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International efforts to avoid dangerous climate change have historically focused on reducing energy-related CO2 emissions from countries with either the largest economies (e.g. the EU and the USA) and/or the largest populations (e.g. China and India). However, in recent years, emissions have surged among a different and much less-examined group of countries, raising concerns that a next generation of high-emitting economies will obviate current mitigation targets. Here, we analyse the trends and drivers of emissions in each of the 59 countries where emissions in 2010-2018 grew faster than the global average (excluding China and India), project their emissions under a range of longer-term energy scenarios and estimate the costs of decarbonization pathways. Total emissions from these 'emerging emitters' reach as much as 7.5 GtCO2/year in the baseline 2.5° scenario-substantially greater than the emissions from these regions in previously published scenarios that would limit warming to 1.5°C or even 2°C. Such unanticipated emissions would in turn require non-emitting energy deployment from all sectors within these emerging emitters, and faster and deeper reductions in emissions from other countries to meet international climate goals. Moreover, the annual costs of keeping emissions at the low level are in many cases 0.2%-4.1% of countries' gross domestic production, pointing to potential trade-offs with poverty-reduction goals and/or the need for economic support and low-carbon technology transfer from historically high-emitting countries. Our results thus highlight the critical importance of ramping up mitigation efforts in countries that to this point have been largely ignored.

The research attempts to determine the inclination toward embracing e-commerce, focusing on the satisfaction of low- and middle-income consumers with online services and their ability to navigate a secure online platform. We examine our hypothesis with survey technique. The questionnaire was adapted from prior studies. The research was carried out through empirical methods, utilizing a convenience sample of 290 participants from various locations in Barishal, Chattogram, Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Mymensingh, and Sylhet, from Bangladesh. SMARTPLS was used for analysis of the gathered data. The findings demonstrated that the desire to utilize e-commerce is strongly and positively predicted by perceived risk, social influence, and facilitating aspects. This study addresses the gap by identifying and understanding these three aspects together, beyond contextual barriers, that influence e-commerce adoption among low- and middle-income consumers in Bangladesh. The study contributes to the understanding of e-commerce adoption in emerging markets by providing a comprehensive, theoretically grounded model that identifies key institutional and contextual elements influencing online shopping behavior. The insights gained offer valuable implications for policymakers and e-commerce platforms aiming to enhance user engagement in online shopping. However, the lack of thorough study that addresses problems outside contextual imperatives limits our knowledge of what motivates e-commerce in Bangladesh. This study examines a comprehensive, theoretically developed model that find the pertinent institutional and contextual elements that might lead to the uptake of online shopping in underdeveloped countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The highly energy-intensive iron and steel industry contributed about 25% (ref. 1) of global industrial CO2 emissions in 2019 and is therefore critical for climate-change mitigation. Despite discussions of decarbonization potentials at national and global levels2–6, plant-specific mitigation potentials and technologically driven pathways remain unclear, which cumulatively determines the progress of net-zero transition of the global iron and steel sector. Here we develop a CO2 emissions inventory of 4,883 individual iron and steel plants along with their technical characteristics, including processing routes and operating details (status, age, operation-years etc.). We identify and match appropriate emission-removal or zero-emission technologies to specific possessing routes, or what we define thereafter as a techno-specific decarbonization road map for every plant. We find that 57% of global plants have 8–24 operational years, which is the retrofitting window for low-carbon technologies. Low-carbon retrofitting following the operational characteristics of plants is key for limiting warming to 2 °C, whereas advanced retrofitting may help limit warming to 1.5 °C. If each plant were retrofitted 5 years earlier than the planned retrofitting schedule, this could lead to cumulative global emissions reductions of 69.6 (±52%) gigatonnes (Gt) CO2 from 2020 to 2050, almost double that of global CO2 emissions in 2021. Our results provide a detailed picture of CO2 emission patterns associated with production processing of iron and steel plants, illustrating the decarbonization pathway to the net-zero-emissions target with the efforts from each plant.A CO2 emissions inventory of 4,883 individual iron and steel plants along with their technical characteristics is described, allowing the identification and guidance of the most appropriate emissions mitigation and decarbonization pathways for each plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]