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1. Man versus machine: cost and carbon emission savings of 4G-connected Artificial Intelligence technology for classifying species in camera trap images

Author

James Smith, Ashleigh Wycherley, Josh Mulvaney, Nathan Lennane, Emily Reynolds, Cheryl-Ann Monks, Tom Evans, Trish Mooney, and Bronwyn Fancourt

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Abstract Timely and accurate detection and identification of species are crucial for monitoring wildlife for conservation and management. Technological advances, including connectivity of camera traps to mobile phone networks and artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms for automated species identification, can potentially improve the timeliness and accuracy of species detection and identification. Adoption of this new technology, however, is often seen as cost-prohibitive as it has been difficult to calculate the cost savings or qualitative benefits over the life of the program. We developed a decision tool to quantify potential cost savings associated with incorporating the use of mobile phone network connectivity and AI technologies into monitoring programs. Using a feral cat eradication program as a case study, we used our decision tool to quantify technology-related savings in costs and carbon emissions, and compared the accuracy of AI species identification to that of experienced human observers. Over the life of the program, AI technology yielded cost savings of $0.27 M and when coupled with mobile phone network connectivity, AI saved $2.15 M and 115,838 kg in carbon emissions, with AI algorithms outperforming human observers in both speed and accuracy. Our case study demonstrates how advanced technologies can improve accuracy and cost-effectiveness and improve monitoring program efficiencies.

Published
2024
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2. Reflections on the first Global Stocktake of the Paris Agreement

Author

Jianfeng Jeffrey Qi, Peter Dauvergne, Sirini Jeudy-Hugo, Jamal Srouji, Jen Iris Allan, Benjamin Georges-Picot, Tom Evans, Arthur Wyns, Anne Barre, Danica Marie Supnet, Enrique Maurtua Konstantinidis, Anne Hammill, Nathan Cogswell, and Pratishtha Singh

Subjects
Climate change, COP28, Global Stocktake, Nonstate actors, Paris Agreement, Environmental law, K3581-3598, Political science
Abstract

This commentary reflects on the first Global Stocktake (GST) under the Paris Agreement on climate change to offer insights for advancing climate actions and informing future GST cycles. The first GST, which concluded at COP28 in 2023, demonstrates the vital importance of a comprehensive, balanced, and inclusive approach to multilateral climate action. The GST's call to transition away from fossil fuels is an important political achievement. Yet, the GST outcome also reveals gaps, shortcomings, and potential dangers ahead. Future climate negotiations, we argue, would benefit from a more integrated, holistic perspective, and more nuanced balancing of ambition and implementation. More needs to be done to protect human rights, increase loss and damage funding, go beyond technological solutions, and address gender-differentiated consequences of climate change. Moreover, a great deal of work, including by nonstate actors, will be required to ensure the first GST translates into real action on the ground.

Published
2024
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3. Adjusting time-of-day and depth of fishing provides an economically viable solution to seabird bycatch in an albacore tuna longline fishery

Author

Eric Gilman, Tom Evans, Iain Pollard, and Milani Chaloupka

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Abstract Marine megafauna exposed to fisheries bycatch belong to some of the most threatened taxonomic groups and include apex and mesopredators that contribute to ecosystem regulation. Fisheries bycatch is a major threat to the conservation of albatrosses, large petrels and other pelagic seabirds. Using data sourced from a fisheries electronic monitoring system, we assessed the effects of the time-of-day and relative depth of fishing on seabird and target species catch rates for a Pacific Ocean pelagic longline fishery that targets albacore tuna with an apparently high albatross bycatch rate. Using a Bayesian inference workflow with a spatially-explicit generalized additive mixed model for albacore tuna and generalized linear mixed regression models both for combined albatrosses and combined seabirds, we found that time-of-day and fishing depth did not significantly affect the target species catch rate while night-time deep setting had > 99% lower albatross and total seabird catch rates compared to both deep and shallow partial day-time sets. This provides the first evidence that night-time setting in combination with fishing deep reduces seabird catch risk and may be commercially viable in this and similar albacore tuna longline fisheries. Findings support evidence-informed interventions to reduce the mortality of threatened seabird bycatch species in pelagic longline fisheries.

Published
2023
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4. Food systems and rural-urban linkages in African secondary cities

Author

Andrew Zimmer, Zack Guido, Julia Davies, Nupur Joshi, Allan Chilenga, and Tom Evans

Subjects
Rural-urban linkages, Urbanization, Food systems, Africa, Food linkages, Food sourcing, Aesthetics of cities. City planning and beautifying, NA9000-9428, Cities. Urban geography, GF125
Abstract

Highlights • Households in African secondary urban areas have food linkages with rural areas and other urban areas • Rural-urban food linkages are dominated by grains, while urban-urban food linkages comprise more higher value foods • City-level characteristics explain more of the variability in food sourcing behaviors than household-level characteristics

Published
2022
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5. End-point definition and trial design to advance tuberculosis vaccine development

Author

Alberto L. Garcia-Basteiro, Richard G. White, Dereck Tait, Alexander C. Schmidt, Molebogeng X. Rangaka, Matthew Quaife, Elisa Nemes, Robin Mogg, Philip C. Hill, Rebecca C. Harris, Willem A. Hanekom, Mike Frick, Andrew Fiore-Gartland, Tom Evans, Alemnew F. Dagnew, Gavin Churchyard, Frank Cobelens, Marcel A. Behr, and Mark Hatherill

Subjects
Diseases of the respiratory system, RC705-779
Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading infectious cause of death worldwide and the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has negatively impacted the global TB burden of disease indicators. If the targets of TB mortality and incidence reduction set by the international community are to be met, new more effective adult and adolescent TB vaccines are urgently needed. There are several new vaccine candidates at different stages of clinical development. Given the limited funding for vaccine development, it is crucial that trial designs are as efficient as possible. Prevention of infection (POI) approaches offer an attractive opportunity to accelerate new candidate vaccines to advance into large and expensive prevention of disease (POD) efficacy trials. However, POI approaches are limited by imperfect current tools to measure Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection end-points. POD trials need to carefully consider the type and number of microbiological tests that define TB disease and, if efficacy against subclinical (asymptomatic) TB disease is to be tested, POD trials need to explore how best to define and measure this form of TB. Prevention of recurrence trials are an alternative approach to generate proof of concept for efficacy, but optimal timing of vaccination relative to treatment must still be explored. Novel and efficient approaches to efficacy trial design, in addition to an increasing number of candidates entering phase 2–3 trials, would accelerate the long-standing quest for a new TB vaccine.

Published
2022
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6. Response: Where Might We Find Ecologically Intact Communities?

Author

Hedley S. Grantham, Tom Evans, Susan Lieberman, John G. Robinson, Paul R. Elsen, Simon Ferrier, Stephen G. Kearney, Golo Maurer, Gautam Surya, Rebecca Spindler, Basha Stasak, James Trezise, and James E. M. Watson

Subjects
Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs), biodiversity, intact communities, ecological integrity assessment, Convention on Biodiversity (CBD), Forestry, SD1-669.5, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Published
2022
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7. Using real-time mobile phone data to characterize the relationships between small-scale farmers’ planting dates and socio-environmental factors

Author

Natasha Krell, Frank Davenport, Laura Harrison, William Turner, Seth Peterson, Shraddhanand Shukla, Jessica Marter-Kenyon, Greg Husak, Tom Evans, and Kelly Caylor

Subjects
Planting dates, Start of season, Small-scale food producers, Central Kenya, Mobile phone data, Random forests, Meteorology. Climatology, QC851-999
Abstract

Accurate and operational indicators of the start of growing season (SOS) are critical for crop modeling, famine early warning, and agricultural management in the developing world. Erroneous SOS estimates–late, or early, relative to actual planting dates–can lead to inaccurate crop production and food-availability forecasts. Adapting rainfed agriculture to climate change requires improved harmonization of planting with the onset of rains, and the rising ubiquity of mobile phones in east Africa enables real-time monitoring of this important agricultural decision. We investigate whether antecedent agro-meteorological variables and household-level attributes can be used to predict planting dates of small-scale maize producers in central Kenya. Using random forest models, we compare remote estimates of SOS with field-level survey data of actual planting dates. We compare three years of planting dates (2016–2018) for two rainy seasons (the October-to-December short rains, and the March-to-May long rains) gathered from weekly Short Message Service (SMS) mobile phone surveys. In situ data are compared to SOS from the Water Requirement Satisfaction Index (SOSWRSI) and other agro-meteorological variables from Earth observation (EO) datasets (rainfall, NDVI, and evaporative demand). The majority of farmers planted within 20 days of the SOSWRSI from 2016 to 2018. In the 2016 long rains season, many farmers reported planting late, which corresponds to drought conditions. We find that models relying solely on EO variables perform as well as models using both socio-economic and EO variables. The predictive accuracy of EO variables appears to be insensitive to differences in reference periods that were tested for deriving EO anomalies (1, 3, 5, or 10 years). As such, it would appear that farmers are either responding to short-term weather conditions (e.g., intra-seasonal variability), or longer trends than were included in this study (e.g., 25–30 years), when planting. The methodologies used in this study, weekly SMS surveys, provide an operational means for estimating farmer behaviors–information which is traditionally difficult and costly to collect.

Published
2022
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8. Farmer forecasts: Impacts of seasonal rainfall expectations on agricultural decision-making in Sub-Saharan Africa

Author

Zack Guido, Andrew Zimmer, Sara Lopus, Corrie Hannah, Drew Gower, Kurt Waldman, Natasha Krell, Justin Sheffield, Kelly Caylor, and Tom Evans

Subjects
Climate information services, Seasonal climate forecasts, Climate perceptions, Agricultural decision-making, Smallholder, Maize, Meteorology. Climatology, QC851-999
Abstract

Seasonal climate variability frequently undermines farm yields, reduces food availability, and lowers income. This is particularly evident among small-scale agricultural producers in both irrigated and non-irrigated agroecosystems in the Global South where maize cultivars constitute a critical component of food production. In these systems, farmers make climate-sensitive decisions that include the selection of late- and/or early-maturing seed varieties, the diversity of seed varieties sown, and when to plant. Farmers’ expectations of future rainfall would therefore seem to be critical determinants of agricultural outcomes and foreshadow climate impacts. However, few studies have quantified the linkages between on-farm decisions and farmer seasonal predictions. We report on detailed household and phone surveys of 501 smallholder farmers in central Kenya based on the 2018 growing seasons and expectations for the 2019 March-April-May growing season. We show that farmers’ expectations of the upcoming seasonal rainfall have important associations with selections of seed maturity varieties and the number of maturing varieties farmers expect to plant and less important associations with the seeds’ planting dates. Furthermore, we show that 79% of the farmers form an expectation of the future seasonal climate and about two-thirds of them formed expectations based on a heuristic that connects the past climate to future seasonal conditions. More problematically, one-third of the farmers formed their rainfall expectation based on the prior season, and we show that no such correlation exists in observational data nor is correlation of seasonal rainfall supported by current understanding of climate variability. These results highlight the challenges farmers face in anticipating seasonal rainfall, which has implications for crop diversification and choices to adopt drought tolerant cultivars. The results suggest that farmers’ expectations of upcoming seasonal climate are important measures of farm decision-making.

Published
2020
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9. STING-Activating Adjuvants Elicit a Th17 Immune Response and Protect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

Author

Erik Van Dis, Kimberly M. Sogi, Chris S. Rae, Kelsey E. Sivick, Natalie H. Surh, Meredith L. Leong, David B. Kanne, Ken Metchette, Justin J. Leong, Jacob R. Bruml, Vivian Chen, Kartoosh Heydari, Nathalie Cadieux, Tom Evans, Sarah M. McWhirter, Thomas W. Dubensky, Jr., Daniel A. Portnoy, and Sarah A. Stanley

Subjects
Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

Summary: There are a limited number of adjuvants that elicit effective cell-based immunity required for protection against intracellular bacterial pathogens. Here, we report that STING-activating cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) formulated in a protein subunit vaccine elicit long-lasting protective immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the mouse model. Subcutaneous administration of this vaccine provides equivalent protection to that of the live attenuated vaccine strain Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Protection is STING dependent but type I IFN independent and correlates with an increased frequency of a recently described subset of CXCR3-expressing T cells that localize to the lung parenchyma. Intranasal delivery results in superior protection compared with BCG, significantly boosts BCG-based immunity, and elicits both Th1 and Th17 immune responses, the latter of which correlates with enhanced protection. Thus, a CDN-adjuvanted protein subunit vaccine has the capability of eliciting a multi-faceted immune response that results in protection from infection by an intracellular pathogen. : Van Dis et al. demonstrate that STING-activating cyclic dinucleotides provide significant protection when used as adjuvants in a protein subunit vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and show that mucosal administration of this vaccine elicits a Th17 immune response that correlates with enhanced protection. Keywords: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, vaccine adjuvant, cyclic dinucleotides, Th17

Published
2018
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10. The Design and Development of a Multi-HBV Antigen Encoded in Chimpanzee Adenoviral and Modified Vaccinia Ankara Viral Vectors; A Novel Therapeutic Vaccine Strategy against HBV

Author

Senthil K. Chinnakannan, Tamsin N. Cargill, Timothy A. Donnison, M. Azim Ansari, Sarah Sebastian, Lian Ni Lee, Claire Hutchings, Paul Klenerman, Mala K. Maini, Tom Evans, and Eleanor Barnes

Subjects
Hepatitis B virus (HBV), therapeutic HBV vaccine, T cell vaccine, chimpanzee adenovirus, ChAd, ChAdOx1, Medicine
Abstract

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection affects 257 million people globally. Current therapies suppress HBV but viral rebound occurs on cessation of therapy; novel therapeutic strategies are urgently required. To develop a therapeutic HBV vaccine that can induce high magnitude T cells to all major HBV antigens, we have developed a novel HBV vaccine using chimpanzee adenovirus (ChAd) and modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) viral vectors encoding multiple HBV antigens. ChAd vaccine alone generated very high magnitude HBV specific T cell responses to all HBV major antigens. The inclusion of a shark Invariant (SIi) chain genetic adjuvant significantly enhanced the magnitude of T-cells against HBV antigens. Compared to ChAd alone vaccination, ChAd-prime followed by MVA-boost vaccination further enhanced the magnitude and breadth of the vaccine induced T cell response. Intra-cellular cytokine staining study showed that HBV specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were polyfunctional, producing combinations of IFNγ, TNF-α, and IL-2. In summary, we have generated genetically adjuvanted ChAd and MVA vectored HBV vaccines with the potential to induce high-magnitude T cell responses through a prime-boost therapeutic vaccination approach. These pre-clinical studies pave the way for new studies of HBV therapeutic vaccination in humans with chronic hepatitis B infection.

Published
2020
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11. Mapping Cropland in Smallholder-Dominated Savannas: Integrating Remote Sensing Techniques and Probabilistic Modeling

Author

Sean Sweeney, Tatyana Ruseva, Lyndon Estes, and Tom Evans

Subjects
cropland, agriculture, savanna, food security, spectral mixture analysis, multi-temporal, logistic regression, land cover, classification, Landsat, Science
Abstract

Traditional smallholder farming systems dominate the savanna range countries of sub-Saharan Africa and provide the foundation for the region’s food security. Despite continued expansion of smallholder farming into the surrounding savanna landscapes, food insecurity in the region persists. Central to the monitoring of food security in these countries, and to understanding the processes behind it, are reliable, high-quality datasets of cultivated land. Remote sensing has been frequently used for this purpose but distinguishing crops under certain stages of growth from savanna woodlands has remained a major challenge. Yet, crop production in dryland ecosystems is most vulnerable to seasonal climate variability, amplifying the need for high quality products showing the distribution and extent of cropland. The key objective in this analysis is the development of a classification protocol for African savanna landscapes, emphasizing the delineation of cropland. We integrate remote sensing techniques with probabilistic modeling into an innovative workflow. We present summary results for this methodology applied to a land cover classification of Zambia’s Southern Province. Five primary land cover categories are classified for the study area, producing an overall map accuracy of 88.18%. Omission error within the cropland class is 12.11% and commission error 9.76%.

Published
2015
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12. What incentivizes local forest conservation efforts? Evidence from Bolivia

Author

Glenn Daniel Wright, Krister Andersson, Clark Gibson, and Tom Evans

Subjects
decentralization, forestry, Political institutions and public administration (General), JF20-2112
Abstract

Efforts to promote forest conservation have focused on two separate types of policy reforms. Decentralization reforms have attempted to make local forest governance more accountable to demands from voters. Meanwhile, Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes like the REDD program (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) have sought to use economic incentives to promote conservation. These programs make different assumptions about the incentives most likely to work in forest conservation. Decentralization reforms assume that citizen pressures on politicians will encourage conservation, while PES approaches assume that an economic incentive—money—is the best approach. Which type of incentive works best in settings with weak institutions? Here, using a unique longitudinal dataset of forest policy in 100 Bolivian municipalities, we examine the relationships between citizen pressures and economic incentives on forest policy. We find that both types of incentives are positively and significantly associated with government investments in forest conservation, and that the magnitudes of these relationships are similar. Further, we find that economic incentives may be especially effective at promoting conservation where citizen pressures are weak or absent.

Published
2015
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13. The Water-Energy-Food Security Nexus through the Lenses of the Value Chain and the Institutional Analysis and Development Frameworks

Author

Sergio Villamayor-Tomas, Philipp Grundmann, Graham Epstein, Tom Evans, and Christian Kimmich

Subjects
Water-energy-food nexus, Institutional Analysis and Development framework, Socio-Ecological Systems Framework, value-chain analysis, irrigation cases, Hydraulic engineering, TC1-978
Abstract

A number of frameworks have been used to study the water-food-energy nexus; but few of these consider the role of institutions in mediating environmental outcomes. In this paper we aim to start filling that gap by combining insights from the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework and value chain analysis. Specifically we study food, energy and water value chains as networks of action situations (NAS) where actorsʼ decisions depend not only on the institutional structure of a particular situation but also on the decisions made in related situations. Although the IAD framework has developed a solid reputation in the policy sciences, empirical applications of the related NAS concept are rare. Value-chain analysis can help drawing the empirical boundaries of NAS as embedded in production processes. In this paper we first use value-chain analysis to identify important input-output linkages among water, food and energy production processes, and then apply the IAD-NAS approach to better understand the effect of institutions within and across those processes. The resulting combined framework is then applied to four irrigation-related case studies including: the use of energy for water allocation and food production in an irrigation project in Spain; the production and allocation of treated water for food and bioenergy production in Germany; the allocation of water for food production and urban use in Kenya; and the production and allocation of energy for food production in Hyderabad, India. The case analyses reveal the value of the framework by demonstrating the importance of establishing linkages across energy, water and food-related situations and the ways in which institutions limit or facilitate synergies along the value chains.

Published
2015

14. Variability in urban population distributions across Africa

Author

Cascade Tuholske, Kelly Caylor, Tom Evans, and Ryan Avery

Subjects
urbanization, Africa, demography, city size distribution, sustainable develop goals, Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, TD1-1066, Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Science, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

Africa is projected to add one billion urban residents by 2050. Yet developing sustainable solutions to tackle the host of challenges posed by rapid urban population growth is stymied by a lack municipality-level population data across the continent. To fill this gap, we intersect volunteered urban settlement data from OpenStreetMap with five synthetic gridded population datasets to estimate the how Africa’s urban population is distributed among over 4750 individual urban settlements across Africa. We assess how urban settlement distributions changed from 2000 to 2015 within and between countries and across moisture zones. To this end, we construct urban settlement Lorenz curves to calculate change in Gini coefficients and test the degree to which Africa’s urban settlements distributions fit power law distributions exhibited by Zipf’s law. Our results reveal that 77%–85% of urban settlements in Africa have fewer than 100 000 people and that at least 50% of Africa’s urban population live in urban settlements with fewer than 1 million residents. Across almost all African countries, the distribution of urban population shifted towards larger cities between 2000 and 2015. However, in arid regions, our results indicate that small- and medium-sized urban settlements are absorbing a greater share of urban population growth compared to large urban settlements. While our urban population estimates vary across gridded population datasets and differ from United Nations estimates, this is the first paper to measure urban population across Africa using a consistent methodology to identify urban settlement populations. Unlike UN urban population data for Africa, our results can readily be incorporated with geolocated environmental, public health, and economic data to support efforts to monitor United Nations Sustainable Development Goals related to urban sustainability, poverty reduction, and food security across Africa’s ever-growing urban settlements.

Published
2019
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15. Structural and biochemical studies of a moderately thermophilic exonuclease I from Methylocaldum szegediense.

Author

Li Fei, SiSi Tian, Ruth Moysey, Mihaela Misca, John J Barker, Myron A Smith, Paul A McEwan, Ewa S Pilka, Lauren Crawley, Tom Evans, and Dapeng Sun

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

A novel exonuclease, designated as MszExo I, was cloned from Methylocaldum szegediense, a moderately thermophilic methanotroph. It specifically digests single-stranded DNA in the 3' to 5' direction. The protein is composed of 479 amino acids, and it shares 47% sequence identity with E. coli Exo I. The crystal structure of MszExo I was determined to a resolution of 2.2 Å and it aligns well with that of E. coli Exo I. Comparative studies revealed that MszExo I and E. coli Exo I have similar metal ion binding affinity and similar activity at mesophilic temperatures (25-47°C). However, the optimum working temperature of MszExo I is 10°C higher, and the melting temperature is more than 4°C higher as evaluated by both thermal inactivation assays and DSC measurements. More importantly, two thermal transitions during unfolding of MszExo I were monitored by DSC while only one transition was found in E. coli Exo I. Further analyses showed that magnesium ions not only confer structural stability, but also affect the unfolding of MszExo I. MszExo I is the first reported enzyme in the DNA repair systems of moderately thermophilic bacteria, which are predicted to have more efficient DNA repair systems than mesophilic ones.

Published
2015
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16. Household-level heterogeneity of water resources within common-pool resource systems

Author

Paul McCord, Jampel Dell'Angelo, Drew Gower, Kelly K. Caylor, and Tom Evans

Subjects
coupled infrastructure systems, governance, Irrigation systems, Kenya, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

Prior work has demonstrated the ability of common property systems to sustain institutional arrangements governing natural resources over long periods of time. Much of this work has focused on irrigation systems where upstream users agree to management arrangements that distribute water resources across both upstream and downstream users. A series of design principles have been identified that tend to lead to long-term sustained water management in these types of irrigation systems. However, this prior work has focused on the aggregate outcomes of the water system, and there has been little work evaluating the heterogeneity of water delivery within irrigation systems in developing countries. Heterogeneity of water resources within these systems has implications for livelihood outcomes because it can be indicative of a social, technological, and/or biophysical element facilitating or detracting from water delivery. We present a multilevel analysis of households nested within 25 smallholder irrigation systems in Kenya. Specifically, we examine household-level water outcomes (i.e., average flow rate and reliability of water provisioning) and the community-level and household-level drivers that affect household water outcomes. These drivers include physical infrastructure, institutional infrastructure, and biophysical variables. Much of the common-pool resource literature addresses the rule clusters responsible for natural resource outcomes, but by considering an array of both institutional and physical features and the water delivery outcomes produced at the household level, we offer new explanations for water disparities within smallholder-operated irrigation systems. We further discuss the ability of user-group members to reshape their water delivery outcomes through information exchange.

Published
2017
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17. Lectin-like bacteriocins from Pseudomonas spp. utilise D-rhamnose containing lipopolysaccharide as a cellular receptor.

Author

Laura C McCaughey, Rhys Grinter, Inokentijs Josts, Aleksander W Roszak, Kai I Waløen, Richard J Cogdell, Joel Milner, Tom Evans, Sharon Kelly, Nicholas P Tucker, Olwyn Byron, Brian Smith, and Daniel Walker

Subjects
Immunologic diseases. Allergy, RC581-607, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

Lectin-like bacteriocins consist of tandem monocot mannose-binding domains and display a genus-specific killing activity. Here we show that pyocin L1, a novel member of this family from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, targets susceptible strains of this species through recognition of the common polysaccharide antigen (CPA) of P. aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide that is predominantly a homopolymer of D-rhamnose. Structural and biophysical analyses show that recognition of CPA occurs through the C-terminal carbohydrate-binding domain of pyocin L1 and that this interaction is a prerequisite for bactericidal activity. Further to this, we show that the previously described lectin-like bacteriocin putidacin L1 shows a similar carbohydrate-binding specificity, indicating that oligosaccharides containing D-rhamnose and not D-mannose, as was previously thought, are the physiologically relevant ligands for this group of bacteriocins. The widespread inclusion of d-rhamnose in the lipopolysaccharide of members of the genus Pseudomonas explains the unusual genus-specific activity of the lectin-like bacteriocins.

Published
2014
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18. An Approach to Assess Relative Degradation in Dissimilar Forests: Toward a Comparative Assessment of Institutional Outcomes

Author

Catherine M. Tucker, J. C. Randolph, Tom Evans, Krister P. Andersson, Lauren Persha, and Glen M. Green

Subjects
biophysical factors, comparative analysis, forest management, institutions, multidisciplinary methodology, reference forests, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

A significant challenge in the assessment of forest management outcomes is the limited ability to compare forest conditions quantitatively across ecological zones. We propose an approach for comparing different forest types through the use of reference forests. We tested our idea by drawing a sample of 42 forests from the Midwest USA, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Brazil, Bolivia, Uganda, and Nepal. We grouped these forests by shared characteristics and selected a reference forest to serve as a baseline for each forest type. We developed an index of disturbances using ratios of several forest measurements to assess differences between each study forest and its reference forest. None of the study forests was known to have been impacted by major natural disturbances during the past 50 years. Therefore, the disturbances in these forests appear to be largely related to human activities. The forests most similar to their reference forests have had limited human interventions. Our results indicate the potential of this approach to compare different forest conditions across biomes. We argue that development of this approach could facilitate analyses of forest management institutions, promote reliable indicators to compare management outcomes, and contribute to improved policies for conservation.

Published
2008
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19. Open Source and Open Content: a Framework for Global Collaboration in Social-Ecological Research

Author

Charles Schweik, Tom Evans, and J. Morgan Grove

Subjects
land use, land cover, modeling, open content, free/libre software, open source software, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

This paper discusses opportunities for alternative collaborative approaches for social-ecological research in general and, in this context, for modeling land-use/land-cover change. In this field, the rate of progress in academic research is steady but perhaps not as rapid or efficient as might be possible with alternative organizational frameworks. The convergence of four phenomena provides new opportunities for cross-organizational collaboration: (1) collaborative principles related to "open source" (OS) software development, (2) the emerging area of "open content" (OC) licensing, (3) the World Wide Web as a platform for scientific communication, and (4) the traditional concept of peer review. Although private individuals, government organizations, and even companies have shown interest in the OS paradigm as an alternative model for software development, it is less commonly recognized that this collaborative framework is a potential innovation of much greater proportions. In fact, it can guide the collective development of any intellectual content, not just software. This paper has two purposes. First, we describe OS and OC licensing, dispense with some myths about OS, and relate these structures to traditional scientific process. Second, we outline how these ideas can be applied in an area of collaborative research relevant to the study of social-ecological systems. It is important to recognize that the concept of OS is not new, but the idea of borrowing OS principles and using OC licensing for broader scientific collaboration is new. Over the last year, we have been trying to initiate such an OS/OC collaboration in the context of modeling land use and land cover. In doing so, we have identified some key issues that need to be considered, including project initiation, incentives of project participants, collaborative infrastructure, institutional design and governance, and project finance. OS/OC licensing is not a universal solution suitable for all projects, but the framework presented here does present tangible advantages over traditional methods of academic research.

Published
2005
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22. Spatial Characteristics of Urban Food Systems and Food Retailers in Smaller Urban Areas

Author

Jordan Blekking, Stacey Giroux, Kurt Waldman, and Tom Evans

Abstract

The types of food retailers operating in cities in sub-Saharan Africa and their physical distribution contribute to the spatial characteristics of food systems. As smaller urban areas expand in terms of both population and spatial extent, the importance of ensuring both physical and financial access to food throughout a city is critical for ensuring sustainable food systems. In this chapter, we use data collected from two smaller cities, Mumbwa and Monze, Zambia. Using spatial analysis, we investigate how household food purchasing behaviour differs based on the use of three different types of food retailers: traditional markets, small grocers and street vendors. We find significant hotspots of food purchasing behaviour in both Mumbwa and Monze; specifically, households located in the centre of each city purchase primarily from traditional markets, while households near the periphery use a mixture of street vendors and small grocers. Mumbwa households located in hotspots of street vendor purchases have the worst household food access, while Monze households have relatively similar food access regardless of whether they are in hotspots. Although spatial characteristics are often absent from studies related to food security in sub-Saharan Africa, our case study results suggest that food access not only varies spatially, but so does the relationship between households and the food retailers they purchase from. Our findings contribute to the ongoing discussion surrounding transformation of food systems, the emergence of smaller African urban areas and how spatial analysis methods can be applied to study food access.

Published
2022
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23. How deregulation, drought and increasing fire impact Amazonian biodiversity

Author

Paulo M. Brando, Erica A. Newman, Mark B. Bush, Brian J. Enquist, Xiao Feng, Mathias M. Pires, Kacey C. Ernst, Tom Evans, Aaron M. Lien, Efthymios I. Nikolopoulos, Brad Boyle, Joseph R. Burger, Patrick R. Roehrdanz, Scott R. Saleska, David D. Breshears, Cory Merow, José R. Soto, Crystal N. H. McMichael, Zhihua Liu, Daniel S. Park, Danilo M. Neves, Brian S. Maitner, Lee Hannah, and Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics (IBED, FNWI)

Subjects
Conservation of Natural Resources, Rainforest, Multidisciplinary, Amazon rainforest, Agroforestry, Range (biology), Climate Change, Amazonian, Biogeography, Biodiversity, Geographic Mapping, Forestry, Forests, Plants, Droughts, Trees, Wildfires, Habitat destruction, Geography, Deforestation, Vertebrates, Threatened species, Animals, Brazil
Abstract

Biodiversity contributes to the ecological and climatic stability of the Amazon Basin1,2, but is increasingly threatened by deforestation and fire3,4. Here we quantify these impacts over the past two decades using remote-sensing estimates of fire and deforestation and comprehensive range estimates of 11,514 plant species and 3,079 vertebrate species in the Amazon. Deforestation has led to large amounts of habitat loss, and fires further exacerbate this already substantial impact on Amazonian biodiversity. Since 2001, 103,079–189,755 km2 of Amazon rainforest has been impacted by fires, potentially impacting the ranges of 77.3–85.2% of species that are listed as threatened in this region5. The impacts of fire on the ranges of species in Amazonia could be as high as 64%, and greater impacts are typically associated with species that have restricted ranges. We find close associations between forest policy, fire-impacted forest area and their potential impacts on biodiversity. In Brazil, forest policies that were initiated in the mid-2000s corresponded to reduced rates of burning. However, relaxed enforcement of these policies in 2019 has seemingly begun to reverse this trend: approximately 4,253–10,343 km2 of forest has been impacted by fire, leading to some of the most severe potential impacts on biodiversity since 2009. These results highlight the critical role of policy enforcement in the preservation of biodiversity in the Amazon. Remote-sensing estimates of fires and the estimated geographic ranges of thousands of plant and vertebrate species in the Amazon Basin reveal that fires have impacted the ranges of 77–85% of threatened species over the past two decades.

Published
2021
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24. Dynamics of population growth in secondary cities across southern Africa

Author

Sara Lopus, Andrew Zimmer, Kelly K. Caylor, Cascade Tuholske, Alex Pakalniskis, Tom Evans, and Zack Guido

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Sustainable development, education.field_of_study, Ecology, Descriptive statistics, Land use, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Geography, Planning and Development, Population, Context (language use), 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Geography, Urbanization, Population growth, Landscape ecology, Socioeconomics, education, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract

Two-fifths of Africans reside in urban areas with populations of less than 250,000. Projections estimate that by 2050 an additional one billion people will live in urban areas, causing an acceleration of growth for these smaller urban areas. While research and development have focused on primary cities with large populations, less is known about the dynamics of urban growth in smaller, “secondary” urban areas (SUA’s). We document the spatial distribution and temporal patterns of SUA’s in eight countries across Southern Africa between 1975 and 2015. We further explore the relationships between SUA’s growth rates and climate, land use and geographic proximity to other urban areas. Our analysis integrates spatially explicit gridded population, land use, infrastructure and climate datasets. We use descriptive statistics and spatial lag and ordinary least squares regression models to quantify SUA growth rates across three periods and explore factors that are associated with the SUA growth patterns. Average SUA growth rates are 2.44% between 1975 and 1990. We show that the climate, distance and land use significantly relate to urbanization trajectories. In addition, we find that the proximity of SUA to the largest cities also significantly relates to urban growth. Our results highlight the importance of SUA’s within broader African urbanization trends. SUA are undergoing rapid population changes and are important components of economic development processes and livelihoods. Quantifying patterns of SUA urbanization is important for elevating these small but critically important urban areas into the broader context of sustainable urbanization in Africa.

Published
2020
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25. Urban resilience and green infrastructure systems: towards a multidimensional evaluation

Author

Brian Mayer, Kevin Lansey, Tom Evans, Andrea K. Gerlak, and Adriana A. Zuniga-Teran

Subjects
Community cohesion, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, General Social Sciences, Citizen journalism, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Water infrastructure, Multiple time dimensions, Business, Resilience (network), Green infrastructure, Urban resilience, Environmental planning, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science
Abstract

Multifunctional and connected green infrastructure (GI) systems have been linked to urban resilience. Although there have been significant scholarly efforts to assess resilience and to evaluate the benefits of GI, it remains unclear the degree in which GI efforts enhance resilience. Following theoretical frameworks that study coupled infrastructure systems, this paper explores the state of the art on the contribution of GI to urban resilience from multiple dimensions: (1) policy - that promotes the adoption of GI, (2) performance - assessment of GI impacts on water infrastructure systems resilience, (3) connectivity - evaluation of human and wildlife movement through GI, and (4) social - community cohesion as a result of GI efforts. We argue that beyond their individual contributions to supporting urban resilience, the interactions across the various dimensions are key to enhancing resilience. Ultimately, participatory processes are needed to assess resilience originating from GI systems and avoid injustice.

Published
2020
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26. Smallholder farmers' use of mobile phone services in central Kenya

Author

Zack Guido, Kelly K. Caylor, Sara Lopus, C. Hannah, Tom Evans, Natasha Krell, and Stacey Giroux

Subjects
Global and Planetary Change, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, business.industry, Geography, Planning and Development, Internet privacy, 010501 environmental sciences, Development, 01 natural sciences, Transformative learning, Information and Communications Technology, Mobile phone, Mobile technology, Business, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Information and services delivered through mobile phones, ‘m-services', have transformative potential to provide rural African farmers with important agro-meteorological information. However, a gre...

Published
2020
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27. Comparing measures of urban food security in Accra, Ghana

Author

Kwaw S. Andam, Jordan Blekking, Cascade Tuholske, Tom Evans, and Kelly K. Caylor

Subjects
030309 nutrition & dietetics, Population, 0507 social and economic geography, Context (language use), Development, 03 medical and health sciences, Urbanization, 11. Sustainability, education, Socioeconomics, 2. Zero hunger, Consumption (economics), 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, Food security, business.industry, 05 social sciences, 1. No poverty, Geography, Agriculture, Scale (social sciences), Food systems, business, 050703 geography, Agronomy and Crop Science, Food Science
Abstract

The urban population in Sub-Saharan Africa is projected to expand by nearly 800 million people in the next 30 years. How this rapid urban transition is affecting household-level urban food security, and reverberating into broader food systems, is poorly understood. To fill this gap, we use data from a 2017 survey (n = 668) of low- and middle-income residents of Accra, Ghana, to characterize and compare the predictors of household-level food security using three established metrics: the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS); the Household Food Insecurity Access Prevalence (HFIAP); and the Food Consumption Score (FCS). According to HFIAP, 70% of sampled households are food insecure, but only 2% fall below acceptable thresholds measured by FCS. Only one household reported sourcing food from modern supermarkets and fewer than 3% produce food for consumption through gardening, farming, or fishing. Instead, households rely on purchased food from traditional markets, local stalls and kiosks, and street hawkers. Results from a suite of general linear models show that household assets, education, and demographic characteristics are significantly associated with food security outcomes according to HFIAS and HFIAP. The poor correlation and weak model agreement between dietary recall such as FCS, and experience-based food security metrics, like HFIAS and HFIAP, highlight limitations of employing historically rural-centric food security measurement approaches within the urban context. Given that Sub-Saharan Africa’s future is urban, our results add empirical evidence in support of the growing chorus of scholars advocating for comprehensive urban-oriented food security research and policy agendas across Sub-Saharan Africa.

Published
2020
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28. Is Closing the Agricultural Yield Gap a 'Risky' Endeavor?

Author

Nicolas Gatti, Michael Cecil, Kathy Baylis, Lyndon Estes, Jordan Blekking, Thomas Heckelei, Noemi Vergopolan, and Tom Evans

Subjects
History, Polymers and Plastics, Animal Science and Zoology, Business and International Management, Agronomy and Crop Science, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Published
2022
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29. A Multi-Site Analysis of the Prevalence of Food Insecurity in the United States, before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Author

Jeanne Coffin-Schmitt, Abigail Orbe, Alan Ismach, Mateja R. Savoie-Roskos, Jennifer J. Otten, Stephanie Rogus, Akiko S. Hosler, Scott C. Merrill, Anne Dressel, Kathryn J. Fiorella, Preety Gadhoke, Punam Ohri-Vachaspati, Zain Al Abdeen Qusair, Katie S. Martin, Tom Evans, Meredith T. Niles, Casey Coombs, Lauren A. Clay, Lauren Fiechtner, Emily H. Belarmino, Laura R. Lewis, Erin Biehl, Rachel M. Zack, Brinda Sivaramakrishnan, Kathryn E. Coakley, McKenna Voorhees, Esther Nguyen, Marcelle Dougan, Brianna Bradley, Chelsea M. Rose, Amelia Greiner Safi, Joelle Robinson, Young Ilk Cho, Diana Gonzales-Pacheco, Kaitlyn Harper, Sondra M. Parmer, John Mazzeo, Eric M. Clark, Amy E. Harley, Barrett P. Brenton, Linnea I. Laestadius, Saloumeh Sadeghzadeh, Adam Drewnowski, James Buszkiewicz, Beth J. Feingold, Kathryn Yerxa, Mariana Torres Arroyo, Jessica Bishop-Royse, Katie Funderburk, Rachel E. Schattman, Giselle A. Pignotti, Sarah Martinelli, Heidi LeBlanc, Brittney N. Cavaliere, Salome Pemberton, Shadai Martin, Deanne Allegro, Sarah M. Collier, Roni A. Neff, Farryl Bertmann, Christine T. Bozlak, Victoria Rivkina, Sen Gu, Michelle M. Litton, Nick Birk, Karla L. Hanson, Alyssa Beavers, Anna Josephson, and Francesco Acciai

Subjects
Nutrition and Dietetics, Food security, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Multi site, Medicine (miscellaneous), COVID-19, food security, Community and Global Nutrition, People of color, ORIGINAL RESEARCH, Indigenous, AcademicSubjects/MED00060, Geography, high-risk, Environmental health, food insecurity, Pandemic, Food systems, Survey instrument, survey sampling, Food Science
Abstract

Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic profoundly affected food systems including food security. Understanding how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted food security is important to provide support and identify long-term impacts and needs. Objective The National Food Access and COVID research Team (NFACT) was formed to assess food security over different US study sites throughout the pandemic, using common instruments and measurements. This study presents results from 18 study sites across 15 states and nationally over the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A validated survey instrument was developed and implemented in whole or part through an online survey of adults across the sites throughout the first year of the pandemic, representing 22 separate surveys. Sampling methods for each study site were convenience, representative, or high-risk targeted. Food security was measured using the USDA 6-item module. Food security prevalence was analyzed using ANOVA by sampling method to assess statistically significant differences. Results Respondents (n = 27,168) indicate higher prevalence of food insecurity (low or very low food security) since the COVID-19 pandemic, compared with before the pandemic. In nearly all study sites, there is a higher prevalence of food insecurity among Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC), households with children, and those with job disruptions. The findings demonstrate lingering food insecurity, with high prevalence over time in sites with repeat cross-sectional surveys. There are no statistically significant differences between convenience and representative surveys, but a statistically higher prevalence of food insecurity among high-risk compared with convenience surveys. Conclusions This comprehensive study demonstrates a higher prevalence of food insecurity in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. These impacts were prevalent for certain demographic groups, and most pronounced for surveys targeting high-risk populations. Results especially document the continued high levels of food insecurity, as well as the variability in estimates due to the survey implementation method., Multi-site assessment demonstrates widespread food insecurity during COVID-19, especially for households with children, job loss, and Black, Indigenous, People of Color across multiple survey methods.

Published
2021

30. Global urban population exposure to extreme heat

Author

A. Verdin, Pete Peterson, Chris Funk, Kathryn Grace, Cascade Tuholske, Tom Evans, Stuart H. Sweeney, and Kelly K. Caylor

Subjects
Hot Temperature, Urban Population, Climate, Wet-bulb globe temperature, Population, Social Sciences, Climate change, Global Warming, Sustainability Science, Urbanization, Human settlement, Humans, Population growth, Extreme Weather, Cities, Urban heat island, education, education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, public health, Extreme Heat, Environmental Exposure, sustainability, climate change, Physical Sciences, Sustainability, Environmental science, Physical geography, hazards
Abstract

Significance Increased extreme heat exposure from both climate change and the urban heat island effect threatens rapidly growing urban settlements worldwide. Yet, because we do not know where urban population growth and extreme heat intersect, we have limited capacity to reduce the impacts of urban extreme heat exposure. Here, we leverage fine-resolution temperature and population data to measure urban extreme heat exposure for 13,115 cities from 1983 to 2016. Globally, urban exposure increased nearly 200%, affecting 1.7 billion people. Total urban warming elevated exposure rates 52% above population growth alone. However, spatially heterogeneous exposure patterns highlight an urgent need for locally tailored adaptations and early warning systems to reduce harm from urban extreme heat exposure across the planet’s diverse urban settlements., Increased exposure to extreme heat from both climate change and the urban heat island effect—total urban warming—threatens the sustainability of rapidly growing urban settlements worldwide. Extreme heat exposure is highly unequal and severely impacts the urban poor. While previous studies have quantified global exposure to extreme heat, the lack of a globally accurate, fine-resolution temporal analysis of urban exposure crucially limits our ability to deploy adaptations. Here, we estimate daily urban population exposure to extreme heat for 13,115 urban settlements from 1983 to 2016. We harmonize global, fine-resolution (0.05°), daily temperature maxima and relative humidity estimates with geolocated and longitudinal global urban population data. We measure the average annual rate of increase in exposure (person-days/year−1) at the global, regional, national, and municipality levels, separating the contribution to exposure trajectories from urban population growth versus total urban warming. Using a daily maximum wet bulb globe temperature threshold of 30 °C, global exposure increased nearly 200% from 1983 to 2016. Total urban warming elevated the annual increase in exposure by 52% compared to urban population growth alone. Exposure trajectories increased for 46% of urban settlements, which together in 2016 comprised 23% of the planet’s population (1.7 billion people). However, how total urban warming and population growth drove exposure trajectories is spatially heterogeneous. This study reinforces the importance of employing multiple extreme heat exposure metrics to identify local patterns and compare exposure trends across geographies. Our results suggest that previous research underestimates extreme heat exposure, highlighting the urgency for targeted adaptations and early warning systems to reduce harm from urban extreme heat exposure.

Published
2021
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31. A Multi-Site Analysis of the Prevalence of Food Security in the United States, before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Author

Adam Drewnowski, Punam Ohri-Vachaspati, Katie S. Martin, Eric M. Clark, Laura R. Lewis, Lauren A. Clay, Lauren Fiechtner, Erin Biehl, Young Ilk Cho, Francesco Acciai, Victoria Rivkina, Linnea I. Laestadius, Brittney N. Cavaliere, Nick Birk, Alyssa Beavers, Scott C. Merrill, John Mazzeo, Amy E. Harley, Anna Josephson, Diana Gonzales-Pacheco, Anne Dressel, Tom Evans, Mariana Torres Arroyo, Meredith T. Niles, Katie Funderburk, Joelle Robinson, Sarah Martinelli, Marcelle Dougan, Barrett P. Brenton, Kathryn J. Fiorella, Kathryn Yerxa, Mateja R. Savoie-Roskos, Jennifer J. Otten, Preety Gadhoke, Emily H. Belarmino, Brinda Sivaramakrishnan, Rachel M. Zack, Saloumeh Sadeghzadeh, Esther Nguyen, Farryl Bertmann, Chelsea M. Rose, Beth J. Feingold, Giselle A. Pignotti, Karla L. Hanson, Jeanne Coffin-Schmitt, Sarah M. Collier, Roni A. Neff, Stephanie Rogus, Abigail Orbe, Alan Ismach, Zain Al Abdeen Qusair, Sondra M. Parmer, Salome Pemberton, Akiko S. Hosler, Sen Gu, Michelle M. Litton, Jessica Bishop-Royse, Heidi LeBlanc, James Buszkiewicz, Brianna Bradley, Shadai Martin, Deanne Allegro, Amelia Greiner Safi, Casey Coombs, Kathryn E. Coakley, Kaitlyn Harper, Rachel E. Schattman, McKenna Voorhees, and Christine T. Bozlak

Subjects
Geography, Food security, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Environmental health, Pandemic, Multi site, Food systems, Survey instrument, People of color, Indigenous
Abstract

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic profoundly affected food systems including food security. Understanding how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted food security is important to provide support, and identify long-term impacts and needs.ObjectiveOur team- the National Food Access and COVID research Team (NFACT) was formed to assess food security over different U.S. study sites throughout the pandemic, using common instruments and measurements. Here we present results from 18 study sites across 15 states and nationally over the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsA validated survey instrument was developed and implemented in whole or part across the sites throughout the first year of the pandemic, representing 22 separate surveys. Sampling methods for each study site were convenience, representative, or high-risk targeted. Food security was measured using the USDA six-item module. Food security prevalence was analyzed using analysis of variance by sampling method to statistically significant differences.ResultsIn total, more than 27,000 people responded to the surveys. We find higher prevalence of food insecurity (low or very low food security) since the COVID-19 pandemic, as compared to before the pandemic. In nearly all study sites, we find higher prevalence of food insecurity among Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC), households with children, and those with job disruptions. We also demonstrate lingering food insecurity, with high or increased prevalence over time in sites with repeat surveys. We find no statistically significant differences between convenience and representative surveys, but statistically higher prevalence of food insecurity among high-risk compared to convenience surveys.ConclusionsThis comprehensive multi-study site effort demonstrates higher prevalence of food insecurity since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, which in multiple survey sites continues throughout the first year of the pandemic. These impacts were prevalent for certain demographic groups, and most pronounced for surveys targeting high-risk populations.

Published
2021
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32. Integrated approaches to understanding and reducing drought impact on food security across scales

Author

Megan Konar, Di Tian, Tom Evans, Xiaogang He, Lyndon Estes, Kathy Baylis, Justin Sheffield, and Daniela Anghileri

Subjects
Food security, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, General Social Sciences, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Data availability, Food insecurity, Spillover effect, Multidisciplinary approach, Satellite remote sensing, Business, Temporal scales, Nexus (standard), Environmental planning, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science
Abstract

Understanding the cross-scale linkages between drought and food security is vital to developing tools to reduce drought impacts and support decision making. This study reviews how drought hazards transfer to food insecurity through changes in physical processes and socio-environmental systems across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. We propose a multi-scale, integrated framework leveraging modeling advances (e.g. drought and crop monitoring, water-food-energy nexus, decision making) and increased data availability (e.g. satellite remote sensing, food trade) through the lens of the coupled human–natural system to support multidisciplinary approaches and avoid potential policy spillover effects. We discuss current scale-dependent challenges in tackling drought-induced food security whilst minimizing water use conflicts and environmental impacts.

Published
2019
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33. A high-frequency mobile phone data collection approach for research in social-environmental systems: Applications in climate variability and food security in sub-Saharan Africa

Author

Lyndon Estes, Inna Kouper, Tom Evans, Jacob Schumacher, Joel T. Greenshields, Stephanie L. Dickinson, Kelly K. Caylor, Stacey Giroux, and Kurt B. Waldman

Subjects
Service (systems architecture), Environmental Engineering, Data collection, Food security, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Computer science, Ecological Modeling, 010501 environmental sciences, computer.software_genre, 01 natural sciences, Data science, Environmental data, Mobile phone, Data quality, Resilience (network), computer, Software, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Data integration
Abstract

Collecting high-frequency social-environmental data about farming practices in sub-Saharan Africa can provide new insight into environmental changes that farmers face and how they respond within smallholder agro-ecosystems. Traditional data collection methods such as agricultural censuses are costly and not useful for understanding intra-annual and real-time decisions. Short-message service (SMS) has the potential to transform the nature of data collection in coupled social-ecological systems. We present a system for collecting, managing, and synthesizing weekly data from farmers, including data infrastructure for management of big and heterogeneous datasets; probabilistic data quality assessment tools; and visualization and analysis tools such as mapping and regression techniques. We discuss limitations of collecting social-environmental data via SMS and data integration challenges that arise when linking these data with other social and environmental data. In combination with high-frequency environmental data, such data will help ameliorate issues of scale mismatch and build resilience in environmental systems.

Published
2019
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34. Securing the climate benefits of stable forests

Author

Nancy L. Harris, Naikoa Aguilar-Amuchastegui, Bryna Griffin, Muri G. Soares, Mariana Napolitano Ferreira, Evgeny Chuvasov, William Baldwin-Cantello, Tom Evans, Jason Funk, Richard van der Hoff, Jonah Busch, Oliver L. Phillips, and Karen Petersen

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Global and Planetary Change, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Environmental protection, Environmental science, Climate change, 010501 environmental sciences, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Carbon sequestration, 01 natural sciences, Climate services, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Stable forests – those not already significantly disturbed nor facing predictable near-future risks of anthropogenic disturbance – may play a large role in the climate solution, due to their carbon...

Published
2019
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35. Cognitive Biases about Climate Variability in Smallholder Farming Systems in Zambia

Author

Noemi Vergopolan, Justin Sheffield, Shahzeen Z. Attari, Kelly K. Caylor, Lyndon Estes, Kurt B. Waldman, and Tom Evans

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Global and Planetary Change, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Environmental resource management, Climate change, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Cognitive bias, 020801 environmental engineering, Geography, Agriculture, Perception, business, Adaptation (computer science), Social Sciences (miscellaneous), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common
Abstract

Given the varying manifestations of climate change over time and the influence of climate perceptions on adaptation, it is important to understand whether farmer perceptions match patterns of environmental change from observational data. We use a combination of social and environmental data to understand farmer perceptions related to rainy season onset. Household surveys were conducted with 1171 farmers across Zambia at the end of the 2015/16 growing season eliciting their perceptions of historic changes in rainy season onset and their heuristics about when rain onset occurs. We compare farmers’ perceptions with satellite-gauge-derived rainfall data from the Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Station dataset and hyper-resolution soil moisture estimates from the HydroBlocks land surface model. We find evidence of a cognitive bias, where farmers perceive the rains to be arriving later, although the physical data do not wholly support this. We also find that farmers’ heuristics about rainy season onset influence maize planting dates, a key determinant of maize yield and food security in sub-Saharan Africa. Our findings suggest that policy makers should focus more on current climate variability than future climate change.

Published
2019
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37. Interpersonal Conflict over Water Is Associated with Household Demographics, Domains of Water Insecurity, and Regional Conflict: Evidence from Nine Sites across Eight Sub-Saharan African Countries

Author

Amber L. Pearson, Elizabeth A. Mack, Amanda Ross, Richard Marcantonio, Andrew Zimmer, Erin L. Bunting, Audrey C. Smith, Joshua D. Miller, Tom Evans, and The HWISE Research Coordination Network

Subjects
Sub saharan, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Demographics, Geography, Planning and Development, rainfall, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Armed conflict, Climate change, 02 engineering and technology, Interpersonal communication, Aquatic Science, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, violence, water insecurity, Socioeconomics, TD201-500, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, 021110 strategic, defence & security studies, Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes, protests, Hydraulic engineering, Geography, climate change, Survey data collection, interpersonal conflict, TC1-978
Abstract

Water insecurity may precipitate interpersonal conflict, although no studies to date have rigorously examined these relationships. We examined relationships between household demographics, water insecurity, regional conflict, and interpersonal conflict over water. Using survey data from eight sub-Saharan African countries, we found that interpersonal conflict within and outside the home is associated with multiple domains of water insecurity, particularly accessibility. Furthermore, we found that higher levels of remote violence and protests are associated with greater within household conflict, whereas riots and violent armed conflict are associated with greater conflict between neighbors. Our findings expand upon the current literature by examining factors affecting interpersonal conflict over water, which may become increasingly important as precipitation patterns and land temperatures change in this region.

Published
2021

38. Open data from the first and second observing runs of advanced LIGO and advanced Virgo

Author

Rich&nbsp, Abbott, Thomas&nbsp, Sheelu&nbsp, Abraham, Fausto&nbsp, Acernese, Kendall&nbsp, Ackley, Carl&nbsp, Adams, Rana&nbsp, Adhikari, Vaishali&nbsp, Adya, Christoph&nbsp, Affeldt, Michalis&nbsp, Agathos, Kazuhiro&nbsp, Agatsuma, Nancy&nbsp, Aggarwal, Odylio&nbsp, Aguiar, Amit&nbsp, Aich, Lorenzo&nbsp, Aiello, Anirban&nbsp, Ain, Ajith&nbsp, Parameswaran, Gabrielle&nbsp, Allen, Annalisa&nbsp, Allocca, Paul&nbsp, Altin, Alex&nbsp, Amato, Shreya&nbsp, Anand, Alena&nbsp, Ananyeva, Stuart&nbsp, Anderson, Warren&nbsp, Svetoslava, Angelova, Stefano&nbsp, Ansoldi, Sarah&nbsp, Antier, Stephen&nbsp, Appert, Koji&nbsp, Arai, Melody, Araya, Joseph, Areeda, Marc&nbsp, Arène, Nicolas&nbsp, Arnaud, Scott, Aronson, Arun, Kg, Ascenzi, Gregory&nbsp, Ashton, Stuart, Aston, Pia&nbsp, Astone, Florian&nbsp, Aubin, Peter&nbsp, Aufmuth, Kellie&nbsp, Aultoneal, Corey&nbsp, Austin, Valerie&nbsp, Avendano, Stanislav&nbsp, Babak, Philippe&nbsp, Bacon, Francesca&nbsp, Badaracco, Maria, Bader, Sangwook&nbsp, Bae, Anne, Baer, Jonathon&nbsp, Baird, Baldaccini, Giulio&nbsp, Ballardin, Stefan, Ballmer, Anna-marie&nbsp, Bals, Alexander&nbsp, Balsamo, Baltus, Sharan&nbsp, Banagiri, Deepak&nbsp, Bankar, Rameshwar, Bankar, Juan, Barayoga, Claudio&nbsp, Barbieri, Barry, Barish, David&nbsp, Barker, Kevin&nbsp, Barkett, Pablo&nbsp, Barneo, Fabrizio&nbsp, Barone, Bryan&nbsp, Barr, Lisa&nbsp, Barsotti, Matteo&nbsp, Barsuglia, Daniel&nbsp, Barta, Jeffrey&nbsp, Bartlett, Imre&nbsp, Bartos, Riccardo&nbsp, Bassiri, Andrea&nbsp, Basti, Mateusz&nbsp, Bawaj, Joseph, Bayley, Marco&nbsp, Bazzan, Bence&nbsp, Bécsy, Michal&nbsp, Bejger, Imene&nbsp, Belahcene, Angus, Bell, Deeksha&nbsp, Beniwal, Michael, Benjamin, Joe, Bentley, Fabio&nbsp, Bergamin, Beverly, Berger, Gerald&nbsp, Bergmann, Sebastiano&nbsp, Bernuzzi, Christopher, Berry, Diego&nbsp, Bersanetti, Alessandro&nbsp, Bertolini, Joseph&nbsp, Betzwieser, Rohan&nbsp, Bhandare, Ankit, Bhandari, Bidler, Edward&nbsp, Biggs, Igor, Bilenko, Garilynn&nbsp, Billingsley, Ross&nbsp, Birney, Ofek&nbsp, Birnholtz, Sebastien&nbsp, Biscans, Bischi, Sylvia&nbsp, Biscoveanu, Aparna&nbsp, Bisht, Guldauren&nbsp, Bissenbayeva, Massimiliano&nbsp, Bitossi, Marieanne, Bizouard, Kent, Blackburn, Jonathan&nbsp, Blackman, Carl, Blair, David, Blair, Ryan, Blair, Bobba, Nina&nbsp, Bode, Michel&nbsp, Boer, Yannick&nbsp, Boetzel, Gilles&nbsp, Bogaert, Francois&nbsp, Bondu, Edgard&nbsp, Bonilla, Romain&nbsp, Bonnand, Phillip&nbsp, Booker, Boris, Boom, Rolf&nbsp, Bork, Valerio&nbsp, Boschi, Sukanta&nbsp, Bose, Vladimir&nbsp, Bossilkov, Joel&nbsp, Bosveld, Yann&nbsp, Bouffanais, Antonella&nbsp, Bozzi, Carlo&nbsp, Bradaschia, Patrick, Brady, Alyssa&nbsp, Bramley, Marica&nbsp, Branchesi, Jim, Brau, Breschi, Tristan&nbsp, Briant, Joseph, Briggs, Francesco&nbsp, Brighenti, Alain&nbsp, Brillet, Brinkmann, Patrick&nbsp, Brockill, Aidan, Brooks, Brooks, Daniel, Brown, Sharon&nbsp, Brunett, Giacomo&nbsp, Bruno, Robert&nbsp, Bruntz, Aaron&nbsp, Buikema, Tomasz&nbsp, Bulik, Henk, Bulten, Alessandra&nbsp, Buonanno, Damir&nbsp, Buskulic, Robert, Byer, Miriam&nbsp, Cabero, Laura&nbsp, Cadonati, Giampietro&nbsp, Cagnoli, Craig&nbsp, Cahillane, Juan&nbsp, Calderón&nbsp, Bustillo, Jack, Callaghan, Thomas, Callister, Enrico&nbsp, Calloni, Jordan, Camp, Maurizio&nbsp, Canepa, Kipp, Cannon, Huy-tuong&nbsp, Cao, Junwei&nbsp, Giovanni&nbsp, Carapella, Franco&nbsp, Carbognani, Santiago&nbsp, Caride, Matthew, Carney, Gregorio&nbsp, Carullo, Julia&nbsp, Casanueva&nbsp, Diaz, Claudio&nbsp, Casentini, Javier&nbsp, Castañeda, Sarah&nbsp, Caudill, Marco&nbsp, Cavaglià, Fabien&nbsp, Cavalier, Roberto&nbsp, Cavalieri, Giancarlo&nbsp, Cella, Pablo&nbsp, Cerdá-Durán, Elisabetta&nbsp, Cesarini, Oualid&nbsp, Chaibi, Kabir&nbsp, Chakravarti, Chiwai&nbsp, Chan, Manleong&nbsp, Chan, Shiuh&nbsp, Chao, Philip&nbsp, Charlton, Eve, Chase, Eric&nbsp, Chassande-Mottin, Deep&nbsp, Chatterjee, Mayank&nbsp, Chaturvedi, Hsin-yu, Chen, Xu&nbsp, Chen, Yanbei&nbsp, Hai-ping&nbsp, Cheng, Chi-kit, Cheong, Hanyu, Chia, Chiadini, Roberto&nbsp, Chierici, Chincarini, Antonino&nbsp, Chiummo, Gihyuk&nbsp, Cho, Heesuk, Cho, Min-a&nbsp, Nelson&nbsp, Christensen, Qi&nbsp, Chu, Sheon&nbsp, Chua, Ka-wai, Chung, Shinkee&nbsp, Chung, Ciani, Pawel&nbsp, Ciecielag, Marek&nbsp, Cieślar, Alexei, Ciobanu, Ciolfi, Cipriano, Alessio&nbsp, Cirone, Filiberto&nbsp, Clara, James, Clark, Clearwater, Clesse, Frederic&nbsp, Cleva, Eugenio&nbsp, Coccia, Pierre-francois&nbsp, Cohadon, Cohen, Marta&nbsp, Colleoni, Christophe, Collette, Christopher&nbsp, Collins, Monica&nbsp, Colpi, Marcio&nbsp, Constancio&nbsp, Livia&nbsp, Jr., Conti, Sam, Cooper, Corban, Thomas, Corbitt, Isabel&nbsp, Cordero-Carrión, Silvia&nbsp, Corezzi, Kenneth, Corley, Neil&nbsp, Cornish, Corre, Corsi, Cortese, Cesar, Costa, Cotesta, Michael, Coughlin, Scott, Coughlin, Jeanpierre&nbsp, Coulon, Stefan, Countryman, Couvares, Pep, Covas, David, Coward, Matthew, Cowart, Dennis, Coyne, Coyne, Jolien, &nbsp, Creighton, Teviet, Creighton, Cripe, Michael&nbsp, Croquette, Sgwynne, Crowder, Jean-rene&nbsp, Cudell, Torrey, Cullen, Alan&nbsp, Cumming, Rebecca&nbsp, Cummings, Liam&nbsp, Cunningham, Elena&nbsp, Cuoco, Malgorzata&nbsp, Curylo, Tito&nbsp, Dal&nbsp, Canton, Gergely&nbsp, Dálya, Aykutlu&nbsp, Dana, Lara, Daneshgaran-Bajastani, Beatrice&nbsp, D’Angelo, Stefan, Danilishin, Sabrina&nbsp, D’Antonio, Karsten&nbsp, Danzmann, Christian&nbsp, Darsow-Fromm, Arnab&nbsp, Dasgupta, Laurence, &nbsp, Datrier, Vincenzo&nbsp, Dattilo, Ishant&nbsp, Dave, Michel&nbsp, Davier, Gareth, Davies, Derek&nbsp, Davis, Edward, Daw, Dan&nbsp, Debra, Malathi&nbsp, Deenadayalan, Jerome&nbsp, Degallaix, Martina&nbsp, De&nbsp, Laurentis, Samuel&nbsp, Deléglise, Matthew&nbsp, Delfavero, Nicola&nbsp, Lillo, Walter&nbsp, Del&nbsp, Pozzo, Lindsay, Demarchi, Virginia&nbsp, D’Emilio, Nicholas&nbsp, Demos, Dent, Pietri, Rosario&nbsp, Rosa, Camilla&nbsp, Rossi, Riccardo&nbsp, Desalvo, Omar&nbsp, de&nbsp, Varona, Sanjeev&nbsp, Dhurandhar, Mario, Díaz, Mauricio&nbsp, Diaz-Ortiz&nbsp, Tim&nbsp, Dietrich, Luciano&nbsp, Di&nbsp, Fiore, Chiara&nbsp, Fronzo, Cinzia&nbsp, Giorgio, Giovanni, Matteo&nbsp, Giovanni, Tristano&nbsp, Girolamo, Alberto&nbsp, Lieto, Binlei&nbsp, Ding, Sibilla&nbsp, Pace, Irene&nbsp, Palma, Renzo, Atul, Divakarla, Artemiy&nbsp, Dmitriev, Zoheyr&nbsp, Doctor, Fred&nbsp, Donovan, Katherine, Dooley, Suresh&nbsp, Doravari, Iain&nbsp, Dorrington, Thomas, Downes, Drago, Jenne, Driggers, Zhihui&nbsp, Jean-gregoire&nbsp, Ducoin, Dupej, Ofelia&nbsp, Durante, Domenico&nbsp, D’Urso, Sheila, Dwyer, Paul, Easter, Graeme&nbsp, Eddolls, Bruce&nbsp, Edelman, Tega, Edo, Oliver&nbsp, Edy, Anamaria&nbsp, Effler, Phil&nbsp, Ehrens, Johannes&nbsp, Eichholz, Stephen, Eikenberry, Eisenmann, Robert, Eisenstein, Aldo&nbsp, Ejlli, Lucianolucianikerrico&nbsp, Errico, Reed, Essick, Hector&nbsp, Estelles, Dimitri&nbsp, Estevez, Zachariah, Etienne, Todd&nbsp, Etzel, Matthew&nbsp, Evans, Tom, Evans, Rebecca, Ewing, Viviana&nbsp, Fafone, Fairhurst, Xilong&nbsp, Fan, Stefania&nbsp, Farinon, Benjamin&nbsp, Farr, Will, Farr, Edward, Fauchon-Jones, Favata, Maxime&nbsp, Fays, Mariana&nbsp, Fazio, Jon&nbsp, Feicht, Martin, Fejer, Fangchen&nbsp, Feng, Edit&nbsp, Fenyvesi, Deborah, Ferguson, Alvaro&nbsp, Fernandez-Galiana, Isidoro&nbsp, Ferrante, Elvis, Ferreira, Tabata, Ferreira, Fidecaro, Irene&nbsp, Fiori, Donatella&nbsp, Fiorucci, Maya&nbsp, Fishbach, Ryan, Fisher, Rosalba&nbsp, Fittipaldi, Margot&nbsp, Fitz-Axen, Vincenzo&nbsp, Fiumara, Raffaele&nbsp, Flaminio, Erik&nbsp, Floden, Flynn, Heather&nbsp, Fong, Antonio, Font, Perry&nbsp, Forsyth, Jean-daniel&nbsp, Fournier, Sergio&nbsp, Frasca, Frasconi, Zsolt&nbsp, Frei, Andreas&nbsp, Freise, Raymond&nbsp, Frey, Valentin&nbsp, Fritschel, Valery, Frolov, Gabriele&nbsp, Fronzè, Fulda, Fyffe, Hunter, Gabbard, Bhooshan, Gadre, Sebastian, Gaebel, Jonathan, Gair, Shanika&nbsp, Galaudage, Dhruva&nbsp, Ganapathy, Sharad, Gaonkar, Cecilio&nbsp, García-Quirós, Garufi, Bubba&nbsp, Gateley, Gaudio, Gayathri&nbsp, Gayathri, Gianluca&nbsp, Gemme, Genin, Alberto&nbsp, Gennai, George, Jogy&nbsp, Laszlo&nbsp, Gergely, Sudarshan&nbsp, Ghonge, Abhirup&nbsp, Ghosh, Archisman&nbsp, Shaon&nbsp, Bruno&nbsp, Giacomazzo, Joe, Giaime, Dwayne, Giardina, Des, Gibson, Chalisa&nbsp, Gier, Kiranjyot&nbsp, Gill, Jane&nbsp, Glanzer, Jan&nbsp, Gniesmer, Godwin, Evan&nbsp, Goetz, Ryan&nbsp, Niklas&nbsp, Gohlke, Boris&nbsp, Goncharov, Gabriela&nbsp, González, Gopakumar&nbsp, Gopakumar, Sarah, Gossan, Matthieu&nbsp, Gosselin, Gouaty, Grace, Aniello&nbsp, Grado, Massimo&nbsp, Granata, Alastair&nbsp, Grant, Slawomir&nbsp, Gras, Grassia, Gray, Rachel&nbsp, Giuseppe&nbsp, Greco, Anna, Green, Rhys&nbsp, Green, Elizabeth, Gretarsson, Hannah, Griggs, nbsp, Grignani, Grimaldi, Stefan, Grimm, Hartmut&nbsp, Grote, Steffen&nbsp, Grunewald, Pierre&nbsp, Gruning, Gianluca, Guidi, Andre, Guimaraes, Gerard&nbsp, Guixé, Hitesh, Gulati, Yuefan&nbsp, Guo, Anuradha&nbsp, Gupta, Anchal&nbsp, Pawan&nbsp, Eric, Gustafson, Dick&nbsp, Gustafson, Leila&nbsp, Haegel, Odysse&nbsp, Halim, Evan, Hall, Eleanor, Hamilton, Giles&nbsp, Hammond, Maria&nbsp, Haney, Manuela, Hanke, Hanks, Chad&nbsp, Hanna, Mark, Hannam, Otto, Hannuksela, Travis, Hansen, Joe&nbsp, Hanson, Harder, Terra&nbsp, Hardwick, Haris&nbsp, Haris, Harms, Gregg, Harry, Ian, Harry, Raine, Hasskew, Carl-johan&nbsp, Haster, Karen&nbsp, Haughian, Fergus, Hayes, James&nbsp, Healy, Antoine&nbsp, Heidmann, Matthew, Heintze, Joscha&nbsp, Heinze, Henrich&nbsp, Heitmann, Frances&nbsp, Hellman, Patrice&nbsp, Hello, Gary&nbsp, Hemming, Martin&nbsp, Hendry, Siong, Heng, Hennes, Jan-simon&nbsp, Hennig, Michele&nbsp, Heurs, Stefan&nbsp, Hild, Tanja&nbsp, Hinderer, Sarah, Hoback, Sven&nbsp, Hochheim, Elyssa&nbsp, Hofgard, Hofman, Aaron, Holgado, Nathan, Holland, Kathy&nbsp, Holt, Daniel, Holz, Hopkins, Horst, Hough, Eric, Howell, Charlie, Hoy, Yiwen&nbsp, Huang, Moritz, Hübner, Eliu, Huerta, Dominique&nbsp, Huet, Brennan&nbsp, Hughey, Victor&nbsp, Hui, Sascha&nbsp, Husa, Sabina, Huttner, Rachael&nbsp, Huxford, Tien&nbsp, Huynh-Dinh, Bartosz&nbsp, Idzkowski, Iess, Henri&nbsp, Inchauspe, Ingram, Intini, Jean, Isac, Max&nbsp, Isi, Bala, Iyer, Thibaut&nbsp, Jacqmin, Sameer, Jadhav, Shreejit, Jadhav, Alasdair, James, Karan&nbsp, Jani, Nagaraj, Janthalur, Piotr&nbsp, Jaranowski, Jariwala, Rafel&nbsp, Jaume, Alex, Jenkins, Jun&nbsp, Jiang, Grace, Johns, Aaron, Jones, Ian, Jones, Jeff, Jones, Philip&nbsp, Jones, Russell&nbsp, Reinier, &nbsp, Jonker, Ju&nbsp, Jonas&nbsp, Junker, Chinmay, Kalaghatgi, Vassiliki&nbsp, Kalogera, Brittany&nbsp, Kamai, Shivaraj&nbsp, Kandhasamy, Gungwon&nbsp, Kang, Jonah, Kanner, Shasvath, Kapadia, Karki, Rahul&nbsp, Kashyap, Marie&nbsp, Kasprzack, Wolfgang&nbsp, Kastaun, Stavros&nbsp, Katsanevas, Katsavounidis, William&nbsp, Katzman, Kaufer, Keita&nbsp, Kawabe, Fabien&nbsp, Kéfélian, Keitel, Azadeh&nbsp, Keivani, Kennedy, Joey, Key, Sudiksha&nbsp, Khadka, Farit, Khalili, Imran&nbsp, Khan, Sebastian&nbsp, Zaki, Khan, Efim, Khazanov, Nandita&nbsp, Khetan, Mohammad&nbsp, Khursheed, Nutsinee&nbsp, Kijbunchoo, Chunglee&nbsp, Kim, Grace, Kim, Jeongcho, Kim, Kyungmin&nbsp, Won&nbsp, Whansun, Kim, Young-min&nbsp, Charles&nbsp, Kimball, Peter, King, Kinley-Hanlon, Robin&nbsp, Kirchhoff, Jeffrey, Kissel, Kleybolte, Sergei&nbsp, Klimenko, Tyler, Knowles, Koch, Sina, Koehlenbeck, Gideon&nbsp, Koekoek, Soumen&nbsp, Koley, Veronica&nbsp, Kondrashov, Antonios&nbsp, Kontos, Nico&nbsp, Koper, Mikhail&nbsp, Korobko, William, Korth, Manoj&nbsp, Kovalam, Dan, Kozak, Volker&nbsp, Kringel, Krishnendu, Nv, Andrzej&nbsp, Królak, Natalie&nbsp, Krupinski, Gerrit&nbsp, Kuehn, Anil&nbsp, Kumar, Prayush&nbsp, Rakesh&nbsp, Sumit&nbsp, Ling-chi&nbsp, Kuo, Adam&nbsp, Kutynia, Benjamin, Lackey, Danny&nbsp, Laghi, Emile&nbsp, Lalande, Lam, Lam, Astrid&nbsp, Lamberts, Landry, Benjamin, Lane, Ryan, Lang, Jacob&nbsp, Lange, Brian&nbsp, Lantz, Robert, Lanza, Iuri&nbsp, La&nbsp, Rosa, Angelique&nbsp, Lartaux-Vollard, Paul, Lasky, Laxen, Albert&nbsp, Lazzarini, Claudia&nbsp, Lazzaro, Paola&nbsp, Leaci, Sean&nbsp, Leavey, Yannick, Lecoeuche, Chang-hwan, Lee, Hyung-mok, Lee, Hyungwon, Lee, Joongoo&nbsp, Lee, Kyung-ha&nbsp, Lehmann, Leroy, Letendre, Yuri&nbsp, Levin, Alvin, &nbsp, Jin&nbsp, Kaye&nbsp, Tjonnie, &nbsp, Xiang&nbsp, Frank&nbsp, Linde, Seth, Linker, Jethro, Linley, Tyson, Littenberg, Liu&nbsp, Liu, Xiaoshu&nbsp, Miquel&nbsp, Llorens-Monteagudo, Ka-lok&nbsp, Alexandra&nbsp, Lockwood, Lionel, London, Longo, Lorenzini, Vincent&nbsp, Loriette, Lormand, Losurdo, James, Lough, Carlos, Lousto, Geoffrey&nbsp, Lovelace, Harald&nbsp, Lück, Diana&nbsp, Lumaca, Andrew, Lundgren, Ma&nbsp, Yiqiu, Ronaldas&nbsp, Macas, Macfoy, Myron&nbsp, Macinnis, Duncan, Macleod, Ian, Macmillan, Adrian&nbsp, Macquet, Ignacio&nbsp, Magaña&nbsp, Hernandez, Fabian&nbsp, Magaña-Sandoval, Ryan, Magee, Ettore&nbsp, Majorana, Ivan&nbsp, Maksimovic, Asmita&nbsp, Malik, Catherine&nbsp, Man, Vuk&nbsp, Mandic, Valentina&nbsp, Mangano, Georgia, Mansell, Manske, Maddalena&nbsp, Mantovani, Michela&nbsp, Mapelli, Marchesoni, Frederique&nbsp, Marion, Szabolcs&nbsp, Márka, Zsuzsanna&nbsp, Charalampos&nbsp, Markakis, Ashot, Markosyan, Markowitz, Ed&nbsp, Maros, Antonio&nbsp, Marquina, Sylvain&nbsp, Marsat, Filippo&nbsp, Martelli, Ian, Martin, Rodica, Martin, Martinez, Denis, Martynov, Hossein&nbsp, Masalehdan, Ken&nbsp, Mason, Massera, Masserot, Thomas, Massinger, Mariela&nbsp, Masso-Reid, Simone&nbsp, Mastrogiovanni, Andrew&nbsp, Matas, Fabrice&nbsp, Matichard, Nergis&nbsp, Mavalvala, Emily&nbsp, Maynard, Joshua, Mccann, Richard&nbsp, Mccarthy, David, Mcclelland, Scott&nbsp, Mccormick, Lee&nbsp, Mcculler, Stephen, Mcguire, Connor&nbsp, Mcisaac, Jessica&nbsp, Mciver, David, Mcmanus, Terry&nbsp, Mcrae, Sean, Mcwilliams, Duncan&nbsp, Meacher, Grant, Meadors, Moritz&nbsp, Mehmet, Ajit, Mehta, Mejuto&nbsp, Villa, Andrew&nbsp, Melatos, Gregory&nbsp, Mendell, Adam, Mercer, Mereni, Kara&nbsp, Merfeld, Edmond, Merilh, Jonathan, Merritt, Mourad&nbsp, Merzougui, Syd&nbsp, Meshkov, Chris&nbsp, Messenger, Cody&nbsp, Messick, Remi&nbsp, Metzdorff, Patrick, Meyers, Fabian&nbsp, Meylahn, Ashish&nbsp, Mhaske, Miani, Haixing&nbsp, Miao, Ioannis&nbsp, Michaloliakos, Christophe&nbsp, Michel, Hannah&nbsp, Middleton, Leopoldo&nbsp, Milano, Andrewlawrence, Miller, Meg&nbsp, Millhouse, Joseph, Mills, Edoardo&nbsp, Milotti, Michael, Milovich-Goff, Olivier&nbsp, Minazzoli, Minenkov, Alec&nbsp, Mishkin, Chandra&nbsp, Mishra, Timesh&nbsp, Mistry, Sanjit&nbsp, Mitra, Valery, Mitrofanov, Guenakh&nbsp, Mitselmakher, Mittleman, Kentaro&nbsp, Mogushi, Satyanarayan, &nbsp, Mohapatra, Siddharth, Mohite, Manel&nbsp, Molina-Ruiz, Marina&nbsp, Mondin, Montani, Christopher, Moore, Moraru, Filip&nbsp, Morawski, Gerardo&nbsp, Moreno, Soichiro&nbsp, Morisaki, Benoit&nbsp, Mours, Conor, Mow-Lowry, Mozzon, Federico&nbsp, Muciaccia, Arunava&nbsp, Mukherjee, Debnandini&nbsp, Soma&nbsp, Subroto&nbsp, Nikhil&nbsp, Mukund, Mullavey, Jesper&nbsp, Munch, Erik, Muñiz, Peter, Murray, Nagar, Ilaria&nbsp, Nardecchia, Luca&nbsp, Naticchioni, Rajesh, Nayak, Benjamin, Neil, Joshua&nbsp, Neilson, Gijs&nbsp, Nelemans, Timothy, &nbsp, Nelson, Marina&nbsp, Nery, Ansel&nbsp, Neunzert, Kwan-yeung, Ng, Nguyen, Nichols, Shania, Nichols, Samaya&nbsp, Nissanke, Flavio&nbsp, Nocera, Minkyun&nbsp, Noh, North, Devon&nbsp, Nothard, Laura, Nuttall, Jason&nbsp, Oberling, Brendan, O’Brien, Gor&nbsp, Oganesyan, Greg, Ogin, John, Oh, Sanghoon, Oh, Ohme, Hiroaki&nbsp, Ohta, Marcos, Okada, Oliver, Olivetto, Oppermann, Oram, O’Reilly, Rich, Ormiston, Luis, Ortega, O’Shaughnessy, Serguei&nbsp, Ossokine, Osthelder, David, Ottaway, Harry&nbsp, Overmier, Ben, Owen, Alexander, Pace, Giulia&nbsp, Pagano, Michael, Page, Pagliaroli, Archana&nbsp, Pai, Siddhesh, Pai, Jordan, Palamos, Oleg&nbsp, Palashov, Cristiano&nbsp, Palomba, Howard&nbsp, Pan, Pratap, Panda, Tsun-ho&nbsp, Pang, Pankow, Pannarale, F, Brijesh, Pant, Paoletti, Paoli, Abhishek&nbsp, Parida, Parker, Daniela&nbsp, Pascucci, Pasqualetti, Passaquieti, Passuello, Barbara&nbsp, Patricelli, Ethan&nbsp, Payne, Brynley, Pearlstone, Thida, Pechsiri, Ari, Pedersen, Mike&nbsp, Pedraza, Arnaud&nbsp, Pele, Steven&nbsp, Penn, Albino&nbsp, Perego, Carlos, Perez, Perigois&nbsp, Périgois, Perreca, Stephane&nbsp, Perriès, Petermann, Harald, Pfeiffer, Phelps, Khun, Phukon, Ornella, Piccinni, Mikhael&nbsp, Pichot, Piendibene, Piergiovanni, Pierro, Gabriel&nbsp, Pillant, Laurent&nbsp, Pinard, Innocenzo, Pinto, Krzysztof&nbsp, Piotrzkowski, Pirello, Pitkin, Wolfango&nbsp, Plastino, Rosa&nbsp, Poggiani, Yat-tung, Pong, Ponrathnam, Pasquale&nbsp, Popolizio, Porter, Ed, Jade&nbsp, Powell, Atul, Prajapati, Kiran&nbsp, Prasai, Raghurama&nbsp, Prasanna, Geraint&nbsp, Pratten, Tanner&nbsp, Prestegard, Principe, Prodi, Leonid&nbsp, Prokhorov, Punturo, Puppo, Pürrer, Hong&nbsp, Quetschke, Pedro, Quinonez, Fred, Raab, Geert&nbsp, Raaijmakers, Hugh&nbsp, Radkins, Radulesco, Raffai, Hanna&nbsp, Rafferty, Sendhil&nbsp, Raja, Rajan&nbsp, Rajan, Binod&nbsp, Rajbhandari, Malik&nbsp, Rakhmanov, Karla, Ramirez, Antoni&nbsp, Ramos-Buades, Javed&nbsp, Rana, Kaushik&nbsp, Rao, Piero&nbsp, Rapagnani, Vivien&nbsp, Raymond, Razzano, Jocelyn&nbsp, Read, Tania&nbsp, Regimbau, Rei, Reid, David, Reitze, Rettegno, Fulvio&nbsp, Ricci, Colter, Richardson, Jonathan, Richardson, Paul, Ricker, Gunnar&nbsp, Riemenschneider, Keith&nbsp, Riles, Rizzo, Norna, Robertson, Florent&nbsp, Robinet, Rocchi, Ramon, Rodriguez-Soto, Loic&nbsp, Rolland, Jameson, Rollins, Vincent, Roma, Romanelli, Rocco&nbsp, Romano, Chandra, Romel, Isobel, Romero-Shaw, Janeen, Romie, Caitlin, Rose, Dakota&nbsp, Rose, Kyle&nbsp, Dorota&nbsp, Rosińska, Shawn, Rosofsky, Michael, Ross, Sheila&nbsp, Rowan, Samuel, Rowlinson, Palash, Roy, Santosh&nbsp, Roy, Paolo&nbsp, Ruggi, Guntis&nbsp, Rutins, Ryan, Surabhi&nbsp, Sachdev, Travis&nbsp, Sadecki, Mairi&nbsp, Sakellariadou, Salafia, Om, Livio&nbsp, Salconi, Muhammed&nbsp, Saleem, Samajdar, Eduardo, Sanchez, Luis, Sanchez, Sanchis-Gual, Jaclyn, Sanders, Kevin, Santiago, Edison&nbsp, Santos, Sarin, Sassolas, Sathyaprakash, B, Orion&nbsp, Sauter, Richard, Savage, Vaibhav&nbsp, Savant, Disha&nbsp, Sawant, Sihem&nbsp, Sayah, Dean&nbsp, Schaetzl, Schale, Mark&nbsp, Scheel, Scheuer, Patricia&nbsp, Schmidt, Roman&nbsp, Schnabel, Robert, &nbsp, Schofield, Axel&nbsp, Schönbeck, Emil&nbsp, Schreiber, Bernd, Schulte, Bernard, Schutz, Otto&nbsp, Schwarm, Eyal&nbsp, Schwartz, Jamie&nbsp, Scott, Susan, Scott, Seidel, Sellers, Anand, Sengupta, Noah&nbsp, Sennett, Sentenac, Valeria&nbsp, Sequino, Sergeev, Yoshinta&nbsp, Setyawati, Daniel, Shaddock, Shaffer, Selim, Shahriar, Sharma, Priyanka&nbsp, Shawhan, Hongyu&nbsp, Shen, Minori&nbsp, Shikauchi, Rosalie&nbsp, Shink, David, Shoemaker, Deirdre, Shoemaker, Keerti&nbsp, Shukla, Shyamsundar&nbsp, Shyamsundar, Karelle&nbsp, Siellez, Magdalena&nbsp, Sieniawska, Sigg, Leo, Singer, Divya&nbsp, Singh, Neha&nbsp, Ayatri&nbsp, Singha, Akshat&nbsp, Singhal, Alicia, Sintes, Sipala, Vasileios&nbsp, Skliris, Bram, &nbsp, Slagmolen, Teresa, Slaven-Blair, Jiri&nbsp, Smetana, Joshua, Smith, Rory, &nbsp, Smith, Surendranadh&nbsp, Somala, Edwin, Son, Siddharth&nbsp, Soni, Borja&nbsp, Sorazu, Viola&nbsp, Sordini, Fiodor&nbsp, Sorrentino, Tarun&nbsp, Souradeep, Sowell, Andrew, Spencer, Mario&nbsp, Spera, Amit, Srivastava, Varun&nbsp, Srivastava, Kai&nbsp, Staats, Cosmin&nbsp, Stachie, Standke, Daniele, Steer, Steinke, Steinlechner, Steinmeyer, Dane&nbsp, Stocks, David, Stops, Madeline&nbsp, Stover, Ken, Strain, Stratta, Amber&nbsp, Strunk, Sturani, Amber, Stuver, Sudhagar&nbsp, Sudhagar, Vivishek&nbsp, Sudhir, Tiffany, Summerscales, Ling&nbsp, Sun, Sunil&nbsp, Sunil, Ankan&nbsp, Sur, Jishnu&nbsp, Suresh, Patrick, Sutton, Bas, Swinkels, Marek, Szczepańczyk, Tacca, Simon, Tait, Colm&nbsp, Talbot, Andres, Tanasijczuk, David, Tanner, Duo&nbsp, Tao, Marton&nbsp, Tápai, Amauri&nbsp, Tapia, Enzo, Tapia&nbsp, San&nbsp, Martin, Jay, Tasson, Taylor, Rodrigo&nbsp, Tenorio, Lukas&nbsp, Terkowski, Manasadevi, Thirugnanasambandam, Thomas, Jonathan, Thompson, Sivananda, Thondapu, Keith, Thorne, Thrane, Calley, Tinsman, Saravanan, Saravanan, Shubhanshu&nbsp, Tiwari, Srishti&nbsp, Karl&nbsp, Toland, Mauro&nbsp, Tonelli, Zeno&nbsp, Tornasi, Alejandro&nbsp, Torres-Forné, Calum, Torrie, Iara&nbsp, Tosta&nbsp, e&nbsp, Melo, Töyrä, Emily, Trail, Travasso, Traylor, Maria, Tringali, Aashish&nbsp, Tripathee, Agata&nbsp, Trovato, Randy, Trudeau, Ka-wa, Tsang, Maggie&nbsp, Tse, Rhondale&nbsp, Tso, Leo&nbsp, Tsukada, Daichi&nbsp, Tsuna, Takuya&nbsp, Tsutsui, Margherita&nbsp, Turconi, Amit, Ubhi, Koh&nbsp, Ueno, Dennis&nbsp, Ugolini, Unnikrishnan, Cs, Alexander, Urban, Samantha, Usman, Andrei, Utina, Henning&nbsp, Vahlbruch, Vajente, Guillermo&nbsp, Valdes, Valentini, Vallisneri, Niels&nbsp, van&nbsp, Bakel, Martin&nbsp, Beuzekom, den&nbsp, Brand, Chris&nbsp, Van&nbsp, Den&nbsp, Broeck, Daniel, Vander-Hyde, der&nbsp, Schaaf, Joris, Van&nbsp, Heijningen, Marielle, van&nbsp, Veggel, Marco&nbsp, Vardaro, Vijay&nbsp, Varma, Steve&nbsp, Vass, Matyas&nbsp, Vasúth, Alberto&nbsp, Vecchio, Gabriele&nbsp, Vedovato, John&nbsp, Veitch, Peter, Veitch, Krishna&nbsp, Venkateswara, Gautam&nbsp, Venugopalan, Didier&nbsp, Verkindt, Doga&nbsp, Veske, Vetrano, Viceré, Aaron, Viets, Serena&nbsp, Vinciguerra, David, Vine, Jeanyves&nbsp, Vinet, Salvatore&nbsp, Vitale, Francisco&nbsp, Hernandez&nbsp, Vivanco, Thomas&nbsp, Helios&nbsp, Vocca, Cheryl&nbsp, Vorvick, Sergey, Vyatchanin, Andrew, Wade, Leslie, Wade, Wade, Rob&nbsp, Walet, Marissa&nbsp, Walker, Gavin, Wallace, Larry&nbsp, Wallace, Sinead&nbsp, Walsh, Jonathan, Wang, Sibo&nbsp, Wang, Wenhui, Wang, Yifan, Wang, Robert, Ward, Zane, Warden, Jim&nbsp, Warner, Was, Jennifer&nbsp, Watchi, Betsy&nbsp, Weaver, Li-wei&nbsp, Wei, Weinert, Alan, Weinstein, Rainer&nbsp, Weiss, Felix&nbsp, Wellmann, Linqing&nbsp, Wen, Weßels, Jonathan, Westhouse, Wette, John, Whelan, Bernard, Whiting, Whittle, Dennis, Wilken, Williams, Roy, Williams, Andrew, Williamson, Joshua, Willis, Benno&nbsp, Willke, Winkler, Christopher, Wipf, Holger&nbsp, Wittel, Graham&nbsp, Woan, Janis&nbsp, Woehler, Jared, Wofford, Chun-fung&nbsp, Wong, Jennifer, Wright, David, Wu, Daniel, Wysocki, Liting&nbsp, Xiao, Hiro&nbsp, Yamamoto, Le&nbsp, Yang, Yang&nbsp, Ziyan&nbsp, Min-jet, Yap, Maher&nbsp, Yazback, David, Yeeles, Hang&nbsp, Haocun&nbsp, Shingheirobin&nbsp, Yuen, Adam, Zadrożny, Zadrożny, Zanolin, Tatiana&nbsp, Zelenova, Jean-pierre&nbsp, Zendri, Zevin, Jue&nbsp, Zhang, Liyuan&nbsp, Teng&nbsp, Chunnong&nbsp, Zhao, Guoying&nbsp, Minchuan&nbsp, Zhou, Zifan&nbsp, Xingjiang, Zhu, Aaron, Zimmerman, Michael, Zucker, John&nbsp, Zweizig, Laboratoire des matériaux avancés (LMA), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (IP2I Lyon), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Astrophysique Relativiste Théories Expériences 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Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie (ENSSAT), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres 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physics, RS: FSE Grav. waves and fundamental physics, RS: FSE MSP, Abbott, R., Abbott, T. D., Abraham, S., Acernese, F., Ackley, K., Adams, C., Adhikari, R. X., Adya, V. B., Affeldt, C., Agathos, M., Agatsuma, K., Aggarwal, N., Aguiar, O. D., Aich, A., Aiello, L., Ain, A., Ajith, P., Allen, G., Allocca, A., Altin, P. A., Amato, A., Anand, S., Ananyeva, A., Anderson, S. B., Anderson, W. G., Angelova, S. V., Ansoldi, S., Antier, S., Appert, S., Arai, K., Araya, M. C., Areeda, J. S., Arène, M., Arnaud, N., Aronson, S. M., Arun, K. G., Ascenzi, S., Ashton, G., Aston, S. M., Astone, P., Aubin, F., Aufmuth, P., Aultoneal, K., Austin, C., Avendano, V., Babak, S., Bacon, P., Badaracco, F., Bader, M. K. M., Bae, S., Baer, A. M., Baird, J., Baldaccini, F., Ballardin, G., Ballmer, S. W., Bals, A., Balsamo, A., Baltus, G., Banagiri, S., Bankar, D., Bankar, R. S., Barayoga, J. C., Barbieri, C., Barish, B. C., Barker, D., Barkett, K., Barneo, P., Barone, F., Barr, B., Barsotti, L., Barsuglia, M., Barta, D., Bartlett, J., Bartos, I., Bassiri, R., Basti, A., Bawaj, M., Bayley, J. C., Bazzan, M., Bécsy, B., Bejger, M., Belahcene, I., Bell, A. S., Beniwal, D., Benjamin, M. G., Bentley, J. D., Bergamin, F., Berger, B. K., Bergmann, G., Bernuzzi, S., Berry, C. P. L., Bersanetti, D., Bertolini, A., Betzwieser, J., Bhandare, R., Bhandari, A. V., Bidler, J., Biggs, E., Bilenko, I. A., Billingsley, G., Birney, R., Birnholtz, O., Biscans, S., Bischi, M., Biscoveanu, S., Bisht, A., Bissenbayeva, G., Bitossi, M., Bizouard, M. A., Blackburn, J. K., Blackman, J., Blair, C. D., Blair, D. G., Blair, R. M., Bobba, F., Bode, N., Boer, M., Boetzel, Y., Bogaert, G., Bondu, F., Bonilla, E., Bonnand, R., Booker, P., Boom, B. A., Bork, R., Boschi, V., Bose, S., Bossilkov, V., Bosveld, J., Bouffanais, Y., Bozzi, A., Bradaschia, C., Brady, P. R., Bramley, A., Branchesi, M., Brau, J. E., Breschi, M., Briant, T., Briggs, J. H., Brighenti, F., Brillet, A., Brinkmann, M., Brockill, P., Brooks, A. F., Brooks, J., Brown, D. D., Brunett, S., Bruno, G., Bruntz, R., Buikema, A., Bulik, T., Bulten, H. J., Buonanno, A., Buskulic, D., Byer, R. L., Cabero, M., Cadonati, L., Cagnoli, G., Cahillane, C., Bustillo, J. Calderón, Callaghan, J. D., Callister, T. A., Calloni, E., Camp, J. B., Canepa, M., Cannon, K. C., Cao, H., Cao, J., Carapella, G., Carbognani, F., Caride, S., Carney, M. F., Carullo, G., Diaz, J. Casanueva, Casentini, C., Castañeda, J., Caudill, S., Cavaglià, M., Cavalier, F., Cavalieri, R., Cella, G., Cerdá-Durán, P., Cesarini, E., Chaibi, O., Chakravarti, K., Chan, C., Chan, M., Chao, S., Charlton, P., Chase, E. A., Chassande-Mottin, E., Chatterjee, D., Chaturvedi, M., Chen, H. Y., Chen, X., Chen, Y., Cheng, H. -P., Cheong, C. K., Chia, H. Y., Chiadini, F., Chierici, R., Chincarini, A., Chiummo, A., Cho, G., Cho, H. S., Cho, M., Christensen, N., Chu, Q., Chua, S., Chung, K. W., Chung, S., Ciani, G., Ciecielag, P., Cieślar, M., Ciobanu, A. A., Ciolfi, R., Cipriano, F., Cirone, A., Clara, F., Clark, J. A., Clearwater, P., Clesse, S., Cleva, F., Coccia, E., Cohadon, P. -F., Cohen, D., Colleoni, M., Collette, C. G., Collins, C., Colpi, M., Constancio, M., Conti, L., Cooper, S. J., Corban, P., Corbitt, T. R., Cordero-Carrión, I., Corezzi, S., Corley, K. R., Cornish, N., Corre, D., Corsi, A., Cortese, S., Costa, C. A., Cotesta, R., Coughlin, M. W., Coughlin, S. B., Coulon, J. -P., Countryman, S. T., Couvares, P., Covas, P. B., Coward, D. M., Cowart, M. J., Coyne, D. C., Coyne, R., Creighton, J. D. E., Creighton, T. D., Cripe, J., Croquette, M., Crowder, S. G., Cudell, J. -R., Cullen, T. J., Cumming, A., Cummings, R., Cunningham, L., Cuoco, E., Curylo, M., Canton, T. Dal, Dálya, G., Dana, A., Daneshgaran-Bajastani, L. M., D’Angelo, B., Danilishin, S. L., D’Antonio, S., Danzmann, K., Darsow-Fromm, C., Dasgupta, A., Datrier, L. E. H., Dattilo, V., Dave, I., Davier, M., Davies, G. S., Davis, D., Daw, E. J., Debra, D., Deenadayalan, M., Degallaix, J., De Laurentis, M., Deléglise, S., Delfavero, M., De Lillo, N., Del Pozzo, W., Demarchi, L. M., D’Emilio, V., Demos, N., Dent, T., De Pietri, R., De Rosa, R., De Rossi, C., Desalvo, R., de Varona, O., Dhurandhar, S., Díaz, M. C., Diaz-Ortiz, M., Dietrich, T., Di Fiore, L., Di Fronzo, C., Di Giorgio, C., Di Giovanni, F., Di Giovanni, M., Di Girolamo, T., Di Lieto, A., Ding, B., Di Pace, S., Di Palma, I., Di Renzo, F., Divakarla, A. K., Dmitriev, A., Doctor, Z., Donovan, F., Dooley, K. L., Doravari, S., Dorrington, I., Downes, T. P., Drago, M., Driggers, J. C., Du, Z., Ducoin, J. -G., Dupej, P., Durante, O., D’Urso, D., Dwyer, S. E., Easter, P. J., Eddolls, G., Edelman, B., Edo, T. B., Edy, O., Effler, A., Ehrens, P., Eichholz, J., Eikenberry, S. S., Eisenmann, M., Eisenstein, R. A., Ejlli, A., Errico, L., Essick, R. C., Estelles, H., Estevez, D., Etienne, Z. B., Etzel, T., Evans, M., Evans, T. M., Ewing, B. E., Fafone, V., Fairhurst, S., Fan, X., Farinon, S., Farr, B., Farr, W. M., Fauchon-Jones, E. J., Favata, M., Fays, M., Fazio, M., Feicht, J., Fejer, M. M., Feng, F., Fenyvesi, E., Ferguson, D. L., Fernandez-Galiana, A., Ferrante, I., Ferreira, E. C., Ferreira, T. A., Fidecaro, F., Fiori, I., Fiorucci, D., Fishbach, M., Fisher, R. P., Fittipaldi, R., Fitz-Axen, M., Fiumara, V., Flaminio, R., Floden, E., Flynn, E., Fong, H., Font, J. A., Forsyth, P. W. F., Fournier, J. -D., Frasca, S., Frasconi, F., Frei, Z., Freise, A., Frey, R., Frey, V., Fritschel, P., Frolov, V. V., Fronzè, G., Fulda, P., Fyffe, M., Gabbard, H. A., Gadre, B. U., Gaebel, S. M., Gair, J. R., Galaudage, S., Ganapathy, D., Gaonkar, S. G., García-Quirós, C., Garufi, F., Gateley, B., Gaudio, S., Gayathri, V., Gemme, G., Genin, E., Gennai, A., George, D., George, J., Gergely, L., Ghonge, S., Ghosh, Abhirup, Ghosh, Archisman, Ghosh, S., Giacomazzo, B., Giaime, J. A., Giardina, K. D., Gibson, D. R., Gier, C., Gill, K., Glanzer, J., Gniesmer, J., Godwin, P., Goetz, E., Goetz, R., Gohlke, N., Goncharov, B., González, G., Gopakumar, A., Gossan, S. E., Gosselin, M., Gouaty, R., Grace, B., Grado, A., Granata, M., Grant, A., Gras, S., Grassia, P., Gray, C., Gray, R., Greco, G., Green, A. C., Green, R., Gretarsson, E. M., Griggs, H. L., Grignani, G., Grimaldi, A., Grimm, S. J., Grote, H., Grunewald, S., Gruning, P., Guidi, G. M., Guimaraes, A. R., Guixé, G., Gulati, H. K., Guo, Y., Gupta, A., Gupta, Anchal, Gupta, P., Gustafson, E. K., Gustafson, R., Haegel, L., Halim, O., Hall, E. D., Hamilton, E. Z., Hammond, G., Haney, M., Hanke, M. M., Hanks, J., Hanna, C., Hannam, M. D., Hannuksela, O. A., Hansen, T. J., Hanson, J., Harder, T., Hardwick, T., Haris, K., Harms, J., Harry, G. M., Harry, I. W., Hasskew, R. K., Haster, C. -J., Haughian, K., Hayes, F. J., Healy, J., Heidmann, A., Heintze, M. C., Heinze, J., Heitmann, H., Hellman, F., Hello, P., Hemming, G., Hendry, M., Heng, I. S., Hennes, E., Hennig, J., Heurs, M., Hild, S., Hinderer, T., Hoback, S. Y., Hochheim, S., Hofgard, E., Hofman, D., Holgado, A. M., Holland, N. A., Holt, K., Holz, D. E., Hopkins, P., Horst, C., Hough, J., Howell, E. J., Hoy, C. G., Huang, Y., Hübner, M. T., Huerta, E. A., Huet, D., Hughey, B., Hui, V., Husa, S., Huttner, S. H., Huxford, R., Huynh-Dinh, T., Idzkowski, B., Iess, A., Inchauspe, H., Ingram, C., Intini, G., Isac, J. - M., Isi, M., Iyer, B. R., Jacqmin, T., Jadhav, S. J., Jadhav, S. P., James, A. L., Jani, K., Janthalur, N. N., Jaranowski, P., Jariwala, D., Jaume, R., Jenkins, A. C., Jiang, J., Johns, G. R., Jones, A. W., Jones, D. I., Jones, J. D., Jones, P., Jones, R., Jonker, R. J. G., Ju, L., Junker, J., Kalaghatgi, C. V., Kalogera, V., Kamai, B., Kandhasamy, S., Kang, G., Kanner, J. B., Kapadia, S. J., Karki, S., Kashyap, R., Kasprzack, M., Kastaun, W., Katsanevas, S., Katsavounidis, E., Katzman, W., Kaufer, S., Kawabe, K., Kéfélian, F., Keitel, D., Keivani, A., Kennedy, R., Key, J. S., Khadka, S., Khalili, F. Y., Khan, I., Khan, S., Khan, Z. A., Khazanov, E. A., Khetan, N., Khursheed, M., Kijbunchoo, N., Kim, Chunglee, Kim, G. J., Kim, J. C., Kim, K., Kim, W., Kim, W. S., Kim, Y. -M., Kimball, C., King, P. J., Kinley-Hanlon, M., Kirchhoff, R., Kissel, J. S., Kleybolte, L., Klimenko, S., Knowles, T. D., Koch, P., Koehlenbeck, S. M., Koekoek, G., Koley, S., Kondrashov, V., Kontos, A., Koper, N., Korobko, M., Korth, W. Z., Kovalam, M., Kozak, D. B., Kringel, V., Krishnendu, N. V., Królak, A., Krupinski, N., Kuehn, G., Kumar, A., Kumar, P., Kumar, Rahul, Kumar, Rakesh, Kumar, S., Kuo, L., Kutynia, A., Lackey, B. D., Laghi, D., Lalande, E., Lam, T. L., Lamberts, A., Landry, M., Lane, B. B., Lang, R. N., Lange, J., Lantz, B., Lanza, R. K., La Rosa, I., Lartaux-Vollard, A., Lasky, P. D., Laxen, M., Lazzarini, A., Lazzaro, C., Leaci, P., Leavey, S., Lecoeuche, Y. K., Lee, C. H., Lee, H. M., Lee, H. W., Lee, J., Lee, K., Lehmann, J., Leroy, N., Letendre, N., Levin, Y., Li, A. K. Y., Li, J., Li, K., Li, T. G. F., Li, X., Linde, F., Linker, S. D., Linley, J. N., Littenberg, T. B., Liu, J., Liu, X., Llorens-Monteagudo, M., Lo, R. K. L., Lockwood, A., London, L. T., Longo, A., Lorenzini, M., Loriette, V., Lormand, M., Losurdo, G., Lough, J. D., Lousto, C. O., Lovelace, G., Lück, H., Lumaca, D., Lundgren, A. P., Ma, Y., Macas, R., Macfoy, S., Macinnis, M., Macleod, D. M., Macmillan, I. A. O., Macquet, A., Hernandez, I. Magaña, Magaña-Sandoval, F., Magee, R. M., Majorana, E., Maksimovic, I., Malik, A., Man, N., Mandic, V., Mangano, V., Mansell, G. L., Manske, M., Mantovani, M., Mapelli, M., Marchesoni, F., Marion, F., Márka, S., Márka, Z., Markakis, C., Markosyan, A. S., Markowitz, A., Maros, E., Marquina, A., Marsat, S., Martelli, F., Martin, I. W., Martin, R. M., Martinez, V., Martynov, D. V., Masalehdan, H., Mason, K., Massera, E., Masserot, A., Massinger, T. J., Masso-Reid, M., Mastrogiovanni, S., Matas, A., Matichard, F., Mavalvala, N., Maynard, E., Mccann, J. J., Mccarthy, R., Mcclelland, D. E., Mccormick, S., Mcculler, L., Mcguire, S. C., Mcisaac, C., Mciver, J., Mcmanus, D. J., Mcrae, T., Mcwilliams, S. T., Meacher, D., Meadors, G. D., Mehmet, M., Mehta, A. K., Villa, E. Mejuto, Melatos, A., Mendell, G., Mercer, R. A., Mereni, L., Merfeld, K., Merilh, E. L., Merritt, J. D., Merzougui, M., Meshkov, S., Messenger, C., Messick, C., Metzdorff, R., Meyers, P. M., Meylahn, F., Mhaske, A., Miani, A., Miao, H., Michaloliakos, I., Michel, C., Middleton, H., Milano, L., Miller, A. L., Millhouse, M., Mills, J. C., Milotti, E., Milovich-Goff, M. C., Minazzoli, O., Minenkov, Y., Mishkin, A., Mishra, C., Mistry, T., Mitra, S., Mitrofanov, V. P., Mitselmakher, G., Mittleman, R., Mo, G., Mogushi, K., Mohapatra, S. R. P., Mohite, S. R., Molina-Ruiz, M., Mondin, M., Montani, M., Moore, C. J., Moraru, D., Morawski, F., Moreno, G., Morisaki, S., Mours, B., Mow-Lowry, C. M., Mozzon, S., Muciaccia, F., Mukherjee, Arunava, Mukherjee, D., Mukherjee, S., Mukherjee, Subroto, Mukund, N., Mullavey, A., Munch, J., Muñiz, E. A., Murray, P. G., Nagar, A., Nardecchia, I., Naticchioni, L., Nayak, R. K., Neil, B. F., Neilson, J., Nelemans, G., Nelson, T. J. N., Nery, M., Neunzert, A., Ng, K. Y., Ng, S., Nguyen, C., Nguyen, P., Nichols, D., Nichols, S. A., Nissanke, S., Nocera, F., Noh, M., North, C., Nothard, D., Nuttall, L. K., Oberling, J., O’Brien, B. D., Oganesyan, G., Ogin, G. H., Oh, J. J., Oh, S. H., Ohme, F., Ohta, H., Okada, M. A., Oliver, M., Olivetto, C., Oppermann, P., Oram, Richard J., O’Reilly, B., Ormiston, R. G., Ortega, L. F., O’Shaughnessy, R., Ossokine, S., Osthelder, C., Ottaway, D. J., Overmier, H., Owen, B. J., Pace, A. E., Pagano, G., Page, M. A., Pagliaroli, G., Pai, A., Pai, S. A., Palamos, J. R., Palashov, O., Palomba, C., Pan, H., Panda, P. K., Pang, P. T. H., Pankow, C., Pannarale, F., Pant, B. C., Paoletti, F., Paoli, A., Parida, A., Parker, W., Pascucci, D., Pasqualetti, A., Passaquieti, R., Passuello, D., Patricelli, B., Payne, E., Pearlstone, B. L., Pechsiri, T. C., Pedersen, A. J., Pedraza, M., Pele, A., Penn, S., Perego, A., Perez, C. J., Périgois, C., Perreca, A., Perriès, S., Petermann, J., Pfeiffer, H. P., Phelps, M., Phukon, K. S., Piccinni, O. J., Pichot, M., Piendibene, M., Piergiovanni, F., Pierro, V., Pillant, G., Pinard, L., Pinto, I. M., Piotrzkowski, K., Pirello, M., Pitkin, M., Plastino, W., Poggiani, R., Pong, D. Y. T., Ponrathnam, S., Popolizio, P., Porter, E. K., Powell, J., Prajapati, A. K., Prasai, K., Prasanna, R., Pratten, G., Prestegard, T., Principe, M., Prodi, G. A., Prokhorov, L., Punturo, M., Puppo, P., Pürrer, M., Qi, H., Quetschke, V., Quinonez, P. J., Raab, F. J., Raaijmakers, G., Radkins, H., Radulesco, N., Raffai, P., Rafferty, H., Raja, S., Rajan, C., Rajbhandari, B., Rakhmanov, M., Ramirez, K. E., Ramos-Buades, A., Rana, Javed, Rao, K., Rapagnani, P., Raymond, V., Razzano, M., Read, J., Regimbau, T., Rei, L., Reid, S., Reitze, D. H., Rettegno, P., Ricci, F., Richardson, C. J., Richardson, J. W., Ricker, P. M., Riemenschneider, G., Riles, K., Rizzo, M., Robertson, N. A., Robinet, F., Rocchi, A., Rodriguez-Soto, R. D., Rolland, L., Rollins, J. G., Roma, V. J., Romanelli, M., Romano, R., Romel, C. L., Romero-Shaw, I. M., Romie, J. H., Rose, C. A., Rose, D., Rose, K., Rosińska, D., Rosofsky, S. G., Ross, M. P., Rowan, S., Rowlinson, S. J., Roy, P. K., Roy, Santosh, Roy, Soumen, Ruggi, P., Rutins, G., Ryan, K., Sachdev, S., Sadecki, T., Sakellariadou, M., Salafia, O. S., Salconi, L., Saleem, M., Samajdar, A., Sanchez, E. J., Sanchez, L. E., Sanchis-Gual, N., Sanders, J. R., Santiago, K. A., Santos, E., Sarin, N., Sassolas, B., Sathyaprakash, B. S., Sauter, O., Savage, R. L., Savant, V., Sawant, D., Sayah, S., Schaetzl, D., Schale, P., Scheel, M., Scheuer, J., Schmidt, P., Schnabel, R., Schofield, R. M. S., Schönbeck, A., Schreiber, E., Schulte, B. W., Schutz, B. F., Schwarm, O., Schwartz, E., Scott, J., Scott, S. M., Seidel, E., Sellers, D., Sengupta, A. S., Sennett, N., Sentenac, D., Sequino, V., Sergeev, A., Setyawati, Y., Shaddock, D. A., Shaffer, T., Shahriar, M. S., Sharma, A., Sharma, P., Shawhan, P., Shen, H., Shikauchi, M., Shink, R., Shoemaker, D. H., Shoemaker, D. M., Shukla, K., Shyamsundar, S., Siellez, K., Sieniawska, M., Sigg, D., Singer, L. P., Singh, D., Singh, N., Singha, A., Singhal, A., Sintes, A. M., Sipala, V., Skliris, V., Slagmolen, B. J. J., Slaven-Blair, T. J., Smetana, J., Smith, J. R., Smith, R. J. E., Somala, S., Son, E. J., Soni, S., Sorazu, B., Sordini, V., Sorrentino, F., Souradeep, T., Sowell, E., Spencer, A. P., Spera, M., Srivastava, A. K., Srivastava, V., Staats, K., Stachie, C., Standke, M., Steer, D. A., Steinke, M., Steinlechner, J., Steinlechner, S., Steinmeyer, D., Stocks, D., Stops, D. J., Stover, M., Strain, K. A., Stratta, G., Strunk, A., Sturani, R., Stuver, A. L., Sudhagar, S., Sudhir, V., Summerscales, T. Z., Sun, L., Sunil, S., Sur, A., Suresh, J., Sutton, P. J., Swinkels, B. L., Szczepańczyk, M. J., Tacca, M., Tait, S. C., Talbot, C., Tanasijczuk, A. J., Tanner, D. B., Tao, D., Tápai, M., Tapia, A., Martin, E. N. Tapia San, Tasson, J. D., Taylor, R., Tenorio, R., Terkowski, L., Thirugnanasambandam, M. P., Thomas, M., Thomas, P., Thompson, J. E., Thondapu, S. R., Thorne, K. A., Thrane, E., Tinsman, C. L., Saravanan, T. R., Tiwari, Shubhanshu, Tiwari, S., Tiwari, V., Toland, K., Tonelli, M., Tornasi, Z., Torres-Forné, A., Torrie, C. I., Tosta e Melo, I., Töyrä, D., Trail, E. A., Travasso, F., Traylor, G., Tringali, M. C., Tripathee, A., Trovato, A., Trudeau, R. J., Tsang, K. W., Tse, M., Tso, R., Tsukada, L., Tsuna, D., Tsutsui, T., Turconi, M., Ubhi, A. S., Ueno, K., Ugolini, D., Unnikrishnan, C. S., Urban, A. L., Usman, S. A., Utina, A. C., Vahlbruch, H., Vajente, G., Valdes, G., Valentini, M., Vallisneri, M., van Bakel, N., van Beuzekom, M., van den Brand, J. F. J., Van Den Broeck, C., Vander-Hyde, D. C., van der Schaaf, L., Van Heijningen, J. V., van Veggel, A. A., Vardaro, M., Varma, V., Vass, S., Vasúth, M., Vecchio, A., Vedovato, G., Veitch, J., Veitch, P. J., Venkateswara, K., Venugopalan, G., Verkindt, D., Veske, D., Vetrano, F., Viceré, A., Viets, A. D., Vinciguerra, S., Vine, D. J., Vinet, J. -Y., Vitale, S., Vivanco, Francisco Hernandez, Vo, T., Vocca, H., Vorvick, C., Vyatchanin, S. P., Wade, A. R., Wade, L. E., Wade, M., Walet, R., Walker, M., Wallace, G. S., Wallace, L., Walsh, S., Wang, J. Z., Wang, S., Wang, W. H., Wang, Y. F., Ward, R. L., Warden, Z. A., Warner, J., Was, M., Watchi, J., Weaver, B., Wei, L. -W., Weinert, M., Weinstein, A. J., Weiss, R., Wellmann, F., Wen, L., Weßels, P., Westhouse, J. W., Wette, K., Whelan, J. T., Whiting, B. F., Whittle, C., Wilken, D. M., Williams, D., Williams, R. D., Williamson, A. R., Willis, J. L., Willke, B., Winkler, W., Wipf, C. C., Wittel, H., Woan, G., Woehler, J., Wofford, J. K., Wong, C., Wright, J. L., Wu, D. S., Wysocki, D. M., Xiao, L., Yamamoto, H., Yang, L., Yang, Y., Yang, Z., Yap, M. J., Yazback, M., Yeeles, D. W., Yu, Hang, Yu, Haocun, Yuen, S. H. R., Zadrożny, A. K., Zadrożny, A., Zanolin, M., Zelenova, T., Zendri, J. -P., Zevin, M., Zhang, J., Zhang, L., Zhang, T., Zhao, C., Zhao, G., Zhou, M., Zhou, Z., Zhu, X. J., Zimmerman, A. B., Zucker, M. E., Zweizig, J., Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-École Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie (ENSSAT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution)), Abbott, R, Abbott, T, Abraham, S, Acernese, F, Ackley, K, Adams, C, Adhikari, R, Adya, V, Affeldt, C, Agathos, M, Agatsuma, K, Aggarwal, N, Aguiar, O, Aich, A, Aiello, L, Ain, A, Ajith, P, Allen, G, Allocca, A, Altin, P, Amato, A, Anand, S, Ananyeva, A, Anderson, S, Anderson, W, Angelova, S, Ansoldi, S, Antier, S, Appert, S, Arai, K, Araya, M, Areeda, J, Arene, M, Arnaud, N, Aronson, S, Arun, K, Ascenzi, S, Ashton, G, Aston, S, Astone, P, Aubin, F, Aufmuth, P, Aultoneal, K, Austin, C, Avendano, V, Babak, S, Bacon, P, Badaracco, F, Bader, M, Bae, S, Baer, A, Baird, J, Baldaccini, F, Ballardin, G, Ballmer, S, Bals, A, Balsamo, A, Baltus, G, Banagiri, S, Bankar, D, Bankar, R, Barayoga, J, Barbieri, C, Barish, B, Barker, D, Barkett, K, Barneo, P, Barone, F, Barr, B, Barsotti, L, Barsuglia, M, Barta, D, Bartlett, J, Bartos, I, Bassiri, R, Basti, A, Bawaj, M, Bayley, J, Bazzan, M, Becsy, B, Bejger, M, Belahcene, I, Bell, A, Beniwal, D, Benjamin, M, Bentley, J, Bergamin, F, Berger, B, Bergmann, G, Bernuzzi, S, Berry, C, Bersanetti, D, Bertolini, A, Betzwieser, J, Bhandare, R, Bhandari, A, Bidler, J, Biggs, E, Bilenko, I, Billingsley, G, Birney, R, Birnholtz, O, Biscans, S, Bischi, M, Biscoveanu, S, Bisht, A, Bissenbayeva, G, Bitossi, M, Bizouard, M, Blackburn, J, Blackman, J, Blair, C, Blair, D, Blair, R, Bobba, F, Bode, N, Boer, M, Boetzel, Y, Bogaert, G, Bondu, F, Bonilla, E, Bonnand, R, Booker, P, Boom, B, Bork, R, Boschi, V, Bose, S, Bossilkov, V, Bosveld, J, Bouffanais, Y, Bozzi, A, Bradaschia, C, Brady, P, Bramley, A, Branchesi, M, Brau, J, Breschi, M, Briant, T, Briggs, J, Brighenti, F, Brillet, A, Brinkmann, M, Brockill, P, Brooks, A, Brooks, J, Brown, D, Brunett, S, Bruno, G, Bruntz, R, Buikema, A, Bulik, T, Bulten, H, Buonanno, A, Buskulic, D, Byer, R, Cabero, M, Cadonati, L, Cagnoli, G, Cahillane, C, Bustillo, J, Callaghan, J, Callister, T, Calloni, E, Camp, J, Canepa, M, Cannon, K, Cao, H, Cao, J, Carapella, G, Carbognani, F, Caride, S, Carney, M, Carullo, G, Diaz, J, Casentini, C, Castaneda, J, Caudill, S, Cavaglia, M, Cavalier, F, Cavalieri, R, Cella, G, Cerda-Duran, P, Cesarini, E, Chaibi, O, Chakravarti, K, Chan, C, Chan, M, Chao, S, Charlton, P, Chase, E, Chassande-Mottin, E, Chatterjee, D, Chaturvedi, M, Chen, H, Chen, X, Chen, Y, Cheng, H, Cheong, C, Chia, H, Chiadini, F, Chierici, R, Chincarini, A, Chiummo, A, Cho, G, Cho, H, Cho, M, Christensen, N, Chu, Q, Chua, S, Chung, K, Chung, S, Ciani, G, Ciecielag, P, Cieslar, M, Ciobanu, A, Ciolfi, R, Cipriano, F, Cirone, A, Clara, F, Clark, J, Clearwater, P, Clesse, S, Cleva, F, Coccia, E, Cohadon, P, Cohen, D, Colleoni, M, Collette, C, Collins, C, Colpi, M, Constancio, M, Conti, L, Cooper, S, Corban, P, Corbitt, T, Cordero-Carrion, I, Corezzi, S, Corley, K, Cornish, N, Corre, D, Corsi, A, Cortese, S, Costa, C, Cotesta, R, Coughlin, M, Coughlin, S, Coulon, J, Countryman, S, Couvares, P, Covas, P, Coward, D, Cowart, M, Coyne, D, Coyne, R, Creighton, J, Creighton, T, Cripe, J, Croquette, M, Crowder, S, Cudell, J, Cullen, T, Cumming, A, Cummings, R, Cunningham, L, Cuoco, E, Curylo, M, Canton, T, Dalya, G, Dana, A, Daneshgaran-Bajastani, L, D'Angelo, B, Danilishin, S, D'Antonio, S, Danzmann, K, Darsow-Fromm, C, Dasgupta, A, Datrier, L, Dattilo, V, Dave, I, Davier, M, Davies, G, Davis, D, Daw, E, Debra, D, Deenadayalan, M, Degallaix, J, De Laurentis, M, Deleglise, S, Delfavero, M, De Lillo, N, Del Pozzo, W, Demarchi, L, D'Emilio, V, Demos, N, Dent, T, De Pietri, R, De Rosa, R, De Rossi, C, Desalvo, R, de Varona, O, Dhurandhar, S, Diaz, M, Diaz-Ortiz, M, Dietrich, T, Di Fiore, L, Di Fronzo, C, Di Giorgio, C, Di Giovanni, F, Di Giovanni, M, Di Girolamo, T, Di Lieto, A, Ding, B, Di Pace, S, Di Palma, I, Di Renzo, F, Divakarla, A, Dmitriev, A, Doctor, Z, Donovan, F, Dooley, K, Doravari, S, Dorrington, I, Downes, T, Drago, M, Driggers, J, Du, Z, Ducoin, J, Dupej, P, Durante, O, D'Urso, D, Dwyer, S, Easter, P, Eddolls, G, Edelman, B, Edo, T, Edy, O, Effler, A, Ehrens, P, Eichholz, J, Eikenberry, S, Eisenmann, M, Eisenstein, R, Ejlli, A, Errico, L, Essick, R, Estelles, H, Estevez, D, Etienne, Z, Etzel, T, Evans, M, Evans, T, Ewing, B, Fafone, V, Fairhurst, S, Fan, X, Farinon, S, Farr, B, Farr, W, Fauchon-Jones, E, Favata, M, Fays, M, Fazio, M, Feicht, J, Fejer, M, Feng, F, Fenyvesi, E, Ferguson, D, Fernandez-Galiana, A, Ferrante, I, Ferreira, E, Ferreira, T, Fidecaro, F, Fiori, I, Fiorucci, D, Fishbach, M, Fisher, R, Fittipaldi, R, Fitz-Axen, M, Fiumara, V, Flaminio, R, Floden, E, Flynn, E, Fong, H, Font, J, Forsyth, P, Fournier, J, Frasca, S, Frasconi, F, Frei, Z, Freise, A, Frey, R, Frey, V, Fritschel, P, Frolov, V, Fronze, G, Fulda, P, Fyffe, M, Gabbard, H, Gadre, B, Gaebel, S, Gair, J, Galaudage, S, Ganapathy, D, Gaonkar, S, Garcia-Quiros, C, Garufi, F, Gateley, B, Gaudio, S, Gayathri, V, Gemme, G, Genin, E, Gennai, A, George, D, George, J, Gergely, L, Ghonge, S, Ghosh, A, Ghosh, S, Giacomazzo, B, Giaime, J, Giardina, K, Gibson, D, Gier, C, Gill, K, Glanzer, J, Gniesmer, J, Godwin, P, Goetz, E, Goetz, R, Gohlke, N, Goncharov, B, Gonzalez, G, Gopakumar, A, Gossan, S, Gosselin, M, Gouaty, R, Grace, B, Grado, A, Granata, M, Grant, A, Gras, S, Grassia, P, Gray, C, Gray, R, Greco, G, Green, A, Green, R, Gretarsson, E, Griggs, H, Grignani, G, Grimaldi, A, Grimm, S, Grote, H, Grunewald, S, Gruning, P, Guidi, G, Guimaraes, A, Guixe, G, Gulati, H, Guo, Y, Gupta, A, Gupta, P, Gustafson, E, Gustafson, R, Haegel, L, Halim, O, Hall, E, Hamilton, E, Hammond, G, Haney, M, Hanke, M, Hanks, J, Hanna, C, Hannam, M, Hannuksela, O, Hansen, T, Hanson, J, Harder, T, Hardwick, T, Haris, K, Harms, J, Harry, G, Harry, I, Hasskew, R, Haster, C, Haughian, K, Hayes, F, Healy, J, Heidmann, A, Heintze, M, Heinze, J, Heitmann, H, Hellman, F, Hello, P, Hemming, G, Hendry, M, Heng, I, Hennes, E, Hennig, J, Heurs, M, Hild, S, Hinderer, T, Hoback, S, Hochheim, S, Hofgard, E, Hofman, D, Holgado, A, Holland, N, Holt, K, Holz, D, Hopkins, P, Horst, C, Hough, J, Howell, E, Hoy, C, Huang, Y, Hubner, M, Huerta, E, Huet, D, Hughey, B, Hui, V, Husa, S, Huttner, S, Huxford, R, Huynh-Dinh, T, Idzkowski, B, Iess, A, Inchauspe, H, Ingram, C, Intini, G, Isac, J, Isi, M, Iyer, B, Jacqmin, T, Jadhav, S, James, A, Jani, K, Janthalur, N, Jaranowski, P, Jariwala, D, Jaume, R, Jenkins, A, Jiang, J, Johns, G, Jones, A, Jones, D, Jones, J, Jones, P, Jones, R, Jonker, R, Ju, L, Junker, J, Kalaghatgi, C, Kalogera, V, Kamai, B, Kandhasamy, S, Kang, G, Kanner, J, Kapadia, S, Karki, S, Kashyap, R, Kasprzack, M, Kastaun, W, Katsanevas, S, Katsavounidis, E, Katzman, W, Kaufer, S, Kawabe, K, Kefelian, F, Keitel, D, Keivani, A, Kennedy, R, Key, J, Khadka, S, Khalili, F, Khan, I, Khan, S, Khan, Z, Khazanov, E, Khetan, N, Khursheed, M, Kijbunchoo, N, Kim, C, Kim, G, Kim, J, Kim, K, Kim, W, Kim, Y, Kimball, C, King, P, Kinley-Hanlon, M, Kirchhoff, R, Kissel, J, Kleybolte, L, Klimenko, S, Knowles, T, Koch, P, Koehlenbeck, S, Koekoek, G, Koley, S, Kondrashov, V, Kontos, A, Koper, N, Korobko, M, Korth, W, Kovalam, M, Kozak, D, Kringel, V, Krishnendu, N, Krolak, A, Krupinski, N, Kuehn, G, Kumar, A, Kumar, P, Kumar, R, Kumar, S, Kuo, L, Kutynia, A, Lackey, B, Laghi, D, Lalande, E, Lam, T, Lamberts, A, Landry, M, Lane, B, Lang, R, Lange, J, Lantz, B, Lanza, R, La Rosa, I, Lartaux-Vollard, A, Lasky, P, Laxen, M, Lazzarini, A, Lazzaro, C, Leaci, P, Leavey, S, Lecoeuche, Y, Lee, C, Lee, H, Lee, J, Lee, K, Lehmann, J, Leroy, N, Letendre, N, Levin, Y, Li, A, Li, J, Li, K, Li, T, Li, X, Linde, F, Linker, S, Linley, J, Littenberg, T, Liu, J, Liu, X, Llorens-Monteagudo, M, Lo, R, Lockwood, A, London, L, Longo, A, Lorenzini, M, Loriette, V, Lormand, M, Losurdo, G, Lough, J, Lousto, C, Lovelace, G, Luck, H, Lumaca, D, Lundgren, A, Ma, Y, Macas, R, Macfoy, S, Macinnis, M, Macleod, D, Macmillan, I, Macquet, A, Hernandez, I, Magana-Sandoval, F, Magee, R, Majorana, E, Maksimovic, I, Malik, A, Man, N, Mandic, V, Mangano, V, Mansell, G, Manske, M, Mantovani, M, Mapelli, M, Marchesoni, F, Marion, F, Marka, S, Marka, Z, Markakis, C, Markosyan, A, Markowitz, A, Maros, E, Marquina, A, Marsat, S, Martelli, F, Martin, I, Martin, R, Martinez, V, Martynov, D, Masalehdan, H, Mason, K, Massera, E, Masserot, A, Massinger, T, Masso-Reid, M, Mastrogiovanni, S, Matas, A, Matichard, F, Mavalvala, N, Maynard, E, Mccann, J, Mccarthy, R, Mcclelland, D, Mccormick, S, Mcculler, L, Mcguire, S, Mcisaac, C, Mciver, J, Mcmanus, D, Mcrae, T, Mcwilliams, S, Meacher, D, Meadors, G, Mehmet, M, Mehta, A, Villa, E, Melatos, A, Mendell, G, Mercer, R, Mereni, L, Merfeld, K, Merilh, E, Merritt, J, Merzougui, M, Meshkov, S, Messenger, C, Messick, C, Metzdorff, R, Meyers, P, Meylahn, F, Mhaske, A, Miani, A, Miao, H, Michaloliakos, I, Michel, C, Middleton, H, Milano, L, Miller, A, Millhouse, M, Mills, J, Milotti, E, Milovich-Goff, M, Minazzoli, O, Minenkov, Y, Mishkin, A, Mishra, C, Mistry, T, Mitra, S, Mitrofanov, V, Mitselmakher, G, Mittleman, R, Mo, G, Mogushi, K, Mohapatra, S, Mohite, S, Molina-Ruiz, M, Mondin, M, Montani, M, Moore, C, Moraru, D, Morawski, F, Moreno, G, Morisaki, S, Mours, B, Mow-Lowry, C, Mozzon, S, Muciaccia, F, Mukherjee, A, Mukherjee, D, Mukherjee, S, Mukund, N, Mullavey, A, Munch, J, Muniz, E, Murray, P, Nagar, A, Nardecchia, I, Naticchioni, L, Nayak, R, Neil, B, Neilson, J, Nelemans, G, Nelson, T, Nery, M, Neunzert, A, Ng, K, Ng, S, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, P, Nichols, D, Nichols, S, Nissanke, S, Nocera, F, Noh, M, North, C, Nothard, D, Nuttall, L, Oberling, J, O'Brien, B, Oganesyan, G, Ogin, G, Oh, J, Oh, S, Ohme, F, Ohta, H, Okada, M, Oliver, M, Olivetto, C, Oppermann, P, Oram, R, O'Reilly, B, Ormiston, R, Ortega, L, O'Shaughnessy, R, Ossokine, S, Osthelder, C, Ottaway, D, Overmier, H, Owen, B, Pace, A, Pagano, G, Page, M, Pagliaroli, G, Pai, A, Pai, S, Palamos, J, Palashov, O, Palomba, C, Pan, H, Panda, P, Pang, P, Pankow, C, Pannarale, F, Pant, B, Paoletti, F, Paoli, A, Parida, A, Parker, W, Pascucci, D, Pasqualetti, A, Passaquieti, R, Passuello, D, Patricelli, B, Payne, E, Pearlstone, B, Pechsiri, T, Pedersen, A, Pedraza, M, Pele, A, Penn, S, Perego, A, Perez, C, Perigois, C, Perreca, A, Perries, S, Petermann, J, Pfeiffer, H, Phelps, M, Phukon, K, Piccinni, O, Pichot, M, Piendibene, M, Piergiovanni, F, Pierro, V, Pillant, G, Pinard, L, Pinto, I, Piotrzkowski, K, Pirello, M, Pitkin, M, Plastino, W, Poggiani, R, Pong, D, Ponrathnam, S, Popolizio, P, Porter, E, Powell, J, Prajapati, A, Prasai, K, Prasanna, R, Pratten, G, Prestegard, T, Principe, M, Prodi, G, Prokhorov, L, Punturo, M, Puppo, P, Purrer, M, Qi, H, Quetschke, V, Quinonez, P, Raab, F, Raaijmakers, G, Radkins, H, Radulesco, N, Raffai, P, Rafferty, H, Raja, S, Rajan, C, Rajbhandari, B, Rakhmanov, M, Ramirez, K, Ramos-Buades, A, Rana, J, Rao, K, Rapagnani, P, Raymond, V, Razzano, M, Read, J, Regimbau, T, Rei, L, Reid, S, Reitze, D, Rettegno, P, Ricci, F, Richardson, C, Richardson, J, Ricker, P, Riemenschneider, G, Riles, K, Rizzo, M, Robertson, N, Robinet, F, Rocchi, A, Rodriguez-Soto, R, Rolland, L, Rollins, J, Roma, V, Romanelli, M, Romano, R, Romel, C, Romero-Shaw, I, Romie, J, Rose, C, Rose, D, Rose, K, Rosinska, D, Rosofsky, S, Ross, M, Rowan, S, Rowlinson, S, Roy, P, Roy, S, Ruggi, P, Rutins, G, Ryan, K, Sachdev, S, Sadecki, T, Sakellariadou, M, Salafia, O, Salconi, L, Saleem, M, Samajdar, A, Sanchez, E, Sanchez, L, Sanchis-Gual, N, Sanders, J, Santiago, K, Santos, E, Sarin, N, Sassolas, B, Sathyaprakash, B, Sauter, O, Savage, R, Savant, V, Sawant, D, Sayah, S, Schaetzl, D, Schale, P, Scheel, M, Scheuer, J, Schmidt, P, Schnabel, R, Schofield, R, Schonbeck, A, Schreiber, E, Schulte, B, Schutz, B, Schwarm, O, Schwartz, E, Scott, J, Scott, S, Seidel, E, Sellers, D, Sengupta, A, Sennett, N, Sentenac, D, Sequino, V, Sergeev, A, Setyawati, Y, Shaddock, D, Shaffer, T, Shahriar, M, Sharma, A, Sharma, P, Shawhan, P, Shen, H, Shikauchi, M, Shink, R, Shoemaker, D, Shukla, K, Shyamsundar, S, Siellez, K, Sieniawska, M, Sigg, D, Singer, L, Singh, D, Singh, N, Singha, A, Singhal, A, Sintes, A, Sipala, V, Skliris, V, Slagmolen, B, Slaven-Blair, T, Smetana, J, Smith, J, Smith, R, Somala, S, Son, E, Soni, S, Sorazu, B, Sordini, V, Sorrentino, F, Souradeep, T, Sowell, E, Spencer, A, Spera, M, Srivastava, A, Srivastava, V, Staats, K, Stachie, C, Standke, M, Steer, D, Steinke, M, Steinlechner, J, Steinlechner, S, Steinmeyer, D, Stocks, D, Stops, D, Stover, M, Strain, K, Stratta, G, Strunk, A, Sturani, R, Stuver, A, Sudhagar, S, Sudhir, V, Summerscales, T, Sun, L, Sunil, S, Sur, A, Suresh, J, Sutton, P, Swinkels, B, Szczepanczyk, M, Tacca, M, Tait, S, Talbot, C, Tanasijczuk, A, Tanner, D, Tao, D, Tapai, M, Tapia, A, Martin, E, Tasson, J, Taylor, R, Tenorio, R, Terkowski, L, Thirugnanasambandam, M, Thomas, M, Thomas, P, Thompson, J, Thondapu, S, Thorne, K, Thrane, E, Tinsman, C, Saravanan, T, Tiwari, S, Tiwari, V, Toland, K, Tonelli, M, Tornasi, Z, Torres-Forne, A, Torrie, C, Tosta e Melo, I, Toyra, D, Trail, E, Travasso, F, Traylor, G, Tringali, M, Tripathee, A, Trovato, A, Trudeau, R, Tsang, K, Tse, M, Tso, R, Tsukada, L, Tsuna, D, Tsutsui, T, Turconi, M, Ubhi, A, Ueno, K, Ugolini, D, Unnikrishnan, C, Urban, A, Usman, S, Utina, A, Vahlbruch, H, Vajente, G, Valdes, G, Valentini, M, Vallisneri, M, van Bakel, N, van Beuzekom, M, van den Brand, J, Van Den Broeck, C, Vander-Hyde, D, van der Schaaf, L, Van Heijningen, J, van Veggel, A, Vardaro, M, Varma, V, Vass, S, Vasuth, M, Vecchio, A, Vedovato, G, Veitch, J, Veitch, P, Venkateswara, K, Venugopalan, G, Verkindt, D, Veske, D, Vetrano, F, Vicere, A, Viets, A, Vinciguerra, S, Vine, D, Vinet, J, Vitale, S, Vivanco, F, Vo, T, Vocca, H, Vorvick, C, Vyatchanin, S, Wade, A, Wade, L, Wade, M, Walet, R, Walker, M, Wallace, G, Wallace, L, Walsh, S, Wang, J, Wang, S, Wang, W, Wang, Y, Ward, R, Warden, Z, Warner, J, Was, M, Watchi, J, Weaver, B, Wei, L, Weinert, M, Weinstein, A, Weiss, R, Wellmann, F, Wen, L, Wessels, P, Westhouse, J, Wette, K, Whelan, J, Whiting, B, Whittle, C, Wilken, D, Williams, D, Williams, R, Williamson, A, Willis, J, Willke, B, Winkler, W, Wipf, C, Wittel, H, Woan, G, Woehler, J, Wofford, J, Wong, C, Wright, J, Wu, D, Wysocki, D, Xiao, L, Yamamoto, H, Yang, L, Yang, Y, Yang, Z, Yap, M, Yazback, M, Yeeles, D, Yu, H, Yuen, S, Zadrozny, A, Zanolin, M, Zelenova, T, Zendri, J, Zevin, M, Zhang, J, Zhang, L, Zhang, T, Zhao, C, Zhao, G, Zhou, M, Zhou, Z, Zhu, X, Zimmerman, A, Zucker, M, Zweizig, J, IoP (FNWI), Faculty of Science, Gravitation and Astroparticle Physics Amsterdam, Other Research IHEF (IoP, FNWI), Astroparticle Physics (IHEF, IoP, FNWI), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, The Virgo Collaboration, Arene, M., Becsy, B., Bustillo, J. C., Diaz, J. C., Castaneda, J., Cavaglia, M., Cerda-Duran, P., Cieslar, M., Cordero-Carrion, I., Canton, T. D., Dalya, G., D'Angelo, B., D'Antonio, S., Deleglise, S., D'Emilio, V., Diaz, M. C., D'Urso, D., Fronze, G., Garcia-Quiros, C., Ghosh, A., Gonzalez, G., Guixe, G., Hubner, M. T., Isac, J. -M., Kefelian, F., Kim, C., Krolak, A., Kumar, R., Luck, H., Hernandez, I. M., Magana-Sandoval, F., Marka, S., Marka, Z., Villa, E. M., Mukherjee, A., Muniz, E. A., O'Brien, B. D., Oram, R. J., O'Reilly, B., O'Shaughnessy, R., Perigois, C., Perries, S., Pinto, I., Purrer, M., Rana, J., Rosinska, D., Roy, S., Schonbeck, A., Szczepanczyk, M. J., Tapai, M., Martin, E. N. T. S., Torres-Forne, A., Toyra, D., Vasuth, M., Vicere, A., Vivanco, F. H., Wessels, P., Yu, H., Zadrozny, A. K., and Zadrozny, A.

Subjects
Technology, Gravitational Waves, Open Data, O1, O2, LIGO, Virgo, Astronomy, Strain measurement, Gravitational Wave, open data, Data representation and management, Gravitational Waves, GWOSC, Scientific databases, gravitational waves, 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Software, Documentation, DESIGN, Open Data, Computer software, Data products, LIGO, QC, 12-AXIS VIBRATION ISOLATION, media_common, Settore FIS/01, 0303 health sciences, Gravitational effects, BINARY MERGERS, Computer Science Applications, Open data, [PHYS.GRQC]Physics [physics]/General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology [gr-qc], Open science, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, data analysis method, gr-qc, media_common.quotation_subject, Real-time computing, FOS: Physical sciences, O2, PUBLIC ADVANCED LIGO, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Gravity waves, programming, O1, 03 medical and health sciences, QA76.75-76.765, Dewey Decimal Classification::000 | Allgemeines, Wissenschaft::000 | Informatik, Wissen, Systeme::004 | Informatik, SDG 17 - Partnerships for the Goals, GWOSC, Scientific databases, Data representation and management, Gravitational Waves, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], 010306 general physics, GRAVITATIONAL-WAVE CATALOG, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), STFC, Astrophysique, 030304 developmental biology, Science & Technology, business.industry, Gravitational wave, Virgo, gravitational radiation, RCUK, Strain data, Data-quality information, Computer Science, Software Engineering, gravitational radiation detector, detector: sensitivity, Scientific database, monitoring, VIRGO, Sky, gravitational radiation: emission, Computer Science, ddc:004, business, astro-ph.IM
Abstract

Abbot, Rich, et al. (Virgo and MAGIC Collaboration), Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo are monitoring the sky and collecting gravitational-wave strain data with sufficient sensitivity to detect signals routinely. In this paper we describe the data recorded by these instruments during their first and second observing runs. The main data products are gravitational-wave strain time series sampled at 16384 Hz. The datasets that include this strain measurement can be freely accessed through the Gravitational Wave Open Science Center at http://gw-openscience.org, together with data-quality information essential for the analysis of LIGO and Virgo data, documentation, tutorials, and supporting software., The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the United States National Science Foundation (NSF) for the construction and operation of the LIGO Laboratory and Advanced LIGO as well as the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) of the United Kingdom, the Max-Planck-Society (MPS), and the State of Niedersachsen/Germany for support of the construction of Advanced LIGO and construction and operation of the GEO600 detector. Additional support for Advanced LIGO was provided by the Australian Research Council. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and the Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter supported by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, for the construction and operation of the Virgo detector and the creation and support of the EGO consortium. The authors also gratefully acknowledge research support from these agencies as well as by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research of India, the Department of Science and Technology, India, the Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB), India, the Ministry of Human Resource Development, India, the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación, the Vicepresidència i Conselleria d’Innovació, Recerca i Turisme and the Conselleria d’Educació i Universitat del Govern de les Illes Balears, the Conselleria d’Educació, Investigació, Cultura i Esport de la Generalitat Valenciana, the National Science Centre of Poland, the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the Russian Science Foundation, the European Commission, the European Regional Development Funds (ERDF), the Royal Society, the Scottish Funding Council, the Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA), the Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO), the Paris Île-de-France Region, the National Research, Development and Innovation Office Hungary (NKFIH), the National Research Foundation of Korea, Industry Canada and the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation, the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council Canada, the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations, and Communications, the International Center for Theoretical Physics South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR), the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), the Leverhulme Trust, the Research Corporation, the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan and the Kavli Foundation. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the NSF, STFC, INFN and CNRS for provision of computational resources.

Published
2021
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39. 632 HPN601 is a protease-activated EpCAM-targeting T cell engager with an improved safety profile for the treatment of solid tumors

Author

Kevin Wright, Jack Lin, Richard C. Austin, Maria Dayao, Lemon Bryan D, Master Degree, Michael Cremin, Stephen Yu, Purbasa Patnaik, Jessica O’Rear, Holger Wesche, Golzar Hemmati, Sony Rocha, Maria Gamez-Guerrero, Tessie M. Ng, Yinghua Xiao, Avneel Hundal, Scott Gatto, Kathryn Kwant, Tom Evans, Timothy Yu, Manasi Barath, Patrick Chew, Evan Callihan, and Wade Aaron

Subjects
Tumor microenvironment, Proteases, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, T cell, Epithelial cell adhesion molecule, Prodrug, lcsh:Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, lcsh:RC254-282, chemistry.chemical_compound, Solitomab, Cytokine, medicine.anatomical_structure, Antigen, chemistry, Cancer research, Medicine, business
Abstract

Background Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is highly expressed in many solid tumors. However, therapeutics targeting EpCAM have had limited clinical utility or failed in clinical development likely due to the expression of EpCAM in normal tissues. For example, clinical testing of solitomab, an EpCAM-targeting T cell engager, resulted in severe dose-limiting toxicities, including elevated liver transaminases, hyperbilirubinemia, and diarrhea. Designing an EpCAM-targeting T cell engager that is only active in the tumor would expand its therapeutic window and improve its safety profile. Methods Using a T cell engager prodrug platform named ProTriTAC that couples therapeutic half-life extension with functional masking, we have engineered HPN601, a protease-activated EpCAM-targeting T cell engager. HPN601 is a single polypeptide with three binding domains: anti-albumin for half-life extension, anti-CD3e for T cell engagement, and anti-EpCAM for tumor cell engagement. The anti-albumin domain contains a masking moiety and a protease-cleavable linker and keeps the molecule inert outside the tumor microenvironment. Activation by tumor-associated proteases removes the anti-albumin domain along with the masking moiety to reveal a potently active drug inside the tumor. This active drug has minimal activity outside of tumor because, without an albumin binding domain, it is rapidly cleared in circulation. Results A humanized rodent tumor model was used to simultaneously measure anti-tumor efficacy and clinically relevant toxicity endpoints. In this model, a surrogate molecule of HPN601 was safely administered at a dose ten-fold higher than the minimal efficacious dose required for durable tumor regression. Higher doses produced toxicities including elevated ALT/AST and bilirubin, body weight loss, and evidence of tissue damage by histopathology. In contrast, a constitutively active EpCAM-targeting T cell engager could only be dosed safely up to its minimal efficacious dose. The improved safety profile of HPN601 is further supported by a toxicokinetic study in non-human primates: compared to a constitutively active EpCAM-targeting T cell engager, HPN601 had significantly attenuated cytokine production, including IFN-g, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-10. Conclusions HPN601 is a conditionally active EpCAM-targeting T cell engager with a ten-fold improved therapeutic window compared to a constitutively active EpCAM-targeting T cell engager. An EpCAM-specific T cell engager with an improved safety profile could address unmet needs in many solid tumors and demonstrate the feasibility of using conditionally active T cell engagers to target more solid tumor antigens. Ethics Approval The study was reviewed and approved by Harpoon’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.

Published
2020
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41. Safety and immunogenicity of novel 5T4 viral vectored vaccination regimens in early stage prostate cancer: a phase I clinical trial

Author

Steven Kennish, Guenter Schmidt, Julianne Hollidge, Adrian V. S. Hill, Susan Morgan, Richard Harrop, Federica Cappuccini, Emily Pollock, Freddie C. Hamdy, Tom Evans, Andrew Protheroe, Ruth MacPherson, Pedro J Romero, James W.F. Catto, Andrea Baines, Armin Meier, L. Carter, Clare Verrill, Selena Vigano, Megan Baker, Richard J. Bryant, Irina Redchenko, Celia Mitton, and Ian D. Poulton

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Oncology, Male, Cancer Research, Modified vaccinia Ankara, Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay, Biopsy, T-Lymphocytes, clinical trials as topic, immunogenicity, vaccine, immunotherapy, active, prostatic neoplasms, translational medical research, Prostate cancer, 0302 clinical medicine, Vaccines, DNA, Immunology and Allergy, Cells, Cultured, RC254-282, Clinical/Translational Cancer Immunotherapy, Membrane Glycoproteins, ELISPOT, Immunogenicity, Vaccination, Prostate, Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, Middle Aged, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Molecular Medicine, Kallikreins, Nivolumab, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Immunology, Genetic Vectors, Primary Cell Culture, Immunization, Secondary, Cancer Vaccines, 03 medical and health sciences, Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Neoplasm Staging, Pharmacology, business.industry, Prostate-Specific Antigen, medicine.disease, Clinical trial, 030104 developmental biology, Cancer vaccine, business
Abstract

BackgroundProstate cancer (PCa) has been under investigation as a target for antigen-specific immunotherapies in metastatic disease settings for the last two decades leading to a licensure of the first therapeutic cancer vaccine, Sipuleucel-T, in 2010. However, neither Sipuleucel-T nor other experimental PCa vaccines that emerged later induce strong T-cell immunity.MethodsIn this first-in-man study, VANCE, we evaluated a novel vaccination platform based on two replication-deficient viruses, chimpanzee adenovirus (ChAd) and MVA (Modified Vaccinia Ankara), targeting the oncofetal self-antigen 5T4 in early stage PCa. Forty patients, either newly diagnosed with early-stage PCa and scheduled for radical prostatectomy or patients with stable disease on an active surveillance protocol, were recruited to the study to assess the vaccine safety and T-cell immunogenicity. Secondary and exploratory endpoints included immune infiltration into the prostate, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) change, and assessment of phenotype and functionality of antigen-specific T cells.ResultsThe vaccine had an excellent safety profile. Vaccination-induced 5T4-specific T-cell responses were measured in blood by ex vivo IFN-γ ELISpot and were detected in the majority of patients with a mean level in responders of 198 spot-forming cells per million peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated the presence of both CD8+ and CD4+ polyfunctional 5T4-specific T cells in the circulation. 5T4-reactive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were isolated from post-treatment prostate tissue. Some of the patients had a transient PSA rise 2–8 weeks following vaccination, possibly indicating an inflammatory response in the target organ.ConclusionsAn excellent safety profile and T-cell responses elicited in the circulation and also detected in the prostate gland support the evaluation of the ChAdOx1-MVA 5T4 vaccine in efficacy trials. It remains to be seen if this vaccination strategy generates immune responses of sufficient magnitude to mediate clinical efficacy and whether it can be effective in late-stage PCa settings, as a monotherapy in advanced disease or as part of multi-modality PCa therapy. To address these questions, the phase I/II trial, ADVANCE, is currently recruiting patients with intermediate-risk PCa, and patients with advanced metastatic castration-resistant PCa, to receive this vaccine in combination with nivolumab.Trial registrationThe trial was registered with the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Trials Registry (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02390063).

Published
2020

42. Safety and exceptional immunogenicity of novel 5T4 viral vectored vaccination regimes in early stage prostate cancer: a phase I clinical trial

Author

Ruth MacPherson, Guenter Schmidt, Richard J. Bryant, James W.F. Catto, Armin Meier, Adrian V. S. Hill, L. Carter, Susan Morgan, Megan Baker, Federica Cappuccini, Clare Verrill, Steven Kennish, Selena Vigano, Emily Pollock, Pedro Romero, Julianne Hollidge, Andrew Protheroe, Richard Harrop, Freddie C. Hamdy, Ian D. Poulton, Irina Redchenko, Celia Mitton, Andrea Baines, and Tom Evans

Subjects
Oncology, Modified vaccinia Ankara, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, T cell, ELISPOT, medicine.disease, Vaccination, Prostate cancer, Prostate-specific antigen, medicine.anatomical_structure, Prostate, Internal medicine, medicine, business, Prostvac
Abstract

Prostate cancer (PCa) has been under investigation as a target for antigen-specific immunotherapies in metastatic disease settings for a decade. However, neither of the two clinically most developed prostate cancer vaccines, Sipuleucel-T and ProstVac, induce strong T cell immunity. In this first-in-man study, VANCE, we evaluated a novel vaccination platform based on two replication-deficient viruses, chimpanzee adenovirus (ChAd) and MVA (Modified Vaccinia Ankara), targeting the oncofetal self-antigen 5T4 in early stage PCa. Forty patients, either newly diagnosed with early stage prostate cancer and scheduled for radical prostatectomy or patients with stable disease on an active surveillance protocol, were recruited to the study to assess the vaccine safety and T cell immunogenicity. Secondary and exploratory endpoints included immune infiltration into the prostate, prostate specific antigen (PSA) change and assessment of phenotype and functionality of antigen-specific T cells. The vaccine had an excellent safety profile. Vaccination-induced 5T4-specific T cell responses were measured in blood by ex vivo IFN-γ ELISpot and were detected in the majority of patients with a mean level in responders of 198 spot-forming cells (SFC) per million peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated the presence of both CD8+ and CD4+ polyfunctional 5T4-specific T cells in the circulation. 5T4-reactive tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were isolated from post-treatment prostate tissue. Some of the patients had a transient PSA rise 2-8 weeks following vaccination, possibly indicating an inflammatory response in the target organ. The potent T cell responses elicited support the evaluation of these vectored vaccine in efficacy trials.

Published
2020
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43. The Design and Development of a Multi-HBV Antigen Encoded in Chimpanzee Adenoviral and Modified Vaccinia Ankara Viral Vectors; A Novel Therapeutic Vaccine Strategy against HBV

Author

Mala K. Maini, Lian Ni Lee, Claire Hutchings, Eleanor Barnes, Tom Evans, M. Azim Ansari, Senthil Chinnakannan, Paul Klenerman, Sarah Sebastian, Timothy Donnison, and Tamsin Cargill

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Modified vaccinia Ankara, T cell, Immunology, lcsh:Medicine, Virus, Article, Viral vector, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Antigen, Drug Discovery, medicine, Pharmacology (medical), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), ChAdOx1, Pharmacology, T cell vaccine, ChAd, business.industry, lcsh:R, virus diseases, therapeutic HBV vaccine, MVA, Virology, chimpanzee adenovirus, digestive system diseases, Vaccination, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, medicine.anatomical_structure, modified vaccinia Ankara, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, business, T-cell vaccine, CD8
Abstract

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection affects 257 million people globally. Current therapies suppress HBV but viral rebound occurs on cessation of therapy; novel therapeutic strategies are urgently required. To develop a therapeutic HBV vaccine that can induce high magnitude T cells to all major HBV antigens, we have developed a novel HBV vaccine using chimpanzee adenovirus (ChAd) and modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) viral vectors encoding multiple HBV antigens. ChAd vaccine alone generated very high magnitude HBV specific T cell responses to all HBV major antigens. The inclusion of a shark Invariant (SIi) chain genetic adjuvant significantly enhanced the magnitude of T-cells against HBV antigens. Compared to ChAd alone vaccination, ChAd-prime followed by MVA-boost vaccination further enhanced the magnitude and breadth of the vaccine induced T cell response. Intra-cellular cytokine staining study showed that HBV specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were polyfunctional, producing combinations of IFNγ, TNF-α, and IL-2. In summary, we have generated genetically adjuvanted ChAd and MVA vectored HBV vaccines with the potential to induce high-magnitude T cell responses through a prime-boost therapeutic vaccination approach. These pre-clinical studies pave the way for new studies of HBV therapeutic vaccination in humans with chronic hepatitis B infection.

Published
2020

44. Immunologic Dose-Response to Adenovirus-Vectored Vaccines in Animals and Humans: A Systematic Review of Dose-Response Studies of Replication Incompetent Adenoviral Vaccine Vectors when Given via an Intramuscular or Subcutaneous Route

Author

Tom Evans, Sara Afrough, John Benest, Sophie J. Rhodes, and Richard G. White

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Future studies, pre-clinical, Immunology, lcsh:Medicine, Review, immunogenicity, clinical, 03 medical and health sciences, Dose finding, 0302 clinical medicine, Drug Discovery, medicine, Pharmacology (medical), 030212 general & internal medicine, Dosing, Pharmacology, dose-response, Human studies, business.industry, Immunogenicity, lcsh:R, Virology, dosing, Subcutaneous route, Adenovirus vaccine, adenovirus-vectored vaccines, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, Systematic review, business, medicine.drug
Abstract

Optimal vaccine dosing is important to ensure the greatest protection and safety. Analysis of dose-response data, from previous studies, may inform future studies to determine the optimal dose. Implementing more quantitative modelling approaches in vaccine dose finding have been recently suggested to accelerate vaccine development. Adenoviral vectored vaccines are in advanced stage of development for a variety of prophylactic and therapeutic indications, however dose-response has not yet been systematically determined. To further inform adenoviral vectored vaccines dose identification, historical dose-response data should be systematically reviewed. A systematic literature review was conducted to collate and describe the available dose-response studies for adenovirus vectored vaccines. Of 2787 papers identified by Medline search strategy, 35 were found to conform to pre-defined criteria. The majority of studies were in mice or humans and studied adenovirus serotype 5. Dose-response data were available for 12 different immunological responses. The majority of papers evaluated three dose levels, only two evaluated more than five dose levels. The most common dosing range was 107−1010 viral particles in mouse studies and 108−1011 viral particles in human studies. Data were available on adenovirus vaccine dose-response, primarily on adenovirus serotype 5 backbones and in mice and humans. These data could be used for quantitative adenoviral vectored vaccine dose optimisation analysis.

Published
2020

45. Environmental heterogeneity and commodity sharing in smallholder agroecosystems

Author

Jampel Dell'Angelo, Xiwei Chen, D. Gower, Stacey Giroux, Paul McCord, Tom Evans, Stephanie L. Dickinson, Sara Lopus, Kelly K. Caylor, Environmental Policy Analysis, and Amsterdam Sustainability Institute

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Agroecosystem, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Rain, Commodity, Surveys, 01 natural sciences, Agricultural economics, Geographical Locations, Natural Resources, 2. Zero hunger, Family Characteristics, Multidisciplinary, Farmers, Agriculture, 010601 ecology, Food insecurity, Net asset value, Professions, Research Design, Water Resources, Medicine, Agricultural Workers, Network Analysis, Research Article, Computer and Information Sciences, Science, Research and Analysis Methods, Meteorology, Rivers, Surface Water, Network Reciprocity, SDG 2 - Zero Hunger, Ecosystem, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Survey Research, business.industry, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Water, Biology and Life Sciences, 15. Life on land, Kenya, Water resources, People and Places, Africa, Earth Sciences, Survey data collection, Population Groupings, Hydrology, business
Abstract

Smallholder farmers undertake a number of strategies to cope with climate shocks in a community. The sharing of resources across households constitutes one coping mechanism when environmental shocks differentially impact households. This paper investigates commodity sharing dynamics among households in eight communities in an environmentally heterogeneous highland-lowland area in central Kenya. We use survey data and meteorological data to test whether commodity sharing, measured at the household level by net inflow of commodities, varies across a regional precipitation gradient, and we reveal how sharing fluctuates with rainfall over the course of a year. We find both precipitation and income to be significant predictors of households' net value of shared commodities. Specifically, farmers who live in drier areas with less income are more likely to receive more commodities than they give. We also find that the length of time a household has been established in the area is significantly related to commodity sharing. Further, commodity sharing follows the pattern of harvest and food storage over the course of the year, with households giving the most commodities at times when food storage levels are higher, that is, post-harvest. The study sheds light on the relationship between commodity sharing as a coping mechanism and environmental heterogeneity in a region prone to seasonal food insecurity.

Published
2020
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46. The TLR-4 agonist adjuvant, GLA-SE, improves magnitude and quality of immune responses elicited by the ID93 tuberculosis vaccine: first-in-human trial

Author

Rhea N. Coler, Tracey A. Day, Ruth Ellis, Franco M. Piazza, Anna Marie Beckmann, Julie Vergara, Tom Rolf, Lenette Lu, Galit Alter, David Hokey, Lakshmi Jayashankar, Robert Walker, Margaret Ann Snowden, Tom Evans, Ann Ginsberg, Steven G. Reed, and The TBVPX-113 Study Team

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, lcsh:Immunologic diseases. Allergy, Tuberculosis, medicine.medical_treatment, Immunology, lcsh:RC254-282, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Immune system, Antigen, medicine, Pharmacology (medical), Adverse effect, Pharmacology, biology, business.industry, medicine.disease, lcsh:Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, 3. Good health, Vaccination, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, biology.protein, Antibody, Tuberculosis vaccines, business, lcsh:RC581-607, Adjuvant, 030215 immunology
Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of infectious death worldwide. Development of improved TB vaccines that boost or replace BCG is a major global health goal. ID93 + GLA-SE is a fusion protein TB vaccine candidate combined with the Toll-like Receptor 4 agonist adjuvant, GLA-SE. We conducted a phase 1, randomized, double-blind, dose-escalation clinical trial to evaluate two dose levels of the ID93 antigen, administered intramuscularly alone or in combination with two dose levels of the GLA-SE adjuvant, in 60 BCG-naive, QuantiFERON-negative, healthy adults in the US (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01599897). When administered as 3 injections, 28 days apart, all dose levels of ID93 alone and ID93 + GLA-SE demonstrated an acceptable safety profile. All regimens elicited vaccine-specific humoral and cellular responses. Compared with ID93 alone, vaccination with ID93 + GLA-SE elicited higher titers of ID93-specific antibodies, a preferential increase in IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses, and a multifaceted Fc-mediated effector function response. The addition of GLA-SE also enhanced the magnitude and polyfunctional cytokine profile of CD4+ T cells. The data demonstrate an acceptable safety profile and indicate that the GLA-SE adjuvant drives a functional humoral and T-helper 1 type cellular response., Tuberculosis: novel vaccine formulation elicits strong immune responses A tuberculosis vaccine containing an immunity-potentiating agent stimulated strong immune responses in a first-in-human trial. Tuberculosis (TB) is the world’s foremost cause of infectious disease deaths, yet lacks an effective vaccine for adult humans. Rhea Coler, of the Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, and a team from the United States and South Africa, tested their prophylactic on 60 healthy US adults. The vaccine consisted of ID93, a fusion of TB therapeutic target proteins, and GLA-SE—a supplement to boost immune responses. The candidate proved safe in all participants, with mild-to-moderate adverse effects, and provoked promising immune responses. The formulation was significantly more effective with GLA-SE than without. Further studies will elucidate the therapeutic benefit of this formulation and its ability to combat the pathogenicity of TB.

Published
2018
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47. Adaptation, culture, and the energy transition in American coal country

Author

David M. Konisky, Sanya Carley, and Tom Evans

Subjects
Economic growth, 020209 energy, Social transition, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, Identity (social science), 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, Energy transition, complex mixtures, 01 natural sciences, Economic hardship, Energy policy, otorhinolaryngologic diseases, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Economics, Coal, Adaptation (computer science), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, business.industry, technology, industry, and agriculture, respiratory system, Focus group, respiratory tract diseases, Fuel Technology, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, business, Social Sciences (miscellaneous)
Abstract

The U.S. coal industry has experienced economic decline over the past several decades, which has resulted in a loss of mining jobs and severe economic hardship in many coal communities. Recent efforts to relax environmental regulations are ostensibly intended to help relieve this hardship and to revitalize this industry. Based on evidence gathered from focus groups and interviews conducted in U.S. coal communities, we argue that coal communities that have experienced mine closures have already begun an economic and social transition, one that is based on reshaping their culture and sense of identity, and false promises to return coal jobs can be destructive to the progress that has been made.

Published
2018
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48. Governance of food systems across scales in times of social-ecological change : a review of indicators

Author

Jordan Blekking, Hallie Eakin, John McGreevy, Wiebke Förch, Péter Tamás, Mark Purdon, Aogán Delaney, Todd A. Crane, Kaisa Korhonen-Kurki, Lindsey Jones, Donald R. Nelson, Christoph Oberlack, Tyler Schlachter, Stephan Rist, and Tom Evans

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010501 environmental sciences, Development, 01 natural sciences, Wiskundige en Statistische Methoden - Biometris, Empirical research, Food distribution, Mathematical and Statistical Methods - Biometris, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Governance, Food security, Socio-ecological change, Public economics, business.industry, Corporate governance, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, Food systems, Agriculture, Evidence synthesis, Sustainability, Food processing, Business, Agronomy and Crop Science, Research methods, Food Science
Abstract

Governance of food systems is a poorly understood determinant of food security. Much scholarship on food systems governance is non-empirical, while existing empirical research is often case study-based and theoretically and methodologically incommensurable. This complicates aggregation of evidence and generalization. This paper presents a review of literature to identify a core set of methodological indicators to study food systems governance in future research. Indicators were identified from literature gathered through a structured consultation and sampling from recent systematic reviews and were classified according to governance levels and the food system activity domain they investigate. We found a concentration of indicators in food production at local to national levels and with less literature investigating how food governance affects food distribution and consumption. Many indicators of institutional structure were found, while indicators capturing social agency and indicators of cross-scale dynamics were moderately represented but critical perspectives on governance were lacking. These gaps present an opportunity for future empirical research to investigate more comprehensively the diverse components of food systems and how governance arrangements at different scales affect them.

Published
2018
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49. Barriers to urban agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa

Author

Andrew Zimmer, Zack Guido, Julia Davies, Jane Battersby, Laura E. McCann, Corrie Hannah, and Tom Evans

Subjects
Economics and Econometrics, education.field_of_study, Food security, Sociology and Political Science, Population, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Development, Livelihood, Urban planning, Urbanization, Food systems, Business, Land tenure, Urban agriculture, education, Socioeconomics, Food Science
Abstract

Trends in urbanization and urban food insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have stimulated critical debates around the potential benefits of urban agriculture (UA) to urban livelihoods. Some scholars suggest that UA can contribute to the food quantity, food quality and income needs of urban households. However, much of the evidence cited comes from single case studies, with particular attention paid to large cities and high-income countries. There is a resulting gap in understanding regarding what role UA plays in the food security of households in smaller African cities and towns. These smaller urban areas are likely to house a large fraction of SSA’s urban population in future and are important sites for early intervention by policymakers. Our analysis is based on survey data collected from 2,687 low- and low-middle income households in 18 urban areas with populations of less than 200,000 across Zambia and Kenya. We perform statistical analyses to investigate the association between UA and household food security and assess which types of households are engaged in UA. We found that 33% of households in our sample are engaged in UA and there was limited statistical significance in terms of the relationship between UA and household food security. Our results reveal three key barriers to UA, namely settlement formality, property rights, and distance from food retailers. These barriers imply the need for urban planners and policymakers to revisit how decisions are made about issues such as residential development, land tenure, transport infrastructure, and the use of space in cities, as these affect the ability of households to produce, sell, and access food. Policy and planning mechanisms should further recognize the embeddedness of UA within African urban food systems, in which traditional markets, informal trading, and modern food retail also play an integral role.

Published
2021
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50. Maize seed choice and perceptions of climate variability among smallholder farmers

Author

Kurt B. Waldman, Jordan Blekking, Tom Evans, and Shahzeen Z. Attari

Subjects
Global and Planetary Change, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecology, Liberalization, Yield (finance), Crop yield, media_common.quotation_subject, Geography, Planning and Development, Subsidy, 010501 environmental sciences, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, 01 natural sciences, Agricultural economics, Perception, Economics, Duration (project management), Green Revolution, Information exchange, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common
Abstract

Despite decades of research and interventions, crop yields for smallholder farmers across sub-Saharan Africa are dramatically lower than in developed countries. Attempts to address low yields of staple crops in Africa since the Green Revolution through policies and investments in advanced seed cultivars have had mixed results. Numerous countries have heartily embraced and promoted hybrid cultivars through government subsidy programs and investments in research and seed multiplication. One possible explanation for why these programs have not resulted in more significant yield improvements is the challenge faced by farmers to select cultivars that are suited to their local environmental conditions. The question of what seeds farmers choose is exceptionally complex as it is often affected by local seed availability, the availability of information on seed performance, and the transfer of that information to farmers. At the foundation of this choice are farmers’ perceptions of different seed varieties coupled with their perceptions of climate variability. We examine seed choice in Zambia, a country with decades of hybrid maize seed development and supporting policies. We demonstrate how input subsidy programs and seed market liberalization have led to choice overload and a discontinuity in information exchange between farmers and seed companies. The decision making environment is further complicated by the heterogeneity in growing conditions and its variable impact on seed performance, which complicates characterization of seed duration at the farm level. Perceptions and biases related to climate variability effect seed choice, and potentially lead farmers to make risk averse decisions, which ultimately depress maize yields.

Published
2017
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