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Algae are photosynthesis-producing organisms that can be found in freshwater, wastewater, and aquatic environments. In order to get around a number of high-tech barriers in the algae biomass sector, it is necessary to improve the various activities and research. Algae have the potential to supply novel chemicals and bioactive compounds for the biotechnology industry. The abundance of algal diversity must be utilized for various applications. Algal biomass is a source of energy (biofuels), fertilizer, pollution control, stabilization, nutrition, high-value molecules, and various bioactive metabolites that can be investigated for new drugs in terms of their applicability in local and global markets. Microalgae have been widely used for the production of biomass and biofuel. As a result, large-scale experimental setups have been built to produce a lot of biomass and biofuel. Food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries all benefit greatly from microalgae. They also produce numerous biomolecules with added value, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, beta-1,3-glucan, astaxanthin, lutein, phycobiliprotein beta-carotene, and chlorophyll, in addition to the previously mentioned application. The pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food and feed, and nutraceutical industries all use these biomolecules extensively commercially. Furthermore, this review focuses specifically on the broad application potential algae based nonenergy applications, such as pharmaceuticals, food ingredients, pigments and cosmetics by marine algae.

Symbiotic partnerships with rhizobial bacteria enable legumes to grow without nitrogen fertilizer because rhizobia convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into ammonia via nitrogenase. After Sinorhizobium meliloti penetrate the root nodules that they have elicited in Medicago truncatula, the plant produces a family of about 700 nodule cysteine-rich (NCR) peptides that guide the differentiation of endocytosed bacteria into nitrogen-fixing bacteroids. The sequences of the NCR peptides are related to the defensin class of antimicrobial peptides, but have been adapted to play symbiotic roles. Using a variety of spectroscopic, biophysical and biochemical techniques, we show here that the most extensively characterized NCR peptide, 24 amino acid NCR247, binds haem with nanomolar affinity. Bound haem molecules and their iron are initially made biologically inaccessible through the formation of hexamers (6 haem/6 NCR247) and then higher-order complexes. We present evidence that NCR247 is crucial for effective nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. We propose that by sequestering haem and its bound iron, NCR247 creates a physiological state of haem deprivation. This in turn induces an iron-starvation response in rhizobia that results in iron import, which itself is required for nitrogenase activity. Using the same methods as for L-NCR247, we show that the D-enantiomer of NCR247 can bind and sequester haem in an equivalent manner. The special abilities of NCR247 and its D-enantiomer to sequester haem suggest a broad range of potential applications related to human health.

Plant diseases can cause significant damage to crops, leading to significant economic losses for farmers. Early detection and management of plant diseases are crucial to prevent their spread and minimize their impact. In recent years, soft computing techniques have emerged as a promising approach for developing accurate and efficient plant disease detection systems. This paper presents a soft computing-based plant disease detection system, named Flourishing Fields, which utilizes machine learning algorithms to analyze images of plants and diagnose the presence of diseases. The proposed system integrates a convolutional neural network (CNN) and a support vector machine (SVM) to classify plant images into healthy or diseased categories. The CNN extracts feature from the images, which are then used as inputs for the SVM classifier. The proposed system was evaluated using a publicly available dataset of plant images, and the results show that it achieves an accuracy of 94.5%, outperforming several existing state-of-the-art methods. The proposed system is expected to revolutionize agriculture by providing farmers with an efficient and reliable tool for detecting and managing plant diseases, thereby improving crop yield and reducing economic losses.

Steel concrete composite structures have gained widespread recognition worldwide for the construction of various types of structure. The steel utilise by various industries in India is less comparing to other developed country. The various types of steel rebar are used in the construction and some are in research mode. The various steel industries are to target to achieve the maximum strength and durability with satisfy the properties of steel bars. The articles deals with review of various research papers related to new approach adopted for construction of structure for steel bars in the concrete structure. Based on the various paper surmise report is prepared. The review of articles concluded that it is demand of current industry to assist and evolutes the primary bars and new techniques for advanced technology. Keywords: Primary Bar, Concrete Structure, New Techniques, Construction Material, strength and durability

In this decade, global warming and urbanisation have become fundamental problems. Numerous locations have experienced a temperature increase that has negatively affected the ecosystem. Land surface temperature (LST) is a valuable parameter for studying temperature variation because it is closely correlated with land use and land cover (LULC). This study combines Machine Learning, Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques to detect the spatial variation of LST and quantify its relationship with LULC in the near past, present and the near future. The Nagercoil Municipal Corporation (The Southernmost Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu, India) was chosen as the study area to explore the relationship between LST and LULC. The region is one of the rapidly urbanising areas in Tamil Nadu, India. From 2014 to 2022, three scenes of Landsat 8 OLI and 9 OLI-2 LULC and LST data were extracted. Markov chain analysis (MCA) is adopted in this study to predict the future LULC and LST of the study. Pearson’s correlation method has been adopted and is used in the study to determine the correlation of the LULC and LST. For the years 2014, 2017, and 2022, it was determined that the overall accuracy of the LULC map was 0.87, 0.92, and 0.88, respectively, with the Kappa coefficient of 0.85,0.91, and 0.88. The Kappa coefficient values (above 0.85) indicate that the LULC data produced by the MLC procedure have a high enough accuracy to be useful for analysing LULC and identifying changes. The correlation of LULC and LST is an essential metric for identifying and quantifying the higher temperature areas with urban development. These metrics can be incorporated into advanced UHI detection models and machine learning algorithms for more precise and accurate identification and quantification of Urban Heat Island zones. We propose that urban land use measures and urban land planning be informed by continuous and detailed Remote Sensing and GIS combined with statistical modelling and analysis of LULC and LST. Possible actions by the policymakers include the conservation of agricultural and vegetated lands, as well as the management of the reclamation of barren lands into croplands, to prevent surface impermeability loss and ecosystem fragmentation. Protecting the existing waterbodies is also advised in the study.

Hybrid fabrics are represented by their excellent mechanical and structural properties as compared to conventional metals, which results in their increased functions especially for structural, aerospace applications, automotive, defense as well as sporting industries. In this paper the hybrid fabric (Jute, glass, carbon, Kevlar) composites are prepared by hand layup method and then vacuum bagging is used to avoid voids. The hardness, impact and machinablity test are performed by Rockwell hardness testing machine, Impact testing machine and Drill tool dynamometer respectively. From the results it has been observed that different parameter affects the hardness, toughness and machining of composites

Biodiversity is a function of the number of the any taxon present, the evenness with which the taxons are distributed (species evenness or family evenness) and the interaction component of richness and evenness. The present investigation was carried out to study the arthropod biodiversity in Horticulture ecosystem at RVS Agricultural College, Thanjavur, India. The farm lies between 10.6796° N latitude and 78.9194° E longitude with an altitude of 426.7M above MSL. The insect collections were done in both Agri-Horticultural crops (Maize, Castor, Thenai, Cotton, Mango, Sapota, Coconut, Guava and some weeds). In the study, a total of 39 fauna species (butterflies) were recorded in horticultural ecosystem under 39 genera, 14 families and 1 order were observed in the horticultural ecosystem. Among the insect families, the family Nymphalidae consists of many species followed by Noctuidae. It was also recorded a total of 11 species under the family Nymphalidae followed by Noctuidae (10 species). Among the different functional groups, a diversity of a herbivores and tourist was maximum and comprised of 27 species under herbivores and 13 species under tourists. Species richness and diversity index were calculated for comparison within weekly collection and to know the variance between lepidopteron species. It was concluded that the species richness of herbivores and tourist were found to be abundant during winter 2018 and summer 2019.

In recent years, there has been a tremendous increase in the number of air passengers. These increasing figures have enhanced problems, ultimately causing flight delays. Delay in flights is recognized not only the usual factor but also a bothersome experience offered to customers. These delays lead to loss of money to the travelers. Additionally, it also affects the business value and status of the aviation industry. The delays can be caused due to many factors like weather conditions, technical problem, air traffic etc. These concerned parameter makes it important in carrying out analysis based on past trends of delays which can be further divided into daily, monthly and yearly intervals. This project makes use of big data technologies like Apache Pig, hive and Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS). These technologies would be helpful in determining delay problems faced by the aviation industry where an appropriate decision can be implemented and furthermore would be benefiting customers and industrialists of the aviation domain.

This project specifies the various techniques used in designing and implementing the college management system. This project aims to maintain a perfect recorded system of the student database, thus, adding more value to the software system. The project is implemented in the form of a website using Django (python) framework as the front-end and SQL as the back end to maintain the database. College management system has become an important component of educational institutes. With the help of this system we can gather all the useful information needed to the institution in an effective and secluded manner.

In India, a Generic drug plays a major role where most of the people afford and depend on it, due to the budget-friendly and easily available widely. However, some of the pharmaceutical manufacturer’s license was terminated due to the unsold or banned products of branded drugs, which are manufactured in USFDA as small plants, were manufactured in India without the approval. There were many misconceptions with the manufacturers, for following the right strategy to bring generic medications, clearing data integrity issues, sales, and marketing aspects of drugs for the successful outcome. India has also been subject to increasing inspections by global regulatory bodies in recent times. There has been an increase in enforcement actions taken by regulatory bodies for cases related to data integrity. From this review, it concluded that what are the current trends involved in the generic drugs and their category based on the license, impact, and issues involved and also provides the recommendations to be followed to prevent further issues in the future.

Expression of the Escherichia coli dnaN-encoded β clamp at ≥10-fold higher than chromosomally expressed levels impedes growth by interfering with DNA replication. We hypothesized that the excess β clamp sequesters the replicative DNA polymerase III (Pol III) to inhibit replication. As a test of this hypothesis, we obtained eight mutant clamps with an inability to impede growth and measured their ability to stimulate Pol III replication in vitro. Compared with the wild-type clamp, seven of the mutants were defective, consistent with their elevated cellular levels failing to sequester Pol III. However, the βE202K mutant that bears a glutamic acid-to-lysine substitution at residue 202 displayed an increased affinity for Pol IIIα and Pol III core (Pol IIIαeθ), suggesting that it could still sequester Pol III effectively. Of interest, βE202K supported in vitro DNA replication by Pol II and Pol IV but was defective with Pol III. Genetic experiments indicated that the dnaNE202K strain remained proficient in DNA damage-induced mutagenesis but was induced modestly for SOS and displayed sensitivity to UV light and methyl methanesulfonate. These results correlate an impaired ability of the mutant βE202K clamp to support Pol III replication in vivo with its in vitro defect in DNA replication. Taken together, our results (i) support the model that sequestration of Pol III contributes to growth inhibition, (ii) argue for the existence of an additional mechanism that contributes to lethality, and (iii) suggest that physical and functional interactions of the β clamp with Pol III are more extensive than appreciated currently. IMPORTANCE The β clamp plays critically important roles in managing the actions of multiple proteins at the replication fork. However, we lack a molecular understanding of both how the clamp interacts with these different partners and the mechanisms by which it manages their respective actions. We previously exploited the finding that an elevated cellular level of the β clamp impedes Escherichia coli growth by interfering with DNA replication. Using a genetic selection method, we obtained novel mutant β clamps that fail to inhibit growth. Their analysis revealed that βE202K is unique among them. Our work offers new insights into how the β clamp interacts with and manages the actions of E. coli DNA polymerases II, III, and IV.

Expression of the Escherichia coli dnaN-encoded β clamp at ≥10-fold higher than chromosomally expressed levels impedes growth by interfering with DNA replication. A mutant clamp (β(E202K) bearing a glutamic acid-to-lysine substitution at residue 202) binds to DNA polymerase III (Pol III) with higher affinity than the wild-type clamp, suggesting that its failure to impede growth is independent of its ability to sequester Pol III away from the replication fork. Our results demonstrate that the dnaN(E202K) strain underinitiates DNA replication due to insufficient levels of DnaA-ATP and expresses several DnaA-regulated genes at altered levels, including nrdAB, that encode the class 1a ribonucleotide reductase (RNR). Elevated expression of nrdAB was dependent on hda function. As the β clamp-Hda complex regulates the activity of DnaA by stimulating its intrinsic ATPase activity, this finding suggests that the dnaN(E202K) allele supports an elevated level of Hda activity in vivo compared with the wild-type strain. In contrast, using an in vitro assay reconstituted with purified components the β(E202K) and wild-type clamp proteins supported comparable levels of Hda activity. Nevertheless, co-overexpression of the nrdAB-encoded RNR relieved the growth defect caused by elevated levels of the β clamp. These results support a model in which increased cellular levels of DNA precursors relieve the ability of elevated β clamp levels to impede growth and suggest either that multiple effects stemming from the dnaN(E202K) mutation contribute to elevated nrdAB levels or that Hda plays a noncatalytic role in regulating DnaA-ATP by sequestering it to reduce its availability. IMPORTANCE DnaA bound to ATP acts in initiation of DNA replication and regulates the expression of several genes whose products act in DNA metabolism. The state of the ATP bound to DnaA is regulated in part by the β clamp-Hda complex. The dnaN(E202K) allele was identified by virtue of its inability to impede growth when expressed ≥10-fold higher than chromosomally expressed levels. While the dnaN(E202K) strain exhibits several phenotypes consistent with heightened Hda activity, the wild-type and β(E202K) clamp proteins support equivalent levels of Hda activity in vitro. Taken together, these results suggest that β(E202K)-Hda plays a noncatalytic role in regulating DnaA-ATP. This, as well as alternative models, is discussed.