Search

PR, IFPRI3; ISI; DCA; 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food Industry; 5 Strengthening Institutions and Governance, Markets, Trade, and Institutions (MTI); Food and Nutrition Policy

Introduction 24-hour movement behaviours (physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep) during the early years are associated with health and developmental outcomes, prompting the WHO to develop Global guidelines for physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep for children under 5 years of age. Prevalence data on 24-hour movement behaviours is lacking, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). This paper describes the development of the SUNRISE International Study of Movement Behaviours in the Early Years protocol, designed to address this gap. Methods and analysis SUNRISE is the first international cross-sectional study that aims to determine the proportion of 3- and 4-year-old children who meet the WHO Global guidelines. The study will assess if proportions differ by gender, urban/rural location and/or socioeconomic status. Executive function, motor skills and adiposity will be assessed and potential correlates of 24-hour movement behaviours examined. Pilot research from 24 countries (14 LMICs) informed the study design and protocol. Data are collected locally by research staff from partnering institutions who are trained throughout the research process. Piloting of all measures to determine protocol acceptability and feasibility was interrupted by COVID-19 but is nearing completion. At the time of publication 41 countries are participating in the SUNRISE study. Ethics and dissemination The SUNRISE protocol has received ethics approved from the University of Wollongong, Australia, and in each country by the applicable ethics committees. Approval is also sought from any relevant government departments or organisations. The results will inform global efforts to prevent childhood obesity and ensure young children reach their health and developmental potential. Findings on the correlates of movement behaviours can guide future interventions to improve the movement behaviours in culturally specific ways. Study findings will be disseminate, Funding Agencies|American Council on Exercise, USA; Beijing Health System High Level Talents Training Project, China [2015-3-88]; Biomedical Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh [BRF-19-01]; Canadian Institutes of Health Research Frederick Banting and Charles Best Canada Graduate Scholarship (CGS-M)Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR); Canadian Institutes of Health Research Planning and Dissemination GrantCanadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) [155265]; Civilian Research Development Foundation (CRDF) Global [OISE-20-66864-1]; Department of National Planning and Monitoring, PNG Government [02704]; Early Start, University of Wollongong, Australia; Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fogarty International Center (FIC) of the National Institutes of Health [D43 TW010137]; Geran Universiti Penyelidikan (GUP), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia [GUP-2018-142]; Global Challenges Program, University of Wollongong, Australia [888/006/497]; Harry Crossley Foundation, South Africa; National Institute of Education-Ministry of Education, Singapore [OER 04/19 TWP]; Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Vietnam [1319/QD-TDHYKPNT]; Sasakawa Sports Research Grant, Sasakawa Sports Foundation, Japan [190A2-004]; Stella de Silva Research grant from Sri Lanka College of Paediatricians, Sri Lanka; The DST-NRF Centre for Excellence in Human Development at the University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; International Society of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, Pioneers Program (ISBNPA-2021); The University Research Coordination Office of the De La Salle University, Philippines [29 IR S 3TAY192021]; Universidad de La Frontera Research Directorate, Chile [DI20-0093, DFP19-0012, DI20-1002]; WHO European Office for Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases

Introduction 24-hour movement behaviours (physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep) during the early years are associated with health and developmental outcomes, prompting the WHO to develop Global guidelines for physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep for children under 5 years of age. Prevalence data on 24-hour movement behaviours is lacking, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). This paper describes the development of the SUNRISE International Study of Movement Behaviours in the Early Years protocol, designed to address this gap.

This article presents an integrated epidemiological and economic framework for assessing zoonoses using a "one health” concept. The framework allows for an understanding of the cross-sector economic impact of zoonoses using modified risk analysis and detailing a range of analytical tools. The goal of the framework is to link the analysis outputs of animal and human disease transmission models, economic impact models and evaluation of risk management options to gain improved understanding of factors affecting the adoption of risk management strategies so that investment planning includes the most promising interventions (or sets of interventions) in an integrated fashion. A more complete understanding of the costs of the disease and the costs and benefits of control measures would promote broader implementation of the most efficient and effective control measures, contributing to improved animal and human health, better livelihood outcomes for the poor and macroeconomic growth

Non-PR, IFPRI1; 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food Industry; DCA; capacity strengthening, MTID, This paper estimates the impacts of the Philippine Dual Training System (DTS) on labor market outcomes using a recent survey that tracked graduates from DTS and non-DTS programs provided by vocational training institutes. DTS programs partner with local employers to combine on-the-job training (OJT) with the conventional school- or center-based instruction, while non-DTS programs consist solely of the latter. The estimation results in Fuzzy Regression Discontinuity Design show a significantly positive impact on the most-recent monthly earnings. The impact significantly increases with the OJT intensity, measured by the number of hours of in-company OJT. The above results imply that the role played by OJT is essential to support higher earnings for DTS graduates.

PR, IFPRI1; HarvestPlus; CRP4; DCA, HarvestPlus; A4NH, CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH), This paper investigates the relationship between adoption of modern rice varieties and rice varietal diversity on household farms in Bangladesh. As shown in previous studies, adoption of modern varieties depends on agroecological- and input-related factors, including the availability and use of irrigation facilities, such as tubewells. Having irrigation affects the diversity index significantly and positively, which could be due to the diffusion of more modern varieties (MVs) in areas where irrigation is available and accessible.

PR, IFPRI3; ISI, MTID

PR, IFPRI3; ISI; CRP4, MTID; A4NH, CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH)

PR, IFPRI1; GRP4; 2020, DGO; MTID

Non-PR, IFPRI1; GRP28, MTID; PHND, This paper shows mutually consistent evidence to support female advantage in education and disadvantage in labor markets observed in the Philippines. We set up a model that shows multiple Nash equilibria to explain schooling and labor market behaviors for females and males. Our evidence from unique sibling data of schooling and work history and from the Philippine Labor Force Survey support that family arrangement to tighten commitment between daughters and parents keeps a high level of schooling investments in daughters. Because wage penalty to females in labor markets means that education is relatively important as a determinant of their earnings, parental investments in their daughters’ education has larger impacts on the income of their daughters than on their sons. Parents expect larger income shared from better-educated adult daughters. In contrast, males stay in an equilibrium, with low levels of schooling investment and income sharing.

Non-PR, IFPRI1; AflaControl, MTID, In 2004, several hundred Kenyans became severely ill, and 125 died, of acute aflatoxicosis: a disease of liver failure associated with consuming extremely high levels of aflatoxin in food (Lewis et al. 2005; Strosnider et al. 2006). Since then, over the last six years, greater global public attention has been drawn to aflatoxin and its associated health risk.

Non-PR, IFPRI1; 2020, MTID, This brief describes food safety risks along the value chain, identifies drivers of change, presents the risks posed to the poor by both food safety challenges and responses to them, and underscores the use of risk-based analysis to craft effective food safety policies that benefit both poor consumers and poor producers.

PR, IFPRI3, MTID

PR, IFPRI3, MTID

Non-PR, IFPRI2, MTID, In the absence of market data on the price of poultry before and after the outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), one method of capturing the costs of HPAI on farmers’ income is the use of non-market valuation techniques, such as the contingent valuation (CV) method (Whitehead 2006). This brief presents the results of a CV study that aimed at capturing farmers’ willingness to accept (WTA) compensation for birds with three different health statuses due to an HPAI outbreak—1) healthy, 2) risky, or 3) sick. The differences among farmers’ willingness to accept compensation for these three types of birds could indicate the extent of the economic costs that may be borne by farmers in the case of an HPAI outbreak. Moreover, the WTA compensation levels could be used to inform the design of efficient, effective, and equitable compensation schemes. This study also investigated that the impact of farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions (KAP) of HPAI as well as their poultry-production and household-level characteristics on their WTA compensation (i.e., the HPAI costs that they would bear).

Non-PR, IFPRI2, MTID, Understanding people’s knowledge, attitudes, practices, and perceptions (KAPP) about and toward risk is an important step in determining which cost-effective measure to adopt. It also is important in assessing poor people’s willingness to adopt cost-effective prevention and control measures for reducing the risk of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). Although studies in several countries indicate some level of awareness about HPAI, practices and attitudes for preventing and controlling HPAI disease spread and outbreaks have not changed (Fielding et al. 2005, Maton et al. 2007, DiGiuseppe et al. 2008, Leslie et al. 2008).

Non-PR, IFPRI2; GRP40, MTID, This brief is a synopsis of five country background papers that provided an inventory of information about the importance of the poultry sector in the economy and for rural livelihoods, the structure of the poultry sector and the associated level of biosecurity, and the threats and incidences of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), along with prevention and control measures that were implemented and the institutional response capacity (See Alemu et al. 2008, Aning et al. 2008, Obi et al. 2008, Omiti and Okuthe 2008, and Sumiarto and Arifin 2008 for more details). The countries investigated were Ethiopia, Ghana, Indonesia, Kenya, and Nigeria. Incidences of HPAI outbreaks in the world have continued since the first confirmed one in 2003. The virus is still circulating and remains a threat to public health. In 2006, a total of 47 countries reported HPAI in their domestic poultry, with repeated outbreaks in Bangladesh, China, Thailand, and Vietnam. It is considered endemic in several countries, including two that were studied: Indonesia and Nigeria. (See Table 1.) The endemic nature of the disease in these countries constitutes a permanent source of potential contamination for humans and could also be a source of contamination for other countries through legal and illegal movements of animals.

PR, IFPRI3, MTID

Non-PR, GRP40, "Pig production in the Philippines has intensified in the urban and peri-urban areas in response to a radical structural change in the pig industry and a growing demand for pork products. Alongside this rapid growth is the emergence of societal concern about the increasing negative environmental externalities that the industry produces, particularly those related to the disposal of waste and dead animals. Pig producers are said to benefit from negative externalities when they do not bear the full social costs of their business enterprise. Non-internalization of such externalities occurs when pig producers receive payment for their output while not investing in pollution abatement or not making compensatory payments to surrounding communities affected by their production processes. In some cases, producers are able to recycle all nutrients from swine production on-farm through various cropping mechanisms. In other cases, pig production is so large that there is no land to properly dispose of such by-products without some environmental mitigation effort. Failure to implement any sort of measure will most likely lead to an environmental externality. To determine whether a farmer has the ability to utilize all manure produced on-farm, we use a mass balance calculation approach in this paper. Results for the mass balance calculations suggest that, in general, smaller farms generate less excess nutrients per hectare than larger farms. This is because most small-scale pig farms are mixed systems where some croplands are available for nutrient assimilation. Large commercial farms tend to be �pure land-intensive� systems. We used a Tobit regression analysis to determine the factors affecting environmental mitigation expenditures of pig farms. Results of the regression showed that smaller farms tend to respond to opportunities to make use of manure as fertilizer on their own farms and crops. For large farms, no single factor significantly influenced mitigation costs. An inter

Non-PR, IFPRI2; GRP40, Mapping the flow of information along the poultry value chain is crucial for the identification of the actors to whom highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) risks should be communicated. Each actor in the poultry sector, whether private and public, or formal or informal, has particular roles in the risk-communication process. Network mapping exercises help to identify the different actors involved in the poultry value chain, and to understand their roles, linkages, and influence in communicating disease risk information. Consequently, IFPRI and ILRI conducted network mapping exercises with participants of multistakeholder workshops held in Ghana, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Nigeria.; The following questions were discussed:; What formal, informal, private, and public actors are involved in the live poultry value chain?; What are the flows of goods between various actors?; How does communication on disease information flow in the value chain?; Who in the value chain is influential in the communication of information about HPAI?; What should be improved to make the value chain more resilient against the effects of HPAI and HPAI scare?; Where and how can project findings help inform decisionmaking in the value chain?; This brief highlights and summarizes the main findings of these network maps (Net-Maps). The Net-Maps were drawn based on the participants’ expert opinions as well as their experience with past interventions.

Non-PR, IFPRI1; GRP40; Subtheme 8.2, MTID, "With the Biotech Revolution, questions are being asked about what role the government should play in the process—does public research in developing countries play a role? Can governments speed the spread of technology by offering complementary services? Unlike the public investment–driven Green Revolution in cereals, the “Poultry Revolution” in developing countries was driven by the successful transfer of biological technology developed by the private sector in the developed world to developing countries. This paper uses a supply response function to measure the importance of different types of private technology and of public investments on poultry productivity. The findings confirm that imported private technology was important to the growth of the poultry industry but also emphasize the importance of complementary government investments such as veterinary services." --from authors' abstract

Non-PR, IFPRI1; GRP27; DCA, MTID, Contract farming is emerging as an important form of vertical coordination in the agrifood supply chain in India, and its socioeconomic consequences are attracting considerable attention in public policy debates. This study is an empirical assessment of the costs and benefits of contract farming in milk using information generated through field surveys in the western state of Rajasthan. Contract farming is found to be more profitable than independent production. Its major benefits come from a reduction in marketing and transaction costs, which are otherwise much higher in the open markets. Contract farming also contributes toward improving milk yield and reducing production costs, albeit not significantly. Dairy producers also benefit from provision of services and technical advice by integrators/firms who secure milk supplies from farmers through contract. The benefits of contract farming vary by scale of operation. Economies of scale are also important determinants of competitiveness, in which large farms (both contract and independent) have lower per unit cost due to buying of inputs in bulk and greater access to markets. Smallholders, on the other hand, derive significant benefits from a reduction in marketing and transaction costs due to their participation in contract farming.--Authors' Abstract

PR, IFPRI1; GRP27, MTID, The rapid growth in consumer demand for livestock offers an opportunity to reduce poverty among smallholder livestock farmers in the developing world. These farmers' opportunity may be threatened, however, by competition from larger-scale farms. This report assesses the potential threat, examining various forms of livestock production in Brazil, India, the Philippines, and Thailand. Findings show that the competitiveness of smallholder farms depends on the opportunity cost of family labor and farmers' ability to overcome barriers to the acquisition of production- and market-related information and assets. Pro-poor livestock development depends, therefore, on the strengthening of institutions that will help smallholders overcome the disproportionately high transaction costs in securing quality inputs and obtaining market recognition for quality outputs. These and other findings make this report a useful guide for researchers and others concerned with the opportunities and risks of smallholder livestock farming.

Non-PR, IFPRI1; GRP40, MTID, "Contract farming is conventionally thought of as a form of industrial organization that helps to overcome high monitoring, supervision, and environmental mitigation costs incurred from ensuring a reliable and uniform-quality supply (from the standpoint of integrators) and high capital and small-scale input and service purchase costs (from the standpoint of individual farmers). But contract farming is also a private sector vertical coordination response to the changing demand for certifying the use of quality inputs to produce quality outputs and of safe production procedures. This paper draws on lessons learned from experiences in the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam to illustrate how contract farming accomplishes that goal." -- from Author's Abstract

Non-PR, IFPRI4, MTID

PR, IFPRI1; Theme 2; GRP2; Subtheme 2.1; Globalization, retail food industries, and trade, MTID

PR, IFPRI4; GRP27; Theme 11, MTID

PR, ISI; IFPRI3; MP07; GRP27; Theme 11, MTID, "Economic reform programmes assume that major goods are tradable, such that depreciation of the real exchange rate raises the value of output compared to factor costs in domestic currency. In Tanzania, major food staples that account for most real income are non-tradables in at least one-quarter of the country. This conclusion is demonstrated and the implications are assessed for the constraints imposed on macroeconomic-led adjustment strategies." -- Authors' Abstract

Non-PR, IFPRI1, MTID, Economic reform programs assume that major goods are tradable, such that depreciation of the real exchange rate raises the value of output compared to factor costs in domestic currency. In Tanzania, major food staples that account for most real income are non-tradables in at least one-quarter of the country. This is demonstrated and implications assessed for the constraints imposed on macroeconomic-led adjustment strategies.

Non-PR, IFPRI4, MTID