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Soil compaction is a result of soil compression, and this effect depends on the pressure applied and the soil structure. Nevertheless, studies regarding the effects of long-term tillage systems on strengthening of particle bonds are scarce. Thus, we aimed to study the soil bond strengthening due to the age-hardening phenomenon using the soil load support capacity model of an Oxisol managed under different tillage systems in Southern Brazil. Soil samples were collected from three soil layers (0.0–0.10 m; 0.10–0.20 m and 0.20–0.30 m) and five soil tillage systems of conventional tillage; minimum tillage with chiselling performed every year or every three years; and no-tillage for 11 or 24 years. Age-hardening was investigated using the soil load support capacity model. Soil cores were equilibrated at four matric potentials (−6, −33, −100 and −500 kPa) and submitted to uniaxial compression tests to obtain preconsolidation pressure. The soil load support capacity models were affected by the tillage systems. The long-term no-tillage presented the highest soil load support capacity for the same bulk density and water content in all layers, demonstrating greater resistance to additional compaction. Higher preconsolidation pressure values in long-term no-tillage at the same soil bulk density and water content were attributed to the age-hardening phenomena, which increased the number and strength of bonds among soil particles, leading to higher soil cohesion. Longer time under no-tillage improves the soil structure and soil load support capacity. Thus, soil mobilization strongly affected the soil structure by breaking particle bonds leading to the greater compaction.