Search

The carbamoyltransferase or aspartate carbamoyltransferase (ATCase)/ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OTCase) is an evolutionary conserved protein family, which contains two genes, ATCase and OTCase. The ATCase catalyzes the committed step in the synthesis of UMP from which all pyrimidine molecules are synthesized. The second member, OTCase, catalytically regulates the conversion of ornithine to citrulline. This study traces the evolution of the carbomoyltransferase genes in the plant kingdom and their role during fruit ripening in fleshy fruits. These genes are highly conserved throughout the plant kingdom and, except for melon and watermelon, do not show gene expansion in major fleshy fruits. In this study, 393 carbamoyltransferase genes were identified in the plant kingdom, including 30 fleshy fruit representatives. Their detailed phylogeny, evolutionary patterns with their expression during the process of fruit ripening, was analyzed. The ATcase and OTcase genes were conserved throughout the plant kingdom and exhibited lineage-specific signatures. The expression analysis of the ATcase and OTcase genes during fruit development and ripening in climacteric and non-climacteric fruits showed their involvement in fruit ripening irrespective of the type of fruits. No direct role in relation to ethylene-dependent or -independent ripening was identified; however, the co-expression network suggests their involvement in the various ripening processes.

Abstract Background Ethylene signal transduction in plants is conducted by the two-component system (TCS) which consists of histidine kinase (HK), histidine phosphotransferase (HPT) and response regulators (RRs). This system plays an important role in signal transduction during various cellular processes, including fruit ripening and response to multiple environmental cues. Though members of TCS have been identified in a few plants, no detailed analysis has been carried out in banana. Results Through genome-wide analysis, we identified a total of 80 (25 HK, 10 HPT and 45 RR) and 72 (25 HK, 5 HPT and 42 RR) TCS genes in Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana respectively. The analysis of identified genes revealed that most of the genes are highly conserved however; there are subtle divergences among various members. Comparative expression analysis revealed an involvement of a set of TCS members during banana fruit ripening. Co-expression network analysis identified a working TCS module with direct interactions of HK-HPT and RR members. The molecular dynamics analysis of TCS module showed a significant change in structural trajectories of TCS proteins in the presence of ethylene. Analysis suggests possible interactions between the HK-HPTs and RRs as well as other members leading to banana fruit ripening. Conclusions In this study, we identified and compared the members of TCS gene family in two banana species and showed their diversity, within groups on the basis of whole-genome duplication events. Our analysis showed that during banana fruit ripening TCS module plays a crucial role. We also demonstrated a possible interaction mechanism of TCS proteins in the presence and absence of ethylene by molecular dynamics simulations. These findings will help in understanding the functional mechanism of TCS proteins in plants in different conditions.

Capsule endoscopy is a safe, minimally invasive procedure used to investigate gastrointestinal bleeding of unknown origin that persists or recurs after a negative initial endoscopy. The most common adverse effects of capsule endoscopy include abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Capsule pulmonary aspiration, although a rare complication, has been reported in the literature. Most reported cases resolve without further medical intervention. In these cases, the capsule is either expelled by coughing, or it re-enters the oropharynx and is then swallowed. In a small number of cases, the capsule remains in the lung, unable to be expectorated. This requires prompt diagnosis and emergency bronchoscopic removal under general anaesthesia. Due to the smooth, rounded surfaces of the capsule, it may be difficult to grasp, and consequently extraction may be technically challenging. The existing literature contains limited documentation on anaesthetic and surgical approaches for managing an aspirated endoscopy capsule. In this case report, we present the management of an aspirated endoscopy capsule in a district general hospital, in which thoracic surgery was not available. Local resources were used to manage this potentially life-threatening complication without patient transfer. In our case, we provided a tubeless field to optimise surgical access. This facilitated the successful surgical extraction of the endoscopy capsule from the left main bronchus., (© 2023 Association of Anaesthetists.)

Total parental nutrition (TPN) is a critical component of neonatal intensive care. Supply shortages leading to deficiencies in TPN constituents can have devastating consequences for critically ill patients in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), who may be initially misdiagnosed as potential inborn errors of metabolism. Here, we present three cases of patients with prolonged TPN dependence due to intra-abdominal pathology who presented with signs and symptoms concerning for metabolic disorders and who were ultimately determined to be a result of vitamin deficiencies in the TPN after unnecessary testing and interventions had occurred. These diagnostic errors highlight the need for clinicians to maintain a high index of suspicion for nutritional deficiencies when treating patients in the NICU with potential metabolic disorders during times when TPN constituents are not available, as well as advocating to ensure that adequate supplies are maintained for this vulnerable population., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest None declared., (The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).)

OmpU is one of the major porins of Vibrio cholerae, a Gram-negative human pathogen. Previously, we showed that OmpU stimulates host monocytes and macrophages and induces the production of proinflammatory mediators via activation of the Toll-like receptor 1/2 (TLR1/2)-MyD88-dependent pathways. In the present study, we show that OmpU activates murine dendritic cells (DCs) via activation of the TLR2-mediated pathway and the NLRP3 inflammasome, leading to the production of proinflammatory cytokines and DC maturation. Our data reveal that although TLR2 plays an important role in providing both priming and the activation signal for the NLRP3 inflammasome in OmpU-activated DCs, OmpU is capable of activating the NLRP3 inflammasome, even in the absence of TLR2, if a priming signal is given. Furthermore, we show that the OmpU-mediated interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production in DCs depends on calcium flux and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mitoROS) generation. Interestingly, both OmpU translocation to the mitochondria of DCs as well as calcium signaling contribute to mitoROS production and prompt NLRP3 inflammasome activation. We also demonstrate that OmpU induces downstream signaling via activation of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT, protein kinase C (PKC), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and transcription factor NF-κB. Furthermore, our data reveal that OmpU-mediated activation of TLR2 induces signaling via PKC, MAPKs p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and transcription factor NF-κB; however, PI3K and MAPK Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) are activated in TLR2 independent manner.

We herein report a rare coincidence and a possible association between laryngotracheal fungal infection and spindle cell carcinoma of the larynx (SpCC). A 79-year-old gentleman presented to the Emergency Department with manifestations of airway obstruction. Flexible nasendoscopy showed pooling of saliva around the larynx and his neck palpation did not show cervical lymphadenopathy. Further imaging showed bilateral transglottic mass mainly in the subglottis along with right pulmonary nodularity. Percutaneous tracheostomy, panendoscopy and biopsy of the laryngeal mass confirmed a diagnosis of SpCC. A few days later, he was admitted and aspergillus fumigatus was found in a biopsy of his tracheal tissue. To the best of our knowledge, the possible correlation between laryngotracheal aspergillosis and such a rare type of cancer larynx (SpCC) has not been highlighted in the literature., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestAuthor Omar Ahmed declares that he has no conflict of interest. Author Basim Wahba declares that he has no conflict of interest. Author Eranga Nissanka-Jayasuriya declares that he has no conflict of interest. Author Vikram Dhar, declares that he has no conflict of interest. Author Christopher Theokli declares that he has no conflict of interest., (© Crown 2021.)

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the dimensional stability of irreversible hydrocolloid and polyvinylsiloxane (P.V.S.) impressions after exposure to four commercial disinfectants using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)., Materials and Methods: Two different impression materials were tested: irreversible hydrocolloid and P.V.S. Four disinfection solutions were applied: BirexSE, Opti-Cide3, COEfect MinuteSpray, and CaviCide Spray. Distilled water was used as a control group. Each solution remained in contact with the impression for 5 min. Additional contact time of 5 min compromises time for scanning. The materials were evaluated for dimensional stability after the impression of a maxillary complete edentulous template via CBCT before and after being in contact with the disinfectant agents. Measurements were assessed on the digital models from A-B, B-C, and C-A points. Paired analyses (Wilcoxon Signed Rank test or paired Student's t -test) were used to analyze each measurement before and after the contact with the disinfectant agents. The variance for each measurement was also analyzed via a one-way analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis., Results: Overall, there were no statistical differences among the points measurements in the irreversible hydrocolloid or P.V.S. between initial and final assessments (p > 0.05). The used disinfectant agents in this study did not influence each measurement's variation on irreversible hydrocolloid or P.V.S. (p > 0.05). All agents showed an effect on the dimensional stability of both impression materials. The differences in the three dimensions ranged between 0.34 and 1.54%., Conclusion: Within 10 min of removing the impression from the master cast, is study's findings indicated that the four commercially available disinfectants did not influence the dimensional stability of irreversible hydrocolloid or P.V.S. Further studies should be performed to elucidate the antimicrobial effect of these solutions applied as a spray on the surface of irreversible hydrocolloid and P.V.S. impressions., (© 2020 The Authors.)

Background: Reporting guidelines for different study designs are currently available to report studies with accuracy and transparency. There is a need to develop supplementary guideline items that are specific to areas within Pediatric Dentistry. This study aims to develop Reporting stAndards for research in PedIatric Dentistry (RAPID) guidelines using a pre-defined expert consensus-based Delphi process., Methods: The development of the RAPID guidelines was based on the Guidance for Developers of Health Research Reporting Guidelines. Following a comprehensive search of the literature, the Executive Group identified ten themes in Pediatric Dentistry and compiled a draft checklist of items under each theme. The themes were categorized as: General, Oral Medicine, Pathology and Radiology, Children with Special Health Care Needs, Sedation and Hospital Dentistry, Behavior Guidance, Dental Caries, Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Pulp Therapy, Traumatology, and Interceptive Orthodontics. A RAPID Delphi Group (RDG) was formed comprising of 69 members from 15 countries across six continents. Items were scored using a 9-point rating Likert scale. Items achieving a score of seven and above, marked by at least 70% of RDG members were accepted into the RAPID checklist items. Weighted mean scores were calculated for each item. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05 and one-way ANOVA was used to calculate the difference in the weighted mean scores between the themes., Results: The final RAPID checklist comprised of 128 items that were finalized and approved by the RDG members in the online consensus meeting. The percentage for high scores (scores 7 to 9) ranged from 69.57 to 100% for individual items. The overall weighted mean score of the final items ranged from 7.51 to 8.28 (out of 9) and the difference was statistically significant between the themes (p < 0.05)., Conclusions: The RAPID statement provides guidance to researchers, authors, reviewers and editors, to ensure that all elements relevant to particular studies are adequately reported., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Change detection is an elementary task in computer vision and video processing applications. Recently, a number of supervised methods based on convolutional neural networks have reported high performance over the benchmark dataset. However, their success depends upon the availability of certain proportions of annotated frames from test video during training. Thus, their performance on completely unseen videos or scene independent setup is undocumented in the literature. In this work, we present a scene independent evaluation (SIE) framework to test the supervised methods in completely unseen videos to obtain generalized models for change detection. In addition, a scene dependent evaluation (SDE) is also performed to document the comparative analysis with the existing approaches. We propose a fast (speed-25 fps) and lightweight (0.13 million parameters, model size-1.16 MB) end-to-end 3D-CNN based change detection network (3DCD) with multiple spatiotemporal learning blocks. The proposed 3DCD consists of a gradual reductionist block for background estimation from past temporal history. It also enables motion saliency estimation, multi-schematic feature encoding-decoding, and finally foreground segmentation through several modular blocks. The proposed 3DCD outperforms the existing state-of-the-art approaches evaluated in both SIE and SDE setup over the benchmark CDnet 2014, LASIESTA and SBMI2015 datasets. To the best of our knowledge, this is a first attempt to present results in clearly defined SDE and SIE setups in three change detection datasets.

Objective: This review aims to identify variances and research gaps in the early childhood caries (ECC) prevalence within countries and the global community by mapping current evidence., Materials and Methods: We performed a literature search in PubMed/MEDLINE and Web of Science to identify English-language, peer-reviewed epidemiologic studies published from January 1999 to January 2019. Abstracts and full-text articles were dual-screened based on predefined eligibility criteria. We classified outcomes by children's age and countries based on economic status. Ranges of reported caries prevalence and median values by country and age were calculated and evidence-mapped., Results: Out of 915 studies, 59 studies met the inclusion criteria. The most significant number of reports were from the USA, Brazil, and India. The ranges of prevalence (1-96%) among the studies were large. The calculated median caries prevalence values may better estimate countries' prevalence than the reported ranges. Early childhood caries prevalence's highest median values were found for South Korea studies (54%) for children <3-year-old and from Bosnia (81%) for children 3-6 years old. No apparent difference was found in the prevalence of ECC from developed and developing countries., Conclusion: This mapping review reflects the ranges and median values of ECC worldwide. Overall, the reported prevalence of ECC in most countries is very high. No apparent difference was found in the prevalence of ECC from developed and developing countries. Reported ranges of ECC, as well as heterogeneity and methodological issues, hamper comparisons across studies globally., Clinical Significance: The global ECC prevalence ranges are extreme. Median data may provide a structure for future epidemiological studies to optimizing healthcare resources for caries interventions globally., How to Cite This Article: Abdelrahaman M, Hsu K-L, Melo MA, et al. Mapping Evidence on Early Childhood Caries Prevalence: Complexity of Worldwide Data Reporting. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(1):1-7., Competing Interests: Source of support: Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry Conflict of interest: None, (Copyright © 2021; Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.)

Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with or without hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is associated with improved survival for patients with colorectal peritoneal metastases (CR-PM). However, the role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) prior to CRS-HIPEC is poorly understood. A retrospective review of adult patients with CR-PM who underwent CRS+/-HIPEC from 2000-2017 was performed. Among 298 patients who underwent CRS+/-HIPEC, 196 (65.8%) received NAC while 102 (34.2%) underwent surgery first (SF). Patients who received NAC had lower peritoneal cancer index score (12.1 + 7.9 vs. 14.3 + 8.5, p = 0.034). There was no significant difference in grade III/IV complications (22.4% vs. 16.7%, p = 0.650), readmission (32.3% vs. 23.5%, p = 0.114), or 30-day mortality (1.5% vs. 2.9%, p = 0.411) between groups. NAC patients experienced longer overall survival (OS) (median 32.7 vs. 22.0 months, p = 0.044) but similar recurrence-free survival (RFS) (median 13.8 vs. 13.0 months, p = 0.456). After controlling for confounding factors, NAC was not independently associated with improved OS (OR 0.80) or RFS (OR 1.04). Among patients who underwent CRS+/-HIPEC for CR-PM, the use of NAC was associated with improved OS that did not persist on multivariable analysis. However, NAC prior to CRS+/-HIPEC was a safe and feasible strategy for CR-PM, which may aid in the appropriate selection of patients for aggressive cytoreductive surgery.

Background: Most caries prevalence studies are conducted in community-based settings, usually with no radiographs, therefore, it is questionable if visual examination alone captures the true extent of disease., Aim: Since it is relatively easy to diagnose occlusal and facial/lingual surface (nonproximal caries) on visual examination, our aim was to evaluate for an association between nonproximal caries (NP) and proximal caries (P), which if present can provide a tool to help decision makers in estimating the true extent of the disease., Design: A cross-sectional retrospective chart audit was done using records of 106 children to determine the association between NP and P caries in the primary dentition., Results: Our mean dft for NP lesions only was 1.55. Based on our data, the mean dft considering all pit and fissure plus the proximal lesions was 2.54, which is a 63.2% increase from the dft based on NP caries only. We found a significant association between NP caries and radiographically detectable P caries. Proximal lesions were twice as likely to exist on primary molars when non-proximal/pit and fissure carious lesions were present., Conclusion: The results imply that proximal caries, and thus need for treatment, are being underestimated during visual exams., How to Cite This Article: Dhar V, Mon S, Macek MD. Evaluation of Nonproximal Caries as Predictor of Proximal Caries in Primary Molars. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent, 2018;11(6):457-461., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None

Rationale: Subglottic edema and acquired subglottic stenosis are potentially airway-compromising sequelae in neonates following endotracheal intubation. At present, no imaging modality is capable of in vivo diagnosis of subepithelial airway wall pathology as signs of intubation-related injury., Objectives: To use Fourier domain long-range optical coherence tomography (LR-OCT) to acquire micrometer-resolution images of the airway wall of intubated neonates in a neonatal intensive care unit setting and to analyze images for histopathology and airway wall thickness., Methods: LR-OCT of the neonatal laryngotracheal airway was performed a total of 94 times on 72 subjects (age, 1-175 d; total intubation, 1-104 d). LR-OCT images of the airway wall were analyzed in MATLAB. Medical records were reviewed retrospectively for extubation outcome., Measurements and Main Results: Backward stepwise regression analysis demonstrated a statistically significant association between log(duration of intubation) and both laryngeal (P < 0.001; multiple r(2) = 0.44) and subglottic (P < 0.001; multiple r(2) = 0.55) airway wall thickness. Subjects with positive histopathology on LR-OCT images had a higher likelihood of extubation failure (odds ratio, 5.9; P = 0.007). Longer intubation time was found to be significantly associated with extubation failure., Conclusions: LR-OCT allows for high-resolution evaluation and measurement of the airway wall in intubated neonates. Our data demonstrate a positive correlation between laryngeal and subglottic wall thickness and duration of intubation, suggestive of progressive soft tissue injury. LR-OCT may ultimately aid in the early diagnosis of postintubation subglottic injury and help reduce the incidences of failed extubation caused by subglottic edema or acquired subglottic stenosis in neonates. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 00544427).

Background: Determination of correct working length is one of the keys to success in endodontic therapy., Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of various methods to determine working length of root canal., Materials and Methods: Tactile method was assessed using digital radiography and compared with electronic method using apex locator. A total sample of 30 single rooted young permanent teeth the (mandibular first premolars) with matured apices were selected for the study. Access cavity preparation was carried out. Working length was measured by tactile method using digital radiography and electronic method using apex locator with no 15 K file. Actual working length was established by grinding of cementum and dentine from the root apex and was observed under stereomicroscope. Data was collected and statistical analysis was carried out with the help of SPSS-15., Results: The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference between tactile method assessed by digital radiography and electronic method using apex locator., Conclusion: Apex locator was found to be more reliable and accurate when compared with the actual length.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the microleakage of glass ionomers (conventional and resin modified) with that of recently introduced nanoionomers., Materials and Methods: Standardized class I and class V cavities were prepared on 120 young permanent teeth. Samples were equally divided into group I (class I restorations) and group II (class V restorations), and further divided into subgroups. The subgroups were restored with Fuji IX, Fuji II LC, and newly introduced Ketac(™) N 100 (KN 100). Samples were thermocycled and submerged in Acridine dye for 24 h. Samples were sectioned to view under fluorescent microscope and marginal leakage was evaluated by Chi-square and Kruskal - Wallis test., Results: Fuji IX showed the maximum leakage, followed by LC II and the least was observed in KN 100. In class I restorations, there was significant difference while comparing Fuji IX with Fuji LC II and KN 100 and nonsignificant difference between LC II and KN100. In class V restorations, Fuji IX and KN100, KN 100 and LC II showed significant difference. Fuji IX and LC II showed nonsignificant difference., Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, Fuji IX showed the maximum microleakage. KN 100 showed minimum leakage, better sealing ability, and was more consistent.

A thorough background in craniofacial growth and development is necessary for every dentist. An important concept in the study of growth and development is variability. Cephalometrics is an important part of morphological diagnostic procedures to assess craniofacial growth and development. The aim of this study was to obtain cephalometric norms for Mewari children of Rajasthan by Steiner analysis and compare with Caucasian norms. The method involved clinical examination, collection and analysis of 100 lateral cephalometric radiographs of Mewari children (50 males and 50 females, between 11 and 13 years of age). All cephalometric landmarks were located and determined and subsequently tracing was done according to Steiner analysis. The mean value and standard deviation of each measurement were calculated. Statistical comparison was done using Student t-test. The result of this study showed that the Mewari children had retrusion of mandible relative to cranial base, proclined maxillary and mandibular teeth, with greater convexity of face. They also showed anteriorly placed occlusal plane to cranium and Less prominent chin. In conclusion, these ethnic differences should be considered during orthodontic treatment. How to cite this article: Rathore AS, Dhar V, Arora R, Diwanji A. Cephalometric Norms for Mewari Children using Steiner's Analysis. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2012;5(3):173-177.

Background: Oral cancer remains the commonest form of cancer and cancer-related deaths among Indian males due to popularity of avoidable risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol use. A workplace oral cancer screening and tobacco cessation study was commenced on World No Tobacco Day 2007 at a chemical industry in rural Maharashtra., Aims: The objectives were to screen the employees for oral neoplasia and to correlate it with their tobacco consumption pattern. In addition, the objective was to provide tobacco cessation services at the workplace., Materials and Methods: This is an interventional cohort study among 104 employees of a chemical industrial unit in rural Maharashtra. Naked eye examination of the oral cavity was performed for all employees by a doctor irrespective of the tobacco habits at the beginning and at the end of 1 year. In between, the tobacco users were regularly examined during each follow-up., Statistical Analysis Used: Through personal interviews of the participants, data were manually recorded and were transferred to electronic data base. Data analysis was conducted in STATA™ 8.2 on intention to treat basis., Results and Conclusions: Among the 104 employees, 50 (48.08%) were current tobacco users at the beginning of the program. Oral precancers were seen exclusively among 20 (40%) tobacco users. After 1 year of workplace tobacco cessation intervention, 80% of oral precancers regressed. This shows that screening of the oral cavity at the workplace is effective when combined with tobacco cessation.

Objective: This study was done to examine caries prevalence and corresponding treatment needs in school children of rural areas of Udaipur, Rajasthan., Materials and Methods: A total of 750 children of rural areas in the age group of 6-10 years were examined, using WHO index, to record the prevalence of dental caries and treatment needs. The results were subjected to statistical analysis using chi square test., Results: Dental caries was found in 63.20% children, and 85.07% children needed dental treatment. The highest need was of one surface filling (85.73%) followed by sealant (51.20%)., Conclusion: Dental caries showed to be a significant health issue in the rural population requiring immediate attention.

Fluoride has been described as an essential element needed for normal development and growth of animals and extremely useful for human beings. Fluoride is abundant in the environment and the main source of fluoride to humans is drinking water. It has been proved to be beneficial in recommended doses, and at the same time its toxicity at higher levels has also been well established. Fluoride gets accumulated in hard tissues of the body and has been know to play an important role in mineralization of bone and teeth. At high levels it has been known to cause dental and skeletal fluorosis. There are suggested effects of very high levels of fluoride on various body organs and genetic material. The purpose of this paper is to review the various aspects of fluoride and its importance in human life.

We report a case of an iatrogenic foreign body in the airway. An 80-year-old patient who had undergone major head and neck surgery several weeks early presented as an inpatient with a persistent cough and recurrent chest infections. Fibreoptic nasendoscopy revealed the presence of a nasopharyngeal airway sitting vertically in the airway. This foreign body presented indolently as it was cannulated. We suggest that in such patients, readers should be aware of this possible underlying iatrogenic cause of respiratory complications.

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is central to the diagnosis and staging of many malignancies, but now has an evolving role in cancer therapy. EUS-guided fine needle injection (FNI) is already used for palliative interventions such as treatment of pain through nerve blockade and to guide biliary decompression when conventional ERCP is not possible. More recently, EUS-FNI has been used to deliver specific anti-tumor agents for pancreatic cyst ablation and local control of tumor growth in patients with unresectable solid malignancies. The agents used to date include ethanol, brachytherapy seeds, and chemotherapeutic agents such as paclitaxel. In addition, FNI of new immunomodulating cell cultures such as mixed lymphocyte and dendritic cell cultures has also been reported, as has FNI of several different viral vectors for antitumor therapy. Although experience with these agents remains preliminary, EUS-FNI is a minimally invasive approach to deliver local antitumor agents, and is likely to have an expanding role in cancer therapy.

Dental caries is among the most common dental problems affecting humans. This condition is a major health problem with high prevalence, globally involving the people of all regions and society. This study was conducted on 1587 government school children of Udaipur district in the age group of 5-14 years for recording the prevalence of dental caries and treatment needs. Dental caries was found in 46.75% children, and 76.87% children required some kind of dental treatment.