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Background: Gender differences in treatment that are not supported by empirical evidence have been reported in several areas of medicine. Here, the aim was to evaluate potential gender differences in the treatment for bipolar disorder. Methods: Data was collected from the Swedish National Quality Assurance Register for bipolar disorder (BipolaR). Baseline registrations from the period 2004-2011 of 7354 patients were analyzed. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to study the impact of gender on interventions. Results: Women were more often treated with antidepressants, lamotrigine, electroconvulsive therapy, benzodiazepines, and psychotherapy. Men were more often treated with lithium. There were no gender differences in treatment with mood stabilizers as a group, neuroleptics, or valproate. Subgroup analyses revealed that ECT was more common in women only in the bipolar l subgroup. Contrariwise, lamotrigine was more common in women only in the bipolar II subgroup. Limitations: As BipolaR contains data on outpatient treatment of persons with bipolar disorder in Sweden, it is unclear if these Findings translate to inpatient care and to outpatient treatment in other countries. Conclusions: Men and women with bipolar disorder receive different treatments in routine clinical settings in Sweden. Gender differences in level of functioning, bipolar subtype, or severity of bipolar disorder could not explain the higher prevalence of pharmacological treatment, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychotherapy in women. Our results suggest that clinicians treatment decisions are to some extent unduly influenced by patients gender. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved., Funding Agencies|Regional Research and Development Unit Vastra Gotalancl FoU [VGFOUREG-158591]; Swedisfrh Medical Research Council [K2011-61X-14647-09-3, K2010-61X-21569-01-1, K2010-61P-21568-01-4]; Swedish foundation for Strategic Research; Swedish Brain foundation; Swedish Federal Government under LUA/ALF agreement [ALFGF3G-142041]

OBJECTIVE: Released prisoners have high suicide rates compared with the general population, but little is known about risk factors and possible causal pathways. We conducted a population-based cohort study to investigate rates and risk factors for suicide in people previously imprisoned. METHOD: We identified individuals released from prison in Sweden between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2009, through linkage of national population-based registers. Released prisoners were followed from the day of release until death, emigration, new incarceration, or December 31, 2009. Survival analyses were conducted to compare incidence rates and psychiatric morbidity with nonconvicted population controls matched on gender and year of birth. RESULTS: We identified 38,995 releases among 26,985 prisoners (7.6% female) during 2005-2009. Overall, 127 suicides occurred, accounting for 14% of all deaths after release (n = 920). The mean suicide rate was 204 per 100,000 person-years, yielding an incidence rate ratio of 18.2 (95% CI, 13.9-23.8) compared with general population controls. Previous substance use disorder (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.1; 95% CI, 1.4-3.2), suicide attempt (HR = 2.5; 95% CI, 1.7-3.7), and being born in Sweden versus abroad (HR = 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2-3.6) were independent risk factors for suicide after release. CONCLUSIONS: Released prisoners are at high suicide risk and have a slightly different pattern of psychiatric risk factors for suicide compared with the general population. Results suggest appropriate allocation of resources to facilitate transition to life outside prison and increased attention to prisoners with both a previous suicide attempt and substance use disorder.

Aims: The subject of this thesis is suicide and other premature death related to mental disorder. The overall aim is to provide knowledge to improve prevention strategies. The specific aims are as follows: Study I: To identify predictors of suicide in a cohort with long-term mental disorder. Study II: To analyse mortality by mental health service and psychiatric diagnosis in a cohort with long-term mental disorder. Study III: To investigate the impact of psychiatric morbidity on suicide risk following a suicide attempt. Study IV: To examine familial suicide risks in a total population sample. Methods: Studies I and II. Adult residents with mental disorder in Stockholm County, Sweden, were identified in 1997. This register (n=12,247) was linked to national registers. Discharges from psychiatric inpatient care during 1990 2000 and deaths during 1997 2000 were identified. Predictors of suicide in the cohort were investigated; standardised mortality ratios were calculated. Study III. Data on all people living in Sweden 1973 82 were linked to national registers. People hospitalised during the period 1973 82 due to attempted suicide were identified. The cohort (n=39,685) consisted of those with a studied psychiatric diagnosis present at index attempt (cases) and those without a psychiatric diagnosis within a year after the suicide attempt (reference subjects). Patients were followed for 21 31 years. Survival curves for suicide were plotted and hazard ratios computed. Study IV. A population-based cohort (n=7,969,645) was created by linkage of Swedish national registers. Persons with death classified as definite or uncertain suicide 1952 2003 were identified (n=83,951). Odds ratios for suicide in relatives of suicide probands were calculated in relation to relatives of controls. Results: Study I. Predictors of suicide included previous suicide attempt, a history of psychiatric inpatient care, and unmet need of a contact person. Borderline personality disorder was the strong