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Михайліченко Г.І. УПРАВЛІННЯ ПОТЕНЦІАЛОМ ТУРИСТИЧНИХ ДЕСТИНАЦІЙ Мета. Розробка параметрів оцінки використання потенціалу й інноваційного розвитку туристичних дестинацій за рахунок створеного туристичного продукту дестинації; вивчення базових принципів його формування. Методика дослідження. У процесі дослідження використано емпіричні методи дослідження: метод узагальнення – при формуванні багатовекторного підходу до розвитку туристичних дестинацій; метод експертних оцінок – при позиціонуванні турпродукту в системі туризму; метод класифікації та системного аналізу – при дослідженні інноваційності складових туристичного продукту; наукового узагальнення та порівняння – при дослідженні даних наукових джерел (монографії, статті вітчизняних і закордонних вчених), а також аналізі статистичної інформації та офіційних даних форумів, рейтингів, міжнародного туристичного барометра. Результати дослідження. В результаті досліджень актуалізована проблема оцінювання туристичного потенціалу як джерела інноваційного розвитку туризму; проаналізовані показники та методи вимірювання; обґрунтоване визначення наукового поняття "інноваційний потенціал туризму" та запропоновано модель його оцінки на різних рівнях реалізації, з різними формами взаємопроникнення та засобами впливу, реалізації ефективності, сприйняття та реалізації потенціалу туристичних підприємств. Запропоновані інструменти оцінки, які дозволяють використовувати туристичний ресурсний потенціал країни / регіону / місця призначення, позитивно впливають на ціноутворення вичерпних ресурсів для сталого розвитку туризму, дозволяють формувати атрактивні туристичні ресурси, потенційну привабливість курортів, що впливає на їх інвестиційний та репутаційний статус. Запропоновані інстументи аналізу впливу чинників на формування інноваційного туристичного продукту дестинації, як ефективного інструменту реалізації туристичного потенціалу регіону. Наукова новизна результатів дослідження. Визначено взаємодоповнюючі фактори впливу на формування системи управління туристичних дестинацій шляхом реалізації наявного та прирощування дієвого потенціалу розвитку, що, на відміну від існуючих, дають змогу оцінити прямий та опосередкований внесок сфери туризму у ВВП країни за рахунок експлуатації наявного та прирощування відмінного туристичного потенціалу. Практична значущість результатів дослідження. Запропоновані структура та зміст туристичного продукту дестинацій, його інноваційна складова є основою формування стратегії збуту продукту дестинації, піднесення її конкурентного статусу, сталого розвитку. Ключові слова: туристичний потенціал; інноваційний розвиток; оцінка туристичного потенціалу; туристичний продукт; дестинація. Михайличенко А.И. УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ПОТЕНЦИАЛОМ ТУРИСТИЧЕСКИХ ДЕСТИНАЦИЙ Цель. Разработка параметров оценки использования потенциала и инновационного развития туристических дестинаций за счет созданного туристического продукта дестинации; изучения базовых принципов его формирования. Методика исследования. В процессе исследования использованы эмпирические методы исследования: метод обобщения – при формировании многовекторного подхода к развитию туристических дестинаций; метод экспертных оценок – при позиционировании турпродукта в системе туризма; метод классификации и системного анализа – при исследовании инновационности составляющих туристического продукта; научного обобщения и сравнения – при исследовании данных научных источников (монографии, статьи отечественных и зарубежных ученых), а также анализе статистической информации и официальных данных форумов, рейтингов, международного туристического барометра. Результаты исследования. В результате исследований актуализирована проблема оценки туристического потенциала как источника инновационного развития туризма; проанализированы показатели и методы измерения; дано определение научного понятия “инновационный потенциал туризма” и предложена модель оценивания на различных уровнях его реализации, с различными формами взаимопроникновения и средствами воздействия, реализации эффективности, восприятия и реализации потенциала туристических предприятий. Предложенные инструменты оценивания, которые позволяют использовать туристический ресурсный потенциал страны / региона / места назначения, положительно влияют на ценообразование исчерпывающих ресурсов для устойчивого развития туризма, позволяют формировать атрактивные туристические ресурсы, потенциальную привлекательность курортов, влияют на их инвестиционный и репутационный статус. Предложены инстументы анализа влияния факторов на формирование инновационного туристического продукта дестинации, как эффективного инструмента реализации туристического потенциала региона. Научная новизна результатов исследования . Систематизированы факторы влияния на формирование системы управления туристических дестинаций путем реализации имеющегося и приращивания действенного потенциала развития, что, в отличие от существующих методик, позволяет оценить прямой и косвенный вклад сферы туризма в ВВП страны за счет эксплуатации имеющегося и приращения атрактивного туристического потенциала. Практическая значимость результатов исследования. Предложены структура и содержание туристического продукта дестинаций, его инновационная составляющая является основой формирования стратегии сбыта продукта дестинации, повышение ее конкурентного статуса, устойчивого развития. Ключевые слова: туристический потенциал; инновационное развитие; оценка туристического потенциала; туристический продукт; дестинация. Mykhailichenko H.I. MANAGEMENT OF THE POTENTIAL OF TOURISM DESTINATIONS Purpose. The aim of the study is to develop the parameters of capacity utilization assessment and innovative development of tourist destinations at the expense of the created tourist product of the destination; studying the basic principles of its formation. Methodology of research. The empirical methods of research are used in the course of the research, namely: the method of generalization – when forming a multi-vector approach to the development of tourist destinations; the method of expert assessments – when positioning the tourist product in the tourism system; method of classification and system analysis – in the study of innovativeness of components of the tourist product. Methods of analysis and synthesis, scientific generalization and comparison – when researching data of scientific sources (monographs, articles of domestic and foreign scientists), as well as open sources of statistical information and official data of forums, ratings, international tourist barometer are used in the research process. Findings. As a result of research the problems of assessment of tourism potential are updated as a source of innovative development of tourism; indicators and methods of measurement are analyzed; definition of the category “innovative potential of tourism” is substantiated and a model of its evaluation at different levels of implementation, with various forms of interpenetration and facilities of influence, implementation of effectiveness, perception and realization of the potential of tourism enterprises is presented. The proposed valuation tools that allow to use the tourism resource potential of the country / region / destination have a positive impact on the value pricing of exhaustible resources for sustainable tourism development, allow forming capital resource potentially attractive resorts that will affect their investment and reputational status. At the end of the article the factors of formation of innovative tourist product of destination as an effective tool of realization of tourist potential of the region are offered. Originality. The complementary factors of influence on the formation of a tourist destination management system by realizing existing and enhancing effective development potential are determined. Unlike the existing ones, these factors make it possible to estimate the direct and indirect contribution of tourism in the country's GDP by exploiting existing and enhancing excellent tourism potential. Practical value. The proposed structure and content of the tourist product of the destinations, its innovative component is the basis for the formation of the product strategy of the destination product, raising its competitive status, sustainable development. Key words: tourism potential; innovative development; evaluation of tourism potential; tourism product; destination.

Research on price heuristics is usually unrelated to the pricing strategies in which products and services are framed. This study raises the question whether the price heuristic works similarly and is equally effective for different pricing strategies. Specifically, this paper explores the role of the price anchoring heuristic in the value pricing strategy and its impact on the perceived value and price sensitivity. An experimental study was designed with a sample of 500 participants where 50% of them were exposed to a price anchor condition and the remaining 50% were not exposed to this condition. The study was carried out in the sliced bread category with two sliced bread products of the same brand and line with different pricing strategies: value pricing and control group. The results identify an inverse effect of the anchoring heuristic on perceived value and price sensitivity. This study contributes to the development of the discipline of neuropricing and price heuristics, and the results have implications for managers developing value-based pricing and interested in pricing and neuropricing in general. Tradicionalmente, la investigación sobre heurísticas de precios se realiza de forma desvinculada de las estrategias de comunicación en las que se enmarcan los productos y servicios. Este estudio plantea la pregunta de si la heurística de precios funciona de forma similar y es igualmente efectiva para distintas estrategias de comunicación de precios. Concretamente, explora el papel que ejerce la heurística de anclaje de precios en la estrategia value pricing y su impacto en el valor percibido, así como la sensibilidad al precio del producto. Para ello se diseñó un estudio experimental con una muestra de 500 personas, donde el 50% de los participantes fueron expuestos a una condición de anclaje de precio referencial y el 50% restante no fue sometido a esta condición. El estudio se realizó en la categoría de pan de molde con dos productos de pan de la misma marca y línea, con estrategia de precios value pricing y un grupo de control. Los resultados identifican un efecto inverso de la heurística de anclaje en el valor percibido y en la sensibilidad al precio. Este estudio contribuye al desarrollo de la disciplina del neuropricing y la heurística de precios y los resultados tienen implicaciones para los gerentes de comunicación y marketing que desarrollan políticas de precios basados en el valor e interesados en pricing y neuropricing en general.

Research on price heuristics is usually unrelated to the pricing strategies in which products and services are framed. This study raises the question whether the price heuristic works similarly and is equally effective for different pricing strategies. Specifically, this paper explores the role of the price anchoring heuristic in the value pricing strategy and its impact on the perceived value and price sensitivity. An experimental study was designed with a sample of 500 participants where 50% of them were exposed to a price anchor condition and the remaining 50% were not exposed to this condition. The study was carried out in the sliced bread category with two sliced bread products of the same brand and line with different pricing strategies: value pricing and control group. The results identify an inverse effect of the anchoring heuristic on perceived value and price sensitivity. This study contributes to the development of the discipline of neuropricing and price heuristics, and the results have implications for managers developing value-based pricing and interested in pricing and neuropricing in general. Tradicionalmente, la investigación sobre heurísticas de precios se realiza de forma desvinculada de las estrategias de comunicación en las que se enmarcan los productos y servicios. Este estudio plantea la pregunta de si la heurística de precios funciona de forma similar y es igualmente efectiva para distintas estrategias de comunicación de precios. Concretamente, explora el papel que ejerce la heurística de anclaje de precios en la estrategia value pricing y su impacto en el valor percibido, así como la sensibilidad al precio del producto. Para ello se diseñó un estudio experimental con una muestra de 500 personas, donde el 50% de los participantes fueron expuestos a una condición de anclaje de precio referencial y el 50% restante no fue sometido a esta condición. El estudio se realizó en la categoría de pan de molde con dos productos de pan de la misma marca y línea, con estrategia de precios value pricing y un grupo de control. Los resultados identifican un efecto inverso de la heurística de anclaje en el valor percibido y en la sensibilidad al precio. Este estudio contribuye al desarrollo de la disciplina del neuropricing y la heurística de precios y los resultados tienen implicaciones para los gerentes de comunicación y marketing que desarrollan políticas de precios basados en el valor e interesados en pricing y neuropricing en general.

Objective:To understand price incentives to upsize combination meals at fast-food restaurants by comparing the calories (i.e. kilocalories; 1 kcal = 4·184 kJ) per dollar of default combination meals (as advertised on the menu) with a higher-calorie version (created using realistic consumer additions and portion-size changes).Design:Combination meals (lunch/dinner:n258, breakfast:n68, children’s:n34) and their prices were identified from online menus; corresponding nutrition information for each menu item was obtained from a restaurant nutrition database (MenuStat). Linear models were used to examine the difference in total calories per dollar between default and higher-calorie combination meals, overall and by restaurant.Setting:Ten large fast-food chain restaurants located in the fifteen most populous US cities in 2017–2018.Participants:None.Results:There were significantly more calories per dollar in higher-caloriev.default combination meals for lunch/dinner (default: 577 kJ (138 kcal)/dollar, higher-calorie: 707 kJ (169 kcal)/dollar, difference: 130 kJ (31 kcal)/dollar,P< 0·001) and breakfast (default: 536 kJ (128 kcal)/dollar, higher-calorie: 607 kJ (145 kcal)/dollar, difference: 71 kJ (17 kcal)/dollar,P= 0·009). Results for children’s meals were in the same direction but were not statistically significant (default: 536 kJ (128 kcal)/dollar, higher-calorie: 741 kJ (177 kcal)/dollar, difference: 205 kJ (49 kcal)/dollar,P= 0·053). Across restaurants, the percentage change in calories per dollar for higher-caloriev. default combination meals ranged from 0·1 % (Dunkin’ Donuts) to 55·0 % (Subway).Conclusions:Higher-calorie combination meals in fast-food restaurants offer significantly more calories per dollar compared with default combination meals, suggesting there is a strong financial incentive for consumers to ‘upsize’ their orders. Future research should test price incentives for lower-calorie options to promote healthier restaurant choices.

ObjectiveReducing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption is a public health priority, yet finding an effective and acceptable policy intervention is challenging. One strategy is to use proportional pricing (a consistent price per fluid ounce) instead of the typical value-priced approach where large beverages offer better value. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether proportional pricing affects the purchasing of fountain beverages at a university cinema concession stand.DesignFour price strategies for beverages were evaluated over ten weekends of film screenings. We manipulated two factors: the price structure (value pricing v. proportional pricing) and the provision of information about the price per fluid ounce (labels v. no labels). The key outcomes were the number and size of beverages purchased. We analysed data using regression analyses, with standard errors clustered by film and controlling for the day and time of purchase.SettingA university cinema concession stand in Minnesota, USA, in spring 2015.SubjectsUniversity students.ResultsOver the study period (360 beverages purchased) there were no significant effects of the proportional pricing treatment. Pairing a label with the standard value pricing increased the likelihood of purchasing large drinks but the label did not affect purchasing when paired with proportional pricing.ConclusionsProportional prices did not significantly affect the size of beverages purchased by students at a university cinema, but adding a price-per-ounce label increased large drink purchases when drinks were value-priced. More work is needed to address whether pricing and labelling strategies might promote healthier beverage purchases.

When consumers purchase products, they will consider the brand first, because it indirectly leads consumers to associate the products with the quality, functions, and the design. Based on the smiling curve, it showed enhancing the marketing or RD then, evaluated the situation to reduce the gaps in order to achieve the aspired levels and rank the priorities in brand marketing strategies, we also evaluated the customer's satisfaction of brand marketing by three electronic manufacturing companies in Taiwan. As the empirical results, value pricing is the most important factor, followed by consumer's price perception and perceived quality while showed the highest satisfaction of brand marketing was in F2 company. The results of this paper will provide the enterprises with a reference for planning brand marketing.

Carpools can be comprised of family members (fampools), non-family members (non-fampools) or a combination of both. By analyzing the characteristics of fampools and non-fampools, we can better understand both groups and how policies may impact each group differently. One area of particular interest is the impact of managed lanes on the mode choice of fampools and non-fampools. Many managed lanes offer travelers a choice to use the lanes toll-free as a carpool or use the lanes as a single occupant vehicle for a toll. This may influence some carpools to break up, with one hypothesis being fampools would be more likely to stay together. This research found that the majority of fampools and non-fampools are interested in using managed lanes. The analysis of survey data proved that there are many similarities between the fampools and non-fampools but very few differences. Fampools carpooled on a smaller percentage of their weekly trips than non-fampools did. Fampools more often formed carpools...

Financial management in a company is a decision process subject to achievement of the main goal of the company, that is its value maximization. Estimation of the cost of capital is of great significance in this area. The cost of capital affects the key decisions of the board concerning the scale of investment undertakings, determination of the target, demanded amount and pace of capital growth, shaping of optimal capital structure and other areas of financial management in a company such as capital budgeting, processes of takeovers and fusions etc. It is also a parameter in calculating the return on investment and in other analyses. The utilization of information about the cost of capital in the decision-making process in the company is strictly connected with the assessment of financial management in the company using market value added. The objective of the article is to review the theory confirming the thesis that the effectiveness assessment of financial management in the company, in the context of market value added growth, is largely dependent on the cost of capital in the company. The article is of theoretical-cognitive and methodological character. It constitutes a reason for further empirical research confirming the relation proved in the theory between the cost of capital and company value, which is a basis for the effectiveness assessment of financial management in the company.

Much research has focused on how consumers and competitors respond to short-term changes in advertising and promotion. In contrast, the authors use Procter & Gamble's (P&G's) value pricing strategy as an opportunity to study consumer and competitor response to a major, sustained change in marketing-mix strategy. They compile data across 24 categories in which P&G has a significant market share, covering the period from 1990 to 1996, during which P&G instituted major cuts in deals and coupons and substantial increases in advertising. The authors estimate an econometric model to trace how consumers and competitors react to such changes. For the average brand, the authors find that deals and coupons increase market penetration and surprisingly have little impact on customer retention as measured by share-of-category requirements and category usage. For the average brand, advertising works primarily by increasing penetration, but its effect is weaker than that of promotion. The authors find that competitor response is related to how strongly the competitor's market share is affected by the change in marketing mix and the competitor's own response and to structural factors such as market share position and multi-market contact. The net impact of these consumer and competitor responses is a decrease in market share for the company that institutes sustained decreases in promotion coupled with increases in advertising.

Kabupaten Cianjur is one of regencies in West java has tourism potential can be relied, and the one of destination is Taman Rekreasi Kota Bunga. Taman Rekreasi Kota Bunga is a recreation area that offers a variety of tourist attraction with the unique feel for the tourist. The number of tourist visits on Taman Rekreasi Kota Bunga has increase from 2008 to 2010. Value based pricing is one of marketing strategy that can be used to increase the number of visit. In connection with these to research studies conducted on the influence value based pricing toward visiting decision Taman Rekreasi Kota Bunga. The purpose of this research is to find value based pricing influence visiting decisions to Taman Rekreasi Kota Bunga. Value based pricing consists of discounting, penetration pricing, value pricing, market segmen pricing. Technique of sampling is systematic random sampling. The method in that used in this research is explanatory survey by using ordinal scale. Analyze from this research use Path Analysis with a computer software tools SPSS 19.0. The result of this research is value based pricing influence significantly 86,6% and the rest influence other factors. Based on the result of statistical test results were obtained, there were four variables of value based pricing which had an influence on visiting decisions of discounting, penetration pricing, market segmen pricing and there was one variables that had no effect on visiting decisions was value pricing. That it can be concluded that direct discounting, penetration pricing, market segmen pricing strong influence the visiting decision on Taman Rekreasi Kota Bunga.

Posits that, by specifically examining price‐value relationship, buyers can avoid many of the problems inherent in comparing products/suppliers in terms of net delivered price. Provides background on economic value pricing, along with a detailed discussion of the steps and considerations for buyer‐side application to supplier price analysis and its managerial implications.

Pricing based on marginal costs misses a critical element in maximising profits — the relative perceived value of the product which is being priced. In practice, managers use crude proxies. A more sophisticated and valid pricing method, which uses perceived relative value of products is Conjoint Measurement. It is explained here by Eckhard Kucher and Klaus Hilleke, and is a very effective tool when determining the value of a product and deriving price response functions and profit optimal prices. The authors chart three key elements in pricing studies using Conjoint Measurement, and expect the method to gain rapid acceptance by European managers.

Describes the major strategies used in setting prices in international markets. Emphasizes the issue of developing pricing strategies early in the development phase of new product development and discusses bundling strategies with the emphasis on adding value to mature products/services through bundling. Discusses long‐term issues in international pricing including the development of pricing parity, the concentration of buying power in international buying groups, and the increase in retaliatory measures by nations against predatory pricing by competitiors.

We measure values of time and reliability from 1998 data on actual behavior of commuters on State Route 91 in Orange County, California, where they choose between a free and a variably tolled route. For each route at each time of day and for each day of the week, the distribution of travel times across different weeks is measured using loop detector data. The best-fitting models represent travel-time by its median, and unreliability by the difference between the 90th percentile and the median. We present models of route choice both alone and combined with other choices, namely time of day, car occupancy, and installation of an electronic transponder. In our best model, containing all these choices except time of day, value of time (VOT) is $22.87 per hour, while value of reliability is $15.12 per hour for men and $31.91 for women. These values are 72%, 48%, and 101%, respectively, of the average wage rate in our sample.

Some road-pricing demonstrations use an approach called "value pr icing", in which travelers can choose between a free but congested roadway and a priced roadway. Recent research has uncovered a potentially serious problem for such demonstrations: in certain models, second-best tolls are far lower than those typically charged, and the welfare gains from profit maximization are small or even negative. That research, however , assumes that all travelers are identical, and it therefore neglects the benefits of product differentiation, by which people with different values of time can choose a suitable cost/quality combination. Using a model with two user groups, we find that accounting for heterogeneity in value of time is important in evaluating constrained policies, and improves the relative performance of policies that offer differential prices. Nevertheless, for most of the reasonable range of heterogeneity, second-best pricing produces far fewer benefits than pricing both roadways optimally, and profit-maximizing tolls are so high that over all welfare is reduced from the no-toll baseline.

Ankara : The Graduate School of Business Management of Bilkent Univ., 1996. Thesis (Master's) -- İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University, 1996. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 61-65). This study aims at the formation of an understanding on how consumers process price information, what opinion they hold of price promotions and how they interpret promotion signals, reference effects of price promotions, and price and quality perception relationsip in an inflationary environment through the use of qualitative research. The findings are presented and areas of future research are suggested. Şahin, F. Aykut M.B.A

Thorstein Veblen would certainly be stunned that less than 100 years after he coined the phrase “conspicuous consumption” there's been a sudden and conspicuous, global‐wide drop in consumer purchases.

No abstract available.

Background Many glaucoma patients do not adhere to their medication regimens because they fail to internalize the (health) costs of non-adherence, which may not occur until years or decades later. Behavioural economic theory suggests that adherence rates can be improved by offering patients a near-term benefit. Our proposed strategy is to offer adherence-contingent rebates on medication and check-up costs. This form of value pricing (VP) ensures that rebates are granted only to those most likely to benefit. Moreover, by leveraging loss aversion, rebates are expected to generate a stronger behavioural response than equivalent financial rewards. Methods/Design The main objective of the Study on Incentives for Glaucoma Medication Adherence (SIGMA) is to test the VP approach relative to usual care (UC) in improving medication adherence. SIGMA is a randomized, controlled, open-label, single-centre superiority trial with two parallel arms. A total of 100 non-adherent (Morisky Medication Adherence Scale ≤6) glaucoma patients from the Singapore National Eye Centre are block-randomized (blocking factor: single versus multiple medications users) into the VP and UC arms in a 1:1 ratio. The treatment received by VP patients will be strictly identical to that received by UC patients, with the only exception being that VP patients can earn either a 50 % or 25 % rebate on their glaucoma-related healthcare costs conditional on being adherent on at least 90 % or 75 % of days as measured by a medication event monitoring system. Masking the arm allocation will be precluded by the behavioural nature of the intervention but blocking size will not be disclosed to protect concealment. The primary outcome is the mean change from baseline in percentage of adherent days at month 6. A day will be counted as adherent when the patients take all their medication(s) within the appropriate dosing windows. Discussion This trial will provide evidence on whether adherence-contingent rebates can improve medication adherence among non-adherent glaucoma patients, and more generally whether this approach represents a promising strategy to cost-effectively improve chronic disease management. Trial registration NCT02271269. Registered on 19 October 2014. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1459-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.