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Additional file 1: Table S1. Prediction of helper T cell epitopes and their antigenicity, allergenicity, toxicity and interferon-γ inducing ability.

Additional file 3: Table S3. Prediction of B cell epitopes and their antigenicity, allergenicity, toxicity and interferon-γ inducing ability.

Additional file 4: Table S4. Program: BLASTP.

Additional file 5: Table S5. Relative surface accessibility of the amino acid residues in the epitope of the designed vaccine candidate.

Additional file 2: Table S2. Prediction of cytotoxic T cell epitopes and their antigenicity, allergenicity, toxicity and interferon-γ inducing ability.

Decreased ability to fall asleep and/or stay asleep with daytime effects of sleep deprivation is identified as primary insomnia. Elderly due to the predominantTo determine the combined efficacy of oral administration ofThis was randomized, open-label clinical study conducted at the hospital of Pt. Khushilal Sharma Government Ayurveda College and Institute Bhopal. Randomly selected 60 elderly patients with primary insomnia were randomly divided into two groups (30 in each group). Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to assess the symptoms of primary insomnia. Relief in the subjective symptoms was assessed in percentage. Then, the statistical significance of result within the group was assessed using Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test and the comparative effect of therapy in both groups was assessed using Mann-Whitney test. Graph Pad InStat-3 software was used for statistical analysis.On subjective sleep quality 86.66% relief with P0.0001, on sleep latency 60.02% improvement with P0.0001, improvement in sleep duration was reported in 89.15% of patients with P0.0001 and improvement in sleep efficiency was reported in 90.14% of patients with statistically extremely significant P0.0001 were observed in combined therapy group (In 30 days treatment combined therapy was found more effective in the management of primary insomnia in the elderly compared with

Additional file 6: Table S1. Details of three transplant sites.

The beneficial effects of bioactive compounds from plants have been investigated in relation to a variety of pathological diseases. Some of these identified compounds have been utilized in the agrochemicals, foods, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. This study is composed of investigations, screening as well as isolation and identification of compounds with specific bioactivities. Three indigenous plants from Okinawan islands were chosen for the study. These included Alpinia zerumbet (alpinia), Leucaena luecocephala (leucaena) and Ananus comosus (pineapple). Out of these, the alpinia and leucaena were investigated for a series of bioactivities, while in case of pineapple, the waste obtained from bromelain manufacturing process was studied for possible pharmacological importance. The bioactive compounds from alpinia against HIV-1 integrase and neuraminidase enzymes were identified as 5,6-dehydrokawain (DK), dihydro-5,6-dehydrokawain (DDK), and 8(17),12-labdadiene-15,16-dial (labdadiene). DDK strongly inhibited integrase, an enzyme responsible for HIV-1 virus replication, with an IC_{50} of 3.6 μM. Against neuraminidase, a rational target for influenza inhibition, DDK exhibited mixed type of inhibition with IC_{50} of 24.6 μM, and K_i value of 2.8 μM. The mechanism investigative studies showed that, DDK is a slow and time-dependent reversible inhibitor on neuraminidase, probably with a methoxy group as its functionally active site. Furthermore, on analyzing the neuraminidase and formation of atherosclerosis inhibitions by the essential oils of two varieties of alpinia leaf, it was found that the tairin variety, with comparatively larger number of compounds, had better bioactivities than shima variety. Mimosine [β-N-(3-hydroxy-4-pyridone)-α-aminopropanoic acid], a non-proteinogenic amino acid, was identified as a potent neuraminidase inhibitor from the leaves of leucaena. The kinetic studies showed the mimosine inhibited neuraminidase competitively with Km and IC_{50} values of 39.1 min^{-1} and 9.8 μM, respectively. Furthermore, a series of mimosine tetrapeptides were synthesized in search for more potent neuraminidase and tyrosinase inhibitor. Mimosine-FFY (Phe-Phe-Tyr) was identified as the best synthesized tetrapeptide, and it exhibited 50% neuraminidase and tyrosinase inhibition at 1.8 and 18.3 μM, respectively. The waste obtained during bromelain processing is often discarded and is considered as a burden while disposing them. An attempt was made to study the bioactivities of the pineapple stem waste (PSW) in regards to antimicrobial activity, advanced glycation end products formation, 15-lipoxygenase and neuraminidase inhibitions. Several phenolic acids were identified in PSW with considerable amount of antioxidant activities mainly due to the presence of syringic, ferulic, iso-ferulic acids. A range of pathogenic fungi and bacteria were inhibited by the PSW, with a complete inhibition of Colletotrichum acutatum, a fungus with a very wide host range, but is economically most important on strawberries. The possible reasons for fungal inhibitions may be due to the presence of large amount of benzoic acid in the PSW. The other bioactivities were mainly due to the syringic and hydroxybenzoic acids present. Furthermore, Okinawan plants are long-known for the longevity of the islanders. Most of the studies on animal models suggest that phenolic compounds present in fruits and vegetables are responsible for such an effect. In this respect, alpinia leaf, with high phenol content was investigated for longevity assays using Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) as animal model. The results showed that leaves polyphenols could significantly increase the mean lifespan by 22.6%, better than the positive control, resveratrol. Moreover, both under the thermal and oxidative stressed conditions, the leaves polyphenols increase the survival rate significantly better than quercetin. It seems that the up-regulation of HSP-16.2 and SOD-3 reporters attributed to the longevity extension under normal and stressed conditions. Our results, therefore, showed that Okinawan plants contain a wide range of phytochemicals that have a broad spectrum of activity. This study certainly aid to the probable utilization of Okinawan plants as preventive or therapeutic agents in diseases and different functional food industries. 鹿児島大学

Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze (Menyanthaceae) is traditionally used in the Indian subcontinent. However, scientific data reporting its constituents are poor. This study aimed at evaluating its phytochemical constituents and various biological activities. Phytochemical investigations of the extracts and fractions resulted in the isolation of 5 lipophilic compounds, i.e. azelaic (nonanedioic) acid (1) and 4-methyl-heptanedioic acid (3), hexadecanoic (2) and stearic acid (5) and the fatty alcohol hexadecanol (4); 3 seco-iridoids, i.e. 7-epiexaltoside (6), 6″,7″-dihydro-7-epiexaltoside (7) and menthiafolin (8); 3 flavonoids, i.e. 3,7-di-O-methylquercetin-4′-O-β-glucoside (9), 3-O-methylquercetin-7-O-β-glucoside (10) and 3,7-di-O-methylquercetin (11); scopoletin (12) and ferulic acid (13); and the monoterpenoids foliamenthoic acid (14) and 6,7-dihydrofoliamenthoic acid methyl ester (15). Compounds 15 showed moderate antimicrobial activities, whereas compound 9 presented mild antiprotozoal activities against Trypanosoma brucei (IC50 8 μM), Leishmania infantum (IC50 32 μM) and Trypanosoma cruzi (IC50 30 μM). Antiglycation activity was shown by compounds 7 (IC50 0.36 mM), 10 (IC50 0.42 mM) and 15 (IC50 0.61 mM). Finally α-glucosidase inhibition was shown by compounds 7, 9, 11 and 1315. It could be concluded that N. indica leaf extracts possess mild to moderate antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities.

Text A. List of scaffolds as marked from START to END in Fig. 4. Text B. List of IDs of transcripts more abundant in Krishna as compared to Rama subtype (from top to bottom) marked in Fig. 5a. Text C. List of IDs of transcripts more abundant in Rama as compared to Krishna subtype (from top to bottom) as marked in Fig. 5b. Text D. Multiple sequence alignment of amyrin synthases with hits in Tulsi genome.

Presence of essential genes in O.tenuiflorum (Tulsi) at three levels; a) in only paired end assembly (ab-initio gene prediction), b) in paired end and mate-pair assemblyâ s Level 2 [evidence from RNAseq, EST and known tulsi genes], c) in paired end and mate-paired assemblyâ s Level 1 (gene prediction).

Repeat elements identified in Tulsi genome assembly and classified in different groups of repeats.

Pathways of all the 14 important medicinal metabolites of the Tulsi genome which were studied in detail.

Statistics of scaffold length comparison from assemblies of PE and MPâ +â PE together.

Completeness of assembly and presence of essential genes by CEGMA results for O. tenuiflorum at two levels; (a) only in PE assembly (b) in PEâ +â PM assembly.

Sequences of putative terpene synthases in O. tenuiflorum genome.

Scaffold lengths distribution in the MPâ +â PE and PE assemblies.