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1. Defect segregation and its effect on the photoelectrochemical properties of Ti-doped hematite photoanodes for solar water splitting

Author

Scherrer, Barbara, Li, Tong, Tsyganok, Anton, Döbeli, Max, Gupta, Bhavana, Malviya, Kirtiman Deo, Kasian, Olga, Maman, Nitzan, Gault, Baptiste, Grave, Daniel A., Mehlman, Alexander, Visoly-Fisher, Iris, Raabe, Dierk, and Rothschild, Avner

Subjects
Physics - Chemical Physics
Abstract

Optimising the photoelectrochemical performance of hematite photoanodes for solar water splitting requires better understanding of the relationships between dopant distribution, structural defects and photoelectrochemical properties. Here, we use complementary characterisation techniques including electron microscopy, conductive atomic force microscopy (CAFM), Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), atom probe tomography (APT) and intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) to study this correlation in Ti-doped (1 cat.%) hematite films deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on F:SnO2 (FTO) coated glass substrates. The deposition was carried out at 300 {\deg}C, followed by annealing at 500 deg C for 2 h. Upon annealing, Ti was observed by APT to segregate to the hematite/FTO interface and into some hematite grains. Since no other pronounced changes in microstructure and chemical composition were observed by electron microscopy and RBS after annealing, the non-uniform Ti redistribution seems to be the reason for a reduced interfacial recombination in the annealed films, as observed by IMPS. This results in a lower onset potential, higher photocurrent and larger fill factor with respect to the as-deposited state. This work provides atomic-scale insights into the microscopic inhomogeneity in Ti-doped hematite thin films and the role of defect segregation in their electrical and photoelectrochemical properties.

Published
2020
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3. Effect of Halide Composition on the Photochemical Stability of Perovskite Photovoltaic Materials

Author

Misra, Ravi K., Ciammaruchi, Laura, Aharon, Sigalit, Mogilyansky, Dmitry, Etgar, Lioz, Visoly-Fisher, Iris, and Katz, Eugene A.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

Photochemical stability of encapsulated films of mixed halide perovskites with a range of MAPb(I1-xBrx)3 compositions (solid solutions) was investigated under accelerated stressing using concentrated sunlight. Evolution of light absorption and the corresponding structural modifications in the films were recorded by UV-vis spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. MAPbBr3 film exhibited no degradation. In MAPbI3 and mixed halide MAPb(I1-xBrx)3 films, decomposition of the perovskite material with crystallization of inorganic PbI2, and the corresponding degradation of light absorption, were recorded. Introduction of bromine into the solid solution was found to stress its structure and accelerate the degradation. The relevance of accelerated testing to standard operational conditions of solar cells was confirmed by comparison to degradation experiments under outdoor sunlight exposure. Reasons for the reduced stability of the mixed halide compositions are discussed.

Published
2016
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4. Roadmap on commercialization of metal halide perovskite photovoltaics

Author

Feng, Shien-Ping, Cheng, Yuanhang, Yip, Hin-Lap, Zhong, Yufei, Fong, Patrick W.K., Li, Gang, Ng, Annie, Chen, Cong, Castriotta, Luigi Angelo, Matteocci, Fabio, Vesce, Luigi, Saranin, Danila, Carlo, Aldo Di, Wang, Puqun, Wei Ho, Jian, Hou, Yi, Lin, Fen, Aberle, Armin G., Song, Zhaoning, Yan, Yanfa, Chen, Xu, Yang, Yang (Michael), Syed, Ali Asgher, Ahmad, Ishaq, Leung, Tiklun, Wang, Yantao, Lin, JingYang, Ng, Alan Man Ching, Li, Yin, Ebadi Garjan, Firouzeh, Tress, Wolfgang, Richardson, Giles, Ge, Chuangye, Hu, Hanlin, Karimipour, Masoud, Baumann, Fanny, Tabah, Kenedy, Pereyra, Carlos, Raga, Sonia R., Xie, Haibing, Lira-Cantu, Monica, Khenkin, Mark V., Visoly-Fisher, Iris, Katz, Eugene A., Vaynzof, Yana, Vidal, Rosario, Yu, Guicheng, Lin, Haoran, Weng, Shuchen, Wang, Shifeng, Djurišić, Aleksandra B., Feng, Shien-Ping, Cheng, Yuanhang, Yip, Hin-Lap, Zhong, Yufei, Fong, Patrick W.K., Li, Gang, Ng, Annie, Chen, Cong, Castriotta, Luigi Angelo, Matteocci, Fabio, Vesce, Luigi, Saranin, Danila, Carlo, Aldo Di, Wang, Puqun, Wei Ho, Jian, Hou, Yi, Lin, Fen, Aberle, Armin G., Song, Zhaoning, Yan, Yanfa, Chen, Xu, Yang, Yang (Michael), Syed, Ali Asgher, Ahmad, Ishaq, Leung, Tiklun, Wang, Yantao, Lin, JingYang, Ng, Alan Man Ching, Li, Yin, Ebadi Garjan, Firouzeh, Tress, Wolfgang, Richardson, Giles, Ge, Chuangye, Hu, Hanlin, Karimipour, Masoud, Baumann, Fanny, Tabah, Kenedy, Pereyra, Carlos, Raga, Sonia R., Xie, Haibing, Lira-Cantu, Monica, Khenkin, Mark V., Visoly-Fisher, Iris, Katz, Eugene A., Vaynzof, Yana, Vidal, Rosario, Yu, Guicheng, Lin, Haoran, Weng, Shuchen, Wang, Shifeng, and Djurišić, Aleksandra B.

Abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) represent one of the most promising emerging photovoltaic technologies due to their high power conversion efficiency. However, despite the huge progress made not only in terms of the efficiency achieved, but also fundamental understanding of the relevant physics of the devices and issues which affect their efficiency and stability, there are still unresolved problems and obstacles on the path toward commercialization of this promising technology. In this roadmap, we aim to provide a concise and up to date summary of outstanding issues and challenges, and the progress made toward addressing these issues. While the format of this article is not meant to be a comprehensive review of the topic, it provides a collection of the viewpoints of the experts in the field, which covers a broad range of topics related to PSC commercialization, including those relevant for manufacturing (scaling up, different types of devices), operation and stability (various factors), and environmental issues (in particular the use of lead). We hope that the article will provide a useful resource for researchers in the field and that it will facilitate discussions and move forward toward addressing the outstanding challenges in this fast-developing field.

Published
2024

5. Supporting Information: Artificial intelligence-based, wavelet-aided prediction of long-term outdoor performance of perovskite solar cells

Author

Kouroudis, Ioannis, Tabah, Kenedy, Karimipour, Masoud, Ben Ali, Aziz, Kishore Kumar, D., Sudhakar, Vediappan, Kant Gupta, Ritesh, Visoly-Fisher, Iris, Lira-Cantú, Mónica, Gagliardi, Alessio, Kouroudis, Ioannis, Tabah, Kenedy, Karimipour, Masoud, Ben Ali, Aziz, Kishore Kumar, D., Sudhakar, Vediappan, Kant Gupta, Ritesh, Visoly-Fisher, Iris, Lira-Cantú, Mónica, and Gagliardi, Alessio

Published
2024

6. Artificial intelligence-based, wavelet-aided prediction of long-term outdoor performance of perovskite solar cells

Author

Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Federal Ministry for Economics Affairs and Energy (Germany), Ministry of Energy (Israel), European Commission, European Research Council, German Research Foundation, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Kouroudis, Ioannis, Tabah, Kenedy, Karimipour, Masoud, Ben Ali, Aziz, Kishore Kumar, D., Sudhakar, Vediappan, Kant Gupta, Ritesh, Visoly-Fisher, Iris, Lira-Cantú, Mónica, Gagliardi, Alessio, Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Federal Ministry for Economics Affairs and Energy (Germany), Ministry of Energy (Israel), European Commission, European Research Council, German Research Foundation, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Kouroudis, Ioannis, Tabah, Kenedy, Karimipour, Masoud, Ben Ali, Aziz, Kishore Kumar, D., Sudhakar, Vediappan, Kant Gupta, Ritesh, Visoly-Fisher, Iris, Lira-Cantú, Mónica, and Gagliardi, Alessio

Abstract

The commercial development of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been significantly delayed by the constraint of performing time-consuming degradation studies under real outdoor conditions. These are necessary steps to determine the device lifetime, an area where PSCs traditionally suffer. In this work, we demonstrate that the outdoor degradation behavior of PSCs can be predicted by employing accelerated indoor stability analyses. The prediction was possible using a swift and accurate pipeline of machine learning algorithms and mathematical decompositions. By training the algorithms with different indoor stability data sets, we can determine the most relevant stress factors, thereby shedding light on the outdoor degradation pathways. Our methodology is not specific to PSCs and can be extended to other PV technologies where degradation and its mechanisms are crucial elements of their widespread adoption.

Published
2024

7. Roadmap on commercialization of metal halide perovskite photovoltaics

Author

Collaborative Research Fund (Hong Kong), Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation, Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission, Ministry of Education and Science (Kazakhstan), Nazarbayev University, European Commission, Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, National University of Singapore, Department of Energy (US), National Key Research and Development Program (China), National Natural Science Foundation of China, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Generalitat de Catalunya, German Research Foundation, Generalitat Valenciana, Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, Tibet Autonomous Region, Feng, Shien-Ping [0000-0002-3941-1363], Yip, Hin-Lap [0000-0002-5750-9751], Zhong, Yufei [0000-0001-9845-8607], Fong, Patrick W. K. [0000-0002-2460-4525], Li, Gang [0000-0001-8399-7771], Ng, Annie [0000-0002-5975-2499], Castriotta, Luigi Angelo [0000-0003-2525-8852], Matteocci, Fabio [0000-0001-7893-1356], Vesce, Luigi [0000-0003-3322-8688], Di Carlo, Aldo [0000-0001-6828-2380], Hou, Yi [0000-0002-1532-816X], Song, Zhaoning [0000-0002-6677-0994], Yan, Yanfa [0000-0003-3977-5789], Ng, Alan Man Ching [0000-0001-7081-8244], Richardson, Giles [0000-0001-6225-8590], Lira-Cantú, Mónica [0000-0002-3393-7436], Khenkin, Mark V. [0000-0001-9201-0238], Visoly-Fisher, Iris [0000-0001-6058-4712], Katz, Eugene A. [0000-0001-6151-1603], Vaynzof, Yana [0000-0002-0783-0707], Vidal, Rosario [0000-0001-7872-0620], Lin, Haoran [0000-0003-0625-8881], Wang, Shifeng [0000-0001-6169-2598], Djurišic, Aleksandra B. [0000-0002-5183-1467], Feng, Shien-Ping, Cheng, Yuanhang, Yip, Hin-Lap, Zhong, Yufei, Fong, Patrick W. K., Li, Gang, Ng, Annie, Chen, Cong, Castriotta, Luigi Angelo, Matteocci, Fabio, Vesce, Luigi, Saranin, Danila, Di Carlo, Aldo, Wang, Puqun, Wei Ho, Jian, Hou, Yi, Lin, Fen, Aberle, Armin G., Song, Zhaoning, Yan, Yanfa, Chen, Xu, Yang, Yang Michael, Syed, Ali Asgher, Ahmad, Ishaq, Leung, Tiklun, Wang, Yantao, Lin, Jing Yang, Ng, Alan Man Ching, Li, Yin, Ebadi, Firouzeh, Tress, Wolfgang, Richardson, Giles, Ge, Chuangye, Hu, Hanlin, Karimipour, Masoud, Baumann, Fanny, Tabah, Kenedy, Pereyra, Carlos, Raga, Sonia R., Xie, Haibing, Lira-Cantú, Mónica, Khenkin, Mark V., Visoly-Fisher, Iris, Katz, Eugene A., Vaynzof, Yana, Vidal, Rosario, Yu, Guicheng, Lin, Haoran, Weng, Shuchen, Wang, Shifeng, Djurišic, Aleksandra B., Collaborative Research Fund (Hong Kong), Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation, Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission, Ministry of Education and Science (Kazakhstan), Nazarbayev University, European Commission, Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, National University of Singapore, Department of Energy (US), National Key Research and Development Program (China), National Natural Science Foundation of China, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Generalitat de Catalunya, German Research Foundation, Generalitat Valenciana, Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, Tibet Autonomous Region, Feng, Shien-Ping [0000-0002-3941-1363], Yip, Hin-Lap [0000-0002-5750-9751], Zhong, Yufei [0000-0001-9845-8607], Fong, Patrick W. K. [0000-0002-2460-4525], Li, Gang [0000-0001-8399-7771], Ng, Annie [0000-0002-5975-2499], Castriotta, Luigi Angelo [0000-0003-2525-8852], Matteocci, Fabio [0000-0001-7893-1356], Vesce, Luigi [0000-0003-3322-8688], Di Carlo, Aldo [0000-0001-6828-2380], Hou, Yi [0000-0002-1532-816X], Song, Zhaoning [0000-0002-6677-0994], Yan, Yanfa [0000-0003-3977-5789], Ng, Alan Man Ching [0000-0001-7081-8244], Richardson, Giles [0000-0001-6225-8590], Lira-Cantú, Mónica [0000-0002-3393-7436], Khenkin, Mark V. [0000-0001-9201-0238], Visoly-Fisher, Iris [0000-0001-6058-4712], Katz, Eugene A. [0000-0001-6151-1603], Vaynzof, Yana [0000-0002-0783-0707], Vidal, Rosario [0000-0001-7872-0620], Lin, Haoran [0000-0003-0625-8881], Wang, Shifeng [0000-0001-6169-2598], Djurišic, Aleksandra B. [0000-0002-5183-1467], Feng, Shien-Ping, Cheng, Yuanhang, Yip, Hin-Lap, Zhong, Yufei, Fong, Patrick W. K., Li, Gang, Ng, Annie, Chen, Cong, Castriotta, Luigi Angelo, Matteocci, Fabio, Vesce, Luigi, Saranin, Danila, Di Carlo, Aldo, Wang, Puqun, Wei Ho, Jian, Hou, Yi, Lin, Fen, Aberle, Armin G., Song, Zhaoning, Yan, Yanfa, Chen, Xu, Yang, Yang Michael, Syed, Ali Asgher, Ahmad, Ishaq, Leung, Tiklun, Wang, Yantao, Lin, Jing Yang, Ng, Alan Man Ching, Li, Yin, Ebadi, Firouzeh, Tress, Wolfgang, Richardson, Giles, Ge, Chuangye, Hu, Hanlin, Karimipour, Masoud, Baumann, Fanny, Tabah, Kenedy, Pereyra, Carlos, Raga, Sonia R., Xie, Haibing, Lira-Cantú, Mónica, Khenkin, Mark V., Visoly-Fisher, Iris, Katz, Eugene A., Vaynzof, Yana, Vidal, Rosario, Yu, Guicheng, Lin, Haoran, Weng, Shuchen, Wang, Shifeng, and Djurišic, Aleksandra B.

Abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) represent one of the most promising emerging photovoltaic technologies due to their high power conversion efficiency. However, despite the huge progress made not only in terms of the efficiency achieved, but also fundamental understanding of the relevant physics of the devices and issues which affect their efficiency and stability, there are still unresolved problems and obstacles on the path toward commercialization of this promising technology. In this roadmap, we aim to provide a concise and up to date summary of outstanding issues and challenges, and the progress made toward addressing these issues. While the format of this article is not meant to be a comprehensive review of the topic, it provides a collection of the viewpoints of the experts in the field, which covers a broad range of topics related to PSC commercialization, including those relevant for manufacturing (scaling up, different types of devices), operation and stability (various factors), and environmental issues (in particular the use of lead). We hope that the article will provide a useful resource for researchers in the field and that it will facilitate discussions and move forward toward addressing the outstanding challenges in this fast-developing field.

Published
2023

8. Roadmap on commercialization of metal halide perovskite photovoltaics

Author

Feng, Shien-Ping, primary, Cheng, Yuanhang, additional, Yip, Hin-Lap, additional, Zhong, Yufei, additional, Fong, Patrick W K, additional, Li, Gang, additional, Ng, Annie, additional, Chen, Cong, additional, Castriotta, Luigi Angelo, additional, Matteocci, Fabio, additional, Vesce, Luigi, additional, Saranin, Danila, additional, Carlo, Aldo Di, additional, Wang, Puqun, additional, Wei Ho, Jian, additional, Hou, Yi, additional, Lin, Fen, additional, Aberle, Armin G, additional, Song, Zhaoning, additional, Yan, Yanfa, additional, Chen, Xu, additional, Yang, Yang (Michael), additional, Syed, Ali Asgher, additional, Ahmad, Ishaq, additional, Leung, Tiklun, additional, Wang, Yantao, additional, Lin, JingYang, additional, Ng, Alan Man Ching, additional, Li, Yin, additional, Ebadi, Firouzeh, additional, Tress, Wolfgang, additional, Richardson, Giles, additional, Ge, Chuangye, additional, Hu, Hanlin, additional, Karimipour, Masoud, additional, Baumann, Fanny, additional, Tabah, Kenedy, additional, Pereyra, Carlos, additional, Raga, Sonia R, additional, Xie, Haibing, additional, Lira-Cantu, Monica, additional, Khenkin, Mark V, additional, Visoly-Fisher, Iris, additional, Katz, Eugene A, additional, Vaynzof, Yana, additional, Vidal, Rosario, additional, Yu, Guicheng, additional, Lin, Haoran, additional, Weng, Shuchen, additional, Wang, Shifeng, additional, and Djurišić, Aleksandra B, additional

Published
2023
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10. Conductance of a Biomolecular Wire

Author

Visoly-Fisher, Iris, Daie, Kayvon, Terazono, Yuichi, Herrero, Christian, Fungo, Fernando, Otero, Luis, Durantini, Edgardo, Silber, Juana J., Sereno, Leonides, Gust, Devens, Moore, Thomas A., Moore, Ana L., and Lindsay, Stuart M.

Published
2006
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12. Impact of P3HT materials properties and layer architecture on OPV device stability

Author

Meitzner, Rico, Faber, Tobias, Alam, Shahidul, Amand, Aman, Roesch, Roland, Büttner, Mathias, Herrmann-Westendorf, Felix, Presselt, Martin, Ciammaruchi, Laura, Visoly-Fisher, Iris, Veenstra, Sjoerd, Diaz de Zerio, Amaia, Xu, Xiaofeng, Wang, Ergang, Müller, Christian, Troshin, Pavel, Hager, Martin D., Köhn, Sandra, Dusza, Michal, Krassas, Miron, Züfle, Simon, Kymakis, E., Katz, Eugene A., Berson, Solenn, Granek, Filip, Manceau, Matthieu, Brunetti, Francesca, Polino, Giuseppina, Schubert, Ulrich S., Lira-Cantu, Monica, Hoppe, Harald, Meitzner, Rico, Faber, Tobias, Alam, Shahidul, Amand, Aman, Roesch, Roland, Büttner, Mathias, Herrmann-Westendorf, Felix, Presselt, Martin, Ciammaruchi, Laura, Visoly-Fisher, Iris, Veenstra, Sjoerd, Diaz de Zerio, Amaia, Xu, Xiaofeng, Wang, Ergang, Müller, Christian, Troshin, Pavel, Hager, Martin D., Köhn, Sandra, Dusza, Michal, Krassas, Miron, Züfle, Simon, Kymakis, E., Katz, Eugene A., Berson, Solenn, Granek, Filip, Manceau, Matthieu, Brunetti, Francesca, Polino, Giuseppina, Schubert, Ulrich S., Lira-Cantu, Monica, and Hoppe, Harald

Abstract

We report a cooperative study conducted between different laboratories to investigate organic solar cell degradation with respect to P3HT material properties and different solar cell architectures. Various batches of P3HT were collected from different suppliers reflecting commercial availability as well as properties variability. Among the materials properties explicitly considered were the molar mass, dispersity, regio-regularity, impurities by trace metals and intrinsic doping evaluated from radical concentrations. Each of the participating laboratories contributing test devices applied their own layer stack, i.e. their own device architecture and layout. This variation was appreciated as another parameter for evaluation. Even though a large amount of devices failed due to extrinsic degradation effects, indeed, some materials properties were found to be more important than others for obtaining long lifetimes and high stability of P3HT-based polymer solar cells.

Published
2020

13. Consensus statement for stability assessment and reporting for perovskite photovoltaics based on ISOS procedures

Author

United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation, European Commission, National Science Foundation (US), Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (UK), Welsh Government, Russian Science Foundation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, National Research Foundation of Korea, Ministry of Science and Technology (South Korea), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Generalitat de Catalunya, Khenkin, Mark V., Katz, Eugene A., Abate, Antonio, Bardizza, Giorgio, Berry, Joseph J., Brabec, Christoph, Brunetti, Francesca, Bulović, Vladimir, Burlingame, Quinn, Di Carlo, Aldo, Cheacharoen, Rongrong, Cheng, Yi-Bing, Colsmann, Alexander, Cros, Stephane, Domanski, Konrad, Dusza, Michal, Fell, Christopher J., Forrest, Stephen R., Galagan, Yulia, di Girolamo, Diego, Grätzel, Michael, Hagfeldt, Anders, Hauff, Elizabeth von, Hoppe, Harald, Kettle, Jeff, Köbler, Hans, Leite, Marina S., Liu, Shengzhong, Loo, Yueh-Lin, Luther, Joseph M., Ma, Chang-Qi, Madsen, Morten, Manceau, Matthieu, Matheron, Muriel, McGehee, Michael, Meitzner, Rico, Nazeeruddin, Mohammad Khaja, Nogueira, Ana Flavia, Odabaşi, Çağla, Osherov, Anna, Park, Nam-Gyu, Reese, Matthew O., Rossi, Francesca de, Saliba, Michael, Schubert, Ulrich S., Snaith, Henry J., Stranks, Samuel D., Tress, Wolfgang, Troshin, Pavel, Turkovic, Vida, Veenstra, Sjoerd, Visoly-Fisher, Iris, Walsh, Aron, Watson, Trystan, Xie, Haibing, Yıldırım, Yamazan, Zakeeruddin, Shaik Mohammed, Zhu, Kai, Lira-Cantú, Mónica, United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation, European Commission, National Science Foundation (US), Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (UK), Welsh Government, Russian Science Foundation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, National Research Foundation of Korea, Ministry of Science and Technology (South Korea), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Generalitat de Catalunya, Khenkin, Mark V., Katz, Eugene A., Abate, Antonio, Bardizza, Giorgio, Berry, Joseph J., Brabec, Christoph, Brunetti, Francesca, Bulović, Vladimir, Burlingame, Quinn, Di Carlo, Aldo, Cheacharoen, Rongrong, Cheng, Yi-Bing, Colsmann, Alexander, Cros, Stephane, Domanski, Konrad, Dusza, Michal, Fell, Christopher J., Forrest, Stephen R., Galagan, Yulia, di Girolamo, Diego, Grätzel, Michael, Hagfeldt, Anders, Hauff, Elizabeth von, Hoppe, Harald, Kettle, Jeff, Köbler, Hans, Leite, Marina S., Liu, Shengzhong, Loo, Yueh-Lin, Luther, Joseph M., Ma, Chang-Qi, Madsen, Morten, Manceau, Matthieu, Matheron, Muriel, McGehee, Michael, Meitzner, Rico, Nazeeruddin, Mohammad Khaja, Nogueira, Ana Flavia, Odabaşi, Çağla, Osherov, Anna, Park, Nam-Gyu, Reese, Matthew O., Rossi, Francesca de, Saliba, Michael, Schubert, Ulrich S., Snaith, Henry J., Stranks, Samuel D., Tress, Wolfgang, Troshin, Pavel, Turkovic, Vida, Veenstra, Sjoerd, Visoly-Fisher, Iris, Walsh, Aron, Watson, Trystan, Xie, Haibing, Yıldırım, Yamazan, Zakeeruddin, Shaik Mohammed, Zhu, Kai, and Lira-Cantú, Mónica

Abstract

Improving the long-term stability of perovskite solar cells is critical to the deployment of this technology. Despite the great emphasis laid on stability-related investigations, publications lack consistency in experimental procedures and parameters reported. It is therefore challenging to reproduce and compare results and thereby develop a deep understanding of degradation mechanisms. Here, we report a consensus between researchers in the field on procedures for testing perovskite solar cell stability, which are based on the International Summit on Organic Photovoltaic Stability (ISOS) protocols. We propose additional procedures to account for properties specific to PSCs such as ion redistribution under electric fields, reversible degradation and to distinguish ambient-induced degradation from other stress factors. These protocols are not intended as a replacement of the existing qualification standards, but rather they aim to unify the stability assessment and to understand failure modes. Finally, we identify key procedural information which we suggest reporting in publications to improve reproducibility and enable large data set analysis.

Published
2020

14. Impact of P3HT materials properties and layer architecture on OPV device stability

Author

European Commission, Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (Germany), Ministero degli Affari Esteri e della Cooperazione Internazionale, Meitzner, Rico, Faber, Tobias, Alam, Shahidul, Amand, Aman, Roesch, Roland, Büttner, Mathias, Herrmann-Westendorf, Felix, Presselt, Martin, Ciammaruchi, Laura, Visoly-Fisher, Iris, Veenstra, Sjoerd, Díaz de Zerio, Amaia, Xu, Xiaofeng, Wang, Ergang, Müller, Christian, Troshin, Pavel, Hager, Martin D., Köhn, Sandra, Dusza, Michal, Krassas, Miron, Züfle, Simon, Kymakis, E., Katz, Eugene A., Berson, Solenn, Granek, Filip, Manceau, Matthieu, Brunetti, Francesca, Polino, Giuseppina, Schubert, Ulrich S., Lira-Cantú, Mónica, Hoppe, Harald, European Commission, Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (Germany), Ministero degli Affari Esteri e della Cooperazione Internazionale, Meitzner, Rico, Faber, Tobias, Alam, Shahidul, Amand, Aman, Roesch, Roland, Büttner, Mathias, Herrmann-Westendorf, Felix, Presselt, Martin, Ciammaruchi, Laura, Visoly-Fisher, Iris, Veenstra, Sjoerd, Díaz de Zerio, Amaia, Xu, Xiaofeng, Wang, Ergang, Müller, Christian, Troshin, Pavel, Hager, Martin D., Köhn, Sandra, Dusza, Michal, Krassas, Miron, Züfle, Simon, Kymakis, E., Katz, Eugene A., Berson, Solenn, Granek, Filip, Manceau, Matthieu, Brunetti, Francesca, Polino, Giuseppina, Schubert, Ulrich S., Lira-Cantú, Mónica, and Hoppe, Harald

Abstract

We report a cooperative study conducted between different laboratories to investigate organic solar cell degradation with respect to P3HT material properties and different solar cell architectures. Various batches of P3HT were collected from different suppliers reflecting commercial availability as well as properties variability. Among the materials properties explicitly considered were the molar mass, dispersity, regio-regularity, impurities by trace metals and intrinsic doping evaluated from radical concentrations. Each of the participating laboratories contributing test devices applied their own layer stack, i.e. their own device architecture and layout. This variation was appreciated as another parameter for evaluation. Even though a large amount of devices failed due to extrinsic degradation effects, indeed, some materials properties were found to be more important than others for obtaining long lifetimes and high stability of P3HT-based polymer solar cells.

Published
2019

16. Reconsidering figures of merit for performance and stability of perovskite photovoltaics

Author

European Commission, Khenkin, Mark V. [0000-0001-9201-0238], Ramesh Patil, Bhushan [0000-0001-7249-6330], Sherafatipour, Golnaz [0000-0001-6304-2951], Madsen, Morten [0000-0001-6503-0479], Bastos, João P. A. [0000-0002-8877-9850], Lira-Cantú, Mónica [0000-0002-3393-7436], Katz, Eugene A. [0000-0001-6151-1603], Khenkin, Mark V., Anoop, K. M., Visoly-Fisher, Iris, Galagan, Yulia, Giacomo, Francesco di, Ramesh Patil, Bhushan, Sherafatipour, Golnaz, Turkovic, Vida, Rubahn, Horst-Günter, Madsen, Morten, Merckx, Tamara, Uytterhoeven, Griet, Bastos, João P. A., Aernouts, Tom, Brunetti, Francesca, Lira-Cantú, Mónica, Katz, Eugene A., European Commission, Khenkin, Mark V. [0000-0001-9201-0238], Ramesh Patil, Bhushan [0000-0001-7249-6330], Sherafatipour, Golnaz [0000-0001-6304-2951], Madsen, Morten [0000-0001-6503-0479], Bastos, João P. A. [0000-0002-8877-9850], Lira-Cantú, Mónica [0000-0002-3393-7436], Katz, Eugene A. [0000-0001-6151-1603], Khenkin, Mark V., Anoop, K. M., Visoly-Fisher, Iris, Galagan, Yulia, Giacomo, Francesco di, Ramesh Patil, Bhushan, Sherafatipour, Golnaz, Turkovic, Vida, Rubahn, Horst-Günter, Madsen, Morten, Merckx, Tamara, Uytterhoeven, Griet, Bastos, João P. A., Aernouts, Tom, Brunetti, Francesca, Lira-Cantú, Mónica, and Katz, Eugene A.

Abstract

The development of hybrid organic–inorganic halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) that combine high performance and operational stability is vital for implementing this technology. Recently, reversible improvement and degradation of PSC efficiency have been reported under illumination–darkness cycling. Quantifying the performance and stability of cells exhibiting significant diurnal performance variations is challenging. We report the outdoor stability measurements of two types of devices showing either reversible photo-degradation or reversible efficiency improvement under sunlight. Instead of the initial (or stabilized) efficiency and T80 as the figures of merit for the performance and stability of such devices, we propose using the value of the energy output generated during the first day of exposure and the time needed to reach its 20% drop, respectively. The latter accounts for both the long-term irreversible degradation and the reversible diurnal efficiency variation and does not depend on the type of process prevailing in a given perovskite cell.

Published
2018

17. Effect of Orientation on Bulk and Surface Properties of Sn-doped Hematite (α-Fe2O3) Heteroepitaxial Thin Film Photoanodes

Author

Grave, Daniel, Klotz, Dino, Kay, Asaf, Dotan, Hen, Ghupta, Bhavana, Visoly-Fisher, Iris, and Rothschild, Avner

Abstract

The orientation dependence on the photoelectrochemical properties of Sn-doped hematite photoanodes was studied by means of heteroepitaxial film growth. Nb-doped SnO2(NTO) was first grown heteroepitaxially onc,a,r, andmplane single crystal sapphire substrates in three different orientations. Hematite was then grown in the (001), (110), and (100) orientations on the NTO films. The structural, morphological, optical, and photoelectrochemical properties of the photoelectrodes were studied. The hematite photoanodes possessed high crystallinity and smooth surfaces. Hole scavenger measurements made in H2O2-containing electrolyte revealed that the flux of photogenerated holes arriving at the surface was not significantly affected by orientation. Cathodic shifts in the onset potential for water photo-oxidation of up to 170 mV were observed for (110) and (100) oriented hematite photoanodes as compared to (001) oriented films. These results suggest that varying the orientation of heteroepitaxial thin film Sn-doped hematite photoelectrodes primarily affects charge transfer into the electrolyte arising from the surface properties of the different crystal faces rather than affecting hole transport through the bulk under illumination. Electrochemical techniques were then used to probe the existence of surface states which were found to vary with both exposed crystal face as well as foreign dopant inclusion. Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) measurements revealed correlation between the work function of the hematite films (measured in air) and the flat-band and onset potentials for water photo-oxidation (in alkaline aqueous solution). This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Journal of Physical Chemistry C, copyright © American Chemical Society after peer review and technical editing by the publisher. To access the final edited and published work see DOI:10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b10033 &nbsp

Published
2016
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19. Consensus statement for stability assessment and reporting for perovskite photovoltaics based on ISOS procedures

Author

Khenkin, Mark V., Katz, Eugene A., Abate, Antonio, Bardizza, Giorgio, Berry, Joseph J., Brabec, Christoph, Brunetti, Francesca, Bulovi��, Vladimir, Burlingame, Quinn, Di Carlo, Aldo, Cheacharoen, Rongrong, Cheng, Yi-Bing, Colsmann, Alexander, Cros, Stephane, Domanski, Konrad, Dusza, Micha��, Fell, Christopher J., Forrest, Stephen R., Galagan, Yulia, Di Girolamo, Diego, Gr��tzel, Michael, Hagfeldt, Anders, Von Hauff, Elizabeth, Hoppe, Harald, Kettle, Jeff, K��bler, Hans, Leite, Marina S., Liu, Shengzhong, Loo, Yueh-Lin, Luther, Joseph M., Ma, Chang-Qi, Madsen, Morten, Manceau, Matthieu, Matheron, Muriel, McGehee, Michael, Meitzner, Rico, Nazeeruddin, Mohammad Khaja, Nogueira, Ana Flavia, Odaba����, ��a��la, Osherov, Anna, Park, Nam-Gyu, Reese, Matthew O., De Rossi, Francesca, Saliba, Michael, Schubert, Ulrich S., Snaith, Henry J., Stranks, Samuel D., Tress, Wolfgang, Troshin, Pavel A., Turkovic, Vida, Veenstra, Sjoerd, Visoly-Fisher, Iris, Walsh, Aron, Watson, Trystan, Xie, Haibing, Y��ld��r��m, Ramazan, Zakeeruddin, Shaik Mohammed, Zhu, Kai, and Lira-Cantu, Monica

Subjects
13. Climate action, 7. Clean energy
Abstract

Improving the long-term stability of perovskite solar cells is critical to the deployment of this technology. Despite the great emphasis laid on stability-related investigations, publications lack consistency in experimental procedures and parameters reported. It is therefore challenging to reproduce and compare results and thereby develop a deep understanding of degradation mechanisms. Here, we report a consensus between researchers in the field on procedures for testing perovskite solar cell stability, which are based on the International Summit on Organic Photovoltaic Stability (ISOS) protocols. We propose additional procedures to account for properties specific to PSCs such as ion redistribution under electric fields, reversible degradation and to distinguish ambient-induced degradation from other stress factors. These protocols are not intended as a replacement of the existing qualification standards, but rather they aim to unify the stability assessment and to understand failure modes. Finally, we identify key procedural information which we suggest reporting in publications to improve reproducibility and enable large data set analysis.

20. Two-site H2O2 photo-oxidation on haematite photoanodes.

Author

Avital, Yotam Y., Dotan, Hen, Klotz, Dino, Grave, Daniel A., Tsyganok, Anton, Gupta, Bhavana, Kolusheva, Sofia, Visoly-Fisher, Iris, Rothschild, Avner, and Yochelis, Arik

Abstract

H2O2 is a sacrificial reductant that is often used as a hole scavenger to gain insight into photoanode properties. Here we show a distinct mechanism of H2O2 photo-oxidation on haematite (α-Fe2O3) photoanodes. We found that the photocurrent voltammograms display non-monotonous behaviour upon varying the H2O2 concentration, which is not in accord with a linear surface reaction mechanism that involves a single reaction site as in Eley-Rideal reactions. We postulate a nonlinear kinetic mechanism that involves concerted interaction between adions induced by H2O2 deprotonation in the alkaline solution with adjacent intermediate species of the water photo-oxidation reaction, thereby involving two reaction sites as in Langmuir-Hinshelwood reactions. The devised kinetic model reproduces our main observations and predicts coexistence of two surface reaction paths (bi-stability) in a certain range of potentials and H2O2 concentrations. This prediction is confirmed experimentally by observing a hysteresis loop in the photocurrent voltammogram measured in the predicted coexistence range. Understanding fundamental processes that occur using solar-to-fuel conversion materials is crucial for constructing effective renewable energy collection. Here, authors find the hydrogen peroxide light-driven hole-scavenging mechanism over haematite to proceed with two active sites rather than one [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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21. Consensus statement for stability assessment and reporting for perovskite photovoltaics based on ISOS procedures

Author

Francesca Brunetti, Christopher J. Fell, Stephen R. Forrest, Monica Lira-Cantu, Harald Hoppe, Aldo Di Carlo, Giorgio Bardizza, Nam-Gyu Park, Diego Di Girolamo, Rongrong Cheacharoen, Sjoerd Veenstra, Samuel D. Stranks, Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin, Quinn Burlingame, çaǧla Odabaşı, Stéphane Cros, Konrad Domanski, Henry J. Snaith, Jeff Kettle, Matthew O. Reese, Christoph J. Brabec, Eugene A. Katz, Francesca De Rossi, Ramazan Yildirim, Vladimir Bulovic, Kai Zhu, Michael D. McGehee, Ana Flávia Nogueira, Wolfgang Tress, Muriel Matheron, Shaik M. Zakeeruddin, Vida Turkovic, Rico Meitzner, Ulrich S. Schubert, Mark V. Khenkin, Marina S. Leite, Alexander Colsmann, Yi-Bing Cheng, Joseph J. Berry, Yulia Galagan, Chang-Qi Ma, Pavel A. Troshin, Haibing Xie, Anders Hagfeldt, Michał Dusza, Morten Madsen, Hans Köbler, Antonio Abate, Iris Visoly-Fisher, Yueh-Lin Loo, Shengzhong Frank Liu, Anna Osherov, Michael Saliba, Elizabeth von Hauff, Trystan Watson, Aron Walsh, Joseph M. Luther, Matthieu Manceau, Michael Grätzel, Khenkin, MV [0000-0001-9201-0238], Katz, EA [0000-0001-6151-1603], Berry, JJ [0000-0003-3874-3582], Di Carlo, A [0000-0001-6828-2380], Colsmann, A [0000-0001-9221-9357], Domanski, K [0000-0002-8115-7696], Fell, CJ [0000-0003-2517-3445], Galagan, Y [0000-0002-3637-5459], Hagfeldt, A [0000-0001-6725-8856], Köbler, H [0000-0003-0230-6938], Leite, MS [0000-0003-4888-8195], Loo, YL [0000-0002-4284-0847], Luther, JM [0000-0002-4054-8244], Ma, CQ [0000-0002-9293-5027], Madsen, M [0000-0001-6503-0479], Matheron, M [0000-0002-4100-808X], McGehee, M [0000-0001-9609-9030], Nazeeruddin, MK [0000-0001-5955-4786], Nogueira, AF [0000-0002-0838-7962], Odabaşı, Ç [0000-0003-3552-6371], Park, NG [0000-0003-2368-6300], Saliba, M [0000-0002-6818-9781], Schubert, US [0000-0003-4978-4670], Snaith, HJ [0000-0001-8511-790X], Stranks, SD [0000-0002-8303-7292], Tress, W [0000-0002-4010-239X], Veenstra, S [0000-0003-3198-8069], Visoly-Fisher, I [0000-0001-6058-4712], Walsh, A [0000-0001-5460-7033], Watson, T [0000-0002-8015-1436], Yıldırım, R [0000-0001-5077-5689], Zhu, K [0000-0003-0908-3909], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation, European Commission, National Science Foundation (US), Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (UK), Welsh Government, Russian Science Foundation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, National Research Foundation of Korea, Ministry of Science and Technology (South Korea), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Generalitat de Catalunya, Photo Conversion Materials, LaserLaB - Energy, Khenkin, Mark V. [0000-0001-9201-0238], Katz, Eugene A. [0000-0001-6151-1603], Berry, Joseph J. [0000-0003-3874-3582], Di Carlo, Aldo [0000-0001-6828-2380], Colsmann, Alexander [0000-0001-9221-9357], Domanski, Konrad [0000-0002-8115-7696], Fell, Christopher J. [0000-0003-2517-3445], Galagan, Yulia [0000-0002-3637-5459], Hagfeldt, Anders [0000-0001-6725-8856], Köbler, Hans [0000-0003-0230-6938], Leite, Marina S. [0000-0003-4888-8195], Loo, Yueh-Lin [0000-0002-4284-0847], Luther, Joseph M. [0000-0002-4054-8244], Ma, Chang-Qi [0000-0002-9293-5027], Madsen, Morten [0000-0001-6503-0479], Matheron, Muriel [0000-0002-4100-808X], McGehee, Michael [0000-0001-9609-9030], Nazeeruddin, Mohammad Khaja [0000-0001-5955-4786], Nogueira, Ana Flavia [0000-0002-0838-7962], Odabaşı, Çağla [0000-0003-3552-6371], Park, Nam-Gyu [0000-0003-2368-6300], Saliba, Michael [0000-0002-6818-9781], Schubert, Ulrich S. [0000-0003-4978-4670], Snaith, Henry J. [0000-0001-8511-790X], Stranks, Samuel D. [0000-0002-8303-7292], Tress, Wolfgang [0000-0002-4010-239X], Veenstra, Sjoerd [0000-0003-3198-8069], Visoly-Fisher, Iris [0000-0001-6058-4712], Walsh, Aron [0000-0001-5460-7033], Watson, Trystan [0000-0002-8015-1436], Yıldırım, Ramazan [0000-0001-5077-5689], Zhu, Kai [0000-0003-0908-3909], Khenkin, M. V., Katz, E. A., Abate, A., Bardizza, G., Berry, J. J., Brabec, C., Brunetti, F., Bulovic, V., Burlingame, Q., Di Carlo, A., Cheacharoen, R., Cheng, Y. -B., Colsmann, A., Cros, S., Domanski, K., Dusza, M., Fell, C. J., Forrest, S. R., Galagan, Y., Di Girolamo, D., Gratzel, M., Hagfeldt, A., von Hauff, E., Hoppe, H., Kettle, J., Kobler, H., Leite, M. S., Liu, S. F., Loo, Y. -L., Luther, J. M., Ma, C. -Q., Madsen, M., Manceau, M., Matheron, M., Mcgehee, M., Meitzner, R., Nazeeruddin, M. K., Nogueira, A. F., Odabasi, C., Osherov, A., Park, N. -G., Reese, M. O., De Rossi, F., Saliba, M., Schubert, U. S., Snaith, H. J., Stranks, S. D., Tress, W., Troshin, P. A., Turkovic, V., Veenstra, S., Visoly-Fisher, I., Walsh, A., Watson, T., Xie, H., Yildirim, R., Zakeeruddin, S. M., Zhu, K., and Lira-Cantu, M.

Subjects
Technology, Computer science, INDUCED DEGRADATION, Settore ING-INF/01, Perovskite solar cell, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Stability assessment, Photovoltaics, LONG-TERM STABILITY, 40 Engineering, Photovoltaic system, OUTDOOR PERFORMANCE, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, LEAD IODIDE, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, 4017 Mechanical Engineering, 0906 Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Fuel Technology, Risk analysis (engineering), ddc:620, 4008 Electrical Engineering, 0210 nano-technology, Solar cells of the next generation, EFFICIENCY, Experimental procedure, Energy & Fuels, Materials Science, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, Materials Science, Multidisciplinary, PHOTOCHEMICAL STABILITY, 010402 general chemistry, MAXIMUM POWER POINT, LIGHT SOAKING, Qualification standards, ddc:330, SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy, Induced degradation, Engineering & allied operations, 639/4077, Science & Technology, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, business.industry, 639/4077/909/4101/4096, 639/4077/909/4101, 639/4077/4072, Consensus Statement, Ion redistribution, Solar energy, Degradation mechanism, 0104 chemical sciences, 0907 Environmental Engineering, Long term stability, 13. Climate action, Software deployment, Organic photovoltaics, 639/4077/909, SENSITIZED SOLAR-CELLS, business, HYBRID, consensus-statement
Abstract

Improving the long-term stability of perovskite solar cells is critical to the deployment of this technology. Despite the great emphasis laid on stability-related investigations, publications lack consistency in experimental procedures and parameters reported. It is therefore challenging to reproduce and compare results and thereby develop a deep understanding of degradation mechanisms. Here, we report a consensus between researchers in the field on procedures for testing perovskite solar cell stability, which are based on the International Summit on Organic Photovoltaic Stability (ISOS) protocols. We propose additional procedures to account for properties specific to PSCs such as ion redistribution under electric fields, reversible degradation and to distinguish ambient-induced degradation from other stress factors. These protocols are not intended as a replacement of the existing qualification standards, but rather they aim to unify the stability assessment and to understand failure modes. Finally, we identify key procedural information which we suggest reporting in publications to improve reproducibility and enable large data set analysis., This article is based upon work from COST Action StableNextSol MP1307 supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). M.V.K., E.A.K., V.B. and A.O. thank the financial support of the United States – Israel Binational Science Foundation (grant no. 2015757). E.A.K., A.A. and I.V.-F. acknowledge partial support from the SNaPSHoTs project in the framework of the German-Israeli bilateral R&D cooperation in the field of applied nanotechnology. M.S.L. thanks the financial support of National Science Foundation (ECCS, award #1610833). S.C., M.Manceau and M.Matheron thank the financial support of European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no 763989 (APOLO project). F.D.R. and T.M.W. would like to acknowledge the support from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) through the SPECIFIC Innovation and Knowledge Centre (EP/N020863/1) and express their gratitude to the Welsh Government for their support of the Ser Solar programme. P.A.T. acknowledges financial support from the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 19-73-30020). J.K. acknowledges the support by the Solar Photovoltaic Academic Research Consortium II (SPARC II) project, gratefully funded by WEFO. M.K.N. acknowledges financial support from Innosuisse project 25590.1 PFNM-NM, Solaronix, Aubonne, Switzerland. C.-Q.M. would like to acknowledge The Bureau of International Cooperation of Chinese Academy of Sciences for the support of ISOS11 and the Ministry of Science and Technology of China for the financial support (no. 2016YFA0200700). N.G.P. acknowledges financial support from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grants funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT Future Planning (MSIP) of Korea under contracts NRF-2012M3A6A7054861 and NRF-2014M3A6A7060583 (Global Frontier R&D Program on Center for Multiscale Energy System). CSIRO’s contribution to this work was conducted with funding support from the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) through its Advancing Renewables Program. A.F.N gratefully acknowledges support from FAPESP (Grant 2017/11986-5) and Shell and the strategic importance of the support given by ANP (Brazil’s National Oil, Natural Gas and Biofuels Agency) through the R&D levy regulation. Y.-L.L. and Q.B. acknowledge support from the National Science Foundation Division of Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation under award no. 1824674. S.D.S. acknowledges the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (HYPERION, grant agreement no. 756962), and the Royal Society and Tata Group (UF150033). The work at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory was supported by the US Department of Energy (DOE) under contract DE-AC36-08GO28308 with Alliance for Sustainable Energy LLC, the manager and operator of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The authors (J.J.B, J.M.L., M.O.R, K.Z.) acknowledge support from the ‘De-risking halide perovskite solar cells’ program of the National Center for Photovoltaics, funded by the US Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Solar Energy Technology Office. The views expressed in the article do not necessarily represent the views of the DOE or the US Government. H.J.S. acknowledges the support of EPSRC UK, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. V.T. and M.Madsen acknowledge ‘Villum Foundation’ for funding of the project CompliantPV, under project no. 13365. M.Madsen acknowledges Danmarks Frie Forskningsfond, DFF FTP for funding of the project React-PV, no. 8022-00389B. M.G. and S.M.Z. thank the King Abdulaziz City for Science and technology (KACST) for financial support. S.V. acknowledges TKI-UE/Ministry of Economic Affairs for financial support of the TKI-UE toeslag project POP-ART (no. 1621103). RC thanks the grants for Development of New Faculty Staff, Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund. A.D.C. gratefully acknowledges funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (grant agreement no. 785219-GrapheneCore2 and no. 764047-ESPResSo). M.L.C. and H.X. acknowledges the support from Spanish MINECO for the grant GraPErOs (ENE2016-79282-C5-2-R), the OrgEnergy Excellence Network CTQ2016-81911- REDT, the Agència de Gestiód’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR) for the support to the consolidated Catalonia research group 2017 SGR 329 and the Xarxa de Referència en Materials Avançats per a l’Energia (Xarmae). ICN2 is supported by the Severo Ochoa program from Spanish MINECO (Grant no. SEV-2017-0706) and is funded by the CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya.

Published
2020
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