D., Kleiber, R., Klinger, T., Knaup, M., Kobarg, Th., Köchl, F., Kolesnichenko, Y., Könies, A., Köppen, M., Koshurinov, J., Koslowski, R., Köster, F., Koziol, R., Krämer, M., Krampitz, R., Kraszewsk, P., Krawczyk, N., Kremeyer, T., Krings, Th., Krom, J., Krzesinski, G., Ksiazek, I., Kubkowska, M., Kühner, G., Kurki-Suonio, T., Kwak, S., Lang, R., Langish, S., Laqua, H., Laube, R., Lechte, C., Lennartz, M., Leonhardt, W., Lewerentz, L., Liang, Y., Linsmeier, Ch., Liu, S., Lobsien, J.-F., Loesser, D., Loizu Cisquella, J., Lore, J., Lorenz, A., Losert, M., Lubyako, L., Lücke, A., Lumsdaine, A., Lutsenko, V., Majano-Brown, J., Marchuk, O., Mardenfeld, M., Marek, P., Massidda, S., Masuzaki, S., Maurer, D., McCarthy, K., McNeely, P., Meier, A., Mellein, D., Mendelevitch, B., Mertens, Ph., Mikkelsen, D., Mishchenko, O., Missal, B., Mittelstaedt, J., Mizuuchi, T., Mollen, A., Moncada, V., Mönnich, T., Morizaki, T., Munk, R., Murakami, S., Musielok, F., Náfrádi, G., Nagel, M., Naujoks, D., Neilson, H., Neubauer, O., Neuner, U., Ngo, T., Nocentini, R., Nührenberg, C., Nührenberg, J., Obermayer, S., Offermanns, G., Ogawa, K., Ongena, J., Oosterbeek, J.W., Orozco, G., Otte, M., Pacios Rodriguez, L., Pan, W., Panadero, N., Panadero Alvarez, N., Panin, A., Papenfuß, D., Paqay, S., Pavone, A., Pawelec, E., Pelka, G., Peng, X., Perseo, V., Peterson, B., Pieper, A., Pilopp, D., Pingel, S., Pisano, F., Plaum, B., Plunk, G., Povilaitis, M., Preinhaelter, J., Proll, J., Puiatti, M.-E., Puig Sitjes, A., Purps, F., Rack, M., Récsei, S., Reiman, A., Reiter, D., Remppel, F., Renard, S., Riedl, R., Riemann, J., Rimkevicius, S., Riße, K., Rodatos, A., Röhlinger, H., Romé, M., Rong, P., Roscher, H.-J., Roth, B., Rudischhauser, L., Rummel, K., Rummel, T., Runov, A., Rust, N., Ryc, L., Ryosuke, S., Sakamoto, R., Samartsev, A., Sanchez, M., Sano, F., Satake, S., Satheeswaran, G., Schacht, J., Schauer, F., Scherer, T., Schlaich, A., Schlüter, K.-H., Schmitt, J., Schmitz, H., Schmitz, O., Schmuck, S., Schneider, M., Schneider, W., Scholz, M., Scholz, P., Schrittwieser, R., Schröder, M., Schröder, T., Schroeder, R., Schumacher, H., Schweer, B., Shanahan, B., Shikhovtsev, I.V., Sibilia, M., Sinha, P., Sipliä, S., Skodzik, J., Slaby, C., Smith, H., Spiess, W., Spong, D.A., Spring, A., Stadler, R., Standley, B., Stephey, L., Stoneking, M., Stridde, U., Sulek, Z., Surko, C., Suzuki, Y., Szabó, V., Szabolics, T., Szökefalvi-Nagy, Z., Tamura, N., Terra, A., Terry, J., Thomas, J., Thomsen, H., Thumm, M., von Thun, C.P., Timmermann, D., Titus, P., Toi, K., Travere, J.M., Traverso, P., Tretter, J., Tsuchiya, H., Tsujimura, T., Tulipán, S., Turnyanskiy, M., Unterberg, B., Urban, J., Urbonavicius, E., Vakulchyk, I., Valet, S., van Millingen, B., Vela, L., Velasco, J.-L., Vergote, M., Vervier, M., Vianello, N., Viebke, H., Vilbrandt, R., Vorkörper, A., Wadle, S., Wagner, F., Wang, E., Wang, N., Warmer, F., Wegener, L., Weggen, J., Wei, Y., Wendorf, J., Werner, A., Wiegel, B., Wilde, F., Winkler, E., Winters, V., Wolf, S., Wolowski, J., Wright, A., Xanthopoulos, P., Yamada, H., Yamada, I., Yasuhara, R., Yokoyama, M., Zajac, J., Zarnstorff, M., Zeitler, A., Zhang, H., Zhu, J., Zilker, M., Zimbal, A., Zocco, A., Zoletnik, S., and Zuin, M.

Abstract

After completing the main construction phase of Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) and successfully commissioning the device, first plasma operation started at the end of 2015. Integral commissioning of plasma start-up and operation using electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) and an extensive set of plasma diagnostics have been completed, allowing initial physics studies during the first operational campaign. Both in helium and hydrogen, plasma breakdown was easily achieved. Gaining experience with plasma vessel conditioning, discharge lengths could be extended gradually. Eventually, discharges lasted up to 6 s, reaching an injected energy of 4 MJ, which is twice the limit originally agreed for the limiter configuration employed during the first operational campaign. At power levels of 4 MW central electron densities reached 3 × 1019 m−3, central electron temperatures reached values of 7 keV and ion temperatures reached just above 2 keV. Important physics studies during this first operational phase include a first assessment of power balance and energy confinement, ECRH power deposition experiments, 2nd harmonic O-mode ECRH using multi-pass absorption, and current drive experiments using electron cyclotron current drive. As in many plasma discharges the electron temperature exceeds the ion temperature significantly, these plasmas are governed by core electron root confinement showing a strong positive electric field in the plasma centre.

Published
2017

16. The problems associated with the monitoring of complex workplace radiation fields at European high-energy accelerators and thermonuclear fusion facilities

Author

Bilski, P., Blomgren, J., d'Errico, F., Esposito, A., Fehrenbacher, G., Fernàndez, F., Fuchs, A., Golnik, N., Lacoste, V., Leuschner, A., Sandri, S., Silari, M., Spurny, F., Wiegel, B., Wright, P., Bilski, P., Blomgren, J., d'Errico, F., Esposito, A., Fehrenbacher, G., Fernàndez, F., Fuchs, A., Golnik, N., Lacoste, V., Leuschner, A., Sandri, S., Silari, M., Spurny, F., Wiegel, B., and Wright, P.

Abstract

The European Commission is funding within its Sixth Framework Programme a three-year project (2005-2007) called CONRAD, COordinated Network for RAdiation Dosimetry. The organisational framework for this project is provided by the European Radiation Dosimetry Group EURADOS. One task within the CONRAD project, Work Package 6 (WP6), was to provide a report outlining research needs and research activities within Europe to develop new and improved methods and techniques for the characterisation of complex radiation fields at workplaces around high-energy accelerators, but also at the next generation of thermonuclear fusion facilities. The paper provides an overview of the report, which will be available as CERN Yellow Report

Published
2017

17. Overview of diagnostic performance and results for the first operation phase in Wendelstein 7-X (invited)

Author

Krychowiak, M., Adnan, A., Alonso, A., Andreeva, T., Baldzuhn, J., Barbui, T., Beurskens, Marc N.A., Biel, W., Biedermann, C., Blackwell, B.D., Bosch, H.S., Bozhenkov, S., Brakel, R., Bräuer, T., Brotas de Carvalho, B., Burhenn, R., Buttenschön, B., Cappa, A., Cseh, G., Czarnecka, A., Dinklage, A., Drews, P., Dzikowicka, A., Effenberg, F., Endler, M., Erckmann, V., Estrada, T., Ford, O., Fornal, T., Frerichs, H., Fuchert, G., Geiger, J., Grulke, O., Harris, J.H., Hartfuß, H.J., Hartmann, D., Hathiramani, D., Hirsch, M., Höfel, U., Jabłoński, S., Jakubowski, M.W., Kaczmarczyk, J., Klinger, T., Klose, S., Knauer, J., Kocsis, G., König, R., Kornejew, P., Krämer-Flecken, A., Krawczyk, N., Kremeyer, T., Ksiazek, I., Kubkowska, M., Langenberg, A., Laqua, H.P., Laux, M., Lazerson, S., Liang, Y., Liu, S.C., Lorenz, A., Marchuk, A.O., Marsen, S., Moncada, V., Naujoks, D., Neilson, H., Neubauer, O., Neuner, U., Niemann, H., Oosterbeek, J.W., Otte, M., Pablant, N., Pasch, E., Sunn Pedersen, T., Pisano, F., Rahbarnia, K., Ryć, L., Schmitz, O., Schmuck, S., Schneider, W., Schröder, T., Schuhmacher, H., Schweer, B., Standley, B., Stange, T., Stephey, L., Svensson, J., Szabolics, T., Szepesi, T., Thomsen, H., Travère, J.M., Trimino Mora, H., Tsuchiya, H., Weir, G.M., Wenzel, U., Werner, A., Wiegel, B., Windisch, T., Wolf, R., Wurden, G.A., Zhang, D., Zimbal, A., Zoletnik, S., Krychowiak, M., Adnan, A., Alonso, A., Andreeva, T., Baldzuhn, J., Barbui, T., Beurskens, Marc N.A., Biel, W., Biedermann, C., Blackwell, B.D., Bosch, H.S., Bozhenkov, S., Brakel, R., Bräuer, T., Brotas de Carvalho, B., Burhenn, R., Buttenschön, B., Cappa, A., Cseh, G., Czarnecka, A., Dinklage, A., Drews, P., Dzikowicka, A., Effenberg, F., Endler, M., Erckmann, V., Estrada, T., Ford, O., Fornal, T., Frerichs, H., Fuchert, G., Geiger, J., Grulke, O., Harris, J.H., Hartfuß, H.J., Hartmann, D., Hathiramani, D., Hirsch, M., Höfel, U., Jabłoński, S., Jakubowski, M.W., Kaczmarczyk, J., Klinger, T., Klose, S., Knauer, J., Kocsis, G., König, R., Kornejew, P., Krämer-Flecken, A., Krawczyk, N., Kremeyer, T., Ksiazek, I., Kubkowska, M., Langenberg, A., Laqua, H.P., Laux, M., Lazerson, S., Liang, Y., Liu, S.C., Lorenz, A., Marchuk, A.O., Marsen, S., Moncada, V., Naujoks, D., Neilson, H., Neubauer, O., Neuner, U., Niemann, H., Oosterbeek, J.W., Otte, M., Pablant, N., Pasch, E., Sunn Pedersen, T., Pisano, F., Rahbarnia, K., Ryć, L., Schmitz, O., Schmuck, S., Schneider, W., Schröder, T., Schuhmacher, H., Schweer, B., Standley, B., Stange, T., Stephey, L., Svensson, J., Szabolics, T., Szepesi, T., Thomsen, H., Travère, J.M., Trimino Mora, H., Tsuchiya, H., Weir, G.M., Wenzel, U., Werner, A., Wiegel, B., Windisch, T., Wolf, R., Wurden, G.A., Zhang, D., Zimbal, A., and Zoletnik, S.

Abstract

Wendelstein 7-X, a superconducting optimized stellarator built in Greifswald/Germany, started its first plasmas with the last closed flux surface (LCFS) defined by 5 uncooled graphite limiters in December 2015. At the end of the 10 weeks long experimental campaign (OP1.1) more than 20 independent diagnostic systems were in operation, allowing detailed studies of many interesting plasma phenomena. For example, fast neutral gas manometers supported by video cameras (including one fast-frame camera with frame rates of tens of kHz) as well as visible cameras with different interference filters, with field of views covering all ten half-modules of the stellarator, discovered a MARFE-like radiation zone on the inboard side of machine module 4. This structure is presumably triggered by an inadvertent plasma-wall interaction in module 4 resulting in a high impurity influx that terminates some discharges by radiation cooling. The main plasma parameters achieved in OP1.1 exceeded predicted values in discharges of a length reaching 6 s. Although OP1.1 is characterized by short pulses, many of the diagnostics are already designed for quasi-steady state operation of 30 min discharges heated at 10 MW of ECRH. An overview of diagnostic performance for OP1.1 is given, including some highlights from the physics campaigns.

Published
2016

18. Response of the XENON100 dark matter detector to nuclear recoils

Author

Aprile, E., Alfonsi, M., Arisaka, K., Arneodo, F., Balan, C., Baudis, L., Bauermeister, B., Behrens, A., Beltrame, P., Bokeloh, K., Brown, A., Brown, E., Brünner, S., Bruno, G., Budnik, R., Cardoso, J., Chen, W., Choi, B., Colijn, A., Contreras, H., Cussonneau, J., Decowski, M., Duchovni, E., Fattori, S., Ferella, A., Fulgione, W., Gao, F., Garbini, M., Geis, C., Ghag, C., Giboni, K., Goetzke, L., Grignon, C., Gross, E., Hampel, W., Itay, R., Kaether, F., Kessler, G., Kish, A., Lamblin, J., Landsman, H., Lang, R., Calloch, M., Levy, C., Lim, K., Lin, Q., Lindemann, S., Lindner, M., Lopes, J., Lung, K., Marrodan Undagoitia, T., Undagoitia, T., Fernandez, A., Meng, Y., Messina, M., Molinario, A., Ni, K., Oberlack, U., Orrigo, S., Pantic, E., Persiani, R., Plante, G., Priel, N., Rizzo, A., Rosendahl, S., Santos, J., Sartorelli, G., Schreiner, J., Schumann, M., Lavina, L., Scovell, P., Selvi, M., Shagin, P., Simgen, H., Teymourian, A., Thers, D., Vitells, O., Wang, H., Weber, M., Weinheimer, C., Schuhmacher, H., Wiegel, B., Astroparticle Physics (IHEF, IoP, FNWI), Laboratoire SUBATECH Nantes (SUBATECH), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes), XENON100, E. Aprile, M. Alfonsi, K. Arisaka, F. Arneodo, C. Balan, L. Baudi, B. Bauermeister, A. Behren, P. Beltrame, K. Bokeloh, A. Brown, E. Brown, S. Bruenner, G. Bruno, R. Budnik, J. M. R. Cardoso, W.-T. Chen, B. Choi, A. P. Colijn, H. Contrera, J. P. Cussonneau, M. P. Decowski, E. Duchovni, S. Fattori, A. D. Ferella, W. Fulgione, F. Gao, M. Garbini, C. Gei, C. Ghag, K.-L. Giboni, L. W. Goetzke, C. Grignon, E. Gro, W. Hampel, R. Itay, F. Kaether, G. Kessler, A. Kish, H. Landsman, R. F. Lang, M. Le Calloch, C. Levy, K. E. Lim, Q. Lin, S. Lindemann, M. Lindner, J. A. M. Lope, K. Lung, T. Marrodán Undagoitia, F. V. Massoli, A. J. Melgarejo Fernandez, Y. Meng, M. Messina, A. Molinario, K. Ni, U. Oberlack, S. E. A. Orrigo, E. Pantic, R. Persiani, G. Plante, N. Priel, A. Rizzo, S. Rosendahl, J. M. F. dos Santo, G. Sartorelli, J. Schreiner, M. Schumann, L. Scotto Lavina, P. R. Scovell, M. Selvi, P. Shagin, H. Simgen, A. Teymourian, D. Ther, O. Vitell, H. Wang, M. Weber, C. Weinheimer, H. Schuhmacher, B. Wiegel, and XENON Collaboration

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, [PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), [SDU.ASTR.CO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Monte Carlo method, Dark matter, FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, dark matter, Particle detector, Nuclear physics, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Recoil, Ionization, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Physics, Scintillation, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Neutron source, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

Results from the nuclear recoil calibration of the XENON100 dark matter detector installed underground at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS), Italy are presented. Data from measurements with an external 241AmBe neutron source are compared with a detailed Monte Carlo simulation which is used to extract the energy dependent charge-yield Qy and relative scintillation efficiency Leff. A very good level of absolute spectral matching is achieved in both observable signal channels - scintillation S1 and ionization S2 - along with agreement in the 2-dimensional particle discrimination space. The results confirm the validity of the derived signal acceptance in earlier reported dark matter searches of the XENON100 experiment., Comment: 10 pages, 10 figures. Matches version accepted by PRD. Contains revised representation of expected WIMP event signature. Conclusions remain unaffected

Published
2013
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19. The set of diagnostics for the first operation campaign of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator

Author

König, R., Baldzuhn, J., Biel, W., Biedermann, C., Bosch, H.S., Bozhenkov, S., Braeuer, T., Brotas de Carvalho, B., Burhenn, R., Buttenschoen, B., Cseh, G., Czarnecka, A., Endler, M., Erckmann, V., Estrada, T., Geiger, J., Grulke, O., Hartmann, D., Hathiramani, D., Hirsch, M., Onski, S. Jabl, Jakubowski, M., Kaczmarczyk, J., Klinger, T., Klose, S., Kocsis, G., Kornejew, P., Kraemer-Flecken, A., Kremeyer, T., Krychowiak, M., Kubkowska, M., Langenberg, A., Laqua, H.P., Laux, M., Liang, Y., Lorenz, A., Marchuk, A.O., Moncada, V., Neubauer, O., Neuner, U., Oosterbeek, J.W., Otte, M., Pablant, N., Pasch, E., Pedersen, T.S., Rahbarnia, K., Ryc, L., Schmitz, O., Schneider, W., Schuhmacher, H., Schweer, B., Stange, T., Thomsen, H., Travere, J.-M., Szepesi, T., Wenzel, U., Werner, A., Wiegel, B., Windisch, T., Wolf, R., Wurden, G.A., Zhang, D., Zimbal, A., Zoletnik, S., König, R., Baldzuhn, J., Biel, W., Biedermann, C., Bosch, H.S., Bozhenkov, S., Braeuer, T., Brotas de Carvalho, B., Burhenn, R., Buttenschoen, B., Cseh, G., Czarnecka, A., Endler, M., Erckmann, V., Estrada, T., Geiger, J., Grulke, O., Hartmann, D., Hathiramani, D., Hirsch, M., Onski, S. Jabl, Jakubowski, M., Kaczmarczyk, J., Klinger, T., Klose, S., Kocsis, G., Kornejew, P., Kraemer-Flecken, A., Kremeyer, T., Krychowiak, M., Kubkowska, M., Langenberg, A., Laqua, H.P., Laux, M., Liang, Y., Lorenz, A., Marchuk, A.O., Moncada, V., Neubauer, O., Neuner, U., Oosterbeek, J.W., Otte, M., Pablant, N., Pasch, E., Pedersen, T.S., Rahbarnia, K., Ryc, L., Schmitz, O., Schneider, W., Schuhmacher, H., Schweer, B., Stange, T., Thomsen, H., Travere, J.-M., Szepesi, T., Wenzel, U., Werner, A., Wiegel, B., Windisch, T., Wolf, R., Wurden, G.A., Zhang, D., Zimbal, A., and Zoletnik, S.

Abstract

Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) is a large optimized stellarator (B=2.5T, V=30m3) aiming at demonstrating the reactor relevance of the optimized stellarators. In 2015 W7-X will begin its first operation phase (OP1.1) with five inertially cooled inboard limiters made of graphite. Assuming the heat loads can be spread out evenly between the limiters, 1 second discharges at 2 MW of ECRH heating power could be run in OP1.1. The expected plasma parameters will be sufficient to demonstrate the readiness of the installed diagnostics and even to run a first physics program. The diagnostics available for this first operation phase, including some special limiter diagnostics, and their capabilities are being presented.

Published
2015

20. Complex workplace radiation fields at European high-energy accelerators and thermonuclear fusion facilities

Author

Bilski, P, Blomgren, J, D'Errico, F, Esposito, A, Fehrenbacher, G, Fernàndez, F, Fuchs, A, Golnik, N, Lacoste, V, Leuschner, A, Sandri, S, Silari, M, Spurny, F, Wiegel, B, and Wright, P

Subjects
Health Physics and Radiation Effects
Abstract

This report outlines the research needs and research activities within Europe to develop new and improved methods and techniques for the characterization of complex radiation fields at workplaces around high-energy accelerators and the next generation of thermonuclear fusion facilities under the auspices of the COordinated Network for RAdiation Dosimetry (CONRAD) project funded by the European Commission.

Published
2006

21. Spectrometry behind concrete shielding for neutrons produced by 400MeV/u$^{12}C$ ions impinging on a thick graphite target

Author

Fehrenbacher, G, Wiegel, B, Iwase, H, Radon, T, Schardt, D, Schuhmacher, H, Wittstock, J, and Schumacher, H

Subjects
Nuclear Theory, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Nuclear Experiment, Nuclear Physics
Abstract

Neutron spectra were measured at the GSI heavy ion accelerator using the Bonner sphere spectrometer NEMUS. The irradiation experiments were carried out at Cave A, an experimental area at the GSI heavy ion synchrotron SIS. A 400 MeV/u carbon ion beam impinging on a thick graphite target was used as neutron source. Spectral distributions were determined by unfolding the measured readings using the unfolding code MAXED for four positions outside the shielding and for four positions in the entry maze of Cave A. First results are presented for two positions from Monte Carlo simulations carried out with a newer version of FLUKA con-sidering both the particle production in nucleus-nucleus collisions and the transportation of particles through the shielding. Measured and calculated neutron spectra are compared for these positions.

Published
2004

22. The problems associated with the monitoring of complex workplace radiation fields at European high-energy accelerators and thermonuclear fusion facilities

Author

Bilski, P., Blomgren, Jan, d'Errico, F., Esposito, A., Fehrenbacher, G., Fernandez, F., Fuchs, A., Golnik, N., Lacoste, V., Leuschner, A., Sandri, S., Silari, M., Spurny, F., Wiegel, B., Wright, P., Bilski, P., Blomgren, Jan, d'Errico, F., Esposito, A., Fehrenbacher, G., Fernandez, F., Fuchs, A., Golnik, N., Lacoste, V., Leuschner, A., Sandri, S., Silari, M., Spurny, F., Wiegel, B., and Wright, P.

Abstract

The European Commission is funding within its Sixth Framework Programme a three-year project (2005-2007) called CONRAD, COordinated Network for RAdiation Dosimetry. The organisational framework for this project is provided by the European Radiation Dosimetry Group EURADOS. One task within the CONRAD project, Work Package 6 (WP6), was to provide a report outlining research needs and research activities within Europe to develop new and improved methods and techniques for the characterisation of complex radiation fields at workplaces around high-energy accelerators, but also at the next generation of thermonuclear fusion facilities. The paper provides an overview of the report, which will be available as CERN Yellow Report.

Published
2007
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23. Complex radiation fields at workplaces at European high-energy accelerators and fusion facilities

Author

Bilski, P, Blomgren, J, Easposito, A, d'Errico, F, Feherenbacher, G, Fernandez, F, Fuchs, A, Golnik, N, Lacoste, V, Leuschner, A, Sandri, S, Silari, M, Spurny, F, Wiegel, B, Wright, P, Bilski, P, Blomgren, J, Easposito, A, d'Errico, F, Feherenbacher, G, Fernandez, F, Fuchs, A, Golnik, N, Lacoste, V, Leuschner, A, Sandri, S, Silari, M, Spurny, F, Wiegel, B, and Wright, P

Published
2007

26. High-energy neutron reference fields for the calibration of detectors used in neutron spectrometry

Author

UCL - Autre, Nolte, R., Allie, MS, Binns, PJ, Brooks, F, Buffler, A., Dangendorf, V., Meulders, Jean-Pierre, Roos, F, Schuhmacher, H., Wiegel, B, International Workshop on Neutron Field Spectrometry in Science, Technology and Radiation Protection (NEUSPEC 2000), UCL - Autre, Nolte, R., Allie, MS, Binns, PJ, Brooks, F, Buffler, A., Dangendorf, V., Meulders, Jean-Pierre, Roos, F, Schuhmacher, H., Wiegel, B, and International Workshop on Neutron Field Spectrometry in Science, Technology and Radiation Protection (NEUSPEC 2000)

Abstract

Quasi-monoenergetic reference neutron beams in the energy range between 20 and 100 MeV have been produced and characterized with a proton recoil telescope, a scintillation spectrometer, a U-238 fission chamber and a Bonner sphere spectrometer. The beams are well suited for the calibration of detectors used in neutron spectrometry. A new method is described which reduces the correction for the contribution from low-energy neutrons present in the beams. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Published
2002

28. Radiobiological advanced biostack experiment

Author

Horneck, G., Bucker, H., Reitz, G., Facius, R., Schafer, M., Schott, J.U., Beaujean, R., Enge, W., Schopper, E., Heinrich, H., Beer, J., Wiegel, B., Pfohl, R., Francois, H., Portal, G., Bonting, S.L., Graul, E.H., Ruther, W., Kranz, A.R., Bork, U., Koller-Lampert, J., Kirchheim, B., Starke, M.E., Planel, H., and Delpoux, M.

Subjects
United States. George C. Marshall Space Flight Center. Spacelab Mission -- Research, Physiological aspects, Research, Space medicine -- Research -- Physiological aspects, Radiobiology -- Research -- Physiological aspects, Cosmic rays -- Physiological aspects -- Research
Abstract

Humans in spaceflight are exposed to two important sources of potentially detrimental effects: (i) the cessation of the gravitational stimulus to which they are normally adapted and (ii) ionizing cosmic [...]

Published
1984

30. The problems associated with the monitoring of complex workplace radiation fields at European high-energy accelerators and thermonuclear fusion facilities

Author

Bilski, P., Blomgren, J., d'Errico, F., Esposito, A., Fehrenbacher, G., Fernàndez, F., Fuchs, A., Golnik, N., Lacoste, V., Leuschner, A., Sandri, S., Silari, M., Spurny, F., Wiegel, B., Wright, P., Bilski, P., Blomgren, J., d'Errico, F., Esposito, A., Fehrenbacher, G., Fernàndez, F., Fuchs, A., Golnik, N., Lacoste, V., Leuschner, A., Sandri, S., Silari, M., Spurny, F., Wiegel, B., and Wright, P.

Abstract

The European Commission is funding within its Sixth Framework Programme a three-year project (2005-2007) called CONRAD, COordinated Network for RAdiation Dosimetry. The organisational framework for this project is provided by the European Radiation Dosimetry Group EURADOS. One task within the CONRAD project, Work Package 6 (WP6), was to provide a report outlining research needs and research activities within Europe to develop new and improved methods and techniques for the characterisation of complex radiation fields at workplaces around high-energy accelerators, but also at the next generation of thermonuclear fusion facilities. The paper provides an overview of the report, which will be available as CERN Yellow Report

32. MR of intracranial neuroblastoma with dural sinus invasion and distant metastases.

Author

Wiegel B, Harris TM, Edwards MK, Smith RR, and Azzarelli B

Subjects
Brain Neoplasms pathology, Child, Preschool, Cranial Sinuses pathology, Dura Mater, Female, Humans, Lung Neoplasms secondary, Neoplasm Invasiveness, Neuroblastoma pathology, Neuroblastoma secondary, Brain Neoplasms diagnosis, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neuroblastoma diagnosis
Published
1991

33. Life sciences: radiobiological advanced biostack experiment.

Author

Bücker H, Horneck G, Facius R, Reitz G, Schäfer M, Schott JU, Beaujean R, Enge W, Schopper E, Heinrich H, Beer J, Wiegel B, Pfohl R, François H, Portal G, Bonting SL, Graul EH, Rüther W, Kranz AR, Bork U, Koller-Lampert K, Kirchheim B, Starke ME, Planel H, and Delpoux M

Abstract

The radiobiological properties of the heavy ions of cosmic radiation were investigated on Spacelab 1 by use of biostacks, monolayers of biological test organisms sandwiched between thin foils of different types of nuclear track detectors. Biostacks were exposed to cosmic radiation at several locations with different shielding environments in the module and on the pallet. Evaluations of the physical and biological components of the experiment to date indicate that in general they survived the spaceflight in good condition. Dosimetric data are presented for the different shielding environments.

Published
1984
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34. LET spectra of cosmic-ray nuclei for near earth orbits.

Author

Heinrich W, Wiegel B, Ohrndorf T, Bücker H, Reitz G, and Schott JU

Subjects
Energy Transfer, Radiometry instrumentation, Space Flight, Cosmic Radiation
Abstract

Measurements of cosmic-ray LET spectra were part of the radiobiological space research programs during the Spacelab 1 (SL-1) and the D1 missions. We analyzed CR-39 plastic nuclear track detectors of the Advanced Biostack experiment of SL-1 and of the Dosimetric Mapping and Carausius morosus experiments in the BIORACK on D1. The particle tracks in the CR-39 were detected and measured by an automatic scanning and measuring system. An in-flight calibration was derived from track measurements of minimum ionizing oxygen and iron nuclei and of stopping nuclei as a function of the residual range. LET spectra measured at different locations in the space shuttle are presented and discussed for both missions. A model describing the effects of the geomagnetic field of the earth on charged cosmic-ray particles and the shielding by matter is used to calculate LET spectra for the two missions and for typical space station orbits at low inclinations. A comparison of measured LET spectra and LET spectra calculated for different flight parameters shows that besides geomagnetic shielding the shielding by matter is most important in comparison to solar modulation and to variation of particle flux with flight altitude. Model calculations must be improved and must consider more detailed sectored shielding by matter and the influence of trapped radiation. The last item is of importance in the case of low-inclination orbits.

Published
1989

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