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O presente trabalho de conclusão de curso tem por objetivo analisar o atual cenário para cogeração de biogás, biometano e energia elétrica a partir da vinhaça de cana-de-açúcar, identificando as principais barreiras regulatórias no âmbito federal e paulista e, a partir desta análise inicial, propor contribuições para que seja desenvolvido um contexto regulatório que permita a consolidação desta fonte de bioenergia renovável na matriz energética nacional, em especial, no território paulista. Para tanto, após uma breve introdução e contextualização quanto ao uso agronômico da vinhaça, bem como sobre a tecnologia existente para o seu aproveitamento energético, será apresentada um mapeamento das regulamentações legais e infralegais sobre o aproveitamento deste subproduto no Brasil, em especial, no Estado de São Paulo, identificando-se as lacunas e barreiras regulatórias existentes. Por fim, foram formuladas propostas de adequação da legislação vigente com vistas a criar um ambiente regulatório que incentive investimentos neste modelo de cogeração de biogás, biometano e energia elétrica, contribuindo, assim, para formulação de uma política pública voltada à sua inclusão na matriz energética nacional. A partir deste referencial, foi possível concluir que o sucesso do aproveitamento energético da vinhaça em escala comercial está diretamente relacionado à criação de um ambiente regulatório que forneça segurança jurídica e operacional aos agentes econômicos. Para tanto, verificou-se a necessidade de formulação de uma política pública coordenada no nível federal, estadual e municipal, visto que se trata de uma atividade essencialmente transversal. This end-of course paper aims to analyze the current scenario for cogeneration of biogas, biomethane and electricity from sugarcane vinasse, identifying the main regulatory barriers in the federal and São Paulo scope and, based on this analysis Initially, propose contributions so that a regulatory context can be developed that allows the consolidation of this renewable bioenergy source in the national energy matrix, especially in São Paulo. Therefore, after a brief introduction and contextualization regarding the agronomic use of vinasse, as well as the existing technology for its energy use, a mapping of the legal and infra-legal regulations on the use of this by-product in Brazil, especially in the State, will be presented. São Paulo, identifying existing regulatory gaps and barriers. Finally, proposals will be made to adapt the current legislation to create a regulatory environment that encourages investments in this model of cogeneration of biogas, biomethane and electricity, thus contributing to the formulation of a public policy aimed at its inclusion in the energy matrix national. Based on this reference, it was possible to conclude that the success of energy production from vinasse on a commercial scale is directly related to developing a regulatory scenario that provides legal and operational security to economic agents. Therefore, it was concluded that there is a need to formulate a coordinated public policy at the three governmental levels, namely, federal, State, and municipal, as this is an essentially transversal activity.

The preparation of bakery products is expanding, mainly due to the possibility of adding other ingredients, in order to enrich them nutritionally. Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonoides) is a vegetable widely used, although its stem that has great potential for use, is still considered a waste and discarded. Based on the aforementioned information, this work aims to elaborate and characterize physical, chemical, sensory and minerals of salty muffins enriched with T. tetragonoides. Four formulations of salty muffins were prepared as following: Standard Formulation (F1); Formulation with addition of spinach leaves (F2); Formulation with addition of spinach stems (F3); Formulation with addition of spinach leaves and stems (F4). The physical and chemical characterization of the leaves and stems of T. tetragonoides was done by quantifying the moisture, residue mineral fixed, proteins, color and minerals. Muffins were characterized by analyzing moisture, fixed mineral residue, protein, total reducing sugars and instrumental analysis of color and texture; sensory and minerals. The muffins showed a predominant green color, due to the addition of spinach. However, stems, leaves and muffins have a high content of minerals, especially calcium and iron. The incorporation of vegetables in the formulations provided an increase in protein content, in addition to expressive sensory acceptance. Feasibility is observed in the production of savory muffins with the addition of leaves and stems, thus using the entire vegetable and avoiding food waste.

Submitted by Ivy Rodrigues (ivy@unoeste.br) on 2022-05-18T14:02:57Z No. of bitstreams: 2 CLAUDIO DONATO.docx.pdf: 2440181 bytes, checksum: 8fa12ae73b7d845d0a285c83896a9bb8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-18T14:02:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 CLAUDIO DONATO.docx.pdf: 2440181 bytes, checksum: 8fa12ae73b7d845d0a285c83896a9bb8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-12-11 The inadequate disposal of waste generated during the mechanical processing of wood has been causing a series of environmental problems. Awareness regarding storage, storage and disposal is necessary in order to avoid disposal in nature causing soil contamination. Therefore, it is necessary to develop techniques to take advantage of them in order to reduce the pressure on native forests. One of the techniques is briquetting, which consists of compacting wood waste by a mechanical press producing the briquette. One of the legacies of this research is to contribute to the scarce studies on the subject, the lack of knowledge and awareness of this technique by society as a system for the reuse of wood debris and its importance to the environment. Wood residues are classified as class I solid from industry and civil construction. The objective of the research is to discuss the impact impact on the environment by the advanced disposal of wood waste (sawdust and wood shavings, tree pruning and pruning), and to evaluate the environmental and commercial viability of reusing these residues in the manufacture of briquettes in the city Presidente Prudente located west of the state of São Paulo. The methodology was divided into bibliographic research using all theoretical framework to understand what the studies carried out debate about the subject and field research with the cataloging of the companies that generate the residues and the quantification of the residues transmitted for verification if it is viable to use his in the manufacture of briquettes and, finally, the discussion and analysis of the collected data. The results of the research point to the use of the studied residues as a source of renewable energy, briquettes, contributing to the generation of jobs, reduction of the visual source both in the logging yards and in the places of inappropriate discharges scattered throughout the city O descarte inadequado de resíduos gerados durante o processamento mecânico de madeiras vem provocando uma série de problemas ambientais. A conscientização quanto à armazenagem, estocagem e o descarte se faz necessária a fim de evitar o descarte na natureza provocando a contaminação do solo. Portanto, é necessário o desenvolvimento de técnicas para o aproveitamento dos mesmos a fim de reduzir as pressões sobre as florestas nativas. Uma das técnicas é a briquetagem, que consiste na compactação dos resíduos da madeira por uma prensa mecânica produzindo o briquete, mais conhecido como lenha ecológica. Um dos legados desta pesquisa é contribuir com os estudos escassos sobre o assunto, a falta de conhecimento e conscientização desta técnica pela sociedade como sistema de reaproveitamento de detritos da madeira e a sua importância perante o meio ambiente. Os resíduos provenientes da madeira são classificados como sólido de classe I oriundos da indústria e construção civil. O objetivo da pesquisa é discutir o impacto causado no meio ambiente pelo descarte inadequado do resíduo de madeira (pó de serra e maravalha, pontas e podas de árvores), e avaliar a viabilidade ambiental e comercial da reutilização desses resíduos na fabricação de briquetes na cidade de Presidente Prudente, localizada a oeste do Estado de São Paulo. A metodologia dividiu-se em pesquisa bibliográfica utilizando de todo arcabouço teórico para entender o que os estudos realizados debatem a cerca do assunto e a pesquisa de campo com a catalogação das empresas que geram os resíduos com a quantificação dos resíduos gerados para averiguação se é viável sua utilização na fabricação de briquetes e, por fim, a discussão e análise dos dados coletados. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam para a utilização dos resíduos estudados como fonte de energia renovável, briquetes, contribuindo com o meio ambiente, geração de empregos, diminuição da poluição visual tanto nos pátios das madeireiras como nos locais de descartes inapropriados espalhados pela cidade.

Submitted by Viviany Viriato de Freitas (viviany.viriato@unesp.br) on 2020-11-04T16:32:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_VIVIANY VIRIATO DE FREITAS.pdf: 3618585 bytes, checksum: 87be4d47bba49e0d7bd07a0535d8bba7 (MD5) Rejected by Ana Lucia de Grava Kempinas (algkempinas@fca.unesp.br), reason: Formatar o trabalho de acordo com o Manual disponível em: https://www.fca.unesp.br/#!/biblioteca/normas-tecnicas/manual-para-apresentacao-de-trabalhos-academicos-da-faculdade-de-ciencias-agronomicas-dissertacao-e/ Dúvidas: maisa.franca@unesp.br Assim que tiver efetuado as correções submeta o arquivo, em formato PDF, novamente. Agradecemos a compreensão! on 2020-11-04T21:51:43Z (GMT) Submitted by Viviany Viriato de Freitas (viviany.viriato@unesp.br) on 2020-11-06T01:30:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Viviany Viriato.pdf: 3571529 bytes, checksum: 89654adbf976e5f99781ac618835d608 (MD5) Rejected by Ana Lucia de Grava Kempinas (algkempinas@fca.unesp.br), reason: Arquivo com várias páginas em branco no início e outros detalhes que precisam ser acertados. Passar novamente pela revisão da formatação. Agradecemos a compreensão! on 2020-11-06T14:15:41Z (GMT) Submitted by Viviany Viriato de Freitas (viviany.viriato@unesp.br) on 2020-11-08T02:11:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação.Viviany_Viriato.pdf: 3573895 bytes, checksum: 57f0318c29144527092b405010cfae04 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Ana Lucia de Grava Kempinas (algkempinas@fca.unesp.br) on 2020-11-09T01:22:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 freitas_vv_me_botfca.pdf: 3573895 bytes, checksum: 57f0318c29144527092b405010cfae04 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-11-09T01:22:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 freitas_vv_me_botfca.pdf: 3573895 bytes, checksum: 57f0318c29144527092b405010cfae04 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-09-02 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) O cogumelo comestível Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm. é produzido em cultivo axênico comumente a partir de serragem de eucalipto. Entretanto, a serragem possui demais finalidades podendo se tornar escassa ou de difícil acesso aos produtores de cogumelos, quando não disponível em abundância na região de cultivo. Visando o aproveitamento de resíduos orgânicos disponíveis na cidade de Botucatu/SP e fontes alternativas para a produção do cogumelo, foram utilizadas diferentes formulações com casca de eucalipto, serragem de peroba do Norte e composto exaurido de P. ostreatus. Foram formulados treze tratamentos à base de serragem de eucalipto e das diferentes concentrações dos resíduos orgânicos, sendo 100%, 75%, 50% e 25% de cada resíduo, combinados ou não de forma complementar com a serragem de eucalipto, tendo como grupo controle 100% de serragem de eucalipto. Os tratamentos obtiveram dez repetições e foram utilizados para produção do meio de cultura (Experimento 1) e para a produção de cogumelos (Experimento 2). No experimento 1 constatou-se que o diâmetro micelial dos tratamentos à base de 100% de casca de eucalipto, 75% de composto exaurido + 25% de serragem de eucalipto e 25% de composto exaurido + 75% de serragem de eucalipto, obtiverem maior diâmetro micelial com 81,06, 78,99 e 78,84 mm, respectivamente, em relação ao grupo controle, 72,99 mm. Já no experimento 2 foi constatado que todos os tratamentos possuem eficiência biológica equivalente ao grupo controle (51,75%), com exceção do tratamento com 100% de composto exaurido (18,09%), o qual obteve menor produtividade. Entretanto, os resíduos orgânicos avaliados, casca de eucalipto, serragem de peroba do Norte e composto exaurido de P. ostreatus, podem ser aproveitados no cultivo de P. ostreatus em substituição ao substrato convencional (à base de 100% de serragem de eucalipto), com exceção do composto exaurido na sua forma integral (100%), possibilitando um destino ecológico para estes descartes e produzindo alimento altamente nutritivo. O perfil enzimático do fungo também foi caracterizado em relação a produção de Lacase, Manganês Peroxidase e Versátil Peroxidase nos mesmos treze tratamentos. Para isto, foram separadas amostras de cada um dos tratamentos, as quais são chamadas de extratos brutos. Estes, foram assepticamente unidos ao meio de cultura LN-AS (low-nitrogen asparagine-succinate), conhecido como meio mínimo. A mesma linhagem do P. ostreatus (linhagem SB) foi inoculada nos frascos, os quais foram incubados a 28°C em estufa microbiológica. Foram aliquotadas amostras a cada três dias, sendo estes, 3, 6, 10, 13, 17 e 20 dias de incubação, totalizando seis amostras para cada substrato. A partir de então, foi calculada a concentração de proteínas através do coeficiente de extinção molar, o qual foi determinado por uma curva padrão confeccionada com uma solução de albumina de soro bovino, diluída em concentrações entre 500 e 2500 ug/mL, respeitando a lei de Lambert-Beer. Assim, pode-se calcular a atividade específica das enzimas, correlacionando-se a concentração de proteínas com a atividade enzimática. Somente a enzima Lacase obteve produtividade, com maior produção no décimo sétimo dia de incubação para todos os tratamentos. As outras duas enzimas não obtiveram produção. The edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm. is produced in axenic cultivation generally from eucalyptus sawdust. However, the sawdust has other purposes and may become scarce or difficult access for mushroom producers when it is not abundantly available in the cultivation area. Aiming at the use of available organic residues in the region of Botucatu/SP and alternative sources to the mushroom production, different formulations with eucalyptus bark, northern peroba sawdust and spent mushroom substrate were used, being these residues highly available in the region. Thirteen treatments were formulated from eucalyptus sawdust with different proportions of organic residues, being 100%, 75% 50% and 25% of each organic residue, combined or not with the eucalyptus sawdust, and the control group with 100% of eucalyptus sawdust. The treatments were used to produce the culture medium (Experiment 1) and to produce mushrooms (Experiment 2) containing ten replicates each. In experiment 1 was found that the mycelial diameter of the treatments based on 100% eucalyptus bark, 75% spent mushroom substrate + 25% eucalyptus sawdust and 25% spent compost + 75% eucalyptus sawdust, obtained larger mycelial diameter with 81,06, 78,99 e 78,84 mm, respectively, in relation to the control group, 72,99mm. In experiment 2 was found that all treatments have biological efficiency equivalent to the control group (51,75%), except for the treatment with 100% spent mushroom substrate (18,09%), which obtained the least productivity. However, the evaluated organic residues, eucalyptus bark, northern peroba sawdust and spent mushroom compost can be used in the P. ostreatus cultivation replacing the conventional substrate (100% of eucalyptus sawdust), except the spent mushroom substrate in its entirety (100%), enabling an ecological destination to these residues and producing a highly nutritional food. The enzymatic profile of the fungus was also characterized in relation to the production of Lacase, Manganese Peroxidase and Versatile Peroxidase in the same thirteen treatments. For this, samples from each of the treatments were separated, which are called crude extracts. These were aseptically joined to the LN-AS (low-nitrogen asparagine-succinate) culture medium, known as the minimal medium. The same strain of P. ostreatus (strain SB) was inoculated in the flasks, which were incubated at 28°C in a microbiological incubator. Samples were aliquoted every three days, these being 3, 6, 10, 13, 17 and 20 days of incubation, totaling six samples for each substrate. From then on, the protein concentration was calculated using the molar extinction coefficient, which was determined by a standard curve made with a solution of bovine serum albumin, diluted in concentrations between and 2500 ug/mL, respecting the law Lambert-Beer. Thus, one can calculate the specific activity of the enzymes, correlating the protein concentration with the enzymatic activity. Only the enzyme Lacase obtained productivity, with higher production on the seventeenth day of incubation for all treatments. The other two enzymes were unsuccessful.

Flour production is a way to use parts of fruits and vegetables that are discarded and an alternative in the production of gluten-free products, together with rice flour. The objective was to evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics of rice flour (RF), pineapple peel flour (PPF), banana peel flour (BPF) and pumpkin seed flour (PSF). RF was acquired in market. The banana and pineapple peels were dried in a tray dehydrator and the pumpkin seeds roasted on an industrial stove, then ground and analyzed. The BPF showed a lower L* value, that is, darker, in addition to a lower hue angle and a higher a* value, the opposite result was observed in RF. BPF had a higher moisture content (9.91%), followed by RF (7.95%), PPF (5.67%) and PSF (4.11%). The PSF had a high content of lipids (35.41%). PPF and BPF had the highest soluble fibers contents (5.25% and 6.20%, respectively) and PPF the highest insoluble fiber content (45.06%). No trypsin inhibiting activity was detected in the flours. PPF and BPF had the highest total phenolics contents, thus greater antioxidant activity. The PSF presented among the set of its phenolics, compounds with greater antioxidant power, due to the higher PAOXI index. It is concluded that the PPF, BPF and PSF presented high fiber content, total phenolics and antioxidant activity, being an option for food enrichment. La producción de harinas es una forma de aprovechar partes de frutas y hortalizas que son desechadas y una alternativa en la elaboración de productos alimenticios libres de gluten, juntamente con la harina de arroz. El objetivo fue evaluar las características físicas y químicas de las harinas: de arroz (HA), de cáscara de piña (HCP), de cáscara de banano (HCB) y de semilla de calabaza (HSC). La HA fue adquirida en el comercio. Las cáscaras de banano y piña se secaron en una deshidratadora de bandejas y las semillas tostadas en cocina industrial, enseguida fueron molidas y analizadas. La HCB presentó menor valor L*, o sea, más oscura, además de menor ángulo hue y mayor valor a*, resultado contrario fue observado en la HA. La HCB presentó mayor contenido de humedad (9,91%), seguida de la HA (7,95%), HCP (5,67%) y HSC (4,11%). La HSC presentó alto contenido de lípidos (35,41%). Las HCP y HCB tuvieron los mayores contenidos de fibras solubles (5,25% y 6,20%, respectivamente) y la HCP el mayor contenido de fibra insoluble (45,06%). No se detectó actividad de inhibición de la tripsina en las harinas. Las HCP y HCB tuvieron los mayores contenidos de fenólicos totales, por consiguiente mayor actividad antioxidante. La HSC presentó entre el conjunto de sus fenólicos, compuestos con mayor poder antioxidante, en virtud del mayor índice PAOXI. Se concluye que las HCP, HCB y HSC presentaron alto contenido de fibras, fenólicos totales y actividad antioxidante y son una opción para el enriquecimiento de alimentos. A produção de farinhas é uma forma de aproveitar partes de frutas e hortaliças que são descartadas e uma alternativa na elaboração de produtos alimentícios livres de glúten, juntamente com a farinha de arroz. Objetivou-se avaliar as características físicas e químicas da farinha de arroz (FA), farinha de casca de abacaxi (FCA), farinha de casca de banana (FCB) e farinha de semente de abóbora (FSA). A FA foi adquirida no comércio. As cascas de banana e abacaxi foram secas em desidratadora de bandejas e as sementes de abóbora torradas em fogão industrial, em seguida moídas e analisadas. A FCB apresentou menor valor L*, ou seja, mais escura, além de menor ângulo hue e maior valor a*, resultado contrário foi observado na FA. A FCB apresentou maior teor de umidade (9,91%), seguida da FA (7,95%), FCA (5,67%) e FSA (4,11%). A FSA apresentou alto teor de lipídeos (35,41%). As FCA e FCB tiveram os maiores teores de fibras solúveis (5,25% e 6,20%, respectivamente) e a FCA o maior teor de fibra insolúvel (45,06%). Não foi detectada atividade de inibição de tripsina nas farinhas. As FCA e FCB tiveram os maiores teores de fenólicos totais, logo maior atividade antioxidante. A FSA apresentou entre o conjunto de seus fenólicos, compostos com maior poder antioxidante, devido ao maior índice PAOXI. Conclui-se que as FCA, FCB e FSA apresentaram alto teor de fibras, fenólicos totais e atividade antioxidante, sendo uma opção para o enriquecimento de alimentos.

RESUMO Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar os carvões da casca, maravalha e serragem de Eucalyptus pellita, assim como os briquetes produzidos desses materiais, carbonizados em duas temperaturas. Para isso, a casca, maravalha e serragem oriundas do processamento mecânico foram carbonizados sob temperaturas de 400 ºC e 600 ºC. As propriedades físico-químicas dos carvões produzidos foram comparadas com as do lenho carbonizado nas mesmas temperaturas. Em seguida os resíduos carbonizados foram briquetados e analisados através da umidade de equilíbrio, massa específica aparente, taxa de degradação natural e forçada. A carbonização da casca da madeira de Eucalyptus pellita proporcionou aumentos significativos nos rendimentos gravimétricos em carvão. Houve uma relação positiva entre a temperatura de carbonização e a umidade de equilíbrio dos briquetes produzidos com os resíduos carbonizados. Os briquetes produzidos com o carvão da casca carbonizada a 400 ºC apresentaram elevado ritmo de degradação térmica. ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze the charcoals of bark, shavings and sawdust of Eucalyptus pellita, and the briquettes produced from these materials, carbonized at two temperatures. The bark, shavings and sawdust generated by mechanical processing were charred at temperatures of 400 °C and 600 °C. The physicochemical properties of the charcoals produced were compared with those of the carbonized wood at the same temperatures. Then the charred residues were briquetted and analyzed through equilibrium moisture, apparent specific mass, natural and forced degradation rate. Carbonization of the bark of Eucalyptus pellita wood increased the gravimetric yields in charcoal. There was a positive relationship between the carbonization temperature and the equilibrium moisture of the briquettes produced with the carbonized residues. The briquettes produced with charcoal from the carbonized bark at 400 ºC presented a high rate of thermal degradation.

La investigación busca Diseñar e Implementar estrategias para el aprovechamiento de las bolsas vacías de líquidos intravenosos generadas por la ESE Hospital santa Matilde de Madrid, se propone hacer un análisis de los datos históricos de la recolección de residuos generados por la ESE, detallando el material en mención, en busca de identificar y tomar acciones desagregadas en un ciclo PHVA y originar un impacto positivo en el cumplimiento de compromiso con los resultados de la gestión financiera institucional, ambiental y el actuar con responsabilidad social. The research seeks to design and implement strategies for the use of the empty bags of intravenous fluids generated by the ESE Santa Matilde Hospital in Madrid, it is proposed to make an analysis of the historical data of the collection of waste generated by the ESE, detailing the material in mention, seeking to identify and take disaggregated actions in a PHVA cycle and originate a positive impact in the fulfillment of commitment with the results of the institutional, environmental financial management and acting with social responsibility. Magister en Administración de Empresas de Salud - MBA en Salud

En los Residuos Sólidos Urbanos -RSU-, se encuentra los residuos producto del corte de céspedes del espacio público de la ciudad. El pasto cortado, trasportado y con disposición final en un relleno sanitario se constituye en uno de los ítems de mayor importancia para el análisis del impacto ambiental que este residuo genera al ambiente de Bogotá, especialmente por ser esta la ciudad más grande del país y la que genera una mayor contaminación al medio ambiente en Colombia. Con la consecuente disminución de la vida útil del RSDJ. Paralelo a esto, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS, 2018) estima que 9 de cada 10 personas en el mundo respira aire contaminado y que al año aproximadamente siete millones de personas mueren por partículas contaminantes que se encuentran en el aire, de las cuales 4,2 millones de muertes en 2016 se le atribuye a contaminación en el aire ambiente y 3,8 millones de muertes por el aire contaminado producto de aire domestico originado por la cocción de alimentos con tecnologías y combustibles contaminantes. Una alternativa para disminuir el volumen de disposición de residuos en RSDJ y mejorar la calidad del aire en la ciudad de Bogotá, es estudiar la viabilidad ambiental del aprovechamiento integral del pasto Pennisetum Clandestinum y com Universidad Libre de Colombia - Facultad de ingeniería - Maestría en Ingeniería con énfasis en Energías Alternativas

The Lower Silesia area in SW Poland is characterized by a geological structure that is conducive to mining activity. The exploitation of rock raw materials plays an important role in this sector of the economy. By the end of 2017, there were in total approximately 400 current concessions for the exploitation of rock raw materials in the analysed area (Polish Geological Institute, MIDAS database&mdash, Management and Protection System of Polish Mineral Resources). The conducted mining activity results in waste, which in the greatest amount occurs in the process of obtaining crushed road and construction aggregates, natural aggregates, carbonate raw materials for the cement and lime industry, as well as stone elements for construction and road engineering. At the end of 2016, the mining plants accumulated 26,569,600 Mg of waste. As part of the European Regions Toward Circular Economy (CircE) project, research was conducted on the volume and composition of the mining waste of rock raw materials in the years 2010&ndash, 2016 within Lower Silesia. This research used the methods of statistical, descriptive and spatial analysis to identify mining plants with the highest potential for using their wastes. In the course of this study, 6 mining plants with the highest potential of using their waste for industrial production purposes were selected. In order to objectively select these plants, the methodology of qualitative multi-criteria analysis was developed, and 7 criteria were selected for assessing the economic potential of using waste from the mining of rock raw materials. An additional result of this research is a database and graphical presentation of changes in the spatial distribution of generated waste in the Lower Silesia region in the years ranging from 2010 to 2016.

This article shows the results of a research on the production of solid waste generated by companies based in Antioquia. This Research was conducted by the University of San Buenaventura, University of Medellin and the University of Antioquia in the program called Antioquia Expedition 2013. For this purpose, we evaluated the production of waste generated by companies in economic activities such as agriculture, cattle ranching, hunting and forestry, mining and quarry exploitation, manufacturing and construction. The purpose of the study was to determine the type, quantity and environmental impact of the waste generated in Antioquia in the selected sectors, constituting itself into a basis for further investigations aimed in determining the potential use of waste for creating new products. The territory analyzed corresponds to 80.8% of the area belonging to the department of Antioquia, subregions, Bajo Cauca, North-east, North, East, South west, Urabá and Valle de Aburrá, where are concentrated the most significant industrial, mining and farming areas of the department, besides being highly populated subregions with growth in infrastructure, represented in a stronger construction sector. The methodology used was the development of databases of companies belonging to the selected sectors to subsequently get information on solid waste generation through surveys conducted by means of a web application, face-to-face or by telephone. Este artículo muestra los resultados de una investigación sobre la producción de residuos sólidos generados por las empresas Antioqueñas. Investigación que fue desarrollada por la Universidad de San Buenaventura, la Universidad de Medellín y la Universidad de Antioquia dentro del programa Expedición Antioquia 2013. Para lo cual, se evaluó la producción de residuos generados en empresas pertenecientes a las actividades económicas; agricultura, ganadería, caza y silvicultura; Explotación de minas y canteras; Industrias manufactureras y Construcción. El propósito del estudio fue conocer la tipología, cantidad e impacto ambiental de los residuos generados en el departamento en los sectores seleccionados, constituyéndose en una base para futuras investigaciones, orientadas a determinar el potencial aprovechamiento de los residuos para la elaboración de nuevos productos. La zona de estudio corresponde al 80,8% de la superficie del departamento de Antioquia, subregiones, Bajo Cauca, Nordeste, Norte, Oriente, Suroeste, Urabá y Valle de Aburrá; las cuales concentran las zonas industriales, mineras y agropecuarias más representativas del departamento, además de ser subregiones altamente pobladas con un crecimiento en infraestructura, representado en un sector de construcción fortalecido. La metodología utilizada fue la construcción de bases de datos de las empresas de los sectores seleccionados para posteriormente obtener información de la generación de residuos sólidos por medio de encuestas realizadas por un aplicativo web, personal o telefónicamente.

Debido al deterioro de los arrecifes de coral en todo el mundo ha aumentado la necesidad de rehabilitar los entornos marinos. Los arrecifes artificiales se han propuesto como una herramienta para la conservación de estos ecosistemas. Durante once meses se sumergieron dos placas en forma trapezoidal, en Bajo Grande (Isla Palma), Caribe Colombiano. Esto se realizó como parte de una iniciativa para desarrollar módulos formadores de arrecifes artificiales. Se fabricó un mortero ecológico donde se reemplaza el uso de agregados naturales por residuos cerámicos. Las placas expuestas al medio marino fueron colonizadas por organismos en un 30% de su superficie aproximadamente, la estructura interna de las muestras se mantuvo estable y no se apreciaron efectos adversos sobre la biota marina cercana al lugar de prueba. Después de hacer evaluaciones biológicas y fisicoquímicas del material expuesto se concluyó que éste constituye un sustrato favorable para el desarrollo de los arrecifes artificiales. Due to several deterioration of coral reefs around the world, h as increased the need to rehabilitate marine environments. Arti ficial reefs have been proposed as a tool for conservation of these ecosystems. A s part of an initiative to develop modules forming artificial r eefs made of ecological concrete for the conservation of the biodiversity in the Colombian Caribbean; this work constitutes a starting poin t. During eleven months two trapezoidal plates were submerged near to Isla Palma , Colombian Caribbean; plates were fabricated in concrete with portland cement and the aggregates were replaced by ceramic waste. After biolog ical and physicochemical evaluations of the material exposed to marine environment was concluded that this is a favorable substrate fo r the coral reefs, and the plates were colonized by more than 3 0% of its surface by marine organisms, their structure found internally stable, a nd there were no adverse effect s on marine biota near the test site.

En la actualidad, la problemática de la protección del ambiente y el manejo de residuos sólidos ocupan un lugar privilegiado dentro de la gestión ambiental, el cambio de cultura ambiental y el mejorar cada día el desempeño es una labor que compete a todos. La gestión de residuos busca generar beneficios en el ambiente, por medio de la reutilización, el reciclaje y otras técnicas que optimicen el aprovechamiento de los residuos. Este estudio se realiza con el fin de determinar la gestión de los residuos en las universidades y corporaciones de educación superior de la ciudad de Sincelejo, diagnosticando el estado actual del manejo seguro y adecuado dentro de las universidades, permitiendo en primera instancia, identificar los factores que influyen en el manejo de estos. Sentar un precedente sobre el estudio en la gestión de los residuos sólidos en la ciudad de Sincelejo para que sirva de apoyo y referencia a futuras investigaciones y a partir de esta promover una cultura encaminada a la protección del ambiente y la generación de diferentes fuentes de empleo. At present, the issue of environmental protection and solid waste management occupy a privileged place in environmental management, environmental culture change and improve performance every day is a task that concerns everyone. Waste management aims to generate benefits in the environment, through reuse, recycling and other techniques to optimize the use of waste. This study was performed in order to determine the waste management at universities and corporations of higher education in the city of Sincelejo, diagnosing the current state of safe and appropriate management within universities, allowing firstly, to identify the factors influencing the management of these. A precedent on the study in the management of solid waste in the city of Sincelejo to serve as a support and reference for future research and from this to promote a culture aimed at protecting the environment and the generation of different sources of employment. Universidad de Sucre - Sincelejo

El presente trabajo, resume la intencionalidad de La Granja “Ana Sofía” de la vereda “Las Lizcas” del Municipio Ocaña, Norte de Santander, de procesar los excedentes operacionales que su producción avícola tradicional arroje, mediante el montaje de una planta alternativa, que de manera simultánea industrialice varios productos destinados a la alimentación animal. En este sentido, el presente proyecto devela las múltiples variables que pueden sustraerse de la práctica empresarial avícola, no sólo a partir de la industrialización de los excedentes operativos que arrojan en planta, sino a través de la comercialización de los mismos, con la cual se obtienen beneficios adicionales para el trabajo acucioso de los propietarios de la granja referenciada. En Colombia, aunque no se ha “popularizado” la idea de aprovechar los residuos aviares en granjas avícolas – al menos en las que gozan de pequeñas superficies físicas de operación - ya las grandes avícolas vienen implementando estas prácticas, porque sienten que detrás de su proceso, hay una valor agregado inestimable en términos de rentabilidad adicional. Se ha hecho énfasis en la presente propuesta, que la planeación estratégica responda satisfactoriamente a todas las actividades a realizar en él, ya que como unidad productiva avícola, deberá atender partes sustantivas que correspondan tanto a lo técnico, administrativo, desarrollo humano, como a la capacitación del recurso humano y operativo, que es el verdadero soporte de lo financiero, lo contable, lo legal y comercial de la producción en sí, sin llegar a descuidar el aspecto ambiental, con lo cual el proyecto consolida sus niveles de desarrollo y calidad. This paper summarizes the intent of La Granja "Ana Sofía" of the sidewalk "The Lizcas" Municipality Ocaña, Norte de Santander, process operating surplus shed their traditional poultry production, by mounting an alternative plant, simultaneously industrialize certain products used in animal feed. In this sense, this project reveals the many variables that can be subtracted from the poultry business practice, not only from the industrialization of the operating surplus that shed plan, but through marketing thereof, with which obtain additional benefits for the diligent work of the owners of the farm referenced. In Colombia, although there was "popularized" the idea of using avian residues in poultry farms - at least in enjoying small physical operating surfaces - and large poultry are implementing these practices, because they feel that behind the process , there is an inestimable value added in terms of additional revenue. The emphasis in this proposal, which printed the strategic planning project, reliably answer all the activities undertaken in it, because as poultry production unit, must address substantive parts that correspond both to the technical, administrative, human development such as the training of human and operational asset, which is the true support the financial, the accounting, legal and commercial production itself, without neglecting the environmental aspect, which consolidates the project levels development and quality. Ingeniero Industrial Pregrado

El presente proyecto académico, fue realizado en los laboratorios de la Universidad EAN de la ciudad de Bogotá – Colombia, con el propósito de realizar el estudio y análisis para la producción de bioetanol de segunda generación, teniendo en cuenta la dinámica del proceso de producción basado en la identificación de los factores que inciden directamente en la obtención de bioetanol a partir del aprovechamiento de la Fracción Orgánica de Residuos Sólidos (FORSU), teniendo en cuenta un análisis basado en el uso de procedimientos biológicos. De esta forma se pretende realizar una propuesta innovadora para aplicarla como alternativa en la producción de bioetanol, siendo contenido de interés para el futuro energético del país y del mundo, al determinar una nueva tecnología para su obtención que pueda ser constituida como fuente de energía limpia y renovable para hacerla auto-sostenible, amigable y eficiente con el ser humano y su entorno. This academic project was carried out in the laboratories of the EAN University of Bogotá - Colombia, with the purpose of the study and analysis for the production of second generation bioethanol, taking into account the dynamics of the production process based in identifying the factors that directly affect the production of bioethanol from the use of the Organic Fraction of Solid Waste (MSW), taking into account based on the use of biological processes analysis. This is intended to create an innovative proposal to apply as an alternative for the production of bioethanol, with content of interest to the energy future of the country and the world, to establish a new technology for their production that can be incorporated as a clean energy source to make it self-sustainable, renewable, efficient and friendly with humans and their environment.

El presente trabajo busca analizar las posibilidades de generación de una unidad estratégica de negocio al interior de Chatarrería La 23, una empresa dedicada a la comercialización de residuos aprovechables en la ciudad de Ibagué; para esto se realizo un estudio del mercado de plásticos de la ciudad, cuantificando los plasticos reciclables, observando las opciones tecnicas y tecnologicas para el reciclaje; y evaluando la factibilidad para esta nueva linea de negocio. This paper analyzes the possibilities of generating a strategic business unit inside Chatarrería la 23, a company dedicated to the marketing of recyclable waste on Ibagué city ; for this, a market study plastics town was held by quantifying recyclable plastics, observing techniques and technological options for recycling; and assessing the feasibility for the new line of business. Especialista en Gestión de Residuos Sólidos

El sector de alimentos genera residuos sólidos orgánicos que tienen un impacto ambiental, el cual puede ser mitigado a través de diferentes procesos y actividades de la logística de retorno. En este trabajo se caracterizan los residuos sólidos orgánicos que la empresa objeto de estudio genera durante la elaboración del producto, y presenta alternativas para la implementación de actividades de logística de retorno para una adecuada gestión de sus residuos sólidos orgánicos. The food industrial sector generates solid wastes that have an environmental impact, which they can be mitigated through different processes and activities of return logistics. In this document, the organic solid wastes of the company under study are characterized, and the document shows us different alternatives for their control (generation and final treatment) using different concepts of return logistics. Especialista en Gerencia Logística

Este artículo es el resultado de un proyecto de investigación que comenzó en el año 2007, motivado por la articulación de entidades públicas y privadas interesadas en crear cultura ambiental urbana en la ciudad de Tunja, a partir de la concienciación ambiental particularmente enfocada al adecuado manejo de los residuos sólidos desde la fuente y con el aporte de la Academia en la sensibilización a la comunidad y a los principales actores de la Gestión Integral de Residuos Sólidos. Como resultado, se creó la Primera Asociación de Recicladores de Tunja; se crearon cuatro rutas selectivas de material aprovechable en la ciudad, lo cual generó la reducción de la cantidad de residuos sólidos dispuestos en el Relleno Sanitario de Pirgua y permitió el aprovechamiento del material recuperado, se redujeron las tarifas del servicio de aseo en la ciudad, se motiváron cambios en la comunidad tunjana con respecto al manejo de los residuos desde los hogares, así como también se logró la aceptación social y reconocimiento de la población recicladora de la ciudad.

Fabricar y comercializar productos elaborados en plástico reciclable, que sustituyan los materiales convencionales como la madera y metal empleados en el sector de la construcción, del transporte, agrícola y afines, con una mejor calidad, resistencia, durabilidad y contribuyendo a la protección del medio ambiente. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior se presenta una gran oportunidad de negocio al reciclar esta materia prima y fabricar elementos demandados por sectores como la construcción, agropecuario y de transporte por ejemplo camillas, andamios, planchones, cercas, estibas , corrales, carrocerías, cuerdas entre otros. Con estas actividades se está generando a su vez un aporte a la reducción del impacto ambiental de los desechos plásticos al darles un nuevo uso que prolongue la vida útil y evite la contaminación. Manufacture and market products made of recycled plastic, to replace conventional materials such as wood and metal used in the construction, transport, agriculture and related, with better quality, strength, durability and contributing to environmental protection . Given the above there is a great business opportunity to recycle this raw material and manufacture items demanded by sectors such as construction, agriculture and transport stretchers eg, scaffolding, slabs, fencing, pallets, pens, body, strings etc. . These activities in turn is generating a contribution to reducing the environmental impact of plastic waste by giving a new use to prolong life and prevent contamination. Especialista en Gerencia Procesos y Calidad

Soluciones Ambientales S.A.S.”, es un plan de negocios para la creación de una empresa dedicada a la comercialización de residuos reciclables en la zona industrial de Mamonal en la ciudad de Cartagena. La organización prestara servicio inicialmente a cuatro de las empresas más representativas del sector, en labores de separación, recolección y comercialización de los excedentes industriales de plásticos, cartón, vidrio y chatarra generados de cada uno de sus procesos productivos, buscando siempre garantizar a sus clientes el manejo adecuado de los residuos que generan, de acuerdo a la legislación vigente aplicable, convirtiéndose en alternativa de desarrollo sostenible como gestor estratégico ambiental. Así mismo generar valor a todos los interesados, socios y empleados de la organización, como también incrementar la competitividad de la empresa en el mercado a fin de auto sostenerse a través del tiempo. Soluciones Ambientales S.A.S., posee un personal capacitado y certificado en normatividad ambiental y manejo de residuos industriales con una estructura organizacional lineal, compuesta principalmente por un Gerente que tiene por subordinados a una secretaria, un área de recursos humanos que tiene a su cargo a los aseadores y vigilantes, también cuenta con un ingeniero Ambiental quien tiene a su cargo los operarios que laboran cada uno de los proyectos. Soluciones Ambientales S.A.S.” is a business plan for the creation of a company dedicated to the marketing of recyclable waste in the Mamonal industrial zone in the city of Cartagena. The organization will initially service to four of the most representative companies of the sector, in work of separation, collection and marketing of surplus industrial plastics, cardboard, glass, and scrap metal generated from each of its production processes, always seeking to ensure their customers the proper handling of the waste they produce, according to the legislation in force, becoming an alternative sustainable development as strategic environmental manager. Well same create value for all stakeholders, partners, and employees of the organization, as well as enhance the competitiveness of the company in the market in order to self-support through the time. Soluciones Ambientales S.A.S., has a staff trained and certified in environmental regulations and industrial waste management organizational structure with a linear, composed mainly of a manager who is subordinate to a secretariat, an area of human resources at his office to the servant or and vigilant, also has an environmental engineer who is responsible for the operators who work each of the projects. Especialista en Gerencia de Proyectos Escuela Naval de Cadetes Almirante Padilla ENAP - Cartagena

Dada la creciente generación de residuos sólidos orgánicos atribuida a los modelos económicos, las cada vez mayores concentraciones humanas en las grandes urbes y sus desbordados estilos de vida; así como la problemática aún no totalmente resuelta de la disposición final de estos residuos; es claro que las entidades estatales y la inversión privada tienen un reto importante en la evaluación de alternativas tecnológicas y las diversas variables que las afectan ó impacten positivamente la administración y gestión de los residuos sólidos orgánicos, de forma tal que se puedan diseñar, evaluar, implementar y mejorar, métodos y procesos enfocados en lograr realizar un aprovechamiento eficiente desde el punto de vista técnico, económico y social que permitan agregar el máximo valor a la gestión de los residuos sólidos orgánicos y al mismo tiempo, identificar nuevos nichos tanto de mercado como de procesos que terminen en la redefinición de variables, la generación de diversos subproductos con buen potencial de comercialización, y un correspondiente beneficio para la comunidad en general. En la orientación de direccionar la generación y comercialización de nuevos productos, se estructuró en éste trabajo, una serie de alternativas para la obtención de otro tipo de subproductos asociados al proceso de gestión de residuos, tales como la fabricación de la harina de lombriz, identificando en cada etapa los puntos críticos con sus descripciones y acciones de mitigación de sus impactos; a raíz de lo cual se precise la mejor opción tanto técnica como económica. Given the increasing generation of waste organic solids attributed to economic models, the growing concentration of people in big cities and their lifestyles overwhelmed, as well as the problems still not fully resolved in the final disposal of these wastes, it is clear that state agencies and private investment have a major challenge in evaluating technological alternatives and the various variables that affect or impact positively the administration and management of organic solid waste, so as to design, evaluate, implement and improve , methods and processes focused on achieving efficient use make from the technical point of view, allowing social and economic add maximum value to the management of organic solid waste and at the same time, identify new market niches as both processes ending with the redefinition of variables, the generation of various products with good market potential, and a corresponding benefit to the community. In addressing the orientation of the generation and commercialization of new products, it was structured work, a number of alternatives for obtaining other products associated with the waste management process, such as making the meal worm, identifying at each stage the critical points with their descriptions and mitigation of their impacts, as a result of which the best option is required both technical and economic. Especialista en Gestión de Residuos Sólidos

El proyecto tiene como objetivo la creación de una empresa dedicada a la recolección y reciclaje de parte de las llantas desechadas en la ciudad de Bogotá por medio de su trituración, separando del caucho el acero y los productos textiles para obtener GCR (Grano de Caucho Reciclado) producto que incorporado a la mezcla asfáltica ha demostrado mejora en sus cualidades logrando que este asfalto perdure mucho más tiempo y se mantenga en condiciones superiores al asfalto convencional. Además de la obtención de GCR, el proyecto cumple también una función social y ecológica al generar empleo y retirar del medio ambiente una gran parte de llantas desechadas mejorando las condiciones de aire, agua y tierra de la comunidad de Bogotá elevando la calidad de vida de sus habitantes. The project aims to create a company dedicated to the collection and recycling of discarded tires in the city of Bogotá by his crushing, separating the steel, rubber and textiles for GCR (Recycled Rubber Grain ) product incorporated into the asphalt mixture has shown improvement in achieving qualities that asphalt lasts much longer and stay in top condition conventional asphalt. In addition to obtaining GCR, the project also fulfills a social and ecological function to generate employment and environmental remove a lot of scrap tires to improve the conditions of air, water and land from the community of Bogota raising the quality of life its inhabitants. Administrador de Empresas

Creación de una empresa que maneje residuos orgánicos generados en las plantas de sacrificio, plazas de mercado y agroindustria de los municipios de Paipa, Duitama, Sogamoso y Tunja, para estabilizarlos agronómicamente y producir acondicionadores orgánicos para suelo (humus de lombriz). Creating a company that handles organic waste generated in slaughter plants, market places and towns of Paipa, Tunja ,Sogamoso for agrobusiness and to stabilize and produce agronomically organic soil conditioners (vermicompost). Especialista en Gestión de Residuos Sólidos