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Conventional energy networks produce energy with less efficiency. Also, these source's development costs and size are more. So, the world is focusing on renewable energy networks for energy production to the consumer. In this work, a proton exchange membrane fuel stack (PEMFS) technology is selected for energy feeding to the hydrogen vehicle. The merits of this stack are more abundant, faster fuel stack operational response, and more efficient for electrical automotive networks. However, the fuel stack's energy production is nonlinear and its operational point varies concerning the fuel stack device operating temperature. The particle swarm optimized adaptive network‐based fuzzy inference system (PSO‐ANFIS) is proposed in this work to find the operational point of the fuel cell network. The features of this hybrid methodology are the low number of iteration values required, low convergence time, low‐level dependence on the fuel stack, and high compliance for the quick deviations of the fuel system temperature. The operating efficiency and tracking time of the proposed maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller are 95.60% and 0.1089 s. Another issue of the fuel cell is high output current generation and less voltage production. This condition is happening in the fuel cell because of its chemical reaction dynamics, internal resistance of the cell, and electrochemical potential. Due to this excess current flow in the fuel cell, the direct fuel stack‐fed electrical networks face the issue of high power conduction losses. To reduce the power conduction losses of the system, a single‐switch power circuit is used to reduce fuel source current, thereby optimizing the excessive power losses of the system. The whole fuel stack energy production network is analyzed by selecting the MATLAB Window. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, electricity theft is a major issue in many countries and poses a significant financial loss for global power utilities. Conventional Electricity Theft Detection (ETD) models face challenges such as the curse of dimensionality and highly imbalanced electricity consumption data distribution. To overcome these problems, a hybrid system Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) approach with Gated Recurrent Units (GRU) is proposed in this work. The proposed hybrid system is applied to analyze and solve electricity theft using data from the Chinese National Grid Corporation (CNGC). In the proposed hybrid system, first, preprocess the data; second, balance the data using the k-means Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) technique; third, apply the GTU model to the extracted purified data; fourth, apply the MLP model to the extracted purified data; and finally, evaluate the performance of the proposed system using different performance measures such as graphical analysis and a statistical test. To verify the consistency of our proposed hybrid system, we use three different ratios for training and testing the dataset. The outcomes show that the proposed hybrid system for ETD is highly accurate and efficient compared to the other models like Alexnet, GRU, Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit (BGRU) and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-level inverters are widely employed to generate new energy because of their huge capacity and benefits in sound control performance. One of the critical areas of study for multi-level inverters is control strategy research. In this study, the control strategy for a multi-level inverter—which is frequently employed in HVDC and FACTS systems—is designed. An asymmetrical D.C. voltage source is supplied to create the appropriate output voltage waveform with fewer total harmonic distortions (THDs) at the output voltage and current waveforms. In this work, the pulse width modulation techniques of POD (phase opposition disposition) and APOD (alternative phase opposition disposition) MC PWM are applied to a multi-level inverter to generate the seven-level output voltage waveform. This study presents an enhanced variable carrier frequency APOD control approach that can successfully lower the overall harmonic distortion rate. The design and completion of the phase-shifting POD and APOD control strategies are followed by an analysis and comparison of the THD situation under various switching frequencies and a simulation and verification of the control strategy using MATLAB simulation. The TI DSP-based control approach has been programmed. The APOD technique increases the output voltage's THD to 18.27%, while the output current waveform's THD is reduced to 15.67% by utilizing the APOD PWM technique. Using the POD PWM approach increases the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the voltage waveform by 18.06% and the output current waveform's THD by 15.45%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low bandgap antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) and wide bandgap organic solar cell (OSC) can be considered suitable bottom and top subcells for use in tandem solar cells. Some properties of these complementary candidates are their non-toxicity and cost-affordability. In this current simulation study, a two-terminal organic/Sb2Se3 thin-film tandem is proposed and designed through TCAD device simulations. To validate the device simulator platform, two solar cells were selected for tandem design, and their experimental data were chosen for calibrating the models and parameters utilized in the simulations. The initial OSC has an active blend layer, whose optical bandgap is 1.72 eV, while the initial Sb2Se3 cell has a bandgap energy of 1.23 eV. The structures of the initial standalone top and bottom cells are ITO/PEDOT:PSS/DR3TSBDT:PC71BM/PFN/Al, and FTO/CdS/Sb2Se3/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au, while the recorded efficiencies of these individual cells are about 9.45% and 7.89%, respectively. The selected OSC employs polymer-based carrier transport layers, specifically PEDOT:PSS, an inherently conductive polymer, as an HTL, and PFN, a semiconducting polymer, as an ETL. The simulation is performed on the connected initial cells for two cases. The first case is for inverted (p-i-n)/(p-i-n) cells and the second is for the conventional (n-i-p)/(n-i-p) configuration. Both tandems are investigated in terms of the most important layer materials and parameters. After designing the current matching condition, the tandem PCEs are boosted to 21.52% and 19.14% for the inverted and conventional tandem cells, respectively. All TCAD device simulations are made by employing the Atlas device simulator given an illumination of AM1.5G (100 mW/cm2). This present study can offer design principles and valuable suggestions for eco-friendly solar cells made entirely of thin films, which can achieve flexibility for prospective use in wearable electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a self-excited induction generator model with saturation effect for power generating mode in a remote site. The model is led through the space vector mathematical formalism and allows one to analyze the steady and dynamic states. It is developed for a squirrel cage induction machine. This model provides magnetizing inductance variation able to influence the build-up and the stabilization of voltage generation when the load changes. The final result is a realistic approach model which takes into consideration the dependency of the magnetizing inductance versus magnetizing current. This novel model is validated through experimental measurements to demonstrate its validity and practicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a two-degrees-of-Freedom (2DOF) and variable structure control (VSC) schemes for induction motor (IM) drives. The designed VSC incorporates independent feedback and feedforward terms as 2DOF control principle. This structure improves the response of the proposed VSC under speed reference tracking and load disturbance changes. Stability of VSC using Lyapunov theory is discussed. Due to the variable nature of the switching function of VSC, two conditions to ensure Lyapunov stability candidate are derived based on the error signal. A design criterion for the parameters of VSC are introduced to guarantee the stability. The complete IM drive system with the proposed VSC controller is built using MATLAB/Simulink. A laboratory prototype is executed experimentally using DSP-DS1104 control board. All controllers are implemented practically. Simulation and experimental results are provided under different working conditions. Performance evaluation of classic control schemes and the proposed VSC approach is presented. The proposed VSC approach gives superior behavior under speed reference variations and torque disturbances. The disturbances using the proposed controller are strongly suppressed compared to classic 2DOF control scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]