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OBJECTIVE: To determine if surgery and anesthesia in the elderly may promote Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias (ADRD). BACKGROUND: There is a substantial conflicting literature concerning the hypothesis that surgery and anesthesia promotes ADRD. Much of the literature is confounded by indications for surgery or has small sample size. This study examines elderly patients with appendicitis, a common condition that strikes mostly at random after controlling for some known associations. METHODS: A matched natural experiment of patients undergoing appendectomy for appendicitis versus control patients without appendicitis using Medicare data from 2002 to 2017, examining 54,996 patients without previous diagnoses of ADRD, cognitive impairment, or neurological degeneration, who developed appendicitis between ages 68 through 77 years and underwent an appendectomy (the “Appendectomy” treated group), matching them 5:1 to 274,980 controls, examining the subsequent hazard for developing ADRD. RESULTS: The hazard ratio (HR) for developing ADRD or death was lower in the Appendectomy group than controls: HR = 0.96 (95% CI 0.94, 0.98), P < 0.0001, (28.2% in Appendectomy versus 29.1% in controls, at 7.5 years). The HR for death was 0.97 (0.95, 0.99), P = 0.002, (22.7% versus 23.1% at 7.5 years). The HR for developing ADRD alone was 0.89 (0.86, 0.92), P < 0.0001, (7.6% in Appendectomy versus 8.6% in controls, at 7.5 years). No subgroup analyses found significantly elevated rates of ADRD in the Appendectomy group. CONCLUSIONS: In this natural experiment involving 329,976 elderly patients, exposure to appendectomy surgery and anesthesia did not increase the subsequent rate of ADRD.

Background Ferula persica is one of the most important traditional medicinal plants that is used to treat various diseases such as diabetes, backache and rheumatism. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anti‐inflammatory and wound healing potential of F. persica using stereological and molecular methods in experimental models. Methods In the present study, two wound models (circular excision and linear incision) were used. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 16), including control, vehicle treated, treated with F. persica extract ointment (5% w/w) and treated with the reference drug (Madecassol). All the animals were treated topically once a day. The circular and linear wounds were treated for 9 and 17 days, respectively. At the end of the study, samples from wounds area were harvested for histology, stereology, immunohistochemistry and molecular assessments to determine the in vivo healing potential and anti‐inflammatory activity. Results We observed significant recovery in macroscopic evaluation of wound healing in the F. persica extract treated group compared with the control and vehicle treated groups (p 0.05, p, Stereological and molecular studies on the effects of Ferula persica extract on wound healing in rats.

The present study aims to investigate the effect of acetaminophen in male rats after early postnatal exposure to acetaminophen on several behavioural alterations and its role to precipitate autistic-like behaviour with investigating the ameliorating role of melatonin on these parameters. Thirty healthy Albino male rat pups were used in this study. On a postnatal day 3 (PND3), the rat pups were divided into three groups (10 pups per group). Group1: As a control group, pups injected with normal saline for 7 days subcutaneously then administered with normal saline for 2 weeks orally. Group 2: pups injected acetaminophen subcutaneously in a dose (50mg/kg) once daily for 7 days, then these pups were administrated with normal saline for 2 weeks. Group 3: includes pups that were injected acetaminophen subcutaneously in a dose (50 mg/kg) once daily for 7 days then administrated with melatonin (10 mg/kg) for 2 weeks. Behavioural tests, such as nest seeking, were performed at PND 9; negative geotaxis test was done at "PND 15 and 17", an open field test was done at PND21. The present study demonstrated that acetaminophen exposed rat pups exhibited a significant difference in behavioural tests: nest seeking test showed that the pups of group 2 to approach the maternal bedding was (10.00±1.51) sec which was significantly higher than the time of the control group(4.50±2.19) sec. At PND15, the negative geotaxis test showed a significant increase in time spend to rotate 180° of the pups of group 2 (7.30±2.86) sec when compared with that of the control group (3.50±0.63)sec and melatonin treated group (4.56±0.63) sec. While at PND17, pups showed a significant increase in time spend to rotate 180° in negative geotaxis test in group 2 (7.40±2.90) sec compared with that of the control group (3.12 ±1.33) sec, and that of the melatonin treated group (4.18 ±1.43) sec. Data of open field test showed that pups of group 2 were traveled significantly more total distance (number of squares crossed) (31±8.34) compared to those traveled by pups of control (20±4.08) and melatonin treated groups (22±7.43). Administration of acetaminophen at dose 50 mg/kg from PND 3 to PND10 induces autistic-like behavioural manifested by several alterations in rat pups. These alterations were ameliorated by melatonin administration (10 mg/kg for 2 weeks) after exposure to acetaminophen.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of chronic administration of Ampicillin/Sulbactum on enamel development of Albino rats’ mandibular first molar. Materials & Methods: Eight pregnant female Albino rats were equally divided into two groups: control and treated group. The treated group received intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg/kg BW of Ampicillin/Sulbactum once daily for nine days till delivery. This was followed by injection of the offspring for additional 11 days. Treated offsprings (n=7) were sacrificed at 12 day of birth and H&E stained sections of the mandibular first molar tooth germ were examined. The other half of the treated pups was sacrificed at 28 days of birth, their mandibular first molars were examined by quantitative computerized tomography (QCT), scanning electron microscope (SEM) & ground section then statistical analysis was performed for enamel measurements of H&E, ground sections and QCT Results: Examination of H&E stained sections of the Ampicillin/Sulbactam treated subgroup at 12 days revealed an apparent reduction in enamel matrix thickness which was statistically insignificant compared with control subgroup. QCT showed a significant decrease in enamel density of the treated subgroup compared with untreated subgroup at 28 days. SEM observation showed enamel surface irregularities, pores and fissures. An insignificant reduction in enamel thickness was revealed by statistical analysis of the ground sections under light microscope. Conculsion: Within the limitations of this study, chronic administration of Ampicillin/Sulbactam adversely affected the development of enamel in rat’s offspring.

Background: This study aimed to identify the effect of using the Immune Max dietary supplement on the histological composition of some organs in male albino mice. Methods: The study was conducted on the Swiss albino male mice which were divided into two groups: treated group with 0.162 mg/kg/ day of Immune Max and second group as a control. Results: Histological examination was conducted for liver, kidney and spleen. The results showed some histological changes in these organs like loses of tissues, congestion, leukocytes infiltration and dead cells. Conclusion: The purpose of a conclusion that the use of the Immune Max nutritional supplement can cause damage to the tissues of a number of organs and this is likely to be due to the dose concentration and the duration of the treatment. How to cite this article:Jawad MA, Kadhim AJ, Hasan SY. The Effect of Immune Max in the Liver, Kidney and Spleen Histological Structure in Male Albino Mice. J Commun Dis. 2021;53(3):186-189. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202156

Background: Inflammation is a complex process mainly comprises of three phases namely acute, sub-acute and chronic. In acute inflammatory conditions fluid and granulocytic cells accumulate at the site of injury because of the changes in small blood vessels. This response often activates systemic response such as leucocytosis, protein catabolism, fever and synthesis of C-reactive protein, an acute-phase protein In Ayurvedic texts, several herbo-mineral preparations to fight against inflammation have been found; among them, Vatavidhvamsana Rasa (VVR) is one, which is said to be remarkable in inflammation condition. Aim and Objectives: To assess the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of VVR in pharmacologically validated models. Materials and methods: Wistar strain albino rats weighing 200 ± 20 of either sex were used in the study. VVR was administered at a dose of 22.5 mg/kg for the rat. Results: Vatavidhvamsana Rasa (VVR) showed a significant decrease in the carrageenan-induced paw oedema after 1-hour interval in comparison to the control group (P

Background Preterm birth can cause morbidity and mortality in addition to trauma or loss to the mother, and present a major financial burden to the family. This risk may be minimized by timely intervention. Objective To understand the safety and efficacy of hydroxyprogesterone in decreasing the incidence of preterm birth, neonatal complications, and maternal mortality, based on evidence obtained from the Indian scientific literature. Methods Relevant articles were searched for and retrieved from the databases PubMed, medrXiv, Embase, Cochrane, biorXiv, and arXiv. Results A total of 62 relevant articles were assessed, and of these, 59 articles did not meet the eligibility criteria. In total, 3 articles which satisfied the criteria and 2 articles sourced from cross references were included in the study. Across these 5 articles, a total of 536 patients received hydroxyprogesterone caproate or placebo for preterm birth. Conclusion In all five articles, recurrence rate of preterm birth was reduced in the treated group compared to control group. The safety profile of progesterone tends to be better than that of the placebo. The findings of our analysis of individual patient data (IPD) summarizes various clinical trial data, which can assure clinicians that vaginal progesterone administration is effective and well tolerated.

Understanding the relation between the environmental stress factors and the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis efficiency can reduce the susceptibility to thyroid diseases. In our study, thyroid dysfunction was induced in female rats by administration of 40 mg Na F/kg.bd.wt/day for a month. Co-administration of the water extract of Arca noae (300 mg/kg. bw) was tested as a treatment for Na F induced thyroid dysfunction. A group of rats injected Arca noae extract only (300 mg/kg.bd.wt) was performed to observe the impact of the extract on the (HPT) axis in addition to the normal control group. Results showed that there was a significant decrease in serum triglycerides, total protein and albumin levels in the fluoride supplemented group in addition to abnormal levels of TSH, (T4) and (T3) compared to the control group. In the treated group there was an improvement in the proteins level and lipid profile but pseudo-corrected serum (T4) and (T3) levels were observed in addition to a continuous increase in TSH level. Histological findings confirmed the harmful effect of fluoride on both the non treated and the treated groups. Consequently, fluoride supplementation must be considered as a harmful stress that may affect permanently the HPT axis. Resumo Compreender a relação entre os fatores de estresse ambiental e o eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-tireoide (HPT) pode reduzir a suscetibilidade a doenças da tireoide. Em nosso estudo, a disfunção tireoidiana foi induzida em ratos fêmeas pela administração de 40 mg Na F/kg.bw/dia durante um mês. A administração concomitante do extrato aquoso de Arca noae (300 mg/kg.Pc) foi testada como tratamento para a disfunção tireoidiana induzida por Na F. Um grupo de ratos injetados apenas com extrato de Arca noae (300 mg/kg. Pc) foi pré-formado com o intuito de observar o impacto do extrato no eixo (HPT), além do grupo controle normal. Os resultados mostraram que houve uma diminuição significativa nos níveis séricos de triglicerídeos, proteína total e albumina no grupo suplementado com fluoreto, além de níveis anormais de TSH, (T4) e (T3) em comparação ao grupo controle. No grupo tratado, houve uma melhora no nível de proteínas e perfil lipídico. Os níveis séricos pseudocorrigidos (T4) e (T3) foram observados, além de um aumento contínuo no nível de TSH. Os achados histológicos confirmaram o efeito prejudicial do flúor nos grupos não tratado e tratado. Consequentemente, a suplementação de flúor é considerada um estresse prejudicial que pode afetar permanentemente o eixo HPT.

Objective Several studies showed the occurrence of vertebral fracture (VFx) in patients discontinuing denosumab (Dmab), suggesting the need of bisphosphonate (BPs) therapy to mitigate this VFx risk increase. However, the morphometric VFx (morphoVFx) incidence after Dmab discontinuation and the BPs effect on VFx risk in this setting are still a matter of debate. Design Retrospective, monocentric study. Methods In 120 patients (111 females) discontinuing Dmab, 19 have not been treated (non-treated group: 16 females, aged 63.5 ± 15.0 years) and 101 patients have been treated (treated group: 95 females, aged 70.0 ± 10.6 years) with BPs (28 alendronate (ALN); 73 zoledronate ZOL), single infusion), respectively. We evaluated the incidence of both clinical VFx and morphoVFx in treated group and non-treated group. Results Patients in treated group showed a 5.5% VFx incidence (n = 6, three clinical, three morpho VFx), which was anyway lower than non-treated group patients (n = 4, 21.1%, four clinical, three multiple, P = 0.029), despite a comparable FRAX score at the time of Dmab initiation. The logistic regression analysis showed that the VFx incidence was independently associated with the lack of BPs treatment (odds ratio: 13.9, 95% CI 1.7–111.1, P = 0.014), but not with the number of Dmab injections, age, duration of BPs before Dmab initiation, the BMD at Dmab withdrawal, and the prevalence of VFx at Dmab withdrawal. Conclusions The Dmab withdrawal is associated with an increased risk of clinical but not morphometric VFx. Therapy with ALN or with a single ZOL treatment is partially effective in reducing the increased VFx risk after Dmab withdrawal.

Epidemiologic evaluation of pelvic ring injuries in children. Methods Retrospective analysis over a period of 13 years, excluding pathological fractures. AO/OTA type, epidemiological data, type of treatment, and complications were recorded. Data were assessed using Fisher’s exact test and Wilcoxon test. Results 243 boys, 115 girls, mean age (SD) 14.1 ± 3.0 years, AO/OTA types: 281 A, 52 B, 25 C. Multiple trauma: 62, com- bined trauma: 59, mono-trauma: 237. 281 patients were treated non-operatively, 97 surgically. Etiology: traffic accidents 88, falls from a great height 37, crushing injuries four, and sports injuries 192, simple falls 30, others seven. High-energy mechanisms prevailed in types B and C. Low-energy mechanism in type A (p < 0.0001). Similar differences were found between type A (p = 0.0009) and in case type C requiring surgery and cases treated non-operatively (p < 0.0001). Twenty-six patients (7.3%) had complications (pelvic asymmetry 5, neurological deficits 5, non-union 1, ectopic calcification 4, others 7). Higher complication rates were associated with types B and C (p = 0.0015), with surgically treated cases (p < 0.0001) and multiple trauma (p = 0.0305). Discussion Results of this trial were comparable with other studies. Conclusion Sports injuries accounted for most type A injuries, while types B and C tended to be associated with high-energy trauma. Complications were associated with the severity of pelvic trauma, more common in surgically treated group of patients; this is primarily linked to the surgical cases being more serious as well as the associated injuries.

Stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide; its severity is associated with high death rates and motor, cognitive, and sensory . Several interventions have been proposed in recent years to prevent and primarily treat stroke. LED stands out as one of these interventions; it indicates promising results because it stimulates cellular metabolism, increasing the cellular regenerative potential, and promoting . Thus, the present study evaluated the effects of 630 nm LED in animals submitted to ischemic stroke by analyzing and motor behavior. This was an experimental study with a controlled qualitative and quantitative intervention, with a sample of 30 male Wistar Rattus divided into two groups: a control group and treated group, consisting of 15 animals each. The experimental time points were 3, 7, and 21 days of treatment. All animals were submitted to surgery for the implantation of an electrode and subsequent electrolytic lesion. The quantitative results in the three experimental time points indicate treatment superiority using the 630 nm LED compared to the control group. The findings also showed increased tissue in the treated group at 3, 7, and 21 days of treatment when compared to the control group. Hence, the results suggest that the 630 nm LED guided treatment in the experimental time points of 3, 7, and 21 days was superior to those in the control group, showing animals with increased motor response according to the apprehension test, and improved according to the evaluation.

Background: Limited research studies are reported regarding the toxicological effect of different herbal medicine already used in different countries. Objective: This research study was planned to examine the changes in liver (biochemical and histological) associated with oral administration of somina (acute and sub-acute) in rats. Methodology: Group– I served as control (saline), while other groups (II, III) were daily treated with somina at different doses of 0.285g/kg (group – II), 10g/kg/day (group – III), for 14 (set I), 21 (set II), and 30 (set III) consecutive days. Each group contains 12 rats. During the study period, signs and behavioral changes, mortality, were observed. At the end of study period, blood sample was drawn directly from heart, for the estimation of liver enzymes: Bilirubin (BIL), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum glutamic pyruvic transferase (SGPT), aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT), Albumin (ALB) and total protein (TP). The liver was carefully dichotomized, weighed, and further processed for histopathological analysis. Results: Herbal drug somina was claimed to be practically non-toxic as in rats no mortality was recorded after the oral administration of somina (14, 21 and 30 consecutive days). Liver profile showed non-significant changes in treated group- II and III (P > 0.05), as compared to the control (group- I). The histopathological examination did not reveal any deteriorative effect. Conclusion: It was concluded that oral administration of somina did not produce any significant detrimental effects on rat liver (biochemical and histopathological parameters), even at doses of 10g/kg/day indicating its safe use.

Background The speed with which acaricides paralyze and kill ticks is relevant to impeding pathogen transmission. The objective of this study was to assess early-onset lotilaner effects on the motility and weights of Amblyomma americanum ticks collected from treated dogs. Methods Twelve healthy dogs were randomized between two groups to receive either lotilaner (Credelio®) on Day 0 or to be sham treated. On Day 7, 25 male and 25 female A. americanum were placed under bandages, two on each flank of each dog. After 30 or 45 min, all unattached ticks were removed and T = 0 was set. At T = 2, 4, 8 and 24 h post attachment, 5 attached ticks removed from each bandage on each dog were weighed, assessed by blinded observers for righting ability and movement recorded. Results After the infestation period significantly fewer treated than control dogs had 20 ticks attached (50.0% versus 91.7%, P = 0.0015). At 24 h post attachment, mean weights of ticks from treated dogs (males 1.69 mg; females 2.72) were significantly less than ticks from controls (males 2.66 mg; females 4.67) (Pmale = 0.0002; Pfemale Pmale Pfemale = 0.0021). At 4 and 8 h, significantly fewer ticks from treated (14.3%, 0.0%, respectively) than from control dogs could right (73.3%, 70.0%) (P4h P8h = 0.0024) (at 24 h, all ticks from treated dogs were dead), and distance moved was significantly less at all time points (P2h = 0.0413; P4h, P8h P ≤ 0.0001). Within the treated group, collected ticks had significantly lower mean and maximum velocities at 4 and 8 h compared to 2 h (Pmean Pmax Conclusion The observed changes indicate that lotilaner may disrupt tick attachment. In ticks that attached, a progressive impairment of neuromuscular processes began within 2 h. Those irreversible changes could substantially reduce the risk of pathogen transmission from tick to host. Graphical Abstract

There is a growing interest to researchers in human and animal studies through the addition of medicinal plants or their derivatives to their feeds due to the presence of bioactive compounds. A study was carried out to monitor growth performance, fecal microbial loads and nutrient digestibility in crossbred (Local x Holstein Friesian) growing calves. Treatment groups were: HFA1 (CON: Control group, basal diet: green grass + concentrate), HFA2 (CON + fruit of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. 0.5% in-feed and 0.1% in-water), HFA3 (CON + fruit of Terminalia bellirica Gaertn. Roxb. 0.5% in-feed and 0.1% in-water), and HFA4 (CON + fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz. 0.5% in-feed and 0.1% in-water). Addition of local herbal feed additives (HFA2, HFA3 and HFA4) improved weight gain and gain to feed ratio (p

OBJECTIVE: In recent years many researchers applied cold plasma for wound healing. The cold plasma is irradiated on the surface of wound. In this paper the effect of irradiation of cold plasma on the skin for healing of injured tissue which is located inside body, such as tendon, is evaluated. METHODS: The male, white New Zealand, (20-week-old) were selected. Aloxan injection induced for diabetes induction and a week later the blood glucose level was measured. The standard tendon injury was created. The rabbits was divided in 3 groups. Control group, Plasma treated group at 5 kv, plasma treated group at 10 kv. Cold plasma was applied to the rabbits for 21 days. RESULTS: After 21 days the tendon tissue were considered histologically. The results show that inflammatory cells were significantly lower in the tendon treated with cold plasma at 10 kv than the others, which confirms that cold plasma treatment reduce the inflammation phase. Cold plasma treatment led to increase neovascularation and collagen production. CONCLUSION: The results of this study confirm that the cold plasma treatment of skin has positive effect on healing of tissue inside body.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disturbing element liberated through the environment and broadly used all over the world. The purpose of this work was to explore the impacts of BPA on liver, spleen and pancreas of adult male albino rats and the probable protecting role of Lycopene. Thirty adult male albino rats were distributed into three groups; group I (control group) , group II administrated BPA orally (50 mg/kg) for 30 days and group III (BPA+ Lycopene treated group) administered Lycopene (LYC) concomitantly with BPA at a dose of 10 mg/kg. At the end of the experiment, rats of all groups were sacrificed. Liver, spleen and pancreas were extracted, fixed and processed for histologic study. The area % of the collagen fibers in liver, spleen and pancreas was measured in the different groups and statistically analyzed. Structural alterations were discovered in liver, spleen and pancreas of BPA-treated rats including dilated congested blood vessels and vacuolar degeneration of the cells. When Lycopene (LYC) was concomitantly administered with BPA, It produced marked improvement at structural and ultrastructural levels. The morphometric results declared that the area % of the collagen fibers in the liver, spleen and pancreases was considerably increased in the BPA-treated group in comparison to the control group. Meanwhile the area % of the collagen fibers of BPA+ Lycopene treated group was more or less comparable to the control group with no significant difference. It was concluded that LYC has noticeable protective effects versus the damaging effects of BPA.

Background and aim Goat milk is a food of high nutritional value and has been proved to possess strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, thus far, little is known of its possible effects on brain especially on memory during aging. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of goat milk supplementation on memory in d-galactose-induced aging rat model. Experimental procedure Fifty-two male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: 1) control group, 2) goat milk treated group, 3) d-galactose treated group, and 4) goat milk plus d-galactose treated group. Goat milk (1 g/kg orally) and/or d-galactose (120 mg/kg subcutaneously) were administered continuously for six weeks preceded and followed by novel object recognition and T-maze test. Results and conclusion Prior to goat milk and d-galactose administration, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in memory between all groups. Goat milk administration alone significantly increased short- and long-term memory (p

Objective: To evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of ethanolic extract of aerial parts of phyllanthus amarus plant in cyclophosphamide induced mice. Materials and Method: To evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of ethanolic extracts of Aerial parts of phyllanthus amarus plant. on cyclophosphamide induced immunosuppression in mice. ethanolic extracts of aerial parts of phyllanthus amarus plant, (500mg/kg p.o.) were administered 13 days to albino mice and cyclophosphamide (30mg/kg i.p.) was administered on 11th,12th and 13th days 1 hour after the administration of the respective treatment. On the 14th day blood was collected by retro orbital puncture and the activity was evaluated by determining the RBC, Hb%, Platelet, total WBC and differential counts. Ethanolic extracts of aerial parts phyllantus amarus plant. showed very significant (p

Burns are caused by various external factors, such as radiation, chemicals, electricity, hot surfaces or liquids, which can seriously damage the integrity of the skin. Due to the lack of blood vessel formation, immunosuppression, and sensitivity to various infections, third-degree burns can damage the entire skin layer and delay the healing process. Therefore, this study was planned to evaluate the therapeutic effects of nano ZnO, nano CUR alone and in the composite form in third-degree burns. Topical 1% w/w skin ointments of nano ZnO, Curcuma longa (C. longa) nanoparticles (nano-CUR) and a composite of ZnO and C. longa nanoparticles (nano ZnO/CUR composite) were formulated for the treatment of burn wounds after characterization. A total of 25 rabbits from the animal house were grouped in 4 treatment (nano ZnO, nano CUR, nano ZnO/CUR and positive control) groups with 5 rabbits in each, while 5th group as a negative control group. These rabbits of four treatment groups were branded with the red-hot iron bar having a diameter of 10 mm for 15 seconds to create two burn wounds on each rabbit after induction of anesthesia. Healing time and wound contraction rate were conducted at 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day after wound infliction while histopathological examination was conducted at 28th day after woud infliction. The statistical evaluation showed that nano ZnO/CUR composite group took less time to heal wound (avg, 24.25D ± 0.5) as compared to other groups of nano ZnO (26.25D ± 0.5), nano CUR (28D ± 0.82) and positive control (36.25D ± 0.5) with a similar pattern as observed for contraction rate of the wound. Histopathological analysis showed higher collagen deposition, vascularization, angiogenesis and fibrosis by nano ZnO/CUR composite treated group as compared to other groups. The study concluded that the application of nano ZnO/CUR composite ointment will heal third-degree burn wounds rapidly as compared to solus alone application.

The aim of this preliminary study is to compare the effect of supplement herbal product (contained the combination of extract Phaesolus vulgaris  and Momordica charantia) and control for short term glycemic control in patient with diabetes mellitus type 2. A randomised clinical trial using paralel design subject has been done in patient with diabetes mellitus type II that meet inclusion criteria (n=60, each group consist of 30 patients). The research held on two public health center in Mataram. The participant alocated on two groups which are the group that got oral hypoglicemic medicine with the herbal product and the control group that only got oral hypoglicemic medicine. The character demographic of the patient and the result of the therapy was obtained by patient interviewed and physical assesment. Fasting Blood Glucose was measured on day 0, 7 and 14. The character demographic was analyzed using chi squared test, and there were no signifficant different on both treated and controlled group (p>0,05). There were also no signifficant different found between control and the treated group (0.73 ± 93,06 ;23,83 ± 100,94) on day 7 and day 14 analyzed using t-test. According to this study, the combination between supplement herbal product and oral hypoglicemic medicine does not improved glycemic control on patient with diabetes mellitus type 2. Bias in this studies encourages improvement in design and management of further studies.ÂÂ

The present study was carried out to study the effects of probiotic formulation product, Vapflex Aquafloc Pro on water quality in Cyprinus carpio fish aquaculture system. The observations were taken for a duration of four weeks during which the parameters of ammonia concentration, pH, temperature, total dissolved oxygen and behaviour were considered. All the parameters were greatly controlled in the probiotic treated group as compared to control, indicating beneficial effects of probiotics and efficient recycling of organic waste. The formulation of the product with a suitable carbon source could prove to be very efficient supplement for aquaculture systems.

Traditional medicinal plants are widely used as immunomodulatory medicines that help improve health. A total of 50 plants used for the treatment of toxicity were screened for their protective effects. Traditional medicinal are globally used and have rapidly grown in economic importance. Intrinsically active compounds are well-known for their antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-viral, and anti-inflammatory activities. The study was conducted to investigate the effects of the ethanolic extract of C. arabica leaves on sexual behavior in Wistar rats. C. arabica, a medicinal plant with a foul odor, toxic, and has hallucinogenic effects. The experimental study was carried out on white rats (male and female) of the Wistar strain from the Pasteur Institute of Algiers (Kouba, Algeria), weighing between 150 and 200g sexually naive. The animals were raised in polyethylene cages and divided into two groups (n = 10 rats/group), which received a saline solution (male and female control group), 0.20µg/ml of the ethanolic extract of C.arabica leaves for seven days orally (male and female treated group). The sexual behavior test was performed according to three types of crossing. The results of the treated groups showed a significant increase in mating frequency compared to the control group. Overall, the results showed that C. arabica significantly affects sexual behavior. The ethanolic extract of C. arabica increased sexual behavior and orientation activity performance recorded in the treated animals. Thus, this study found that C. arabica has a significant effect on the rats' sexual behavior.

BACKGROUND White tea (Camellia sinensis) has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and a protective effect against wrinkles, sunburn and UV damages on the skin. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the effect of white tea extract on the healing process of skin wounds in rats. METHODS This study was done in the Research Center of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran in 2019. Excisional skin wounds were created on five groups of healthy male Wistar rats (200-250 g, n=21) including control group, Eucerin-treated group, white tea 5% ointment (Eucerin) treated group, gel-treated group, white tea 5% gel treated group. Treatment was begun on day 1 and repeated every day at the same time until day 15. Pathologic samples were taken on days 4, 7 and 15 for histopathological examinations. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze data by SPSS. Statistical significance was defined as P

BACKGROUND -This study undertaken to screen a potential wound healing activity of an ethanolic extract of Anacardiumoccidentale(Ao)leaves in Wistar rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS-Excision wound of 500mm2created on the back of Wistar rats. A total of thirty adult Wistar rats were prescreened and divided into five groups of six rats each.Group I and II rats were treated by normal saline (control) and povidone-iodine (standard drug), respectively. Group III and IV with 0.5% and 2%of Anacardiumoccidentale ointment (test drugs), respectively, and Group V rats treated with anti-wound healer drug dexamethasone, i.m. + 2% Anacardiumoccidentale. All drugs were applied topically except Inj. dexamethasone. In the model of excision wound, the wound healing effect was determined by parameters such as the percentage of wound contraction, duration of epithelialization, and histopathological examination. RESULT-All drugs, povidone-iodine, 0.5%, and 2% of the Ao ointment treated group of rats showed a statistically significant increase (P

The present study was performed on 30 lactating Iraqi buffaloes suffered from ovarian inactivity diagnosed by rectal palpation during 60-90 days postpartum, aged between 3-6 years at Al-Thahab Al-Abiad village / Abu-Graib / Baghdad province during the period from February- June 2020 . The animals divided into three equal groups (10 buffaloes for each one). 1st group treated with melatonin implants (90mg/animals/SC) for 30 days but 2nd group treated with melatonin implants conjugated with CIDR (1.38 gm) in day 20 for 10 days, 3rd group without treatment (control group). The results in this study were recorded animal response 90%, 100% and 50% in 1st ,2nd and 3rd groups respectively with superior significantly (P

Introduction: The experiment was aimed to investigate (i) the comparative efficacy of papaya leaves suspension (PLS) and doxycycline on bacterial load and blood constituents on E. coli inoculated Japanese quail, (ii) the effect of PLS on live body weight, egg production and egg quality (Egg weight, egg shape index, shell plus membrane weight, shell plus membrane thickness, haugh unit, albumen index and yolk index) of Japanese quail. Materials and Methods: 120 female Japanese quails ten days old were randomly assigned into four groups with three replications and grouped as control group (T0), E. coli treated group (T1), E. coli plus PLS (0.25%) treated group (T2) and E. coli plus doxacil-vet powder (1g/2lit) treated group (T3) for the aim (i). Ten days old 60 female Japanese quails were randomly assigned into two groups named T0 (control diet) and T1 (0.25% PLS) with three replications to fulfill the aim (ii). Result: (i) microbial load significantly (P2 & T3 group where significantly (P0 and T1 group. TEC, Hb, PCV & ESR in different treatment groups were almost similar and the differences were statistically non-significant (P>0.05) except TLC which was statistically significant (P2 group. (ii) The body weight of T0 and T1 at 65th day were 164.95 and 182.32 g respectively which was statistically significant (P0 and T1 group respectively which statistically significant (P0.05). Conclusion: It may concluded that papaya leaf (Carica papaya) suspension have antimicrobial effect and effect on blood constituents, growth performance and egg production of Japanese quail. Keywords: Coturnix japonica, Carica papaya, E. coli, Hematology, Body weight and egg production.

The present investigation focuses on understanding the role of photobiomodulation in enhancing tissue proliferation. Circular excision wounds of diameter 1.5 cm were created on Swiss albino mice and treated immediately with 2 J/cm2 and 10 J/cm2 single exposures of the Helium-Neon laser along with sham-irradiated controls. During different days of healing progression (day 5, day 10, and day 15), the tissue samples upon euthanization of the animals were taken for assessing collagen deposition by Picrosirius red staining and cell proliferation (day 10) by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki67. The positive influence of red light on collagen synthesis was found to be statistically significant on day 10 (P P P P 2 when compared to sham irradiation and (P 2 treated group as evidenced by the microscopy study. The findings of the current investigation have distinctly exhibited the assenting influence of red laser light on excisional wound healing in Swiss albino mice by augmenting cell proliferation and collagen deposition.

Cordyceps militaris has been reported to the diverse pharmaceutical effects including cancer, inflammatory diseases, and bacteria or virus infection. However, the effect of C. militaris on exercise performance has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the beneficial effect of C. militaris on exercise performance. To evaluate exercise performance, we prepared C. militaris ethyl acetate extract (CMEE) and conducted grip strength tests every week after administration. Additionally, blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment for biochemical analysis. The administration of CMEE slightly increased grip strength, and this result was similar to the red ginseng treated group. According to the result of biochemical analysis, CMEE had an effect on the biomarkers related to ATP generation pathway but had little influence on the muscle fatigue related biomarkers. Therefore, C. militaris has the possibility of improving exercise performance, which could be associated with the increase in ATP production rather than the decrease in muscle fatigue during exercise.

A sanitation method that could continually clean and disinfect the air and surfaces in a hatchery could provide a second layer of microbial reduction on top of routine cleaning and disinfection. A gaseous dry hydrogen peroxide (DHP) system has been used in other facilities for this purpose and could have potential for use in chicken hatcheries. Because the DHP is a true gas and can permeate through the entire hatchery space, contact with eggs during storage and incubation could potentially interfere with normal hatching processes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the DHP system on hatching parameters and chick quality. A total of 3,960 hatching eggs were collected from an ∼40-week-old Ross 308 broiler breeder flock and distributed in 2 treatments: treated and nontreated. For the treated group, the egg cooler was cleaned, and 1 DHP generator was placed inside. Two other DHP generators were placed in the common area outside as well. Both areas were treated for 7 D before placement of eggs, and then eggs were collected and placed inside the cooler over a 4-day period. Eggs were then stored for an additional 3 D after the last collection. Dry hydrogen peroxide levels were recorded each day during storage. For the nontreated group, all DHP machines were removed from the cooler and external room, and the egg cooler was cleaned. Eggs were collected in the same way for the control group as the treated group. After storage, eggs were placed into a single stage Natureform incubator. The eggs exposed to DHP showed higher (P

Althaea officinalis (AO) is reported to have the ability to activate fibroblasts as well as anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties. Herein, we investigated the effects of this herbal medicine on wound healing in rat models by using stereological methods. In this experiment, 48 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups randomly (n = 12): the control group with no treatment, the gel-base treated group, 5% and 10% AO-gel treated groups. The treatments were administered every 24 hours. Wound closure rate, volume densities of collagen bundles, hair follicles, and vessels, vessel's length density and mean diameter, and fibroblast populations were estimated. Fibroblast populations, hair follicles, and mean diameter of vessels in the dermis of AO-treated groups were noticeably higher than those of control and base groups. Also, collagen bundles synthesis was significantly higher in the AO10%-treated group compared to the control and base groups. According to our research and previous studies, AO has the potential to be considered as an alternative medicine in wound healing treatment; however, further clinical investigations are suggested.

It has been observed that the level of science process skills and students' scientific attitudes, to seome extent, has not been formed, so the learning activity process has been running in slow motion. This study aims to examine the impact of project based learning (PjBL model) on the improvement of students‘ science process skills (KPS) and scientific attitudes, especially on plant tissue lesson. A pretest-posttest research design was applied to two classes of 8th grade students of SMPN 9 Palangka Raya, namely class VIIIA as the treated group, and while VIIIb as the control class using conventional learning models. The instruments used were lesson plans, science process skills observation sheets, scientific attitude questionnaires, and a number of test questions for testing. The results show that PjBL can improve science process skills with an N-gain of 0.70 in treated group, which is classified as high category, and N-gain of 0.48 in the control class which is in the moderate category. The PjBL implementation does not improve scientific attitudes because the N-gain value is 0.58 in the experimental class, quite similar to 0.32 point in the control class; both fall on moderate category.

Comparing the efficacy of doxycycline and azithromycin in the treatment of patients with acne vulgaris. A total of 110 patients with acne vulgaris participated in this comparative,prospective, longitudinal study and were randomly assigned to two groups (azithromycin and doxycycline). Grading of scores were determined and recorded at baseline using the sign and symptom scores validated by Jerry KL Tan whereas the severity of acne was evaluated by counting the number of lesions. Patients were followed up for a period of 4 weeks.Clinical assessment was made at the end of 4 weeks and data was analysed. Pre and post treatment evaluations were done by using score scale where the number of non-inflammatory, inflammatory and total lesions were counted. Chi-square test was used to compare the results and p 0.05) in efficacy was found when the azithromycin treated group was compared with doxycycline treated group after one month of therapy. Both drugs were effective in reducing the severity of Acne vulgaris when compared separately before and after therapy with azithromycin being a little superior in the reduction of the percentage of number of inflammatory lesions than Doxycycline. The reduction in the percentage in the number of inflammatory lesions post 1 month was better with azithromycin group as compared to Doxycycline, whereas there was improvement with respect to the reduction in number of noninflammatory lesions and total lesions in both groups but was not significant between the groups However, there was no significant difference between the efficacy of Azithromycin and Doxycycline treated group after one month period of therapy

Antecedentes: Los aneurismas del segmento comunicante posterior representan aproximadamente 25% de todos los aneurismas intracraneales, y el 50% de los aneurismas de la arteria carótida interna. El objetivo fue evaluar la eficacia del tratamiento quirúrgico y endovascular en el manejo de aneurismas de esta localización. Métodos: Estudio comparativo retrospectivo. Se revisó las historias clínicas de pacientes con aneurisma del segmento comunicante posterior que ingresaron al departamento de Neurocirugía del Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara durante el periodo 2010–2017. Se comparó estancia hospitalaria, complicaciones, mortalidad y estado funcional a los 12 meses, en relación al tratamiento recibido, microquirúrgico o endovascular. Resultados: Se evaluaron 256 pacientes, 111 (43.36%) recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico, y 145 (56.64%) endovascular. En el caso de aneurismas rotos, el estado de independencia funcional fue alcanzado por 68 (66.7%) y 69 (70.4%) pacientes que recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico y endovascular, respectivamente (OR: 0.84, IC 95%: 0.46–1.53; P = 0.505). Se presentaron complicaciones neurológicas en 37 (36,3%) y 34 (34.7%) pacientes sometidos a tratamiento microquirúrgico y endovascular, respectivamente (OR: 1.07, IC 95%: 0.60–1.91; P = 0.912). La estancia hospitalaria promedio fue 19.55 ± 13.85 y 14.06 ± 14.97 días, para pacientes con tratamiento quirúrgico y endovascular, respectivamente (P < 0.008). La mortalidad fue 11.8% y 11.2%, con ligera predominancia en el grupo tratado quirúrgicamente (OR: 1.05, IC 95%: 0.44–2.52; P = 0.904). Conclusión: No existe diferencia significativa respecto al resultado funcional a los 12 meses, complicaciones y mortalidad entre ambos tipos de tratamiento en el caso de aneurismas rotos. Los pacientes sometidos a terapia endovascular tuvieron de forma significativa menor estancia hospitalaria.

Stress represses hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG-axis) but RF9, a synthetic peptide, rescues such repression. To assess the role of RF9 in regulating HPG-axis under normal physiological conditions in higher primates, RF9 was administered to intact adult male rhesus monkeys and response of the HPG-axis was examined by measuring plasma testosterone as an end parameter of the axis. Control group (n=4) received normal saline whereas the treated group (n=4) received RF9. On the first day of experiment, four bolus injections of normal saline (1ml/animal) were administered intravenously at 2-hr interval to the control monkeys. Similarly, on the second day of experiment, treated group received four iv bolus injections of RF9 (0.1mg/kg BW) at 2-hr interval. Serial blood samples were collected at 20 min interval during a 6-hr period which started just after first saline/RF9 injection. Plasma testosterone levels were measured by using a specific EIA. Overall means of plasma testosterone levels and plasma testosterone area under curve (AUC) and overall mean testosterone and mean testosterone AUC in short time windows following each injection of RF9 and saline were comparable between the groups. Our results demonstrate that RF9 has no role in regulating HPG-axis under normal physiological conditions in adult male monkeys.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of a microkinesitherapy session on pain and the amplitudes of flexion-extension in post-traumatic acute neck pain. Methods: Randomized double blind clinical trial involving two groups of patients. The microkinesitherapy group benefitted from the check-up treatment sequence, the control group from a check-up simulation sequence. The primary outcome measure was evolution of pain, secondary endpoint amplitudes of movement. Results: 29 patients were studied: 15 in the microkinesitherapy group and 14 in the control group. A significant decrease in the visual analog scale (0-10) of pain was noted for the microkinesitherapy group (5,2 ± 2,3 at initial check-up versus 2.5 ± 1.7 in the second check-up, p

This experiment aimed to reveal the effect of serum G-antigen of M. domesticainsect larvae (LAS) as promoter antigen on serum immunoglobulin production in organically managed goat livestock. This study used 12 local goats which were divided into two groups: as a control group and treated group receiving treatment. Insect rearing was conducted to obtain the larvae, the antigen-G was then extracted from the larvae to be used as promoter antigen to enhance the serum antibody production which was subcutaneously immunized in experimental goats and incubated for a period of 14 days. Blood collection of 2.5 ml was taken through the jugular vein and then carried out a quantification of serum protein level indicating the antibody proportion of goats. The data of the LSA extract proportion level were statistically analyzed with t-test, and the quality classification level of serum immunoglobulin of animal groups were statistically analysed. The results showed that the serum of animal treated with LSA of M. domesticaresulted in a higher level of immunoglobulin (P

This study was designed to investigate the effect of kefir consumption as a common dairy fermented product on keep the bodyweight balanced on high fat-fed streptozotocin-induced diabetic wistar rats which fed with a daily kefir gavage dose, also to examine any effects regards the abdominal circumference (AC) and body fat mass; observed results compared to normal male rats; Experiments were carried out on 60 albino male rats, with age 8 weeks, weighing about 220-250 g, after the adaptation period, male rats were divided randomly into two experiments by six groups: experiment Ⅰ included 3 non-diabetic ones and experiment ⅠⅠ included three STZ induced diabetes groups. The groups were fed as follows: group 1 received a standard diet and served as control. Group 2 was fed on a standard diet and kefir (0.7 ml/animal/day by gavage). Group 3 received a high-fat diet and kefir (0.7 ml/animal/day by gavage). The diabetic males of groups A, B and C were fed on a high-fat diet. Group B received in addition kefir (0.7 ml/animal/day by gavage), while group C was injected additionally with insulin (0.76 UI/200 mg BW/day); all the groups have the access to the drinking water all the time.; the bodyweight of normal and diabetic rat males was determined on 1sttreatment day,and every week until the end the experiment plan (5 weeks) then all the groups were sacrificed with measuring the AC and weighting the fat mass; Summarizing it could be said; through all the work plan (5 weeks), all the six animal groups showed a significant increase in the mean body weight with a normal level in experiment Ⅰ unless in group 3 which fed on HFD and kefir, while in experiment ⅠⅠ kefir helps the diabetic treated group to not losing weight compared to the untreated one; similarity kefir neither affect AC nor relative fat weight.

Background: Optimal growth and development of babies can be done through stimulation of the touch by containing massage. Babies who are massaged sleep more and compile waking up fresher. In Klaten District, parents ask for masseur services because their children are fussy and have trouble sleeping. No less than 30 babies every day who come in one massage place, even on holidays more than 60 babies who come. If you can do the massage yourself, you will be able to save money and get closer to the relationship between mother and baby, including other developments and developments, and help the baby's development. Purpose this study is analyze the effect of infant massage conducted by the mother on the growth and development of infants in Klaten Regency, it can be seen the growth and development of infant sleep. Methods: The research method is quasi-experimental with control. The study was conducted for 6 months, the intervention for 1 month consisted of training in infant massage in the group of mothers who had babies and conditioning other groups as a control group (not suitable for training). The group treated massage their babies every week for 1 month, while the other group (control) did not do massage. Data collected includes body, body length, the ability of motion received by the baby and the quality of sleep performed before and after massage in the control groups, as well as in the control groups at the time performed for 1 month. The research location is in Klaten Regency with a sample of the area in the working area of ​​Trucuk and Central Klaten Puskesmas. Data analysis was carried out for 1 month to test hypotheses using the paired "t" test to measure body weight, body length and sleep quality before and then get a good massage in the treated group with good control, through the unpaired "t" test to measure the babies given massage compared to babies who are not massaged. Results: Tests of growth and development of babies and sleep between before and after the baby was massage by the results obtained with p

Selenium is an essential trace element for wool growth and its characteristics especially during the exposure of animals to stress. Twenty adult, dry, non-pregnant ewes aged 3-4 years old ranging from 45 to 50 kg body weight ,were chosen for the trial and divided into two equal groups, each of 10 ewes. The ewes were fed on a formed diet according to National Research Council (1985). The control group was fed on the formed diet without any supplements. The treated group was fed on the same diet plus 0.33gm selenoprotein (0.7 available selenium)The trial lasted for one year. The grease Fleece Weight(GFW), Clean Fleece Weight(CFW), FibreDiametre(FD), Staple Length(STL), Fibre Length(FL), Staple Strength(SST), Elongation percentage(ELO%) and Glutathione Peroxidase enzyme(GPX) in the blood serum were measured to study the effect of long term supplementation of selenium on wool production and quality in sheep. GFW, CFW, STL and FL weren’t affected significantly. The FD in tip portion was affected significantly P≤ 0.5 by the addition of selenoproten to the diet of the ewes. There was a significant difference between treated and untreated group in the sulphur content of the tip. The GPX was significantly higher in the treated group compared to control one. No significant difference between treated and untreated group in SST and elongation percentage.Addition of selenium to the diet of dry – non pregnant ewes didn’t greatly affect wool production or quality in natural environmental conditions since there were no stresses on animals.

In this study, the cytogenetic effects of boric acid and citric acid in meiosis were investigated. Chorthippus loratus species of grasshoppers were treated with boric acid and citric acid sprayed grass at doses of 250, 500 and 1000 µg/ml for 24 hours. As a result of the investigations, it was observed that boric acid decreases chiasma frequency in doses of 500 and 1000 µg/ml. Differences between 250-500 and 250-1000 µg/ml doses were statistically significant. In the citric acid treated group, it was found that the frequency of chiasma decreased at doses of 500 and 1000 µg/ml. The differences were also significant between 250-500, 250-1000 and 500-1000 µg/ml doses. In our study, the effects of boric acid and citric acid on chiasma frequency as well as damages like the stickiness of chromosomes, breakage, fragment and anaphase bridge were observed.

Introduction It is still unknown whether faecal calprotectin elevation may be caused by active untreated coeliac disease (CD) itself or whether it indicates the coexistence of CD and another disease associated with gastrointestinal inflammation. Aim To assess faecal calprotectin concentration (FCC) and its correlation with the clinical form and histopathological picture of the small intestine in children with CD. Material and methods Fifty-five children with newly recognised CD (mean age: 9.1 years) and 17 children with CD diagnosed at least year before and on a strict gluten-free diet (mean age: 12.3 years) were accepted for the study. Classical (n = 27), non-classical (n = 17), and asymptomatic form (n = 11) were distinguished in children with newly diagnosed CD based on the clinical picture. The histopathological small intestinal lesions were classified as Marsh 1 (n = 4), 3a (n = 5), 3b (n = 20), and 3c (n = 26). FCC was assessed using ELISA method with 50 µg/g as the upper limit of the normal. Results FCC was abnormal for 21 patients with newly diagnosed CD (38.2%) and for six patients from the treated group (35.3%). Mean FCC for the analysed group of patients was 91.7 ±144.8 µg/g, in the group with newly diagnosed CD - 100.9 ±154.4 µg/g, and in the treated group - 61.8 ±106.2 µg/g (Z = -1.333; p = 0.183). In the group of patients with recently diagnosed CD a statistically significant relationship was not observed for FCC and both clinical picture (χ2 = 0.319, p = 0.852) and severity of small intestinal lesions according to the Marsh classification (rho = 0.136). Conclusions Assessment of FCC seems to have no use as a marker for diagnostics and monitoring of CD irrespective of clinical form of the disease and severity of the inflammatory lesions within the small intestine.

Dysmenorrhea is a common cause of pain in young women. The discomfort of dysmenorrhea causes unstable emotions, sleep disturbances, diet changes, and increased stress and depression that can degrade women quality of life. This non-pharmacological Randomized Controlled Trial aimed to obtain the optimal dose of green coconut water as a magnesium source for reducing dysmenorrhea pain. Twenty-one participants divided into three groups. Treatment group 1 obtained 330 ml of green coconut water, treated group 2 obtained 165 ml of green coconut water, and the control group obtained 330 ml of mineral water where each dose repeated three times every 4 hours. VAS questionnaire used to measure the value of pain intensity before and after administration. The 330 ml green coconut water dose is the effective dose compared to control (VAS=4.14, p=0.000), while another dose has a weak effect (VAS=1.86, p=0.124). This finding proves that green coconut water can be a non-pharmacological alternative in handling dysmenorrhea pain.

Physical fitness lesson that consists of freestyle swimming material, road and field, physical fitness test are one of the practical subjects, becoming one of the aspects that determine the graduation of cadets in the Indonesian naval academy. In order to improve cadets physical fitness, researchers develop a pride learning model using the following stages; (P) understanding concepts, (R) Reflection, (I) Implementation, (D) Drill, and (E) Evaluation. The purpose of this study is to analyze (1) the product of the pride learning model to improve physical fitness, (2) the effectiveness of the pride learning model to improve freestyle swimming abilities, (3) the effectiveness of the pride learning model to improve physical fitness test abilities, (5 ) the difference in effectiveness of the pride learning model compared to old learning. Research type used is research and development, by developing a product and quantitative compared to the documents of the results of the pre-test and post-test groups that are not treated by the learning model. The design and analysis of this study uses Anova. The data collection process uses a T-test for the 50 meter freestyle swimming test, road and field 3000 meters and physical fitness test during the pre test and post test. The results of the study based on the T-test shows that the calculated value between the pre-test and post-test of the group that is not given treatment and that was given treatment with the pride learning model were, (1) the untreated group 76,89 freestyle, 77, 05 road and field and 162.11 physical fitness tests, (2) groups treated with 80.84 freestyle swimming, 82.74 road and field and 269, 47 physical fitness test. Based on the above analysis, it can be concluded that the pride learning model the results of the development of relevant researchers are used in physical fitness learning because there are more differences in results in the treated group than the untreated group. In addition, it can improve the ability of free style swimming, road and field and physical fitness test seen from the results of the T-test.

Introduction Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is now considered the procedure of choice that achieves a shorter recovery period after the surgery and reduction in the cost of treatment. Aim: The aim of the study is to prove which method: early or delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the method of choice in the treatment of acute cholecystitis by examining: duration of hospitalization, conversion rate, duration of surgery, postoperative complications, and total cost. Methods The study was conducted at the University Clinical Center of Republika Srpska as a retrospective-prospective study from May 1st 2013 until December 31st 2019. Patients diagnosed with acute cholecystitis were divided into two groups: Patients designated for early laparoscopic cholecystectomy within 72 hours of admission (group A-42 patients), Patients designated for initial conservative treatment followed by a delayed interval of 6-12 weeks until surgery (group B-42 patients). Results In both groups, there were statistically significantly more female respondents. The results showed that the average cost of treatment in the early treated group was statistically significantly lower than the cost of treatment in the delayed treatment group. The patients in the early group had shorter hospitalization times (an average of 2.8 days and 5.6 days in the delayed group of patients), a smaller percentage of conversions (4.8% in the early and 16.7 in the delayed group of patients), the total cost of in the early group it was 1300.83 KM, while in the delayed group it was 1645.43 KM. Conclusion Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a method to be preferred in surgical treatment.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of electromagnetic radio frequency treatment of water on the growth of pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants. For this experiment, one hundred one-week old plants were divided into two groups. The first group of plants was watered with water subjected to radio frequency electromagnetic radiation from an internet router for one hour a day, while the other group was watered with tap water (control). The overall results showed changes of growth characters of plant watered with electromagnetic water. The length of pepper plants is significantly affected by the treated water, where the length of shoot was lower in plants grown under the effect of treated water (22.43 ± 7.17 cm) than those grown without treated water (28.11 ± 8.57 cm). The results revealed that the stem diameter of control plants (1.74 ± 0.39 cm) was significantly higher than that of the treated plants (1.66 ± 0.35 cm). In addition, the root length was lower in plants grown under the effect of treated water than those grown without treated water. Pepper plants watered with electromagnetic treated water exhibited marked decreases in health index, fresh and dry weight, relative water content, number of flowers and fruits/plant as well as number of seeds/fruit. In addition, the current experiment showed a significant decrease in the number of leaves, branch and flower per plant when watered with electromagnetic treated water. The results revealed that the first flowering time for plants in treated group was remarkably decelerated when compared to other plants in control group.

The present study was conducted to measure the concentration of progesterone throughout gestation and parturition in control and treated bitches. Thirty anestrus bitches aged 3 - 6 years and weighing 19.5 - 26 kg were used in this study. The bitches were divided equally into three groups as follows: the 1st group as a control group without treatment, the 2nd group as a treated group anestrus bitches treated orally with 0.125 mg/kg BW bromocriptine (Parlodel) twice daily, and the 3rd group treated orally by 0.012 mg/kg BW cabergoline (Dostinex) until the appearance of estrus signs. The results showed that the number of responded animals were in proestrus bleeding and became pregnant and newborn 70%, 60% and 50% for control, bromocriptine, and cabergoline treated groups, respectively. In addition, there were no significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) in progesterone concentration between the control and treated pregnant bitches. It can be concluded that both medicines bromocriptine and cabergoline have no effect on progesterone levels during pregnancy period in bitches.

Background: Methimazole (MMZ), has been the drug of choice in treatment of human hyperthyroidism for several decades,however its administration may result in unfavorable effects. The spleen can reflect this drug induced immune-toxicity. Nigellasativa oil (NSO) has potent immune-protective action.Aim: The current study aimed to determine the alternation in the structure of the spleen and hematological parameters as aresult of MMZ administration and if NSO has protective role in such case.Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on twenty five adult male albino rats, divided into five groups (n=5),group I served as control, group II received 0.25ml/kg/day of NSO started two weeks before the experiment and continuetill its end (for 6 weeks), group III subjected to surgical thyroidectomy, group IV rats treated with MMZ (20 mg/kg/day) andgroup V pretreated with NSO for 2 weeks and then accompanied with MMZ for 4 weeks in the same dose of group II and IVrespectively. At the end of the experiment, spleen specimens were taken and processed for H&E and immunohistochemicalstains (CD4and Ki67) in addition to hematological analysis.Results: Remarkable alternations in the structure of the spleen were noticed in rats treated with MMZ. Moreover, RBCs andWBCs counts were reduced in MMZ- treated group. NSO co- administration with MMZ revealed partial improvement inhistological structure of the spleen and blood picture.Conclusion: MMZ drug has an obvious immuntoxic effect on the spleen and NSO has relevant protective action.

INTRODUCTION: Bone is a unique tissue that undergoes frequent remodeling. An imbalance between bone formation and resorption results in osteoporosis. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used clinically as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory. However, their prolonged use may induce osteoporosis. Currently, evidences revealed that also the alveolar processes are subject to osteoporosis. Bisphosphonates, such as Alendronate, Risedronate and Zoledronate, are recommended by several international guidelines as the first-line therapy for the prevention and treatment of generalized glucocorticoids induced osteoporosis (GIOP). OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of bisphosphonates (Risedronate) on the alveolar bone of rats with glucocorticoids induced osteoporosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty female albino rats were divided into 3 equal groups (10 rats each) as follows: Group I: control group. Group II: glucocorticoids group (Dexamethasone 0.6mg/kg twice/week subcutaneously). Group III: Risedronate treated group; rats were given Dexamethasone (0.6mg/kg twice/week subcutaneously) and Risedronate (1mg/kg/day orally). After 12 weeks, rats were euthanized, and the mandibular alveolar bone was evaluated histologically by light microscope and ultra-structurally by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis. RESULTS: Group II showed deterioration of the alveolar bone in comparison to the control group I. The alveolar bone structure in Group III rats, treated by bisphosphonates (Risedronate), showed remarkable improvement both histologically and ultrastructurally in comparison to group II. Moreover, EDX analysis revealed a significant decrease of calcium levels in group II in comparison to group I. However, in group III calcium levels were restored to normal levels comparable to the control group I. CONCLUSIONS: Glucocorticoids intake induces loss of the alveolar bone; which, could be counterbalanced by bisphosphonates.

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of modified milk production from goats administrated different amounts of flaxseed oil on serum lipid profile of rats. Twenty-five mature Albino rats were randomly and equally divided into five groups, five rats each. The rats were acclimatized on basal diet for 7 days before starting the experiment. The first group was fed on basal diet and served as control I, the second group was offered basal diet plus normal goat milk (control II), while the rest three groups were fed on basal diet plus milk from goats received 10, 20 and 30 mL flaxseed oil/head/day. Results of serum analysis revealed that serum triglycerides concentrations reduced by 1.42, 6.57 and 14.10% in tested groups G1, G2 and G3 respectively, compared to control II. Moreover, total cholesterol levels were linearly decreased after 28 days of feeding, with reduction values varied from 1.39 to 9.10% with a mean value of 5.48% for treated group, compared to control II. Continuously, LDL-cholesterol levels were decreased by 13.81 and 16.49 in G2 and G3 group respectively, as compared with control II. While no significant was detected for G1 group. However, the same trend of result was also true for VLDL-cholesterol levels. In contrary, at the end of experiment, the levels of HDL–cholesterol as "anti-atherogenic" index were increased in all treatments compared to their corresponding initial values. In conclusion, flaxseed oil can be used as nutritional supplement to lactating goats to reduce saturated fatty acids and increase polyunsaturated fatty acids in the resultant milk.

Introduction Momordica charantia or bitter melon is a tropical vine of the family Cucurbitaceous widely grown in India. Its fruits have potent anti-oxidant properties due to the presence of tannins, vitamin C and flavonoids. There is much evidence it protects cognitive function and cholesterol level. In addition, there are reports of the effect of a high-fat diet (HFD)on memory. In this study, the effect of bitter melon on spatial memory in rats, following an HFD, in a water maze was examined. Material and methods In this study, 28 male Wistar rats aged 10 weeks and weighing between 180 and 250 grams were divided into four groups (N=7). Control, High-fat, High-fat + bitter melon, and bitter melon. The control group was fed a standard rat diet, whereas the high-fat groups were fed the same standard diet containing 5% cholesterol for eight weeks, and the treated group received, in addition, 1 g/kg bitter melon fruit powder in their diet, Learning and spatial memory were evaluated by using a Morris Water Maze (MWM) for a six-day period, including five days of training, the last day was the test day (probe day). Results The high-fat group was fed a high-fat diet for two months, this resulted in reduced learning ability;, this group took longer and travelled a longer distance compared to the control group. However, the administration of bitter melon improved memory function only in the high-fat group. Conclusion The administration of bitter melon improves spatial-memory performance in rats receiving an HFD.