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Usually, the ground vibrations caused by the movement of the train on the railway are spread inside the ground. In some areas, there are buildings in the vicinity of the line, where the mentioned vibrations cause the building to vibrate. In our country, many buildings near railway lines are made of building materials. One of the influencing factors on the amount of vibration of the building adjacent to the rail is the speed of the passing trains. According to the plan of the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development in the construction and development of railway routes with the priority of high-speed trains, the results of the research will be useful. In order to investigate the vibrations caused by the movement of trains on buildings with construction materials, first the buildings with construction materials adjacent to the Tehran-Mashhad railway line, which is in the high-speed train plan, with a radius of 20 meters, were listed based on Google Maps. Then, the background of the technical literature of the subject has been investigated. In the continuation of the background of the subject, with the brainstorming method, buildings with building materials adjacent to railway lines have been further investigated. At the end, the results of the technical literature reviews are presented in the form of a table and overview. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonella infection is an important risk to public health, as newly hatched chicks are very sensitive to Salmonella and the infection transfers to humans through contaminated meat and eggs. Vaccination and antibiotic treatment are common strategies to control salmonellosis. However, it is doubtful whether these strategies succeed, because immune functions depend on the activity of several genes. Genetic improvement of the immune system is an effective method to control salmonellosis. There is genetic variation among breeds and individuals inside breeds in terms of resistance to infection. Genes responsible for resistance to disease can be identified through quantitative trait loci and gene expression analysis. High-throughput technologies assist us to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and to analyse the regulation of several genes simultaneously. By now, several SNPs have been detected in the chicken genome that influence the function of immune genes. Additionally, the expression level of genes varies during infection depending on the breed and age of chicken and environmental conditions. This review summarizes the results of previous studies on the identification of genes and gene regulation during Salmonella infection in chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonella Enteritidis is a major cause of food poisoning worldwide, and poultry products are the main source of S. Enteritidis contamination for humans. Among the numerous strategies for disease control, improving genetic resistance to S. Enteritidis has been the most effective approach. We investigated the association between S. Enteritidis burden in the caecum, spleen, and liver of young indigenous chickens and seven candidate genes, selected on the basis of their critical roles in immunological functions. The genes included those encoding interleukin 2 (IL-2), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2), immunoglobulin light chain (IgL), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Two Malaysian indigenous chicken breeds were used as sustainable genetic sources of alleles that are resistant to salmonellosis. The polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment-length polymorphism technique was used to genotype the candidate genes. Three different genotypes were observed in all of the candidate genes, except for MD-2. All of the candidate genes showed the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium for the two populations. The IL-2-MnlI polymorphism was associated with S. Enteritidis burden in the caecum and spleen. The TGF-β2-RsaI, TLR-4-Sau 96I, and iNOS-AluI polymorphisms were associated with the caecum S. Enteritidis load. The other candidate genes were not associated with S. Enteritidis load in any organ. The results indicate that the IL-2, TGF-β2, TLR-4, and iNOS genes are potential candidates for use in selection programmes for increasing genetic resistance against S. Enteritidis in Malaysian indigenous chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Salmonella enteritidis (SE), a previously widespread infectious disease, is still cited as a major factor in economic losses in commercial chicken production. The host's genetic immune system determines the pathogenicity of a particular bacterium. To shed light on this topic, it was necessary to understand the key candidate genes essential for regulating susceptibility and resistance to the target disease. The field of poultry farming in particular has benefited greatly from the connection between quantitative and molecular genetics., Objectives: This study aims to identify the most important immune-related genes and their signalling pathways (gene ontology, co-expression and interactions) and to analyse their accumulation in host-resistant SE diseases by combining gene expression assays with model-based in silico evidence., Methods: A two-step experimental design is followed. To start, we used free computational tools and online bioinformatics resources, including predicting gene function using a multiple association network integration algorithm (geneMania), the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, the Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) database and the stimulator of interferon genes. Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), interferon-γ (IFNγ), immunoglobulin Y (IgY) and interleukin 8 (IL8) were among the five genes whose expression levels in liver, spleen, and cecum were evaluated at 1107 SE after 48 h of inoculation. This molecular study was developed in the second phase of research to validate the in silico observations. Next, we use five promising biomarkers for relative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) quantification: TLR4, IL8, NRAMP1, IFNγ and IgY genes in two case and control assays. The 2 -∆∆Ct Livak and Schmittgen method was used to compare the expression of genes in treated and untreated samples. This method normalizes the expression of the target gene to that of actin, an internal control and estimates the change in expression relative to the untreated control. Internal control was provided by the Beta actin gene. Next, statistically, the postdoc test was used for the evaluation of treatments using SAS version 9.4, and p values of 0.05 and 0.01 were chosen for significant level., Results: Interestingly, the results of our study suggest the involvement of various factors in the host immune response to Salmonella. These include inducible nitric oxide synthase, NRAMP1, immunoglobulin light chain (IgL), transforming growth factor B family (TGFb2, TGFb3 and TGFb4), interleukin 2 (IL2), apoptosis inhibitor protein 1 (IAP1), TLR4, myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD2), IFNγ, caspase 1 (CASP1), lipopolysaccharide-induced tumour necrosis factor (LITAF), cluster of differentiation 28 (CD28) and prosaposin (PSAP). The summary of gene ontology and related genes found for SE resistance was surprisingly comprehensive and covered the following topics: positive regulation of endopeptidase activity, interleukin-8 production, chemokine production, interferon-gamma production, interleukin-6 production, positive regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation and response to interferon-gamma. The role of these promising biomarkers in our networks against SE susceptibility is essentially confirmed by these results. After 48 h, the spleen showed significant expression of the tissue-specific gene expression patterns for NRAMP1 and IL8 in the cecum, spleen and liver. Based on this information, this report searches for resistance and susceptibility lineages in most genomic regions for SE., Conclusions: In conclusion, the development of an appropriate selection program to improve resistance to salmonellosis can be facilitated by a comprehensive understanding of the immune responses of the chicken immune system after SE exposure., (© 2024 The Author(s). Veterinary Medicine and Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)