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A comprehensive understanding of the distribution pattern and driving factors of population aging at the country level in China is fundamental for enhancing the governance capacity of the governing authorities and implementing a national strategy to actively cope with the aging society. On the basis of the 2000, 2010, and 2020 census data on the Chinese population, we determined the distribution pattern of population aging in China over the past 20 years at the county level and adopted a fractional response model to identify the main influencing factors of such spatial distribution from three perspectives: the natural environment, socioeconomic factors, and population migration. The following observations were made: 1) During the past 20 years, most counties in China have entered into an "aging society," some counties have entered into an "aged society," and counties in the Chengdu-Chongqing region, central Inner Mongolia, and peripheral Yangtze River Delta have entered into a "hyper-aged society." 2) The spatial structure of the distribution of population aging exhibited various patterns. Overall, the Hu Line is a clear demarcation for the distribution, with the degree of aging of the counties in the southeastern half of the line being generally higher than that of the counties in the northwestern half and maintaining a certain degree of stability. During the past 20 years, the aging population has shown a gradient diffusion of the characteristics of the Eastern monsoon region―Northwest arid region―Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region. From a local perspective, population aging presents various structural characteristics, such as "homogenization," "reverse core-edge," and "core-edge" spatial structures. 3) Significant regional differences exist in population aging. Vast differences in population aging between different ecological regions, between urban and rural areas, and between ethnic and non-ethnic autonomous regions are obvious, and these differences tend to expand further. 4) Natural factors have laid the macro pattern of the distribution of population aging. Socioeconomic factors are the main driving force of the aging process, and population migration has played an important role in restructuring the aging space pattern. This study provides a scientific basis for optimization of the spatial allocation of pension resources, and different regions can actively respond to the formulation and improvement of differentiated policies for population aging.

Simple Summary: We explored the role of exercise in promoting hippocampal neurogenesis and memory function in T2DM mice through the Irisin/TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. Ten weeks of exercise training significantly reduced inflammation in the DG region caused by T2DM and promoted hippocampal neurogenesis and memory function. However, these positive effects could be reversed by treatment with Cyclo RGDyk, which blocks irisin receptor signaling. The results suggest that exercise may be an effective strategy for alleviating cognitive decline caused by diabetes by activating the irisin signaling pathway. Neuroinflammation is a major feature of type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM), adversely affecting hippocampal neurogenesis. However, the precise mechanism is not fully understood, and therapeutic approaches are currently lacking. Therefore, we determined the effects of exercise on neuroinflammation and hippocampal neurogenesis in T2DM mice, with a specific focus on understanding the role of the irisin and related cascade pathways in modulating the beneficial effects of exercise in these processes. Ten-week exercise significantly decreased T2DM-induced inflammation levels and markedly promoted hippocampal neurogenesis and memory function. However, these positive effects were reversed by 10 weeks of treatment with cyclo RGDyk, an inhibitor of irisin receptor signaling. Additionally, exercise helped reduce the M1 phenotype polarization of hippocampal microglia in diabetic mice; this effect could be reversed with cyclo RGDyk treatment. Moreover, exercise markedly increased the levels of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5)/irisin protein while decreasing the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differential protein-88 (MyD88), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) in the hippocampus of T2DM mice. However, blocking irisin receptor signaling counteracted the down-regulation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB in diabetic mice undergoing exercise intervention. Conclusively, exercise appears to be effective in reducing neuroinflammation and enhancing hippocampal neurogenesis and memory in diabetes mice. The positive effects are involved in the participation of the irisin/TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway, highlighting the potential of exercise in the management of diabetic-induced cognitive decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) is a fundamental property of cancer; however, the origins of ITH remain poorly understood. We performed single-cell transcriptome profiling of peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) from 15 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC), constructed a map of 45,048 PC cells, profiled the transcriptome states of tumor cell populations, incisively explored ITH of malignant PC cells and identified significant correlates with patient survival. The links between tumor cell lineage/state compositions and ITH were illustrated at transcriptomic, genotypic, molecular and phenotypic levels. We uncovered the diversity in tumor cell lineage/state compositions in PC specimens and defined it as a key contributor to ITH. Single-cell analysis of ITH classified PC specimens into two subtypes that were prognostically independent of clinical variables, and a 12-gene prognostic signature was derived and validated in multiple large-scale GAC cohorts. The prognostic signature appears fundamental to GAC carcinogenesis and progression and could be practical for patient stratification. Single-cell analysis of gastric cancer samples tracks the cell of origin of metastatic lesions and identifies an independent prognostic signature of the clinical outcome., Author(s): Ruiping Wang [sup.1] , Minghao Dang [sup.1] , Kazuto Harada [sup.2] [sup.12] , Guangchun Han [sup.1] , Fang Wang [sup.3] , Melissa Pool Pizzi [sup.2] , Meina Zhao [sup.2] [...]

Purpose: Though exercise generates beneficial effects on diabetes‐associated cardiac damage, the underlying mechanism is largely unclear. Therefore, we prescribed a program of 8‐week treadmill training for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats and determined the role of irisin signaling, via interacting with AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), in mediating the effects of exercise on myocardial injuries and mitochondrial fission. Methods: Forty 8‐week‐old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into groups of control (Con), diabetes mellitus (DM), diabetes plus exercise (Ex), and diabetes plus exercise and Cyclo RGDyk (ExRg). Ex and ExRg rats received 8 weeks of treadmill running, and the rats in the ExRg group additionally were treated with a twice weekly injection of Cyclo RGDyk, an irisin receptor‐αV/β5 antagonist. At the end of the experiment, murine blood samples and heart tissues were collected and analyzed with methods of ELISA, Western blot, real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, as well as immunofluorescence staining. Results: Exercise effectively mitigated T2DM‐related hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, lipid dysmetabolism, and inflammation, which could be diminished by Cyclo RGDyk treatment. Additionally, exercise alleviated T2DM‐induced myocardial injury and excessive mitochondrial fission, whereas the beneficial effects were blocked by the administration of Cyclo RGDyk. T2DM significantly decreased serum irisin concentrations and fibronectin type III domain‐containing protein 5 (FNDC5)/irisin gene and protein expression levels in the rat heart, whereas exercise could rescue T2DM‐reduced FNDC5/irisin expression. Blocking irisin receptor signaling diminished the exercise‐alleviated mitochondrial fission protein expression and elevated AMPK phosphorylation. Conclusion: Exercise is effective in mitigating diabetes‐related insulin resistance, metabolic dysfunction, and inflammation. Irisin signaling engages in exercise‐associated beneficial effects on myocardial injury and excessive mitochondrial fission in diabetes rats involving elevated AMPK phosphorylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The BeiDou-3 system (BDS-3) broadcasts PPP-B2b signals to provide real-time PPP service. Compared with the traditional PPP technique, the PPP-B2b service broadcasts corrections through satellite links, covers a wide area, and is independent of the internet. With the PPP-B2b service, users can obtain high-precision positioning information through the real-time PPP. Many studies have been conducted to evaluate the positioning performance of PPP-B2b. In theory, high-precision timing information could also be obtained through PPP-B2b. With the development of science and technology, the need for highly accurate time measurement, even at the sub-nanosecond level, is experiencing significant growth. However, the GNSS standard timing service can hardly meet these requirements. This contribution analyzes the timing performance of the PPP-B2b service and proposes a sub-nanosecond precise timing method of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) based on the PPP-B2b service. BDS-3 and GPS observations from nine tracking stations and real-time collected PPP-B2b corrections over 516 days were used to analyze the performance of the proposed timing method. The results show that: (1) The difference between the PPP-B2b-restored UTC, which was realized by one-way timing with the UTC offsets in broadcast ephemeris, and UTC (NTSC), fluctuates within a few ns. (2) The timing uncertainty of the zero baseline based on the proposed method is better than 0.2 ns. (3) Compared with the post-processed PPP time transfer, the UTC dissemination uncertainty of the short and long baseline with the proposed method is better than 0.7 ns. The experiment results verified the feasibility of the proposed sub-nanosecond level precise UTC dissemination method based on the PPP-B2b service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The filamentation temperature-sensitive H (FtsH) gene family is critical in regulating plant chloroplast development and photosynthesis. It plays a vital role in plant growth, development, and stress response. Although FtsH genes have been identified in a wide range of plants, there is no detailed study of the FtsH gene family in soybean (Glycine max). Here, we identified 34 GmFtsH genes, which could be categorized into eight groups, and GmFtsH genes in the same group had similar structures and conserved protein motifs. We also performed intraspecific and interspecific collinearity analysis and found that the GmFtsH family has large-scale gene duplication and is more closely related to Arabidopsis thaliana. Cis-acting elements analysis in the promoter region of the GmFtsH genes revealed that most genes contain developmental and stress response elements. Expression patterns based on transcriptome data and real-time reverse transcription quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that most of the GmFtsH genes were expressed at the highest levels in leaves. Then, GO enrichment analysis indicated that GmFtsH genes might function as a protein hydrolase. In addition, the GmFtsH13 protein was confirmed to be localized in chloroplasts by a transient expression experiment in tobacco. Taken together, the results of this study lay the foundation for the functional determination of GmFtsH genes and help researchers further understand the regulatory network in soybean leaf development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, for the UAV attitude angle stabilization system under constant flat wind disturbance, the fuzzy adaptive PID control theory is used to establish the equation of wind disturbance attitude angle stability system. After mastering the control rate of the system, the fuzzy controller is designed by using matlab, and the attitude angle dynamic simulation analysis was carried out. The results show that under the interference of flat wind, the longitudinal attitude of the UAV is changed by interference, and the fuzzy adaptive PD is used to control the attitude angle of the aircraft, which has faster tracking performance, smaller adjustment time than the traditional PD control. Thereby achieving better maneuverability and less steady-state error. Therefore, the fuzzy adaptive PD can better control the attitude stability of the UAV, improve the wind resistance of the UAV, and ensure the flight is safe and reliable.