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The non-turning or only superficial turning of soil is considered to be a gentle tillage method. Nevertheless, conventional ploughs are widely used in organic farming for crop production reasons. For the further development of reduced tillage, and up to no tillage, the effects of three cover crop species and their incorporation with different tillage intensities on nitrogen (N) dynamics, weed emergence and the yield of the subsequent main crop, oats, were examined in a repeated organic one-year trial. Sinapis alba, Trifolium resupinatum, Vicia sativa and bare fallow were tested and incorporated using (1) a plough (PL), (2) reduced tillage (RT), (3) mulching + drilling (MD) and (4) direct drilling (DD). V. sativa was the most promising cover crop in combination with RT, MD and DD. In Trial 1, the soil mineral N content and oat yields after the introduction of V. sativa were on a similar level as those in the PL treatments, and weeds were not yield-limiting there. In Trial 2, the biomass production of V. sativa was only about half of that of Trial 1 and did not offer sufficient weed control, but V. sativa was still successful in the RT treatments. In both trials, the yield differences were more pronounced between the cover crop treatments after RT than after PL. RT, therefore, was more dependent on an adequate cover crop species than PL. The no-till method was not only dependent on an adequate cover crop species but also on its proper biomass production for sufficient weed control.

Wastewater contains a surplus amount of trace metals that contaminate the soil and crops. A pot trial was performed to determine the impact of wastewater on the zinc accumulation in forages and their associated health risk. Forages both of summer (Zea mays, Echinochloa colona, Pennisetum typhoideum, Sorghum vulgare, Sorghum bicolor, Sesbania rostrata, and Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) and winter (Trifolium alexandrinum, Medicago sativa, Brassica campestris, Trifolium resupinatum, Brassica juncea, and Brassica napus) were grown with sewage water and tap water treatment. The experiment was laid down in a completely randomized design with five replicates. The concentration of zinc in water, root and forage samples were analysed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. In tap water, the zinc value was 0.498 mg/L and in wastewater 0.509 mg/L, respectively. The maximum level of zinc in the forages leaves was 3.582 mg/kg found in Brassica napus grown in the winter season. The maximum observed value for zinc bioconcentration factor in Brassica juncea was (2.88) grown in winter. The values of pollution load index for zinc were found less than 1. The values of daily intake of metal and health risk index for zinc in all forages were less than 1 indicated that consumption of these forages was free of risk.

The study was carried out between 2015 and 2016 in accordance with the split plots in randomized blocks research design with 3 replications, which aimed to determine the optimal mixture rate for the production design. The results of the research were made into agricultural implementation and cost analysis was performed. Relative profit margin was used in determining the most favorable mixture rate that will be included in the production design. According to the application results, the production threshold was exceeded in all mixtures. The highest gross production value (95.90 USD da-1) and production cost (59.05 USD da-1) was obtained from the sole Anatolian Clover among the forage crop mixtures. Whereas; the lowest gross production value (71.32 USD da-1) and production cost (58.60 USD) was detected in the sole Italian ryegrass application. In addition to this, it was found that the highest relative profit margin (1.62) had been achieved in sole Anatolian clover. 50% Anatolian clover + 50% Italian ryegrass (K2) (1.40), 25% Anatolian clover + 75% Italian ryegrass (K3) (1.38) were followed to sole Anatolian clover, in terms of mixture rates. Perdenpedicular row sowing (E3) had the highest relative profit margin (1.45) in this study according to the sowing methods. As a consequently, perpendicular rows (E3) and sole Anatolian clover (T), 25A.C + 75 I.R (K3) were the most suitable sowing method and mixture ratios under Anatolian conditions, respectively.

WOS: 000505981800017, This study was carried out at Experimental fields of Ege University Faculty of Agriculture Bornovailzmir/Turkey, during the years of 2012-2014. Three different harvest dates (Early Spring, Mid Spring and Late Spring) and mixture rates (100+0%, 80+20%, 60+40% 40+60%, 20+80% and 0+100% respectively) of Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum) with annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) were tested. the experiment was arranged in a split block design with three replications. As the average of 2 years results, highest yield were recorded in sole Persian clover sown as catch crop and harvested in late spring under Mediterrenean climatic conditions. the data also indicated that pure Persian cover sowing provided the highest green matter, dry matter and crude protein yields, being 36.04 t ha(-1), 5.61 t ha(-1) and 89 kg ha(-1), respectively. Legume ratio, NDF and ADF concentrations increased by advancing harvest dates.

Cadmium(II) is well known for its toxicity and its removal is a prominent task in the field of environmental research. Trifolium resupinatum (TR) has been investigated for the biosorptive removal of Cd(II). The material was characterized by FTIR and SEM. These well established the nature of functional groups and the surface morphology. The effects of various process parameters including time of contact, concentration, pH and temperature were optimized. The maximum removal was observed at 20 min and a pH of7. The equilibrium was described by the Langmuir model showing the maximum biosorption of 31.95 mg/g. The binding of Cd(II) ions was found to be endothermic in nature. The biosorbent from T. resupinatum was found to adsorb potentially the toxic metal ions from its aqueous solutions.

Background The various extracts of Trifolium resupinatum (Persian clover) sprout was obtained by using different solvents and microwave assisted extraction in the present study. Then, the bifunctionalized nanoliposomes were prepared and added to soybean oil for evaluating their effect on deferring the oxidation process. Methods The total phenol and antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined by using the free radical scavenging assay. Then, various nanoliposomal structures of the methanolic extract of Persian clover sprout (PCSE) were prepared by using six several formulations containing different ratios of soybean oil, lecithin and the extract. Afterward, the most stable nanoliposome was bifunctionalized by using WPC and pectin (PCSEN-W and PCSEN-WP, respectively). The size and zeta potential of nanoparticles were measured. Furthermore, in order to evaluate the effects of PCSE, PCSEN, PCSEN-W and PCSEN-WP at 100–300 ppm concentrations in deferring the oxidation process of soybean oil, the heat treatment tests were applied (PV and TBA) at 63 °C within a 20-day period. Results The methanolic extract had the highest level of total phenol and antioxidant activity. The results of creaming index and microencapsulation efficiency were exhibited that formulation containing 30% oil, 5% lecithin and 2% the extract was led to the production of the most stable nanoliposomal structure (PCSEN). The size of nanoparticles was in the range of 282.5–491.2 nm. Zeta potential of the samples was obtained in the range between − 56.9 and − 36.3 mV. Polydispersity index of them was ranged from 0.424 to 0.541. The results were confirmed the existence of stable nanoliposomal systems. The results of the PV and TBA values of the extracts in free and nanoliposomal forms were shown that the nanoliposomal forms had very good antioxidant activity against the oxidation process in soybean oil.

The aim of this work was to obtain adsorption isotherms and to study the drying kinetics of persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.) and arrowleaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum) seeds, in addition, fitting the experimental data by the predicted models of the literature. The equilibrium moisture content and the moisture adsorption behavior were found by isotherms curves at 40, 45 and 50 ºC, and the Peleg model was the most suitable. The drying kinetics was determined by thin layer assays in an air parallel flow dryer at all three temperatures. In addition, it was demonstrated the predominance of the falling drying rate period for the two species of seeds, and the critical moisture content values were approximately of 0.20 and 0.25 gwater gdry matter-1 for persian clover and arrowleaf clover seeds, respectively. The effective diffusivity values were estimated in ranges of values of 3.61×10-11 – 6.81×10-11 m² s-1 for persian clover and 6.76×10-11 – 1.15×10-10 m²s-1 for arrowleaf clover seeds and the temperature effect was expressed by an Arrhenius relation. Thus, drying kinetics confirmed the greater difficulty in moisture removal from the arrowleaf clover seeds, compared to the persian clover seeds drying, in agreement with the results obtained through adsorption isotherms. The aim of this work was to obtain adsorption isotherms and to study the drying kinetics of persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.) and arrowleaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum) seeds. The equilibrium moisture content and the moisture adsorption behavior were found by isotherms curves at 40, 45 and 50 ºC, and the Peleg model was the most suitable. The drying kinetics was determined by thin layer assays in an air parallel flow dryer at all three temperatures. In addition, the predominance of the falling drying rate period for the two species of seeds was observed, and the critical moisture content values were approximately of 0.20 and 0.25 gwater gdry matter-1 for persian clover and arrowleaf clover seeds, respectively. The effective diffusivity values were estimated in ranges of values of 3.61×10-11 – 6.81×10-11 m² s-1 for persian clover and 6.76×10-11 – 1.15×10-10 m²s-1 for arrowleaf clover seeds and the temperature effect was expressed by an Arrhenius relation. Thus, drying kinetics confirmed the greater difficulty in moisture removal from the arrowleaf clover seeds, compared to the persian clover seeds drying, in agreement with the results obtained through adsorption isotherms.

There is a lack of research on the practice of intercropping sugar beet and the impact of such agrocenoses on soil and crop fertility, especially under organic farming conditions. For this reason, a three-year stationary field experiment was performed at Vytautas Magnus University, Agriculture Academy, Lithuania. Sugar beet was grown continuously with intercropped Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L., MC), white mustard (Sinapis alba L., MM) and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L., MB) as a living mulch. Inter-row loosening (CT) and mulching with ambient weeds (MW) were used as comparative treatments. The results showed that, under minimal fertilization, CT and intercropping increased the average content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil. However, the average content of magnesium was reduced in single cases (MW, MB), and the average content of sulphur was reduced in all cases. Intercropping significantly decreased the yields of sugar beet root-crop, but was mainly neutral in quality terms. The meteorological conditions during experimentation had a weak impact on root-crop quantity and quality. Generally, the practice of sugar beet intercropping requires more detailed research on how to minimize the competition between the sugar beet, living mulch and weeds, and how to balance the nutrition conditions.

Clover which is an herbaceous, annual, and self-pollinated plant belongs to fabaceae family (legumes) and has become naturalized in Iran, Asia Minor and the Mediterranean eastern suburban countries. The aim of the present study is ITS molecular evaluation of the nuclear ribosomal genes of lines and landraces of Persian Clover. The sequences were aligned using ClustalW method and by MegAlign software and the dendrogram of different phylogenetic and matrix relationships between the sequences were drawn. The results showed little genetic diversity between the lines and the landrace. The conserved sequence of the analyzed gene in the Persian clover is 561 base. Totally, 740 loci (69 and 671 loci, respectively, with and without removal and addition), 9 Singletons, and 5 haplotypes were identified. The highest rate of transfer was observed in pyrimidine (%16.3). The numerical value of the ratio (dN/dS) was 0.86, and since it was less than 1, the pure selection on the studied gene happened. The lines and landraces were not separated based on their geographic locations. In general, the results indicated that the highest rate of the regional diversity belonged to the clover plants in Lorestan region. Moreover, ITS markers did not seem suitable enough for evaluating the intra- species genetic variation, but it was quite well- suited for inter-species or intergeneric evaluation. The nanotechnology is a relatively new technology that has recently entered the field of agriculture. Nanotechnology covers the integration or manipulation of individual atoms, molecules or molecular masses to a diverse array of structures allowing the production of new characteristics and traits of interest. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of foliar application of TiO2 nanoparticles on quantitative traits (plant height, number of branches, dry weight of shoots and roots) and the essential oil content of thyme under different levels of field capacity. Our results showed that the application of TiO2 nanoparticles had significant effects on thyme growth, while the essential oil concentrations not affected. These results imply that the application of TiO2 nanoparticles in plants increase agronomic value under reduced irrigation conditions but has not different significant on essential oil.

Seed production of four annual clover species, arrowleaf (Trifolium vesiculosum), balansa (Trifolium michelianum), gland (Trifolium glanduliferum) and Persian (Trifolium resupinatum) was quantified from four sowing dates in 2010. Following initial sowing rate at 4–6 kg/ha, these clovers produced seed yields up to ∼2340 kg/ha for balansa and gland, 914 kg/ha for arrowleaf and ∼814 kg/ha for Persian. After herbage was removed the clover seedlings that regenerated produced a maximum ground cover of 91% for balansa, 65% for gland, 17% for Persian and 6% for arrowleaf. The seeds of ‘Mihi’ Persian clover were all soft and none were recovered in the soil after three months of burial. In contrast, arrowleaf clover had the highest percentage of hardseededness (>97%) and therefore retained most of its viable seeds in the soil into the second year. The differences in hardseededness and regeneration potential mean different management strategies for their successful establishment into dryland farming systems.

The most suitable land for agricultural use has been gradually occupied by crops around the world. Large, uninterrupted croplands have been created, while disproportionate amounts of fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides and herbicides are applied on them. As a result, agricultural activity has a negative impact on biodiversity the ecological intensification of cultivated lands has become necessary. Multifunctional Margins (MFM), the establishment of native flora margins adjacent to croplands, provide a semi-natural habitat for food and wildlife refuge. Three different species mixtures sown in MFM were studied in this paper. The large capacity of six species used in MFM (Borago officinalis, Glebionis coronaria, Coriandrum sativum, Sinapis alba, Trifolium resupinatum and Vicia sativa) was determined. Reductions of up to 65% in the appearance of weeds and increases of 36% in pollinator biodiversity in sown MFM with respect to the MFM of spontaneous flora were observed. The biodiversity of the epigeal fauna increased by 15% in the MFM of spontaneous flora and by 32% in sown MFM, with respect to annual crops.

A field experiment was conducted in Aleshtar, Iran during 2015-16 growing season to evaluate the effect of limited water supply during seed filling period on seed quality changes of Persian clover. The experiment was carried out as a 2×6 factorial with three replications. Irrigation systems including conventional (all root system was irrigated) and partial root-zone irrigation (half of root system exposed to dry soil and the other half was watered) and harvest time (initiated from 10 days after flowering (DAA) and continued on six occasions at 5-day intervals) were used as treatments. Germination percentage, seedling dry mass, electrical conductivity and 1000-seed mass were used as seed quality traits. Seed quality attributes were significantly affected by harvest time and irrigation system, but the interaction of irrigation system × harvest time was not significant. While seed mass and electrical conductivity were not significantly affected by irrigation system, seedling dry mass and germination percentage were reduced under deficit irrigation. Partial root-zone irrigation reduced seed quality, Persian clover needs to experience no water deficit during seed formation and maturation period to produce high quality and quantity seeds.

We report two populations of Trifolium resupinatum (Reversed Clover, trèfle résupiné) from southern Ontario, confirming it as established in Canada. This Eurasian and north African species was reported in the late 1800s in New Brunswick and Quebec, where it apparently did not persist. Its distribution across the United States is sporadic.

Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) requires large amounts of nitrogen (N) fertilizer to produce high yields. The intercropping of cauliflower with a leguminous species may help farmers to reduce N fertilizer rates, production costs and environmental pollution. Moreover, the recycling of crop residues can contribute to the nutritional support of subsequent crops in a rotation. In this study, cauliflower was cultivated in year one either alone or intercropped with annual clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.), using four N fertilization rates: 0, 75, 150, and 300 kg N ha−1 (referred to as N0, N1, N2, and N3 respectively). Following crop residue incorporation in year two, iceberg lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata (L.) Janchen) was cropped on the same field without the supply of N fertilizer to assess the effect of cauliflower and clover residues as well as of residual N fertilizer rates on the growth and N uptake of lettuce. The presence of clover did not affect the marketable yields of the intercropped cauliflower, which were similar to the cauliflower sole-cropped. The N1 and N2 fertilizer rates maximized both growth and N uptake of the intercropped cauliflower, while with the N3, crop development was limited. In the N0 plot, the legume competed for N and depressed growth and N absorption of cauliflower. The sole-cropped cauliflower was, on the contrary, unaffected by the N fertilizer rates. The iceberg lettuce cultivated in succession benefited from the presence of clover in plots N1 and N2. When succeeded to the sole-cropped cauliflower, however, the iceberg lettuce produced less biomass and absorbed less N. Results from this study suggest that the intercropping system cauliflower-clover can be a sustainable tool to optimize N input and reduce N fertilizer requirements for the successive crop.

In this study, effect of the 4-day germination on the chemical composition, antioxidant activity and fatty acids profile of Persian clover seeds ( Trifolium resupinatum ) was investigated. In addition, clover sprouts was immersed in 0.5, 1 and 2% thyme ( Thymus vulgaris ) essential oil (EO) solutions, packaged in polyethylene containers and stored at refrigerated temperature (4 °C) for 10 days. As seedling progressed, the moisture, protein, crude fibre and ash content increased, whilst fat and carbohydrate reduced. After 4-day germination, ascorbic acid, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity indicated 1.3, 2 and 1.5 fold increase, respectively. Sprouting caused significantly (p 10 unit reduction, just after treatment. During storage, the population of natural microflora increased significantly (p

New Zealand hill and high country are marginal environments for perennial ryegrass and white clover. Other pasture species, particularly legumes, provide more productive and persistent options for the range of soil climate and topography found in these environments. On cultivatable hill country, lucerne (alfalfa) has been successfully introduced to dryland areas with imported seed increasing five-fold to 210 t per annum over the last decade. This has led to the first release of a New Zealand selected cultivar in 20 years. For subterranean clover reliance on hardseeded Australian cultivars that frequently fail to meet New Zealand biosecurity standards means seed supply is inconsistent. The potential exists to create a niche seed market through selection of locally adapted material grown for seed in New Zealand. Lotus pedunculatus is available commercially but seed often fails to meet certification standards and is predominantly used in forestry. Lotus corniculatus requires agronomic research to overcome some management constraints and the re-establishment of seed supply before it would be a viable option for drier hill country. Seed production for perennial lupins in New Zealand is predominantly for an export ornamental market, with some direct relationships with growers allowing onfarm use. Caucasian clover seed production has ceased in New Zealand and the demand for seed particularly from high country farmers is no longer met. The smallseeded annual balansa clover is being integrated into farm systems and its prolific seeding has enabled some on-farm production of seed for personal use. For it and arrowleaf and Persian clovers, imported cultivars are available and a local market is unlikely to thrive until agronomic and hard seed issues are addressed. Seed supply of forage legumes to satisfy demand for hill country is problematic and will require development of different models including grower co-ops, regional seed retailers, and on-farm production for niche markets. Keywords: alfalfa, Lolium perenne, Lupinus polyphyllus, Medicago sativa, perennial ryegrass, Sitona lepidus, Trifolium ambiguum, Trifolium michelianum, Trifolium repens, Trifolium resupinatum, Trifolium subterraneum, Trifolium tumens, Trifolium vesiculosum, white clover

Leaf appearance rate and time to canopy expansion of four annual clover species (arrowleaf, balansa, gland and Persian) were quantified in field and controlled environment studies. Crops sown in autumn, which experienced shortening daylengths at emergence, had a slower rate of leaf production and consequently took a longer time to initiate branching, than spring-sown crops. When autumn-sown ‘Bolta’ balansa clover emerged on the shortest day in winter (21 June), the rate of leaf appearance was lengthened by 4 °C d/leaf/h. When the same species emerged after the shortest day, into an increasing photoperiod, the phyllochron was shortened by 5 °C d/leaf/h. This influence of photoperiod on the phyllochron consequently altered the time to axillary leaf production (branching). Throughout all sowing dates, phyllochron was the fastest for ‘Prima’ gland (33–91 °C d/leaf) and slowest for ‘Cefalu’ arrowleaf (53–116 °C d/leaf) clovers. ‘Bolta’ balansa was 44–82 °C d/leaf and ‘Mihi’ Persian 61–93 °C d/leaf. The response of phyllochron to photoperiod suggests these annual clovers should be sown in late summer or early autumn to initiate axillary leaf production as soon as possible to ensure maximize dry matter for early spring.

Background The various extracts of Trifolium resupinatum (Persian clover) sprout was obtained by using different solvents and microwave assisted extraction in the present study. Then, the bifunctionalized nanoliposomes were prepared and added to soybean oil for evaluating their effect on deferring the oxidation process. Methods The total phenol and antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined by using the free radical scavenging assay. Then, various nanoliposomal structures of the methanolic extract of Persian clover sprout (PCSE) were prepared by using six several formulations containing different ratios of soybean oil, lecithin and the extract. Afterward, the most stable nanoliposome was bifunctionalized by using WPC and pectin (PCSEN-W and PCSEN-WP, respectively). The size and zeta potential of nanoparticles were measured. Furthermore, in order to evaluate the effects of PCSE, PCSEN, PCSEN-W and PCSEN-WP at 100–300 ppm concentrations in deferring the oxidation process of soybean oil, the heat treatment tests were applied (PV and TBA) at 63 °C within a 20-day period. Results The methanolic extract had the highest level of total phenol and antioxidant activity. The results of creaming index and microencapsulation efficiency were exhibited that formulation containing 30% oil, 5% lecithin and 2% the extract was led to the production of the most stable nanoliposomal structure (PCSEN). The size of nanoparticles was in the range of 282.5–491.2 nm. Zeta potential of the samples was obtained in the range between − 56.9 and − 36.3 mV. Polydispersity index of them was ranged from 0.424 to 0.541. The results were confirmed the existence of stable nanoliposomal systems. The results of the PV and TBA values of the extracts in free and nanoliposomal forms were shown that the nanoliposomal forms had very good antioxidant activity against the oxidation process in soybean oil.

Bu araştırma, 2012-2014 yıllarında Gediz ovası ekolojisinde yer alan bir çiftçi tarlasında kurulmuştur. Araştırmanın amacı; yetiştirilen farklı kışlık yem bitkilerinin ve bunların tahıllarla olan karışımlarının (Trifolium resupinatum, Vicia faba, Vicia sativa, Avena sativa, Hordeum vulgare, Lolium multiflorum) mısır tarımı yapılan alanlardaki performanslarını incelemek, ana ürün mısır tarımına etkilerini ve tarımsal işletmenin ekonomisine katkılarını belirlemektir. Bu amaçla, yeşil ot-kuru ot verimi, kuru madde oranı-verimi, ham kül oranı-verimi, ham protein oranı-verimi, ham selüloz oranı ile mısırda tane nemi, parsel verimi ve tane verimi miktarları gibi bazı özelliklerin arasındaki ilişkiler de incelenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre; yeşil ot, kuru madde (Yulaf+Bakla: 1.940 kg/da) ve ham protein (Arpa+Bakla: 453 kg/da) verimlerinde bakla ile tahıl karışımları, kuru ot verimi, kuru madde oranı ve ham kül oranında acem üçgülü ile tahıl karışımları, ham selüloz oranında ise yalın ekilen tahıllar en yüksek değerlere sahip olmuşlardır. Aynı parsellerde yetiştirilen ana ürün dane mısırdaki değerler ise; tane neminde %10,5-21,9, parsel veriminde 12,2-22,6 kg/parsel ve dane veriminde 1189-2741 kg/da arasında değişmiştir., This study was conducted in a farmer conditions field under the ecological conditions of Gediz plain during the years of 2012-2014. The aim of this study was to investigate and designate the contributions of the different winter forage legumes and their mixtures with cool season cereals (Trifolium resupinatum, Vicia faba, Vicia sativa, Avena sativa, Hordeum vulgare, Lolium multiflorum) on the main crop yield performance and farmers income. For this aim, fresh and dry forage yield, dry matter content and yield, crude ash content and yield, crude protein content and yield and crude fibre content in addition to corn grain humidity, corn plot yield and corn grain yield characteristics were determined. Results indicated that in fresh forage, dry matter (Oat+BroadBean: 1.940 kg/da) and crude protein (Barley+Broad Bean: 453 kg/da) the broad bean-cereal mixtures; in dry forage yield and dry matter contents the persian clover-cereal mixtures; in crude fibre content the cereals were hold the highest rank. The corn grain results were changed between; in grain humidity %10,5-21,9, in plot yield 12,2-22,6 kg/plot and in grain yield 1189-2741 kg/da.

11 species of grasses and 10 species of leguminous plants were tested for salt tolerance. The biotest of germination viability and capacity in soline water was performed. The results proved usefulness of using seeds as bioin-dicators and allowed to show the significant interspecific differences. The following species – Lolium perenne, L. multiflorum, Festuca pratensis, Arrhenetherum elatius, Trifolium resupinatum, T. incarnatum and Melilotus albus show high level of tolerance. The less tolerant species were: Festuca ovina, Agrostis alba, Trifolium repens, Lotus corniculatus, Medicago lupulina and Medicago sativa.

The development process from floral bud formation to seed maturity of four top flowering annual clovers was quantified from a field experiment across 10 sowing dates at Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand. For each species, a numeric reproductive scale was created as a field guide to document morphological changes as the bud progresses through reproductive development. The duration from bud visible to open flower was 341 °C days for 'Cefalu' arrowleaf, 215 °C days for 'Bolta' balansa, 196 °C days for 'Prima' gland and 186 °C days for 'Mihi' Persian clover. The inflorescence then required a further 274-689 °C days, 185 °C days , 256 °C days and 425 °C days for each respective species to reach physiological maturity. This was indicated when 50% of seeds had turned red/brown for 'Cefalu' arrowleaf, 100% pods turned yellow for 'Bolta' balansa, 100% of seeds were yellow and hard for 'Prima' gland, and pods turned brown with the first sign of colour change in seeds for 'Mihi' Persian clover. These results can be used to facilitate on farm decision making in relation to grazing management or seed set for subsequent regeneration. Keywords: floral development chart, harvest maturity, peak flowering, pollination, seed filling, thermal time, Trifolium vesiculosum, T. michelianum, T. glanduliferum, T. resupinatum

Trifolium resupinatum L. (Fabaceae) is native in Southern Europe and Southwesten Asia. This species is known as a naturalized plant, which is widely distributed in the worl d. We first found it in the Eushincheon river bank of Jindo Isl. , Jeollanam-do, South Korea. T. resupinatum can be easily distinguished from the other species of the same genus by its resupinate flower. The Korean name “Geo-kkul-kkot-to-kki- pul” indicates its distinctive characteristic of flower. Key words - Trifolium resupinatum , Naturalized plant, Resupinate flower * 교신저자(E-mail): megalamen@hanmail.net ⓒ 본 학회지의 저작권은 (사)한국자원식물학회지에 있으며, 이의 무단전재나 복제를 금합니다.This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 서 언 콩과(Fabaceae)는 전 세계적으로 광범위하게 분포하는 식물군으로 약 650속, 18,000분류군이 알려져 있으며(Choi, 2007; Xu et al., 2010), 우리나라에는 38속 101분류군이 분포한다(Choi, 2007). 이 중 토끼풀속(Trifolium L.)은 약 250분류군이 전 세계 온대와 아열대에 광범위하게 분포한다 (Choi, 2007; Xu et al., 2010).우리나라 토끼풀속에 대한 연구는 Nakai (1911)가 토끼풀(T. repens L.)과 붉은토끼풀(T. pratense L.) 2분류군을 보고한 이래, Chung (1956) 은 달구지풀(T. lupinaster L.) 등 3분류군을 기록한 바 있고, 여러 학자들이 3~4분류군(Lee, 1996; Lee, 2003; Lee, 2006) 을 기록하고 있다 . 최근에 Park (2009) 은 토끼풀속 귀화식물로 노랑토끼풀 (T. campestre Schreb.), 애기노랑토끼풀(T. dubium Sibth.), 선토끼풀(T. hydridum L.), 붉은토끼풀(T. pratense L.), 토끼풀(T. repens L.) 등 5분류군을 정리하여 기록하였다. 그리고 제주도와 전남 보성에서 진홍토끼풀(T. incarnatum L.)의 분포가 확인된 바 있다 (Lee et al., 2008). 한편, 달구지풀에 비해 전체가 소형인 분류군을 제주달구지풀(T. lupinaster L. for. alpinium (Nakai) M. Park) 로 구분하기도 하는데(Lee, 1996), Choi (2007) 는 제주달구지풀의 기본종인 달구지풀의 분포만 보고하였다 . 따라서 제주달구지풀을 기본종인 달구지풀에 포함할 경우 우리나라에 분포하는 토끼풀속 식물은 7분류군이며, 본 연구에서 새롭게 분포가 확인된 분류군을 포함하면 8분류군이다. 본 연구에서는 우리나라 자생식물로 보고되지 않은 T. resupinatum을 전라남도 진도에서 발견하여, 외부형태를 도해하고 기재하여 보고한다(Fig. 1, 2). 국명은 같은 속 내에서 유일하게 꽃이 뒤집혀 달리는 특징을 반영하여 '거꿀꽃토끼풀'이라 새로 명명하였다.

Clovers were chosen on the basis of traditional medicine recommendations, agricultural value, or available information on their promising chemical profiles.This study evaluates and compares free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties of six clover species: Trifolium alexandrinum L. (Leguminosae), Trifolium fragiferum L., Trifolium hybridum L., Trifolium incarnatum L., Trifolium resupinatum var. majus Boiss., and Trifolium resupinatum var. resupinatum L.Free radical scavenging activity of the extracts (1.5-50 µg/ml) was estimated by reduction of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH(•)) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic) acid (ABTS(•)) radicals. The Trifolium extract effects on total antioxidant capacity of blood plasma were determined by the reduction of ABTS(•+) and DPPH(•) radicals, as well as with the use of the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay.The UPLC analysis of chemical profiles of the examined extracts showed the presence of three or four groups of phenolic substances, including phenolic acids, clovamides, isoflavones, and other flavonoids. The measurements of free radical scavenging and ferric reducing ability of the examined clover extracts revealed the strongest effect for T. alexandrinum. Furthermore, antioxidant activity assays in human plasma have shown protective effects of all extracts against peroxynitrite-induced reduction of total antioxidant capacity.Trifolium plants may be a rich source of bioactive substances with antioxidant properties. The examined extracts displayed free radical scavenging action and partly protected blood plasma against peroxynitrite-induced oxidative stress; however, the beneficial effects of T. alexandrinum and T. incarnatum seem to be slightly higher.

The influence of sowing method and plant density on the biomass of spring wheat and Persian clover was evaluated. In a pot experiment conducted in three series during the years 2010–2012, plants were cultivated as mixed and pure crop at higher (consistent with agronomic recommendations) and lower density, decreased by 20% compared to it. Dry mass accumulation tests for both species were conducted during the following wheat growth stages (BBCH): leaf development (12–14), tillering (21–23), stem elongation (31–32), inflorescence development (54–56), and ripening (87–89). Based on the results obtained, the biomass growth rate for both species in question was also determined. It was shown that the mass of shoots of spring wheat cultivated as mixed crop was lower than that of wheat shoots grown as pure crop during the stem elongation and ripening stages. Mixed sowing limited aboveground accumulation in the heads and grain the most and in the stems the least. During the leaf development and stem elongation stages, the wheat presented a more pronounced response to the presence of clover expressed by biomass decrease in case of the treatment with lower plant density and during ripening in the treatment with recommended plant density. In case of both sowing methods and plant densities, the mass of wheat roots was similar. Biomass accumulation in Persian clover shoots and roots in mixed sowing was lower than in pure crop during the entire growing period. The wheat limited biomass accumulation of Persian clover in inflorescences the strongest and in the roots the least. The spring wheat growth rate in both sowing methods was similar as opposed to Persian clover in the case of which a decrease in the growth rate was observed in the mixed crop during the generative development period.

The genotype of nodule occupants in four annual clovers – balansa (Trifolium michelianum), Persian (Trifolium resupinatum), gland (Trifolium glanduliferum) and arrowleaf (Trifolium vesiculosum) – was investigated. The clovers were inoculated with the ALOSCA® group C granule preparation of strain WSM1325. A total of 224 strains were recovered from root nodules with between 55 and 58 strains for each clover species. Genotyping showed that no strains had fingerprints identical to strain WSM1325. The nodule occupants were diverse with 26, 35, 31 and 32 genotypes identified on arrowleaf, balansa, gland and Persian clovers, respectively. Arrowleaf clover had some specificity for genotype A with 43% of nodules occupied by this strain. The most dominant strain for the other three clovers ranged between 13%–18% occupancy. This work demonstrates a high diversity of naturalized rhizobia strains in New Zealand soils that had the ability to nodulate these top flowering annual clover species.

The present study provides information about the binding of Pb(II) ions on an eco-friendly and easily available biodegradable biomass Trifolium resupinatum. The powdered biomass was characterized by FTIR, potentiometric titration and surface area analyses. The FTIR spectrum showed the presence of hydroxyl, carbonyl and amino functional groups and Pb(II) ions bound with the oxygen- and nitrogen-containing sites (hydroxyl and amino groups). The acidic groups were also confirmed by titrations. Effects of various environmental parameters (time, pH and concentration) have been studied. The biosorption process achieved equilibrium in a very short period of time (25 min). Non-linear approach for Langmuir and Freundlich models was used to study equilibrium process and root mean-square error was used as an indicator to decide the fitness of the mathematical model. The biosorption process was found to follow pseudo-second-order kinetics and was very fast. Thus, the biomass can be cost-effectively used for the binding of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions.

In recent years, biosynthesis and the utilisation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has become an interesting subject. In this study, the authors investigated the biosynthesis of AgNPs using Trifolium resupinatum (Persian clover) seed exudates. The characterisation of AgNPs were analysed using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infra‐red spectroscopy. Also, antifungal efficacy of biogenic AgNPs against two important plant‐pathogenic fungi (Rhizoctonia solani and Neofusicoccum Parvum) in vitro condition was evaluated. The XRD analysis showed that the AgNPs are crystalline in nature and have face‐centred cubic geometry. TEM images revealed the spherical shape of the AgNPs with an average size of 17 nm. The synthesised AgNPs were formed at room temperature and kept stable for 4 months. The maximum distributions of the synthesised AgNPs were seen to range in size from 5 to 10 nm. The highest inhibition effect was observed against R. solani at 40 ppm concentration of AgNPs (94.1%) followed by N. parvum (84%). The results showed that the antifungal activity of AgNPs was dependent on the amounts of AgNPs. In conclusion, the AgNPs obtained from T. resupinatum seed exudate exhibit good antifungal activity against the pathogenic fungi R. solani and N. Parvum.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-09-23T14:24:20Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) TESE_Gabriela Duarte.pdf: 1041923 bytes, checksum: bf1fc071fc423d74913856ac877361d9 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-23T14:24:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) TESE_Gabriela Duarte.pdf: 1041923 bytes, checksum: bf1fc071fc423d74913856ac877361d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-19 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade de forragem e sementes de trevo persa (Trifolium resupinatum) submetido a diferentes épocas de semeadura. O experimento foi realizado na Embrapa Clima Temperado –ETB, Pelotas - RS, com a cultivar BRS Resteveiro. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Para as variáveis referentes à forragem colhida, foram testadas cinco épocas de semeadura (março, abril, maio, junho e julho) em dois anos de cultivo (2014 e 2015). Enquanto que para a produção de sementes, além das cinco épocas de semeadura, ainda foi verificado o efeito do corte (no momento do aparecimento das primeiras flores). Houve interação significativa (P

A pot experiment was conducted in the years 2010–2012. The competitive interactions between spring wheat and undersown Persian clover, depending on plant density have been established. The plants were grown in a mixture and in pure sowing at a higher density (according to the rules of proper agricultural practice) and at a density reduced by 20%. Based on measurements of dry matter in the aboveground parts and roots conducted at the wheat growth stages (BBCH) such as: leaf development (12–14), tillering (21–23), stem elongation (31–32), inflorescence emergence (54–56), and ripening (87–89), calculations of indicators such as: relative yield, relative yield total, competitive balance index and relative efficiency index, were performed. Competition between spring wheat and Persian clover continued from the wheat tillering stage until the end of vegetation. The strongest interactions were at the stem elongation stage (the plants competed for 95% of the growth factors), while at the end of vegetation the competition decreased slightly (it concerned 85% of the resources). The aboveground parts influenced one another with higher intensity than the roots. This was visible particularly well during the inflorescence emergence stage, during which the plants accumulated only 8% of the resources in the aboveground parts, while 89% was accumulated in the roots. Wheat proved to be the stronger competitor for the growth factors. It reduced by more than twice the increase in the biomass of Persian clover from tillering until the end of vegetation. In the mixture, the relative growth rate of the aboveground parts of clover was higher than in the case of wheat, while the growth rate of the roots was similar for both species. Plant density had no significant impact on the intensity of mutual interactions.

Foram estudados os efeitos de três frequências e duas intensidades de desfolhação nas características morfogênicas e estruturais, na produção de forragem e na relação folha/caule de duas variedades de trevo-persa (Trifolium resupinatum L. var. resupinatum Gib & Belli. cv. Kyambro e var. majus Boiss cv. BRS Resteveiro). O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos completos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3 × 2 × 2, com cinco repetições. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: taxa de aparecimento de folhas, filocrono, taxa de alongamento e alargamento de folíolos, largura e comprimento de folíolos, número de ramificações, altura de planta, número de folhas vivas abertas, produção de matéria seca total e relação folha/caule. Apesar de a pastagem apresentar maior número de folhas vivas em intervalos de desfolhação maiores e a maior produção de forragem ter sido obtida na altura residual de 5 cm e no intervalo de 6 folhas surgidas, cortes mais frequentes proporcionam melhora da relação folha/caule, maior número de ramificações, maior taxa de surgimento de folhas e maior tamanho de folíolos. The effects of three frequencies and two intensities of defoliation on the morphogenic and structural characteristics, in the herbage production and leaf/stem ratio of two varieties of persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L. var. resupinatum Gib & Belli. cv. Kyambro and Trifolium resupinatum var. majus Boiss cv. BRS Resteveiro) were studied. The experimental design consisted of complete randomized blocks in a 2 × 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, with five replications. The following variables were evaluated: leaf appearance rate, phyllochron, leaflet extension and elongation rate, leaflet width and length, number of ramifications, plant height, number of open live leaves, total dry matter production and leaf/stem ratio. Although the forage presented higher number of live leaves in bigger defoliation intervals and the higher forage production was obtained in the residual height of 5 cm and in the interval of 6 leaves appearing, more frequent cuttings provide improvement of the leaf/stem ratio, higher number of ramifications, higher leaf appearance rate and bigger leaflet size.

Prangos ferulacea is a member of Apiaceae family, is a popular fodder for livestock production and an important species in rangeland restoration. The objectives of the research are the comparative phytotoxic activity of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from different organs (flower, shoot and leaf) of P. ferulacea on antioxidant response of Trifolium resupinatum was investigated in a laboratory bioassay. Antioxidant enzyme activities including catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), ascorbic peroxidase (APX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), in line with content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide were measured. Results indicated that hydroalcoholic extract of P. ferulaceae flower possess the highest total phenolic content as well as highest phytotoxic effect on T. resupinatum . The highest antioxidant enzyme activity belonged to hydroalcoholic treatment. The treated T. resupinatum seedlings experienced lipid peroxidation at high extract concentrations (12% of hydroalcoholic and 100% of aqueous extract) as evidenced by increased concentration of MDA. In response to this, the activities of SOD, CAT, POD and APX increased at lower extract concentrations but significantly dropped as concentrations increased. According to results of this study, rehabilitation of T. resupinatum sites through the use of P. ferulaceae will probably not be successful.

This experiment was conducted to compare the agronomic characteristics, flowering condition and productivity of introduced annual legumes at paddy field of Seonghwan(Cheonan, Chungnam, Korea) from September 2006 to May 2007. Annual legumes used in this study were hairy vetch(Vicia villsa, Rosa), crimson clover(Trifolium incarnatum, Contea), berseem clover(Trifolium alexandrinum, Alexandria), persian clover(Trifolium resupinatum, Prolific), balansa clover(Trifolium michelianum, Paradona), sweet clover(Melilotus officinalis, Yellow) and forage pea(Pisum sativum, Austrian). Emergency rate after seeding were 90% or more in crimson clover, hairy vetch, forage pea and berseem clover. Wintering of hairy vetch and crimson clover were excellent as 98% and 95%, respectively. Flowering rate of harvesting date(May 10) was 100% in crimson clover, 98% in balansa clover, 5% in persian clover and others were not flowering. Fresh and dry matter yield of crimson clover were highest as 72,556 kg/ha and 16,062 kg/ha, respectively. Crude protein yield of hairy vetch was highest as 2,929 kg/ha but not significant with crimson clover(2,169 kg/ha). TDN yield of crimson clover was highest as 9,007 kg/ha but not significant with hairy vetch(7,366 kg/ha). According to the results from this study, it is suggested that crimson clover would be recommendable for autumn-sowing annual legume at paddy field of Central Provinces.

In order to make efficient the temporary pasture consisted of alfalfa and orchard grass, we propose the introduction of the Persian clover, which leads, within the first year of vegetation, to dry matter yield bigger with 44.3% than in the case of the variant without Persian clover. Persian clover also participates to the achievement of a higher profit compared to the variants consisted only of the basic mixture comprising gramineae and perennial leguminous species.

The nutritive value of 4 straws, obtained after thrashing of seeds from fodder crops, was assessed as complete feed for ruminants. Sixteen male Murrah buffaloes (liveweight 365.8±19.5 kg), were divided into 4 equal groups and offered ad lib. straw of either Trifolium resupinatum, Trifolium alexandrium, Medicago saliva or Lolium perenne, supplemented with minerals and vitamin A, for 40 days in a completely randomized design. Simultaneously, each straw was offered to 3 rumen fistulated male buffaloes in order to assess the biochemical changes in the rumen. Compared to other straws M. sativa straw had higher (p

In vitro regeneration protocol was developed in Trifolium resupinatum, an important fodder legume in Northwestern India. Out of 6 explants (leaf, petiole, hypocotyl, cotyledon, collar and root) tried for callus induction in 2 different media, good response was observed from hypocotyl and root explants in ‘A’ medium. Successful regeneration was obtained from callus induced from hypocotyl, cotyledon and root in ‘A’ followed with subculture in ‘E’ medium. One of the regenerated plantlet was characterized and compared with mother plant for isozyme-banding pattern. Wide variation for isozyme banding pattern for SOD, Peroxidase and GOT enzyme indicates the regenerant to be a somaclonal variant. Thus, in vitro regeneration will help in widening the genetic base of the species.

The course of N-NO 3 concentrations in soil, N transfer from the catch crops Vicia sativa L. and Trifolium resupinatum L. to the companion grass Lolium multiflorum ssp. gaudinii (Parl.) Schinz et Keller, and the preceding crop effect on Lolium multiflorum ssp. italicum (A. Br.) Volkart were studied in a field experiment. Catch crops were sown in pure stands and grass/legume swards (= two species in alternating rows) at two sowing dates and harvested at different dates from August to November. Vicia sativa was more effective concerning N 2 fixation than Trifolium resupinatum, this was also evident from above ground N yield and N-NO 3 amount of the soil. The factor sowing date had the greatest influence on N yield. N transfer to the companion grass was generally low. Early sown legumes in pure stands and in mixture temporarily caused slightly increased N-NO 3 amounts in soil compared with unfertilized grass in winter and following spring, whereas late sown legumes apparently had no effect on N-NO 3 amounts. Both legumes had a considerable preceding crop effect in the mixture and in the pure stand for both sowing dates.