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Abstract Heteroptera (the true bugs), one of the most diverse lineages of insects, diversified in feeding strategies and living habitats, and thus become an ideal lineage for studies on adaptive evolution. Chinese water scorpion Ranatra chinensis (Heteroptera: Nepidae) is a predaceous bug living in lentic water systems, representing an ideal model for studying habitat transition and adaptation to water environment. However, genetic studies on this water bug remain limited. Here, we obtained a chromosome-level genome of R. chinensis using PacBio HiFi long reads and Hi-C sequencing reads. The total assembly size of genome is 867.89 Mb, with a scaffold N50 length of 26.48 Mb and the GC content of 39.50%. All contigs were assembled into 23 pseudo-chromosomes (N = 19 A + X1X2X3X4), and we predicted 18,424 protein-coding genes in this genome. This study will provide valuable genomic resources for future studies on the biology, water adaptation, and genome evolution of water bugs.

Adar-mediated adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) mRNA editing is a conserved mechanism that exerts diverse regulatory functions during the development, evolution, and adaptation of metazoans. The accurate detection of RNA editing sites helps us understand their biological significance. In this work, with an improved genome assembly of honeybee (Apis mellifera), we used a new orthology-based methodology to complement the traditional pipeline of (de novo) RNA editing detection. Compared to the outcome of traditional pipeline, we retrieved many novel editing sites in CDS that are deeply conserved between honeybee and other distantly related insects. The newly retrieved sites were missed by the traditional de novo identification due to the stringent criteria for controlling false-positive rate. Caste-specific editing sites are identified, including an Ile>Met auto-recoding site in Adar. This recoding was even conserved between honeybee and bumblebee, suggesting its putative regulatory role in shaping the phenotypic plasticity of eusocial Hymenoptera. In summary, we proposed a complementary approach to the traditional pipeline and retrieved several previously unnoticed CDS editing sites. From both technical and biological aspects, our works facilitate future researches on finding the functional editing sites and advance our understanding on the connection between RNA editing and the great phenotypic diversity of organisms.

Melanastera sinica He & Burckhardt, sp. nov., a new psylloid species developing on Grewia sp., is described from Hainan, China. It is the first Melanastera species reported from Asia and China, and the second species from the Old World. While New World species of Melanastera are mostly associated with the plant families Melastomataceae and Annonaceae, the two Old World species develop on the malvaceous Grewia, a host otherwise used in psylloids by two Haplaphalara species. The new species is described, diagnosed and illustrated, and its host plant and biogeographic ranges are discussed.

Summary: Genetic basis underlying the biodiversity and phenotypic plasticity are fascinating questions in evolutionary biology. Such molecular diversity can be achieved at multi-omics levels. Here, we sequenced the first chromosome-level genome of assassin bug Rhynocoris fuscipes, a polyphagous generalist predator for biological control of agroecosystems. Compared to non-predatory true bugs Apolygus lucorum and Riptortus pedestris, the R. fuscipes-specific genes were enriched in diet-related genes (e.g., serine proteinase, cytochrome P450) which had higher expression level and more exons than non-diet genes. Extensive A-to-I RNA editing was identified in all three species and showed enrichment in genes associated with diet in R. fuscipes, diversifying the transcriptome. An extended analysis between five predaceous and 27 phytophagous hemipteran species revealed an expansion of diet-related genes in R. fuscipes. Our findings bridge the gap between genotype and phenotype, and also advance our understanding on genetic and epigenetic bases governing the diet shifts in ture bugs.

Abstract Aphidius gifuensis is a parasitoid wasp and primary endoparasitoid enemy of the peach potato aphid, Myzus persicae. Artificially reared, captive wasps of this species have been extensively and effectively used to control populations of aphids and limit crop loss. However, the consequences of large-scale releasing of captive A. gifuensis, such as genetic erosion and reduced fitness in wild populations of this species, remains unclear. Here, we sequence the genomes of 542 A. gifuensis individuals collected across China, including 265 wild and 277 human-intervened samples. Population genetic analyses on wild individuals recovered Yunnan populations as the ancestral group with the most complex genetic structure. We also find genetic signature of environmental adaptation during the dispersal of wild populations from Yunnan to other regions. While comparative genomic analyses of captive wasps revealed a decrease in genetic diversity during long-term rearing, population genomic analyses revealed signatures of natural selection by several biotic (host plants) or abiotic (climate) factors, which support maintenance of the gene pool of wild populations in spite of the introduction of captive wasps. Therefore, the impact of large-scale release is reduced. Our study suggests that A. gifuensis is a good system for exploring the genetic and evolutionary effects of mass rearing and release on species commonly used as biocontrol agents.

Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing recodes the genome and confers flexibility for the organisms to adapt to the environment. It is believed that RNA recoding sites are well suited for facilitating adaptive evolution by increasing the proteomic diversity in a temporal-spatial manner. The function and essentiality of a few conserved recoding sites are recognized. However, the experimentally discovered functional sites only make up a small corner of the total sites, and there is still the need to expand the repertoire of such functional sites with bioinformatic approaches. In this study, we define a new category of RNA editing sites termed ‘conserved editing with non-conserved recoding’ and systematically identify such sites in Drosophila editomes, figuring out their selection pressure and signals of adaptation at inter-species and intra-species levels. Surprisingly, conserved editing sites with non-conserved recoding are not suppressed and are even slightly overrepresented in Drosophila. DNA mutations leading to such cases are also favoured during evolution, suggesting that the function of those recoding events in different species might be diverged, specialized, and maintained. Finally, structural prediction suggests that such recoding in potassium channel Shab might increase ion permeability and compensate the effect of low temperature. In conclusion, conserved editing with non-conserved recoding might be functional as well. Our study provides novel aspects in considering the adaptive evolution of RNA editing sites and meanwhile expands the candidates of functional recoding sites for future validation.

ABSTRACTAlthough A-to-I RNA editing leads to similar effects to A-to-G DNA mutation, nonsynonymous RNA editing (recoding) is believed to confer its adaptiveness by ‘epigenetically’ regulating proteomic diversity in a temporospatial manner, avoiding the pleiotropic effect of genomic mutations. Recent discoveries on the evolutionary trajectory of Ser>Gly auto-editing site in insect Adar gene demonstrated a selective advantage to having an editable codon compared to uneditable ones. However, apart from pure observations, quantitative approaches for justifying the adaptiveness of individual RNA editing sites are still lacking. We performed a comparative genomic analysis on 113 Diptera species, focusing on the Adar Ser>Gly auto-recoding site in Drosophila. We only found one species having a derived Gly at the corresponding site, and this occurrence was significantly lower than genome-wide random expectation. This suggests that the Adar Ser>Gly site is unlikely to be genomically replaced with G during evolution, and thus indicating the advantage of editable status over hardwired genomic alleles. Similar trends were observed for the conserved Ile>Met recoding in gene Syt1. In the light of evolution, we established a comparative genomic approach for quantitatively justifying the adaptiveness of individual editing sites. Priority should be given to such adaptive editing sites in future functional studies.

ABSTRACTAdar-mediated adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing mainly occurs in nucleus and diversifies the transcriptome in a flexible manner. It has been a challenging task to identify beneficial editing sites from the sea of total editing events. The functional Ser>Gly auto-recoding site in insect Adar gene has uneditable Ser codons in ancestral nodes, indicating the selective advantage to having an editable status. Here, we extended this case study to more metazoan species, and also looked for all Drosophila recoding events with potential uneditable synonymous codons. Interestingly, in D. melanogaster, the abundant nonsynonymous editing is enriched in the codons that have uneditable counterparts, but the Adar Ser>Gly case suggests that the editable orthologous codons in other species are not necessarily edited. The use of editable versus ancestral uneditable codon is a smart way to infer the selective advantage of RNA editing, and priority might be given to these editing sites for functional studies due to the feasibility to construct an uneditable allele. Our study proposes an idea to narrow down the candidates of beneficial recoding sites. Meanwhile, we stress that the matched transcriptomes are needed to verify the conservation of editing events during evolution.

The oncogene Aurora kinase A (AURKA) has been implicated in various tumor, yet its role in meningioma remains unexplored. Recent studies have suggested a potential link between AURKA and ferroptosis, although the underlying mechanisms are unclear. This study presented evidence of AURKA upregulation in high grade meningioma and its ability to enhance malignant characteristics. We identified AURKA as a suppressor of erastin-induced ferroptosis in meningioma. Mechanistically, AURKA directly interacted with and phosphorylated kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), thereby activating nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (NFE2L2/NRF2) and target genes transcription. Additionally, forkhead box protein M1 (FOXM1) facilitated the transcription of AURKA. Suppression of AURKA, in conjunction with erastin, yields significant enhancements in the prognosis of a murine model of meningioma. Our study elucidates an unidentified mechanism by which AURKA governs ferroptosis, and strongly suggests that the combination of AURKA inhibition and ferroptosis-inducing agents could potentially provide therapeutic benefits for meningioma treatment.

Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing, mediated by metazoan ADAR enzymes, is a prevalent post-transcriptional modification that diversifies the proteome and promotes adaptive evolution of organisms. The Drosophila Adar gene has an auto-recoding site (termed S>G site) that forms a negative-feedback loop and stabilizes the global editing activity. However, the evolutionary trajectory of Adar S>G site in many other insects remains largely unknown, preventing us from a deeper understanding on the significance of this auto-editing mechanism. In this study, we retrieved the well-annotated genomes of 375 arthropod species including the five major insect orders (Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Hemiptera) and several outgroup species. We performed comparative genomic analysis on the Adar auto-recoding S>G site. We found that the ancestral state of insect S>G site was an uneditable serine codon (unSer) and that this state was largely maintained in Hymenoptera. The editable serine codon (edSer) appeared in the common ancestor of Lepidoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera and was almost fixed in the three orders. Interestingly, Hemiptera species possessed comparable numbers of unSer and edSer codons, and a few ‘intermediate codons’, demonstrating a multi-step evolutionary trace from unSer-to-edSer with non-synchronized mutations at three codon positions. We argue that the evolution of Adar S>G site is the best genomic evidence supporting the ‘proteomic diversifying hypothesis’ of RNA editing. Our work deepens our understanding on the evolutionary significance of Adar auto-recoding site which stabilizes the global editing activity and controls transcriptomic diversity.

The mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Thysanoptera has extensive gene rearrangement, and some species have repeatable control regions. To investigate the characteristics of the gene expression, transcription and post-transcriptional processes in such extensively gene-rearranged mitogenomes, we sequenced the mitogenome and mitochondrial transcriptome of Sericothrips houjii to analyze. The mitogenome was 14,965 bp in length and included two CRs contains 140 bp repeats between COIII-trnN (CR1) and trnT-trnP (CR2). Unlike the putative ancestral arrangement of insects, S. houjii exhibited only six conserved gene blocks encompassing 14 genes (trnL2-COII, trnD-trnK, ND2-trnW, ATP8-ATP6, ND5-trnH-ND4-ND4L and trnV-lrRNA). A quantitative transcription map showed the gene with the highest relative expression in the mitogenome was ND4-ND4L. Based on analyses of polycistronic transcripts, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and antisense transcripts, we proposed a transcriptional model of this mitogenome. Both CRs contained the transcription initiation sites (TISs) and transcription termination sites (TTSs) of both strands, and an additional TIS for the majority strand (J-strand) was found within antisense lrRNA. The post-transcriptional cleavage processes followed the “tRNA punctuation” model. After the cleavage of transfer RNAs (tRNAs), COI and ND3 matured as bicistronic mRNA COI/ND3 due to the translocation of intervening tRNAs, and the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) remained in the mRNAs for COII, COIII, CYTB and ND5. Additionally, isoform RNAs of ND2, srRNA and lrRNA were identified. In summary, the relative mitochondrial gene expression levels, transcriptional model and post-transcriptional cleavage process of S. houjii are notably different from those insects with typical mitochondrial gene arrangements. In addition, the phylogenetic tree of Thripidae including S. houjii was reconstructed. Our study provides insights into the phylogenetic status of Sericothripinae and the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation processes of extensively gene-rearranged insect mitogenomes.

Renicoris gen. nov. and its type species Renicoris robustus sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae) from Yunnan, China, are described and illustrated. A key to separate the new genus and its closely related genera is provided.

Abstract Background C-to-U RNA editing in plants is believed to confer its evolutionary adaptiveness by reversing unfavorable DNA mutations. This “restorative hypothesis” has not yet been tested genome-wide. In contrast, A-to-I RNA editing in insects like Drosophila and honeybee is already known to benefit the host by increasing proteomic diversity in a spatial-temporal manner (namely “diversifying hypothesis”). Methods We profiled the RNA editomes of multiple tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana, Drosophila melanogaster, and Apis melifera. We unprecedentedly defined the haplotype diversity (HD) of RNA molecules based on nonsynonymous editing events (recoding sites). Results Signals of adaptation is confirmed in Arabidopsis by observing higher frequencies and levels at nonsynonymous editing sites over synonymous sites. Compared to A-to-I recoding sites in Drosophila, the C-to-U recoding sites in Arabidopsis show significantly lower HD, presumably due to the stronger linkage between C-to-U events. Conclusions C-to-U RNA editing in Arabidopsis is adaptive but it is not designed for diversifying the proteome like A-to-I editing in Drosophila. Instead, C-to-U recoding sites resemble DNA mutations. Our observation supports the restorative hypothesis of plant C-to-U editing which claims that editing is used for fixing unfavorable genomic sequences.

Abstract Bean flower thrips Megalurothrips usitatus is a staple pest of cowpea and other legumes and causes dramatic economic losses. Its small size allows for easy concealment, and large reproductive capacity easily leads to infestations. Despite the importance of a genome in developing novel management strategies, genetic studies on M. usitatus remain limited. Thus, we generated a chromosome-level M. usitatus genome using a combination of PacBio long read and Hi-C technologies. The assembled genome was 238.14 Mb with a scaffold N50 of 13.85 Mb. The final genome was anchored into 16 pseudo-chromosomes containing 14,000 genes, of which 91.74% were functionally annotated. Comparative genomic analyses revealed that expanded gene families were enriched in fatty acid metabolism and detoxification metabolism (ABC transporters), and contracted gene families were strongly associated with chitin-based cuticle development and sensory perception of taste. In conclusion, this high-quality genome provides an invaluable resource for us to understand the thrips’ ecology and genetics, contributing to pest management.

The African assassin bug genus Fusius Stål, 1862 is revised after the examination of type specimens with redescriptions of four species. Lectotypes of Pirates (Fusius) H-flavum Reuter, 1881 and Pirates rubricosus Stål, 1855 are designated. The status of P. (Fusius) H-flavum Reuter, 1881 is revalidated with its current name as F. hflavus (Reuter, 1881) stat. rev. et comb. nov. Seven new synonyms are proposed: F. dilutus Miller, 1957 = F. gowdeyi Miller, 1957 syn. nov. = F. liberiensis Miller, 1957 syn. nov. = F. dilutus anonymus Dispons, 1969 syn. nov. = F. dilutus vicinus Dispons, 1969 syn. nov.; F. distinctus Miller, 1957 = F. sylvestris Miller, 1957 syn. nov.; F. hflavus (Reuter, 1881) = F. hargreavesi Miller, 1957 syn. nov.; F. rubricosus (Stål, 1855) = F. ugandensis Miller, 1957 syn. nov. A key is provided to separate the four species of this genus. Diagnosis and distribution of Fusius are briefly discussed.

Abstract Insect speciation is among the most fascinating topics in evolutionary biology; however, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Allopatric speciation represents one of the major types of speciation and is believed to have frequently occurred during glaciation periods, when climatic oscillation may have caused suitable habitats to be fragmented repeatedly, creating geographical isolation among populations. However, supporting evidence for allopatric speciation of insects in East Asia during the Pleistocene glaciation remains lacking. We aim to investigate the effect of climatic oscillation during the Pleistocene glaciation on the diversification pattern and evolutionary history of hemipteran insects and to test the hypothesis of Pleistocene species stability using spinous assassin bugs Sclomina (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), a small genus widely distributed in southern China but was later found to have cryptic species diversity. Here, using the whole mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) and nuclear ribosomal RNA genes, we investigated both interspecific and intraspecific diversification patterns of spinous assassin bugs. Approximate Bayesian computation, ecological niche modeling, and demographic history analyses were also applied to understand the diversification process and driven factors. Our data suggest that the five species of Sclomina are highly diverged, despite three of them currently being cryptic. Speciation occurred during the Pleistocene when suitable distribution areas were possibly fragmented. Six phylogeographic groups in the type species S. erinacea were identified, among which two groups underwent expansion during the early Last Glacial Period and after Last Glacier Maximum. Our analyses suggest that this genus may have experienced climate‐driven habitat fragmentation and postglacial expansion in the Pleistocene, promoting allopatric speciation and intraspecific diversification. Our results reveal underestimated species diversity in a small insect group and illustrate a remarkable example of allopatric speciation of insects in East Asia promoted by Pleistocene climatic oscillations. These findings provide important insights into the speciation processes and aid the conservation of insect species diversity.

The assassin bug Sycanus bifidus has a wide distribution across southern China. This study explored its distribution and evolution by analyzing mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal RNA genes, revealing how Pleistocene climate and geological changes shaped its phylogeography. We identified two main clades, A and B, that diverged in the Middle Pleistocene. Hainan Island’s populations form a unique group within Clade A, suggesting that the Qiongzhou Strait served as a dispersal corridor during glaciation. Rising sea levels likely separated the Hainan population afterward. Ecological niche modeling showed that both populations have been viable since the last interglacial period, with demographic analyses indicating possible expansions during the Middle and Late Pleistocene, driven by favorable climates. This study highlights the significant effects of Pleistocene sea-level and climatic changes on the distribution and evolution of S. bifidus in China.

Due to the variability of body coloration and morphological similarity among closely related species, unresolved issues and debates still persist in the taxonomic study of the genus Sycanus from China. In this study, we conducted phylogenetic analyses and species delimitation for Sycanus in China based on a COI DNA barcoding dataset comprising 81 samples. The results revealed that all the samples could be classified into 12 species by integrating molecular analyses with morphological comparison. This paper provides a comprehensive systematic review of the Sycanus species found in China, including descriptions of three new species: S. taiwanensis Zhao & Cai sp. nov., S. flavicorius Li & Cai sp. nov., and S. hainanensis Wang & Cai sp. nov. Furthermore, it is proposed that S. croceovittatus Dohrn, 1859, S. leucomesus Walker, 1873, and S. villicus Stål, 1863, are three synonyms of S. bifidus (Fabricius, 1787); S. bicolor Hsiao, 1979, is a synonym of S. versicolor Dohrn, 1859; and S. hsiaoi Maldonado-Capriles, 1990, is a synonym of S. marginellus Putshkov, 1987. Additionally, brief biological information is provided for two species, S. falleni Stål, 1863, and S. croceus Hsiao, 1979.

Although mitochondrial gene rearrangement has been observed in many insect lineages, little is known about how it affects mitochondrial gene transcription. To address this question, we first constructed a quantitative transcription map for Aphidius gifuensis, a species of parasitoid wasp known to have a highly rearranged mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) and two potential control regions (CRs). Based on this transcription map, we assessed the models of the mitochondrial transcription and post-transcription cleavage. We found that the J and N strand of this mitogenome differ significantly in transcriptional regulation. On the J strand, we found two transcription initiation sites (TISs), five transcription termination sites (TTSs), and six polycistronic primary transcripts whereas only one TIS, one TTS and one polycistronic primary transcript can be found on the N strand. Most of the non-coding regions of both strands were transcribed into primary transcripts and cleaved after transcription. The proposed mode of transcription of A. gifuensis was similar to that of Drosophila, a model organism with no gene rearrangement. And two rearranged gene clusters (trnI-CR1-trnM-CR2-trnQ and trnW-trnY-trnC) seemed to have little effects on the mode of transcription. In addition, our results revealed the presence of TISs in CR1 and CR2, implying that both CRs maybe required for transcriptional regulation. Analysis of the post-transcriptional cleavage process showed that there were both “forward cleavage” and “reverse cleavage” models in A. gifuensis, and more than one way of cleavages were found in three regions. The incomplete transcripts suggested that the direction of mitochondrial RNA degradation was from 5′ to 3′ end and supported the view of polyadenylation-dependent RNA degradation. Our study provides insights into the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation processes of highly rearranged insect mitogenomes.

Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing is the most prevalent RNA modification in the nervous systems of metazoans. To study the biological significance of RNA editing, we first have to accurately identify these editing events from the transcriptome. The genome-wide identification of RNA editing sites remains a challenging task. In this review, we will first introduce the occurrence, regulation, and importance of A-to-I RNA editing and then describe the established bioinformatic procedures and difficulties in the accurate identification of these sit esespecially in small sized non-model insects. In brief, (1) to obtain an accurate profile of RNA editing sites, a transcriptome coupled with the DNA resequencing of a matched sample is favorable; (2) the single-cell sequencing technique is ready to be applied to RNA editing studies, but there are a few limitations to overcome; (3) during mapping and variant calling steps, various issues, like mapping and base quality, soft-clipping, and the positions of mismatches on reads, should be carefully considered; (4) Sanger sequencing of both RNA and the matched DNA is the best verification of RNA editing sites, but other auxiliary evidence, like the nonsynonymous-to-synonymous ratio or the linkage information, is also helpful for judging the reliability of editing sites. We have systematically reviewed the understanding of the biological significance of RNA editing and summarized the methodology for identifying such editing events. We also raised several promising aspects and challenges in this field. With insightful perspectives on both scientific and technical issues, our review will benefit the researchers in the broader RNA editing community.

Metazoan adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing is a highly conserved mechanism that diversifies the transcriptome by post-transcriptionally converting adenosine to inosine. Millions of editing sites have been identified in different species and, based on abnormal editing observed in various disorders, it is intuitive to conclude that RNA editing is both functional and adaptive. In this review, we propose the following major points: (1) “Function/functional” only represents a molecular/phenotypic consequence and is not necessarily connected to “adaptation/adaptive”; (2) Adaptive editing should be judged in the light of evolution and emphasize advantages of temporal-spatial flexibility; (3) Adaptive editing could, in theory, be extended from nonsynonymous sites to all potentially functional sites. This review seeks to conceptually bridge the gap between molecular biology and evolutionary biology and provide a more objective understanding on the biological functions and evolutionary significance of RNA editing.

Species in Ectrichodiinae are known for their prey specialization on millipedes. However, knowledge of the morphological adaptations to this unique feeding habit was limited. In the current study, we examined the microstructures of the antennae, mouthparts, and legs of four millipede feeding ectrichodiines, Ectrychotes andreae (Thunberg, 1888), Haematoloecha limbata Miller, 1953, Labidocoris pectoralis (Stål, 1863), and Neozirta eidmanni (Taueber, 1930), and compared them with those of three species of tribelocephalines, a group closely related to Ectrichodiinae. On the antennae, we found four types of antennal sensilla. On the mouthparts, we recognized four types of labial sensilla. Sampled ectrichodiines have distinctly more and denser slightly transverse ridges on the external side of mandibles than tribelocephalines. E. andreae and H. limbata possess numerous small papillae fringed with densely arranged finger-print-like grains on the trochanter and femur; these probably facilitate the immobilization of prey. Overall, our study illustrates, at a microstructural level, the remarkable morphological adaption of prey manipulation in ectrichodiine, and has enhanced our understanding about stenophagy in the family Reduviidae.

The identities of two species of assassin bugs in the tribe Ectinoderini (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae) from the Indochinese Peninsula are reviewed, resulting in the following new synonymy and new combinations: Amulius Stål, 1865 = Parapanthous Distant, 1919, syn. n.; Amulius spinicollis (Distant, 1919), comb. n. (transferred from Parapanthous) and Ectinoderus confragosus (Distant, 1919), comb. n. (transferred from Amulius). Lectotypes of these species are designated. The hemelytral venations of Amulius and Ectinoderus Westwood, 1843 are briefly discussed and their diagnoses accordingly revised. Amulius is newly reported from Vietnam and Ectinoderus is recorded from Cambodia for the first time.

The assassin bug genus Argolis Stål, 1861 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Stenopodainae) has a disjunct distribution in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. In the present study, the Asian species of Argolis are revised. Two species are recognized, redescribed, and illustrated, with the following new subjective synonyms and new combination proposed: Argolis Stål, 1861 = Bardesanes Distant, 1909, syn. nov. = Neoklugia Distant, 1919, syn. nov.; A. farinator (Reuter, 1882) = N. typica Distant, 1919, syn. nov. = B. sericenotatus Livingstone & Ravichandran, 1989, syn. nov.; A. signata (Distant, 1909), comb. nov. (transferred from Bardesanes) = Caunus noctulus Hsiao, 1977, syn. nov. Lectotypes for C. farinator, B. signatus, and N. typica are designated. A key to separate the two Asian species of Argolis is provided. The sexual dimorphism, systematic relationships, and distribution of Argolis are discussed. Argolis is newly recorded from Laos, Pakistan, and Vietnam.

The recently reorganized classification of Mantodea has made significant progress in resolving past homoplasy problems, although some relationships among higher taxa remain uncertain. In the present study, we utilized newly sequenced mitogenomes and nuclear gene sequences of 23 mantid species, along with published data of 53 mantises, to perform familial-sampling structural comparisons of mantodean mitogenomes and phylogenomic studies. Our rstructural analysis revealed generally conserved mitogenome organizations, with a few cases of tRNA gene rearrangements, including the detection of trnL2 duplication for the first time. In our phylogenetic analysis, we found a high degree of compositional heterogeneity and lineage-specific evolutionary rates among mantodean mitogenomes, which frequently corresponded to several unexpected groupings in the topologies under site-homogeneous models. In contrast, the topologies obtained using the site-heterogeneous mixture model fit the currently accepted phylogeny of Mantodea better. Topology tests and four-cluster likelihood mapping analyses further determined the preferred topologies. Our phylogenetic results confirm the monophyly of superfamilial groups Schizomantodea, Amerimantodea, Heteromantodea, Promantidea, and Mantidea and recover the early-branching relationships as (Mantoidoidea + (Amerimantodea + (Metallyticoidea + Cernomantodea))). Additionally, the results suggest that the long-unresolved phylogenetic position of Majangidae should be placed within Mantidea, close to Mantoidea, rather than within Epaphroditoidea. Our findings contribute to understanding the compositional and structural diversity in mantodean mitogenomes, underscore the importance of evolutionary model selection in phylogenomic studies, and provide new insights into the high-level phylogeny of Mantodea.

Triatominae, the only blood-sucking subfamily in Reduviidae, are the vectors of Chagas disease. The majority of them are distributed in the Americas, while the diversity in China has been underestimated, as only two species have been recorded. Here, we describe two new species from China, Triatoma picta Zhao & Cai sp. nov. and T. atrata Zhao & Cai sp. nov., and provide a redescription of T. sinica Hsiao, 1965, along with remarks on T. rubrofasciata (De Geer, 1773). To facilitate the identification, we include photos, especially of genitalia, as well as a distribution map and a key to Chinese triatomines. We calculated the pairwise genetic distances between 23 Triatoma species, which further supported the validity of these new species. We anticipate that our taxonomic review will be useful for identifying Chinese Triatominae.

Abstract Biological invasion has been a serious global threat due to increasing international trade and population movements. Tracking the source and route of invasive species and evaluating the genetic differences in their native regions have great significance for the effective monitoring and management, and further resolving the invasive mechanism. The spotted lanternfly Lycorma delicatula is native to China and invaded South Korea, Japan, and the United States during the last decade, causing severe damages to the fruits and timber industries. However, its global phylogeographic pattern and invasion history are not clearly understood. We applied high‐throughput sequencing to obtain 392 whole mitochondrial genome sequences from four countries to ascertain the origin, dispersal, and invasion history of the spotted lanternfly. Phylogenomic analyses revealed that the spotted lanternfly originated from southwestern China, diverged into six phylogeographic lineages, and experienced northward expansion across the Yangtze River in the late Pleistocene. South Korea populations were derived from multiple invasions from eastern China and Japan with two different genetic sources of northwestern (Loess Plateau) and eastern (East Plain) lineages in China, whereas the each of Japan and the United States had only one. The United States populations originated through single invasive event from South Korea, which served as a bridgehead of invasion. The environmental conditions, especially the distribution of host Ailanthus trees, and adaptability possibly account for the rapid spread of the spotted lanternfly in the native and introduced regions.

Psylloidea, commonly known as jumping plant-lice, have a phloem-sucking habit and strong specificity to their host plants. Within the Psyllidae family, the genus Cacopsylla Ossiannilsson, 1970 stands out as being the most diverse, with three species feeding on the genus Eriobotrya Lindl. In this study, a new psyllid species, Cacopsylla fuscicella sp. nov., was described from China. It is a pest of Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. and has been cultivated as a commercial fruit tree for years. Illustrations of habitus, morphological structures, and its damage to loquat were also provided. The complete mitochondrial genome of C. fuscicella sp. nov. was sequenced and annotated. The phylogenetic tree inferred from the maximum likelihood analyses confirmed C. fuscicella sp. nov. as a member of the genus Cacopsylla. Genetic distances were generated to assess comparative genetic distances within Psyllinae.

Many species of the family Aradidae (also known as flat bugs) feed on fungal mycelia and fruiting bodies. In order to better understand the morphological adaptation to this unique feeding habit, we examined the microstructure of antennae and mouthparts of an aradid species, Mezira yunnana Hsiao, using scanning electron microscope, and documented the fungal feeding process under laboratory conditions. The antennal sensilla include three subtypes of sensilla trichodea, three subtypes of sensilla basiconica, two subtypes of sensilla chaetica, sensilla campaniformia, and sensilla styloconica. The apex of the second segment of flagellum has a large number of various sensilla forming a sensilla cluster. The labial tip is distally constricted, which is rarely observed in other Pentatomomorpha species. The labial sensilla include three subtypes of sensilla trichodea, three subtypes of sensilla basiconica, and a sensilla campaniformia. The tip of the labium has only three pairs of sensilla basiconica III and small comb-shaped cuticular processes. The external surface of the mandibular apex has 8–10 ridge-like central teeth. A series of key morphological structures associated with mycetophagous feeding habit were identified, which will facilitate future studies on adaptive evolution of species in Pentatomomorpha as well as in other heteropteran lineages.

The small reduviine genus, Tympanistocoris Miller, is revised. The type species of the genus, T. humilis Miller, is redescribed, and a new species, Tympanistocoris usingeri sp. nov., from Papua New Guinea is described. The illustrations of the antennae, head and pronotum, legs, hemelytra, abdomen, and male genitalia, as well as the habitus of the type specimens are also provided. The new species can be separated from the type species of the genus, T. humilis Miller, in the lateral sides of the pronotum with a distinct carina and the posterior margin of the seventh abdominal segment emarginated. The type specimen of the new species is kept in The Natural History Museum, London. The anastomosing veins of the hemelytra and the systematic position of the genus are briefly discussed.

Rhodnius Stål, 1859 is the second largest genus of Triatominae after Triatoma Laporte, 1832, and includes several important Chagas vectors. Genitalia in Reduviidae are frequently used for species identification, but the current use of terminology for it is inconsistent in Triatominae. Here, Rhodnius micki sp. nov., is described from Bolivia and considered as belonging to the pictipes group based on its morphological characters and distribution. Detailed documentation of the genitalia of Rhodnius micki sp. nov. is provided with emphasis on its everted phallus, especially the endosomal sclerites, which are potentially useful as species-level diagnostic features in Rhodnius. To further verify the validity of this species, the head shapes and wing venation patterns of five species in Rhodnius are compared with morphometric analysis. After reviewing taxonomic and comparative morphology papers of assassin bugs, a vocabulary with a terminology of morphological characters, especially of external male genitalic characters, is assembled with the preferred terms and the synonyms listed. Establishing a consistent terminological framework will greatly facilitate future research on the homology of these structures across Triatominae and will ultimately contribute to our understanding of the evolution of these groups.

The African assassin bug genus Neopirates Miller, 1952, is revised. The type species, N. nyassae Miller, 1952, is redescribed and illustrated; two new species from Namibia, N. bicolor Liu & Cai sp. n. and N. xanthothorax Liu & Cai sp. n. are described and a key is provided to separate the three species of this genus. Sphodrembas fumipennis Swanson, 2019, the type species of Sphodrembas Swanson, 2019, is placed as a junior synonym of N. nyassae, resulting in Sphodrembas becoming a junior synonym of Neopirates. Morphological differences between Neopirates and similar genera and the distribution of Neopirates are briefly discussed.

Chenicoris dilatatus gen. n. & sp. n. from southern China is described and placed in the largest assassin bug subfamily Harpactorinae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae). The new species is similar to members of Isyndus Stål, 1859 in general habitus, but can be distinguished from the latter by the unarmed anterior pronotal lobe, the laterally dilated lobe-like abdominal segment V and several features of its genitalia.

Hornylia obtusipetala sp. nov. from eastern Thailand is described and illustrated. This new species is the second representative of the genus Hornylia Wygodzinsky, 1966. A key to species of Hornylia is presented. The relationship with allied genera and distribution of Hornylia is briefly discussed. Hornylia is recorded from Thailand for the first time.

Biological invasions represent a natural rapid evolutionary process in which invasive species may present a major threat to biodiversity and ecosystem integrity. Analyzing the genetic structure and demographic history of invaded populations is critical for the effective management of invasive species. The spotted alfalfa aphid (SAA) Therioaphis trifolii is indigenous in the Mediterranean region of Europe and Africa and has invaded China, causing severe damages to the alfalfa industry. However, little is known about its genetic structure and invasion history. In this study, we obtained 167 complete mitochondrial genome sequences from 23 SAA populations across China based on high-throughput sequencing and performed population genetic and phylogenomic analyses. High haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity were found in SAA populations in China with distinct genetic structures, i.e., all populations diverged into three phylogenetic lineages. Demographic history analyses showed a recent expansion of the SAA population, consistent with the recent invasion history. Our study indicated that SAA may have invaded through multiple introduction events during commercial trades of alfalfa, although this needs further validation by nuclear markers.

Peiratinae is a cosmopolitan subfamily within Reduviidae with more than 300 known species in 34 genera. There are also some taxa endemic to islands, but their taxonomic status and biology require further study. After examining type specimens of the peiratine species distributed in New Guinea, we found that some of them share many morphological characters, though they were previously assigned in different genera. The phylogenetic analysis based on cytochrome oxidase I, 16S ribosomal RNA and 18S ribosomal RNA genes involving 38 species in 25 genera also supports the result of the morphological study that these species should be involved in a separate genus. In the present study, the subgenus Ectomocoris (Sigicoris) Miller, 1958 is elevated to genus level, Sigicoris stat. nov. Three new combinations, S. brumalis comb. nov., S. gracilis comb. nov., S. sexguttatus comb. nov. and one new species, S. dominiqueae sp. nov. are described or redescribed. The lectotype of Brachysandalus sexguttatus is designated, and Pirates concinnus syn. nov. is treated as the junior synonym of S. sexguttatus comb. nov. A key is provided to separate the four species of this genus. The systematic relationships, diagnosis, distribution and habitat of Sigicoris stat. nov. are briefly discussed.

The Arma custos is an important natural enemy of agricultural and forest pests. The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of A. custos was determined in the present paper. This mitogenome is 15,629 bp in size and comprises of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and a control region. All protein-coding genes are initiate with ATN, except ND2, COX1, ATP8 and ND1 use TTA or TTG as the start codon, and terminate with TAA with the exception of COX2 and ND5 which use a single T residue as the stop codon. All tRNAs, ranging from 63 to 72 bp, have the cloverleaf structure except tRNASer(AGN). The monophyly of the subfamily Asopinae is highly supported by the phylogenetic tree and A. custos is recovered as sister to the remaining Asopinae species.

The family Pachynomidae is recorded from Borneo as well as Southeast Asia for the first time. Camarochiloides gen. n. and its type species C. weiweii sp. n. is described. Dorsal habitus and various morphological characters of the new species are illustrated. Subfamily placement and affinities of the new genus are briefly discussed, a key to the genera of Pachynominae is provided. Body and wing polymorphism and nymphal morphology of the new species are documented.

Insects are generally associated with gut bacterial communities that benefit the hosts with respect to diet digestion, limiting resource supplementation, pathogen defense, and ecological niche expansion. Heteroptera (true bugs) represent one of the largest and most diverse insect lineages and comprise species consuming different diets and inhabiting various ecological niches, even including underwater. However, the bacterial symbiotic associations have been characterized for those basically restricted to herbivorous stink bugs of the infraorder Pentatomomorpha. The gut microbiota associated with the megadiverse heteropteran lineages and the implications of ecological and diet variance remain largely unknown. Here, we conducted a bacterial 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of the gut microbiota across 30 species of true bugs representative of different ecological niches and diets. It was revealed that Proteobacteria and Firmicute were the predominant bacterial phyla. Environmental habitats and diets synergistically contributed to the diversity of the gut bacterial community of true bugs. True bugs living in aquatic environments harbored multiple bacterial taxa that were not present in their terrestrial counterparts. Carnivorous true bugs possessed distinct gut microbiota compared to phytophagous species. Particularly, assassin bugs of the family Reduviidae possessed a characterized gut microbiota predominantly composed of one Enterococcus with different Proteobacteria, implying a specific association between the gut bacteria and host. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of the comprehensive surveillance of gut microbiota association with true bugs for understanding the molecular mechanisms underpinning insect–bacteria symbiosis.

Extensive gene rearrangement is characteristic in the mitogenomes of thrips (Thysanoptera), but the historical process giving rise to the contemporary gene rearrangement pattern remains unclear. To better understand the evolutionary processes of gene rearrangement in the mitogenomes of thrips, we sequenced the mitogenome of the banded thrip species Aeolothrips xinjiangensis. First, we found a novel mitochondrial gene order in this species. This mitogenome is 16,947 bp in length and encodes the typical 37 coding genes (13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, and two rRNA genes) of insects. The gene arrangement was dramatically different from the putative ancestral mitogenome, with 26 genes being translocated, eight of which were inverted. Moreover, we found a novel, conserved gene block, trnC-trnY, which has not been previously reported in the mitogenomes of thrips. With this newly assembled mitogenome, we compared mitogenome sequences across Thysanoptera to assess the evolutionary processes giving rise to the current gene rearrangement pattern in thrips. Seven identical gene blocks were shared by two sequenced banded thrip mitogenomes, while the reversal of ND2 combined with TDRL events resulted in the different gene orders of these two species. In phylogenetic analysis, the monophyly of the suborders and families of Thysanoptera was well supported. Across the gene orders of 14 thrips, only two conserved gene blocks, ATP8-ATP6 and ND4-ND4L, could be found. Correlation analysis showed that the degree of gene rearrangement was positively correlated with the non-synonymous substitution rate in thrips. Our study suggests that the mitogenomes of thrips remain stable over long evolutionary timescales after massive rearrangement during early diversification.

The enigmatic millipede assassin bug genus Xenorhyncocoris Miller, 1938 is revised. Previously known species, X. caraboides Miller, 1938, X. princeps Miller, 1949 and X. schoenitzeri Putshkov & Bérenger, 1999, are diagnosed and photographed. A new species, X. attractivus sp. nov., is described based on male and female specimens from northeastern Borneo. The male of Xenorhyncocoris is reported for the first time, revealing the extreme sexual dimorphism present in the genus. The diagnosis of Xenorhyncocoris is extended in order to make it applicable to the new discovery, and a female-based key to species of the genus is updated. Relationships among Xenorhyncocoris and Vilius Stål, 1863, Neozirta Distant, 1919 and Schottus Distant, 1902 are briefly discussed.

Assassin bugs use their salivary venoms for various purposes, including defense, prey paralyzation, and extra-oral digestion, but the mechanisms underlying the functional complexity of the venom remain largely unclear. Since venom glands are composed of several chambers, it is suggested that individual chambers may be specialized to produce chemically distinct venoms to exert different functions. The current study assesses this hypothesis by performing toxicity assays and transcriptomic and proteomic analysis on components from three major venom gland chambers including the anterior main gland (AMG), the posterior main gland (PMG), and the accessory gland (AG) of the assassin bug Platymeris biguttatus. Proteotranscriptomic analysis reveals that AMG and PMG extracts are rich in hemolytic proteins and serine proteases, respectively, whereas transferrin and apolipophorin are dominant in the AG. Toxicity assays reveal that secretions from different gland chambers have distinct effects on the prey, with that from AG compromising prey mobility, that from PMG causing prey death and liquifying the corpse, and that from AMG showing no significant physiological effects. Our study reveals a functional cooperation among venom gland chambers of assassin bugs and provides new insights into physiological adaptations to venom-based predation and defense in venomous predatory bugs.

Re-examination of type specimens of Libiocoris Kormilev 1957, L. poecilus from New Guinea and other taxa assigned to this genus, the Chinese Libiocoris heissi Bai, Yang & Cai, 2006 and Libiocoris sinensis Bai, Yang & Cai, 2006 proved to be synonyms, thus L. heissi = L. sinensis syn. n. They are, however, different from Libiocoris Kormilev, 1957 to which they were originally assigned and a new genus Paralibiocoris gen. n. is proposed for them. Therefore Paralibiocoris heissi comb. n. = Libiocoris heissi Bai et al., 2006 = Libiocoris sinensis Bai et al., 2006, syn. n. From Hainan Island, China, the following new species, P. roundangulus sp. n., P. hainanensis sp. n., and P. limuensis sp. n., are described and figured and a key to species is provided.

The booklouse, Liposcelis bostrychophila is an important storage pest worldwide. The mitochondrial (mt) genome of an asexual strain (Beibei, China) of the L. bostrychophila comprises two chromosomes; each chromosome contains approximate half of the 37 genes typically found in bilateral animals. The mt genomes of two sexual strains of L. bostrychophila, however, comprise five and seven chromosomes, respectively; each chromosome contains one to six genes. To understand mt genome evolution in L. bostrychophila, and whether L. bostrychophila is a cryptic species, we sequenced the mt genomes of six strains of asexual L. bostrychophila collected from different locations in China, Croatia, and the United States. The mt genomes of all six asexual strains of L. bostrychophila have two chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis of mt genome sequences divided nine strains of L. bostrychophila into four groups. Each group has a distinct mt genome organization and substantial sequence divergence (48.7–87.4%) from other groups. Furthermore, the seven asexual strains of L. bostrychophila, including the published Beibei strain, are more closely related to two other species of booklice, L. paeta and L. sculptilimacula, than to the sexual strains of L. bostrychophila. Our results revealed highly divergent mt genomes in the booklouse, L. bostrychophila, and indicate that L. bostrychophila is a cryptic species.

The family Pentatomidae (stink bugs) is one of the largest groups in Heteroptera, containing many important pests and natural enemies. They exhibit highly diversified feeding habits and related structural modifications, but the key morphological characteristics associated with feeding habit radiation remain unclear. In the current study, we address this question by analyzing morphological variations of feeding related organs. We compare the ultrastructures of antennae and mouthparts across the chosen 17 species in Pentatomidae, representing both plant feeders and predators from four subfamilies. A strong association between ultrastructural adaptation and feeding habit transition has been revealed. The long, sharp, and hook-like mandibular teeth and maxillary barbs are exclusively present in predatory Pentatomidae, suggesting their tight association with the shift of feeding habit from phytophagy to predation. Significant differences between phytophagous and predatory species are also found in antennal and labial sensilla types and arrangements, implying their important function in food selection. Our data identify a series of key morphological structures associated with feeding habit variations among stink bugs, which will facilitate future studies on adaptive evolution of feeding habits, utilization, and population control of economic species in Pentatomidae as well as in other heteropteran lineages.

Togepsyllinae is a distinctive group within Psylloidea, with its systematic status treated variously by different authors. Of the only two known genera, Togepsylla is better known and distributed in temperate and tropical East Asia. In this study, the taxonomy and morphology of Togepsylla was studied in detail. Keys to adults and fifth instar immatures of the genus are provided. Togepsylla glutinosae sp. n. is described, and T. matsumurana, T. takahashii, and T. tibetana are redescribed. Syncoptozus is compared with Togepsylla for differences in morphology. Modern psyllids have evolved their jumping hind legs via the elongation of the dorsal edge of coxa, the broadening of coxal wall, the thickening of meron, the backward twisting of the plane of trochanter, femur, and tibia, and the enlargement of trochanteral tendon. However, in Togepsylla, this modification has progressed halfway. The metapleuron of Togepsylla is arranged in a different way than other psyllids. The pleural sulcus is short, and the metepisternum and trochantin are not divided. Wax-secreting fields on abdominal sternites, resembling those of whiteflies, are found on all Togepsylla species, and described for the first time. Other distinctive characters of the genus are also revealed, e.g. frons completely fused with gena, a pair of extra sclerites present behind the base of thoracic furca, one-segmented aedeagus, and absence of a flag lobe on valvula dorsalis of ovipositor. Based on various similarities in morphology, Togepsyllinae may have a close relationship with Aphalaridae-Rhinocolinae and is possibly related to Homotomidae, Liviidae-Liviinae and Atmetocranium (Calophyidae). All the distinctive characters of Togepsyllinae suggest that the current placement of the group is doubtful, and the phylogeny of Aphalaridae needs to be resolved.

Abstract We sequenced the mitochondrial (mt) genome of the grass thrips, Anaphothrips obscurus, which is highly rearranged and differs from the four thrips species reported previously in the arrangement of both tRNA genes and a protein-coding gene, nad3, and in the copy number of the control region (CR). We reconstructed the phylogeny of the thrips with mt genome sequences, and used it as a framework to gain insights into mt genome evolution in thrips. It is evident that A. obscurus is less rearranged in mt genome organization than the other four known thrips. nad3 is in its ancestral location in A. obscurus but was translocated in other four thrips. Also, A. obscurus has one CR, which is ancestral to hexapods whereas other thrips have two or three CRs. All of the five thrips whose mt genomes have been sequenced to date are from the subfamily Thripinae, which represents about a quarter of the species richness in the order Thysanoptera. The high variation in mt genome organization observed in a subfamily challenges our knowledge about animal mt genomes. It remains to be investigated why mt genomes evolved so fast in the subfamily Thripinae and how mt genomes evolved in other lineages of thrips.

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the assassin bug, Sycanus croceovittatus, was sequenced and analyzed in the present study. This mitogenome spans 15,644 bp in size with a high A + T content (71.7%), containing 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and a putative control region. All protein-coding genes are initiated by ATN codons expect ND1 use GTG as start codons and terminated with TAG or TAA, expect COX3 use a single T–– residue as the stop codon. All tRNAs have the typical clover-leaf like structures except for tRNASer(AGN). A phylogenetic analysis of S. croceovittatus and 33 other assassin bugs is also presented using 13 protein-coding genes and 2 rRNA genes. The result supports the monophyly of Harpactorinae and the sister relationship between S. croceovittatus and Agriosphodrus dohrni.