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Unlike carbonyl compounds, it has long been common understanding that excited imines show virtually no photoreactivity, and hence their properties and potential utility in chemical science remain largely unexplored. Now, a strategy is presented for eliciting latent photoreactivity of imines based on the introduction of a donor-acceptor (D-A) structure to extend the lifetime of their photoexcited states. A series of spectroscopic analyses and density functional theory calculations reveal unique photophysical properties of the D-A-type imines. Furthermore, the reactivity of the D-A-type imines is demonstrated by using them as a photoredox catalyst for atom-transfer radical addition. These findings illuminate a previously neglected chemical space in the field of photochemistry, which will be exploited by taking advantage of the inherent structural modularity of imines.

Using a tuned yet simple catalyst, the photoexcited ketone-catalyzed C–H imidation and acyloxylation of arenes through an oxidative quenching cycle has been developed., The photoexcited aryl ketone-catalyzed C–H imidation of arenes and heteroarenes is reported. Using 3,6-dimethoxy-9H-thioxanthen-9-one as a catalyst in combination with a bench-stable imidating reagent, C–N bond formation proceeds with high efficiency and a broad substrate scope. A key part of this method is that the thioxanthone catalyst acts as an excited-state reductant, thus establishing an oxidative quenching cycle for radical aromatic substitution. The synthetic potential of this photoexcited ketone catalysis is further demonstrated by application to the direct C–H acyloxylation of arenes.

Here, we report the recovery of cell nuclei from 14,000-15,000 years old mammoth tissues and the injection of those nuclei into mouse enucleated matured oocytes by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). From both skin and muscle tissues, cell nucleus-like structures were successfully recovered. Those nuclei were then injected into enucleated oocytes and more than half of the oocytes were able to survive. Injected nuclei were not taken apart and remained its nuclear structure. Those oocytes did not show disappearance of nuclear membrane or premature chromosome condensation (PCC) at 1 hour after injection and did not form pronuclear-like structures at 7 hours after injection. As half of the oocytes injected with nuclei derived from frozen-thawed mouse bone marrow cells were able to form pronuclear-like structures, it might be possible to promote the cell cycle of nuclei from ancient animal tissues by suitable pre-treatment in SCNT. This is the first report of SCNT with nuclei derived from mammoth tissues.

我々は，黒毛和種肥育牛の枝肉形質に関連するバイオマーカーの同定を目的とする大規模プロテオーム解析に特化した統合情報管理システムを構築した．この統合情報管理システムを利用することで，血統情報や枝肉形質の情報など43項目におよぶ肥育牛の生物情報とプロテオーム解析で得られる数百から数千個におよぶタンパク質スポットの発現量データを一元的に管理することができ，柔軟な検索機能を有したデータ管理・検索インタフェースを介して，様々な統計解析やデータマイニング解析に必要なデータ群を簡便に抽出することが可能になった．本稿では，本システムの概要を示すとともに，現在までに蓄積されている黒毛和種肥育牛の枝肉形質・血統データ，および腎周囲白色脂肪組織におけるタンパク質発現データを用いてシステムを稼働・実施することで，（1）種雄牛BとCの産子の枝肉重量の比較，（2）二代祖（母の父）が，種雄牛Dの産子の枝肉形質に与える影響の解析，（3）バラの厚さの高い群と低い群の間での十個のタンパク質スポットの発現量の比較（4）エネルギー生産に関わるタンパク質であるF1 ATPsynthase chain Fの発現量と枝肉形質との相関解析などの解析を行い，本システムの有効性を実証した．

症例は58歳女性.平成3年右後腹膜腫瘍に対して腫瘍切除術を行い,骨外性骨肉腫と診断され同部に術後放射線療法(60Gy)を行った.平成7年2月・12月に肺転移に対し術前化学療法後,左肺上葉切除術と右肺中葉部分切除をそれぞれ施行された.平成14年1月,腹部CTで右骨盤内に長径6 cmの表面不整な腫瘤を認め手術目的で当科に入院した.腹部CT, MRI,血管造影で卵巣由来の腹腔内腫瘍が疑われたが,超音波検査では後腹膜または腸管由来の腫瘍と考えられ,婦人科腫瘍または消化管間葉系腫瘍を疑い手術を施行した.腫瘍は手拳大で硬く,右腸骨窩から発生しており,小腸・膀胱への浸潤が見られたためそれらを合併切除した.病理組織学的所見では平滑筋肉腫であり一次病変の骨肉腫とは異なっていた.放射線照射野に生じ数年以上の潜伏期を有する肉腫というCahnらの診断基準を満たし,放射線照射後肉腫と診断した.

To develop new tests to predict bull subfertility, a mucus penetration test, in which penetration of cervical mucus by spermatozoa is quantitated, was applied using frozen-thawed semen and a test to examine the ability of spermatozoa to undergo the acrosome reaction in response to calcium and the calcium ionophore A23187 (A23187 stimulation test) was attempted. Frozen-thawed spermatozoa from 4 Japanese black bulls (2 fertile and the other 2 subfertile) were analyzed by standard semen analysis such as sperm concentration, motility, viability and morphology, the mucus penetration test and the A23187 stimulation test, and the relationship of the test results to fertility status was investigated retrospectively. The results of the standard semen analysis and the mucus penetration test did not reveal any remarkable differences among the bulls, showing no relationship to fertility status. However, when spermatozoa were stimulated with 3 mM Ca2+ and 1 μM A23187, the bulls all showed a time-dependent induction of the acrosome reaction but the subfertile bulls showed a slower and lower induction than the fertile bulls. These results suggest that A23187 stimulation test may be useful when abnormal sperm characteristics cannot be found by standard semen analysis or the mucus penetration test.

This study investigated the activation of phosphoinositidase C (PIC) and phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PLC) during the acrosome reaction of spermatozoa induced by Ca2+ and Ca2+ ionophore A23187 in a subfertile Japanese black bull. Sperm motility, viability, morphology and penetration of cervical mucus by spermatozoa in a subfertile bull were comparable to those in a fertile bull. When frozen-thawed spermatozoa were stimulated with 3 mM Ca2+ and 1 μM A23187, both bulls' spermatozoa showed a time-dependent increase in percent acrosome reactions, but the increase was more rapid and higher in spermatozoa from the fertile bull. The amounts of 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) mass, a product of PIC and PLC, peaked at 1 min after a similar treatment with a gradual decline towards 10 min in both bulls' spermatozoa but were significantly higher throughout stimulation for the subfertile bull. These results suggest that active PIC/PLC may be present in spermatozoa of the subfertile bull, and that other mechanisms were possibly associated with the lowered induction of the acrosome reaction. However, it remains unclear whether the high levels of 1,2-DAG mass were responsible.

This study examined differences in the penetration of various batches of mixed cervical mucus by bull spermatozoa. Mucus was collected from different numbers (2, 2, 3, 4 or 7) of cows or heifers in estrus and a part of the sample was individually, and the rest was mixed, and stored frozen. The distance traveled by the most advanced sperm cell in frozen-thawed mucus during incubation at 38 C for 10 min was measured (sperm penetration). Variation of sperm penetration in the individual mucus samples was reduced by mixing but the difference among the batches of mixed mucus was significant (p

There have been some reservations about the treatment of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infection with antibiotics to prevent the occurrence of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). However, the administration of antimicrobial agents for EHEC infection is under discussion. Therefore, we used an experimental mouse model to assess the advantage/disadvantage of two major antibiotics, levofloxacin (LVFX) and fosfomycin (FOM). Germ-free IQI mice were inoculated with EHEC O157 strain EDL931 or #7. Bacteria colonized feces at 10(9)-10(10) CFU/g, and Shiga toxins (STXs) were detected in the feces. From 1 day after infection, mice were assigned to LVFX (20 mg/kg) once daily or FOM (400 mg/kg) once daily. A significant decrease in overall mortality was observed after treatment of LVFX, with EHEC disappearing immediately from the feces of mice. FOM also reduced mortality for one strain, the STX level decreased gradually. LVFX exhibited higher therapeutic efficacy than FOM. Strain differences were observed in the model during the treatment.

H地方のT村では牛白血病がしばしば同定されている. この村に飼育される望診上健康な黒毛和種178頭について, 血清学的検査と血液学的検査を3～6ケ月間隔で平行して経時的に実施した. その結果, 血清学的陽性率は, 免疫拡散法(ID)と補体結合法との総合判定で60.7%であった. IDの陽性率は, 放牧前より放牧終了後に有意に高率であった. 黒毛和種の基準による血液学的検査の結果, 193頭は3群に分類され, 陰性(Group 1) 83.4%, 疑陽性(Group 2) 13.0%および持続的リンパ球増多症(Group 3) 3.6%であった. 1回又は3回の検査による血液学的陽性率は, 血清学的陽性率より一般にかなり低率であった. しかし, 経時的な検査で血液学的に分類された3群間の血清学的陽性率には, 低い相関が認められた. ID陽転牛のリンパ球数は, それらが陰性の時より有意に多かった. 26ケ月の観察期間において牛白血病の発病率は, 血清学的陽性牛では3.0%, また, 血液学的陽性牛Group 3からの発病率は28.6%であった.

A seroepizootiological survey was performed on antibodies against bovineleukemia virus (BLV) in beef cattle in the Hida district by using the immunodiffusion testwith BLV glycoprotein antigens. These cattle were maintained in two different herd styles.In one style, cattle from various herds were placed together on the same pasture duringsummer. In the other, cattle were kept in their own herds throughout the year. Morethan one-half (52.17) of the former cattle was positive for BLV antibodies, but only 8.1%of the latter cattle was positive. Reactors increased gradually in number with the advancein age. Eighty-eight percent of the animals which had shown lymphocytosis in the hematological test was positive for BLV antibodies, whereas 38.3% of the animals free fromlymphocytosis was also positive. These results indicated that there was a relationshipbetween BLV infection and the incidence of lymphocytosis.

Serum lactate dehydrogenase (S-LDH) activity was determined four times over a time course in 178 Japanese Black cattle of two groups which were positive and negative, respectively, for antibody against bovine leukemia virus. As a result, no significant difference in S-LDH activity was evidenced by the two groups at any time of testing. Seven to 12 months later, some cattle of the negative group were antiobdy-positive when examined by the immunodiffusion or complement fixation test. They failed to indicate any significant change in S-LDH activity, as compared with this activity shown when they were antibody-negative. A comparison was made between the zymograms of 19 antibody-positive cattle and antibody-negative cattle, both of which groups were randomly selected. They revealed significantly high LDH2 and LDH3 activity and markedly low LDH1 activity in the positive cattle. The mean S-LDH activity was significantly higher in 8 leukemic cattle than in both positive and negative groups, although no increase was found in 2 leukemic cattle. Moreover, the isoenzyme activity showed a significant increase in LDH2 and LDH3 even in cattle exhibiting no increase in total S-LDH activity.

Concentrations of each class of serum immunoglobulins and two subclasses of serum IgG immunoglobulins were obtained from a total of 165 Japanese Black cattle which were classified serologically and hematologically into several groups, and from 9 cattle with adult type leukemia. Results revealed no significant differences in the levels of serum immunoglobulins between groups of cattle serologically negative and positive for bovine leukemia virus (BLV) antibodies, and among groups of hematologically negative, suspicious and positive, On the other hand, the serum IgM level tended to be lower in the hematologically positive group than in the other groups, and significantly lower in the leukemic group (p

SUMMARY: A synthetic derivative of muramoyl dipeptide, 6-O-stearoyl-N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanyl-d-iso-glutamine [L18-MDP(A)], showed a protective effect against bacteraemic and non-bacteraemic pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in immunosuppressed guinea pigs. In about half of the animals treated with the compound before infection, death from bacteraemic pneumonia produced by intratracheal inoculation of P. aeruginosa was delayed for 7 d, although all of the animals infected without prior treatment with the compound died within 4 d of infection. Multiplication of the organisms in the lung was also suppressed for at least 10 d by treatment with the compound when the animals inhaled an aerosol of P. aeruginosa. In contrast, in untreated animals the numbers of bacteria in the lung gradually increased from 106 to 109 c.f.u. g-1, and a few animals in which the organism increased to 109 c.f.u. g-1 had died by 6 and 10 d after infection. In both healthy and immunosuppressed animals, the accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in a subcutaneous air-pouch injected with heat-killed organisms was augmented by subcutaneous treatment with L18-MDP(A) 1 d before bacterial injection. The phagocytic activity of peritoneal PMNs was also increased by treatment with this compound. The augmentation of protective mechanisms against pseudomonas pneumonia by L18-MDP(A) may be attributed at least partly to the increased chemotactic and phagocytic activity of PMNs.

生体検査, 血液検査, 血清生化学的検査およびBLV血清抗体検査によって選別された185頭の健康な雌の黒毛和種について, 年齢別に末梢血リンパ球数の正常値を求めた. この正常値とBendixen indexを参照して, 黒毛和種の前白血病牛に対する診断基準を設定した. この基準では, リンパ球数は最低3ケ月の間隔で3回検査して判定された. 被検牛は陰性(Group 1, 83.4%), 疑陽性(Group 2, 13.0%), 持続的リンパ球増多症(Group 3, 3.6%)の各群に分類された. その陽性率は1回検査の陽性率(ローマ数字で表示)より低かったが, 持続的リンパ球増多症の評価は一層確実であった. リンパ球数を検査した年内にGroup 3と診断した7頭中の2頭が, また, 2年後に, Group 2と診断した25頭中の1頭がleukemiaを発病した. これらの牛は, 2あるいは3回の各検査ごとに3群中のいずれかに区分されたが, 1例のみが常にGroup IIIに分類された. このリンパ球数検査は, 前白血病牛を群から早期に除去するための防疫的手段としてより, むしろ, 白血病状態の病態判断と発病予知の有意な指針となるように考えられる.