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Acute stress disorder (ASD) is a kind of mental disease caused by trauma, which will bring heavy burdens to patients themselves, their family, their work and their lives. Once a person who has suffered a trauma develops post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the quality of life of patients will be overall impaired. It is found that the occurrence of stress disorder is related to the overactivation of hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis (HPA axis). The most commonly used medications for ASD are recommended medications for PTSD, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), second-generation antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, beta blockers, and others. The purpose of this article is to systematically organize and review the possible mechanisms of stress disorder and drugs for treatment of ASD.

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Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive cancer which presents significant challenges for disease management and treatment. Tissue sodium concentration (TSC) is a sensitive indicator of disease and changes in TSC can be used as a potential biomarker for treatment response. A longitudinal orthotopic C6 GBM model was used to study changes in TSC due to cancer. Animals were imaged with contrast enhanced T1-weighted, T2-weighted and sodium MRI and were either un-treated or received temozolomide (TMZ) treatment. Accurate assessment of TSC was possible for tumour volumes greater than 150mm3 using 3mm isotropic imaging voxels. TSC increased with tumour growth for all animals. However, there were no differences in TSC changes between treated and non-treated animals. Ultimately TSC at endpoint was lower for treated animals, however this difference was not significant. This study demonstrates the feasibility of preclinical sodium MRI at 3T and highlights future potential challenges to overcome for this modality.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Same as Fig. 2, but for the precipitation trends from 1979 to 2019. Upper Panels (a, b) show the precipitation change during the boreal winter dry season (DJF) from GPCP and CMAP. Lower Panels (c, d) same as (a, b) but for the boreal spring wet season (AM). Figure S2. Same as Fig. 5, but for the climatological precipitation pattern in GPCP and CMAP. Upper Panels (a, b) show observed climatology in GPCP. Lower Panels (c, d) same as (a, b) but for CMAP. Figure S3. same as Fig. 1b, but for spatial averaged (the box in Fig. 1a, 7°E–32°E, 4°S–5°N) climatology of monthly precipitation in CAM model. Figure S4. The standard deviation of seasonal precipitation pattern in GPCP and CMAP. Left Panel (a, d) show the results in GPCP. Middle Panels (b, e) same as (a,d) but for CMAP. Right Panels (c, f) same as (a, d) but for models. Figure S5. Same as Fig. 6, but forced by tropical Ocean SST in atmospheric models. a is precipitation in DJF and b is precipitation in AM. Table S1. Pattern correlations of precipitation trends between observations and models. The region is 7°E–32°E, 4°S–5°N. Table S2. Pattern correlations between the trend of moisture at 825 hPa and the trend of divergence of vertically integrated moisture flux. The region is 7°E–32°E, 4°S–5°N.

Additional file 1.Table S1. 1 Details of 45 CMIP5 models used in the study. Table S1. 2 Details of 19 CMIP6 models used in the study. Table S1. 3 Details of 29 AMIP5 models used in the study. Table S1. 4 Details of 16 AMIP6 models used in the study. Figure S1. Sea level pressure (SLP) regressed onto the Niño3.4 SST index during the period from 1979-2005 in each individual reanalysis and AMIP5/6 model. Figure S2. Same as figure S1 but in each individual CMIP5/6 model. Figure S3. Zonal mass stream function regressed onto the Niño3.4 SST index during the period from 1979-2005 in each individual reanalysis and AMIP5/6 model. Figure S4. Same as figure S3 but in each individual CMIP5/6 model. Figure S5. Taylor diagram for showing the statistics of responses in reanalyses and models. The relative mean squared difference and the spatial pattern correlation between model and six reanalysis-ensembles. Different color dots represent different reanalyses and models. Panel a shows the performance of Sea Level Pressure responses; panel b shows the performance of zonal mass stream function responses. Figure S6. The relationship between SOI anomalies and the max of zonal mass stream function anomalies and between SOI responses and the max of zonal mass stream function responses. Figure S7. The relationship between the max of zonal mass stream function responses and precipitation responses in individual models and reanalyses. Figure S8. The relationship between ENSO-related SST anomalies and the max of zonal mass stream function anomalies in individual a CMIP5 models and b CMIP6 models.

Sovia liuzihaoi Huang & Fan sp. nov. (Figs. 2–5, 10–11, 15) Type material. Holotype: ♂, altitude ca. 2100 m, 3. VIII. 2018, Mt. Ailao, Xinping Yi and Dai Autonomous County, Yuxi City, Yunnan Province, P. R. China, leg. Si-yao Huang, HSY001 (SCAU). Paratype: 1 ♂, same data as holotype, HSY002 (SCAU); 1 ♂, same data as holotype (SCAU). Diagnosis. S. liuzihaoi sp. nov. can be distinguished from congeners by forewing upperside with only two subapical spots, male stigma linear, extremely narrow, male genitalia uncus expanded subapically in dorsal view and outer lower angle of valva protruding and forming a perpendicular angle. Description. Male (Figs. 2–5). Forewing length 15–16 mm (16 mm in holotype). Compound eyes black. Antennae longer than half of the length of forewing. Head covered by yellowish-green hair dorsally. Labial palpi with second segment porrect and covered with yellowish green hair and scales thoroughly; third segment porrect and covered by yellowish green scales ventrally, ending with a blunt tip. Thorax black dorsally and covered by yellowish green hair ventrally. Abdomen black dorsally and covered by pale scales ventrally. Forewing upper side ground color blackish brown, costa scattered with yellowish green scales from base and ending before middle point. Upper side all patterns pale yellowish white; discal cell with cell spot rectangular and narrow; subapical area with two spots in cells R 4 and R 5; cell M 3 with a small rounded spot; cell Cu 1 with a large rectangular spot at base. Stigma linear, pale whitish, not continuous in the middle and presenting at base of cell Cu 2. Cilia clearly chequered with yellowish white and dark brown. Forewing under side yellowish at costa, blackish brown from base to discal zone and reaching outer margin, pale grey at dorsumal area, patterns similar to upper side. Hindwing upper side ground color same as in forewing, becoming paler at costal area and without any markings, cilia same as forewing. Hindwing under side ground color greenish yellow, paler near dorsumal area. Male genitalia (Figs. 10–11). Uncus long, broad and generally arrow-shaped, with the distal half gradually broadening subapically in dorsal view and abruptly narrowing towards apex and ending with a triangular tip. Tegumen nearly rounded in dorsal view, about half of the length of uncus. Lateral process of tegumen digital in lateral view. Gnathos slightly sclerotized at lateral wall, bifid in ventral view; each branch with basal one third strongly slcerotized and distal two thirds covered by numerous spinules. Saccus short, nearly triangular. Valva broad, with its outer lower angle of valva protruding and forming a perpendicular angle; dorsobasal process strongly sclerotized, trapezoid, with a small projection at the base; dorsodistal process strongly sclerotized, small and parallelogramshaped; ventrobasal process strongly sclerotized, rather broad and nearly trapezoid; ventrodistal process strongly sclerotized and nearly rectangular, with its inner ventral angle extending inward; its dorsal margin covered by numerous dentation of various shape and its outer margin covered by smaller dentation; the inner projection of ventrodistal process broad and robust, surrounded by large dentation. Juxta shallowly V-shaped. Aedeagus moderately long; its suprazonal sheath about two thirds of the length of subzonal sheath; the suprazonal sheath with its distal end expanding in dorsal view and its dorsal wall deeply concave. Female. Unknown. Distribution. Currently this species is only known from its type locality, Mt. Ailao in South Central Yunnan Province, Southwestern China (Fig. 16). Etymology. The specific name liuzihaoi is dedicated to Dr. Zi-hao Liu (University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei City, Anhui Province, P. R. China), an old friend of the first author and also a Lepidoptera enthusiast who keeping providing him with valuable material of butterflies and moths from other parts of China during the past ten years. Biology. This species is found near a stream surrounded by good vegetation at an altitude around 2100 m (Fig. 14). Males are very sensitive and flying swiftly when disturbed with typical territorial behavior, and usually resting on leaves of trees or brushes and cement blocks with wings unfolded (Fig. 15).