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Structures in the magneto-ionic medium exist across a wide range of angular sizes due to large-scale magnetic fields coherent over the Galactic spiral arms combined with small-scale fluctuations in the magnetic field and electron density resulting from energy injection processes such as supernovae. For the first time, we produce diffuse Galactic synchrotron emission Faraday rotation maps covering all spatial scales down to $3'$ resolution for Galactic magnetic field studies. These maps complement standard total and polarized intensity maps combining single-antenna and interferometric data that have been produced, for example, for the Canadian Galactic Plane Survey (CGPS). Such combined maps have sensitivity to large scales from the single-antenna component, and the resolution from the interferometric component. We combine Global Magneto-Ionic Medium Survey High-Band-North (GMIMS-HBN) single-antenna and CGPS aperture-synthesis polarization data after spatial filtering, producing Stokes $Q$ and $U$ maps individually for the four CGPS frequency channels. We calculate Rotation Measures (RM) for all pixels using a linear fit to polarization angle versus wavelength squared. The RM maps show magnetic field structures on the full range of scales probed by this dataset. Regions of smooth polarized emission require the large-scale sensitivity of the single-antenna data to illuminate the Faraday depths, while the aperture-synthesis data reveal small-scale variability in the Faraday rotation. Despite the limitation of the 35 MHz bandwidth of the CGPS, we demonstrate that useful information on Faraday rotation structures can be obtained by combining single-antenna and aperture-synthesis data, highlighting the important synergy between future broadband interferometric and single-antenna polarization surveys., Comment: Submitted to ApJ

We have conducted a widefield, wideband, snapshot survey using the Australian SKA Pathfinder (ASKAP) referred to as the Rapid ASKAP Continuum Survey (RACS). RACS covers $\approx$ 90% of the sky, with multiple observing epochs in three frequency bands sampling the ASKAP frequency range of 700 to 1800 MHz. This paper describes the third major epoch at 1655.5 MHz, RACS-high, and the subsequent imaging and catalogue data release. The RACS-high observations at 1655.5 MHz are otherwise similar to the previously released RACS-mid (at 1367.5 MHz), and were calibrated and imaged with minimal changes. From the 1493 images covering the sky up to declination $\approx$ +48$^\circ$, we present a catalogue of 2 677 509 radio sources. The catalogue is constructed from images with a median root-mean-square noise of $\approx$ 195 $\mu$Jy PSF$^{-1}$ (point-spread function) and a median angular resolution of 11.8" by 8.1". The overall reliability of the catalogue is estimated to be 99.18%, and we find a decrease in reliability as angular resolution improves. We estimate the brightness scale to be accurate to 10%, and the astrometric accuracy to be within $\approx$ 0.6" in right ascension and $\approx$ 0.7" in declination after correction of a systematic declination-dependent offset. All data products from RACS-high, including calibrated visibility datasets, images from individual observations, full-sensitivity mosaics, and the all-sky catalogue are available at the CSIRO ASKAP Science Data Archive., Comment: Accepted for publication in PASA, data available at https://doi.org/10.25919/g3jd-av02

High-performance programmable silicon photonic circuits are considered to be a critical part of next generation architectures for optical processing, photonic quantum circuits and neural networks. Low-loss optical phase change materials (PCMs) offer a promising route towards non-volatile free-form control of light. Here, we exploit direct-write digital patterning of waveguides using layers of the PCM Sb$_2$Se$_3$ with a thickness of up to 100 nm, demonstrating the ability to strongly increase the effect per pixel compared to previous implementations where much thinner PCM layers were used. We exploit the excellent refractive index matching between Sb$_2$Se$_3$ and silicon to achieve a low-loss hybrid platform for programmable photonics. A five-fold reduction in modulation length of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer is achieved compared to previous work using thin-film Sb$_2$Se$_3$ devices, decreased to 5 $\mu$m in this work. Application of the thicker PCM layers in direct-write digital programming of a multimode interferometer (MMI) shows a three-fold reduction of the number of programmed pixels to below 10 pixels per device. The demonstrated scaling of performance with PCM layer thickness is important for establishing the optimum working range for hybrid silicon-PCM devices and holds promise for achieving ultracompact programmable photonic circuits., Comment: 24 pages, 5 figures

We present initial results from the Polarisation Sky Survey of the Universe's Magnetism (POSSUM), analysing 22,817 Faraday Rotation Measures (RMs) with median uncertainties of 1.2 rad m^-2 across 1,520 square degrees to study magnetised gas associated with 55 nearby galaxy groups (z less than 0.025) with halo masses between 10^12.5 and 10^14.0 M_sun. We identify two distinct gas phases: the Intragroup Medium (IGrM) within 0-2 splashback radii and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium (WHIM) extending from 2 to 7 splashback radii. These phases enhance the standard deviation of residual (i.e., Galactic foreground RM-subtracted) RMs by 6.9 +/- 1.8 rad m^-2 and 4.2 +/- 1.2 rad m^-2, respectively. Estimated magnetic field strengths are several microGauss within the IGrM and 0.1-1 microGauss in the WHIM. We estimate the plasma beta in both phases and show that magnetic pressure might be more dynamically important than in the ICM of more massive clusters or sparse cosmic web filaments. Our findings indicate that "missing baryons" in the WHIM likely extend beyond the gravitational radii of group-mass halos to Mpc scales, consistent with large-scale, outflow-driven "magnetised bubbles" seen in cosmological simulations. We demonstrate that RM grids are an effective method for detecting magnetised thermal gas at galaxy group interfaces and within the cosmic web. This approach complements X-ray and Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect methods, and when combined with Fast Radio Burst Dispersion Measures, data from the full POSSUM survey, comprising approximately a million RMs, will allow direct magnetic field measurements to further our understanding of baryon circulation in these environments and the magnetised universe., Comment: 15 pages, 7 figures, 3 tables. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

In Patil et. al 2024a, we developed a multitaper power spectrum estimation method, mtNUFFT, for analyzing time-series with quasi-regular spacing, and showed that it not only improves upon the statistical issues of the Lomb-Scargle periodogram, but also provides a factor of three speed up in some applications. In this paper, we combine mtNUFFT with the harmonic F-test to test the hypothesis that a strictly periodic signal or its harmonic (as opposed to e.g. a quasi-periodic signal) is present at a given frequency. This mtNUFFT/F-test combination shows that multitapering allows detection of periodic signals and precise estimation of their frequencies, thereby improving both power spectrum estimation and harmonic analysis. Using asteroseismic time-series data for the Kepler-91 red giant, we show that the F-test automatically picks up the harmonics of its transiting exoplanet as well as certain dipole ($l=1$) mixed modes. We use this example to highlight that we can distinguish between different types of stellar oscillations, e.g., transient (damped, stochastically-excited) and strictly periodic (undamped, heat-driven). We also illustrate the technique of dividing a time-series into chunks to further examine the transient versus periodic nature of stellar oscillations. The harmonic F-test combined with mtNUFFT is implemented in the public Python package tapify (https://github.com/aaryapatil/tapify), which opens opportunities to perform detailed investigations of periodic signals in time-domain astronomy., Comment: 15 pages, 6 figures, Submitted to AJ as a companion paper to arXiv:2209.15027

A direct consequence of Faraday rotation is that the polarized radio sky does not resemble the total intensity sky at long wavelengths. We analyze G137+7, which is undetectable in total intensity but appears as a depolarization feature. We use the first polarization maps from the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment. Our $400-729$ MHz bandwidth and angular resolution, $17'$ to $30'$, allow us to use Faraday synthesis to analyze the polarization structure. In polarized intensity and polarization angle maps, we find a "tail" extending $10^\circ$ from the "head" and designate the combined object the "tadpole". Similar polarization angles, distinct from the background, indicate that the head and tail are physically associated. The head appears as a depolarized ring in single channels, but wideband observations show that it is a Faraday rotation feature. Our investigations of H I and H$\alpha$ find no connections to the tadpole. The tail suggests motion of either the gas or an ionizing star through the ISM; the B2(e) star HD 20336 is a candidate. While the head features a coherent, $\sim -8$ rad m$^2$ Faraday depth, Faraday synthesis also identifies multiple components in both the head and tail. We verify the locations of the components in the spectra using QU fitting. Our results show that $\sim$octave-bandwidth Faraday rotation observations at $\sim 600$ MHz are sensitive to low-density ionized or partially-ionized gas which is undetectable in other tracers., Comment: ApJ in press. Replacement corrects typographical error in equation 6

The Polarisation Sky Survey of the Universe's Magnetism (POSSUM) will conduct a sensitive $\sim$1 GHz radio polarization survey covering 20 000 square degrees of the Southern sky with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP). In anticipation of the full survey, we analyze pilot observations of low-band (800-1087 MHz), mid-band (1316-1439 MHz), and combined-band observations for an extragalactic field and a Galactic-plane field (low-band only). Using the POSSUM processing pipeline, we produce prototype RM catalogs that are filtered to construct prototype RM grids. We assess typical RM grid densities and RM uncertainties and their dependence on frequency, bandwidth, and Galactic latitude. We present a median filter method for separating foreground diffuse emission from background components, and find that after application of the filter, 99.5% of measured RMs of simulated sources are within 3$\sigma$ of their true RM, with a typical loss of polarized intensity of 5% $\pm$ 5%. We find RM grid densities of 35.1, 30.6, 37.2, and 13.5 RMs per square degree and median uncertainties on RM measurements of 1.55, 12.82, 1.06, and 1.89 rad m$^{-2}$ for the median-filtered low-band, mid-band, combined-band, and Galactic observations, respectively. We estimate that the full POSSUM survey will produce an RM catalog of $\sim$775 000 RMs with median-filtered low-band observations and $\sim$877 000 RMs with median-filtered combined-band observations. We construct a structure function from the Galactic RM catalog, which shows a break at $0.7^{\circ}$, corresponding to a physical scale of 12-24 pc for the nearest spiral arm., Comment: 51 pages, 19 figures, 5 tables

The Australian SKA Pathfinder (ASKAP) has surveyed the sky at multiple frequencies as part of the Rapid ASKAP Continuum Survey (RACS). The first two RACS observing epochs, at 887.5 (RACS-low) and 1367.5 (RACS-mid) MHz, have been released (McConnell et al., 2020; Duchesne et al., 2023). A catalogue of radio sources from RACS-low has also been released, covering the sky south of declination +30$^\circ$ (Hale et al., 2021). With this paper, we describe and release the first set of catalogues from RACS-mid, covering the sky below declination +49$^\circ$. The catalogues are created in a similar manner to the RACS-low catalogue, and we discuss this process and highlight additional changes. The general purpose primary catalogue covering 36 200 deg$^2$ features a variable angular resolution to maximise sensitivity and sky coverage across the catalogued area, with a median angular resolution of 11.2" times 9.3". The primary catalogue comprises 3 105 668 radio sources, including those in the Galactic Plane (2 861 923 excluding Galactic latitudes of $|b|<5^\circ$) and we estimate the catalogue to be 95% complete for sources above 1.6 mJy. With the primary catalogue, we also provide two auxiliary catalogues. The first is a fixed-resolution, 25-arcsec catalogue approximately matching the sky coverage of the RACS-low catalogue. This 25-arcsec catalogue is constructed identically to the primary catalogue, except images are convolved to a less-sensitive 25-arcsec angular resolution. The second auxiliary catalogue is designed for time-domain science, and is the concatenation of source-lists from the original RACS-mid images with no additional convolution, mosaicking, or de-duplication of source entries to avoid losing time-variable signals. All three RACS-mid catalogues, and all RACS data products, are available through the CSIRO ASKAP Science Data Archive (CASDA)., Comment: Accepted for publication in PASA. Primary catalogues and images available at https://doi.org/10.25919/p524-xb81 and an auxiliary catalogue available at https://doi.org/10.25919/p8ns-da63

Macroscopic objects supported by surface tension at the fluid interface can self-assemble through the action of capillary forces arising from interfacial deformations. The resulting self-assembled structures are ordered but remain trapped in one of potentially many metastable states in the capillary energy landscape. This contrasts with microscopic colloidal self-assembly where thermal fluctuations excite transitions between geometrically distinct ground-state configurations. We herein utilize supercritical Faraday waves to drive structural rearrangements between metastable states of few-particle clusters of millimetric spheres bound by capillary attractions at the fluid interface. Using a combination of experiments and theoretical modelling, we demonstrate how the occupation probabilities of different cluster topologies and transition statistics are controlled by the level of the vibrational forcing and the spatial extent of long-range capillary forces. Our results demonstrate how self-assembly dynamics and statistics may be manipulated across scales by controlling the strength of fluctuations and by tuning the properties of the particle interaction-potential.

The study of many-body quantum dynamics in strongly-correlated systems is extremely challenging. To date few numerical methods exist which are capable of simulating the non-equilibrium dynamics of two-dimensional quantum systems, in part reflecting complexity theoretic obstructions. In this work, we present a new technique able to overcome this obstacle, by combining continuous unitary flow techniques with the newly developed method of scrambling transforms. We overcome the prejudice that approximately diagonalizing the Hamiltonian cannot lead to reliable predictions for relatively long times. To the contrary, we show that the method works well in both localized and delocalized phases, and makes reliable predictions for a number of quantities including infinite-temperature autocorrelation functions. We complement our findings with rigorous incremental bounds on the truncation error. This approach shows that in practice, the exploration of intermediate-scale time evolution may be more feasible than is commonly assumed, challenging near-term quantum simulators., Comment: 7+8 pages; 5+4 figures

The Australian SKA Pathfinder (ASKAP) radio telescope has carried out a survey of the entire Southern Sky at 887.5MHz. The wide area, high angular resolution, and broad bandwidth provided by the low-band Rapid ASKAP Continuum Survey (RACS-low) allow the production of a next-generation rotation measure (RM) grid across the entire Southern Sky. Here we introduce this project as Spectral and Polarisation in Cutouts of Extragalactic sources from RACS (SPICE-RACS). In our first data release, we image 30 RACS-low fields in Stokes $I$, $Q$, $U$ at 25'' angular resolution, across 744 to 1032MHz with 1MHz spectral resolution. Using a bespoke, highly parallelised, software pipeline we are able to rapidly process wide-area spectro-polarimetric ASKAP observations. Notably, we use 'postage stamp' cutouts to assess the polarisation properties of \ncomponents\ radio components detected in total intensity. We find that our Stokes $Q$ and $U$ images have an rms noise of ~80$\mu$Jy/PSF, and our correction for instrumental polarisation leakage allows us to characterise components with >1% polarisation fraction over most of the field of view. We produce a broadband polarised radio component catalogue that contains \nrms\ RM measurements over an area of ~1300deg^2 with an average error in RM of 1.6+1.1-1.0rad/m^2, and an average linear polarisation fraction 3.4+3.0-1.6%. We determine this subset of components using the conditions that the polarised signal-to-noise ratio is $>8$, the polarisation fraction is above our estimated polarised leakage, and the Stokes $I$ spectrum has a reliable model. Our catalogue provides an areal density of $4\pm2$ RMs/deg^2; an increase of $\sim4$ times over the previous state-of-the-art (Taylor et al. 2009). Meaning that, having used just 3% of the RACS-low sky area, we have produced the 3rd largest RM catalogue to date. This catalogue has broad applications for studying..., Comment: 42 pages, 24 figures, 6 tables. Accepted for publications in PASA

The Australian SKA Pathfinder (ASKAP) is being used to undertake a campaign to rapidly survey the sky in three frequency bands across its operational spectral range. The first pass of the Rapid ASKAP Continuum Survey (RACS) at 887.5 MHz in the low band has already been completed, with images, visibility datasets, and catalogues made available to the wider astronomical community through the CSIRO ASKAP Science Data Archive (CASDA). This work presents details of the second observing pass in the mid band at 1367.5 MHz, RACS-mid, and associated data release comprising images and visibility datasets covering the whole sky south of declination $+$49$^\circ$. This data release incorporates selective peeling to reduce artefacts around bright sources, as well as accurately modelled primary beam responses. The Stokes I images reach a median noise of 198 $\mu$Jy PSF$^{-1}$ with a declination-dependent angular resolution of 8.1 to 47.5 arcsec that fills a niche in the existing ecosystem of large-area astronomical surveys. We also supply Stokes V images after application of a widefield leakage correction, with a median noise of 165 $\mu$Jy PSF$^{-1}$. We find the residual leakage of Stokes I into V to be $\lesssim$ 0.9 to 2.4 % over the survey. This initial RACS-mid data release will be complemented by a future release comprising catalogues of the survey region. As with other RACS data releases, data products from this release will be made available through CASDA., Comment: 39 pages, 85 figure files, accepted for publication in PASA. For associated data see https://doi.org/10.25919/6mr6-rd83

Deep neural networks (DNNs) lack the precise semantics and definitive probabilistic interpretation of probabilistic graphical models (PGMs). In this paper, we propose an innovative solution by constructing infinite tree-structured PGMs that correspond exactly to neural networks. Our research reveals that DNNs, during forward propagation, indeed perform approximations of PGM inference that are precise in this alternative PGM structure. Not only does our research complement existing studies that describe neural networks as kernel machines or infinite-sized Gaussian processes, it also elucidates a more direct approximation that DNNs make to exact inference in PGMs. Potential benefits include improved pedagogy and interpretation of DNNs, and algorithms that can merge the strengths of PGMs and DNNs., Comment: Accepted to NeurIPS 2024

Faraday rotation measures (RMs) have been used for many studies of cosmic magnetism, and in most cases having more RMs is beneficial for those studies. This has lead to development of RM surveys that have produced large catalogs, as well as meta-catalogs collecting RMs from many different publications. However, it has been difficult to take full advantage of all these RMs as the individual catalogs have been published in many different places, and in many different formats. In addition, the polarization spectra used to determine these RMs are rarely published, limiting the ability to re-analyze data as new methods or additional observations become available. We propose a standard convention for RM catalogs, RMTable2023, and a standard for source-integrated polarized spectra of radio sources, PolSpectra2023. These standards are intended to maximize the value and utility of these data for researchers and to make them easier to access. To demonstrate the use of the RMTable2023 standard, we have produced a consolidated catalog of 55 819 RMs collected from 42 published catalogs., Comment: 44 pages, 5 figures, accepted by ApJS

Electro-optic silicon-based modulators contribute to ease the integration of high-speed and low-power consumption circuits for classical optical communications or quantum computers. However, the inversion symmetry in the silicon crystal structure inhibits the use of Pockels effect. An electric field-induced optical modulation equivalent to a Pockels effect can nevertheless be achieved in silicon by the use of DC Kerr effect. Although some theoretical and experimental studies have shown its existence in silicon, the DC Kerr effect in optical modulation have led to a negligible contribution so far. This paper reports demonstration of high-speed optical modulation based on the electric field-induced linear electro-optic effect in silicon PIN junction waveguides. The relative contributions of both plasma dispersion and Kerr effects are quantified and we show that the Kerr induced modulation is dominant when a high external DC electric field is applied. Finally, the high-speed modulation response is analyzed and eye diagram up to 100 Gbits/s in NRZ format are obtained. This work demonstrates high speed modulation based on Kerr effect in silicon, and its potential for low loss, quasi-pure phase modulation., Comment: 7+6 pages, 5+4 figures

Atomic-level simulations are widely used to study biomolecules and their dynamics. A common goal in such studies is to compare simulations of a molecular system under several conditions -- for example, with various mutations or bound ligands -- in order to identify differences between the molecular conformations adopted under these conditions. However, the large amount of data produced by simulations of ever larger and more complex systems often renders it difficult to identify the structural features that are relevant for a particular biochemical phenomenon. We present a flexible software package named PENSA that enables a comprehensive and thorough investigation into biomolecular conformational ensembles. It provides featurizations and feature transformations that allow for a complete representation of biomolecules like proteins and nucleic acids, including water and ion binding sites, thus avoiding bias that would come with manual feature selection. PENSA implements methods to systematically compare the distributions of molecular features across ensembles to find the significant differences between them and identify regions of interest. It also includes a novel approach to quantify the state-specific information between two regions of a biomolecule, which allows, e.g., tracing information flow to identify allosteric pathways. PENSA also comes with convenient tools for loading data and visualizing results, making them quick to process and easy to interpret. PENSA is an open-source Python library maintained at https://github.com/drorlab/pensa along with an example workflow and a tutorial. We demonstrate its usefulness in real-world examples by showing how it helps to determine molecular mechanisms efficiently., Comment: corrected Eq. 1, added journal DOI, and made minor cosmetic updates

When a solid body floats at the interface of a vibrating liquid bath, the relative motion between the object and interface generates outwardly propagating surface waves. It has recently been demonstrated that millimetric objects with fore-aft mass asymmetry generate an associated asymmetric wavefield and consequently self-propel in unidirectional motion. Harnessing this wave-powered mechanism of propulsion, we here demonstrate that chiral objects placed on a vibrating fluid interface are set into steady, yet reversible, rotation, with the angular speed and direction of rotation controlled by the interplay between object geometry and driving parameters. Scaling laws and a simplified model of the wavefield reveal the underlying physical mechanism of rotation, while collapsing experimental measurements of the angular velocity across parameters. Leveraging the control over the chiral object's direction of rotation, we then demonstrate that a floating body with an asymmetric mass distribution and chirality can be remotely steered along two-dimensional trajectories via modulation of the driving frequency alone. This accessible and tunable macroscopic system serves as a potential platform for future explorations of chiral active and driven matter, and demonstrates a mechanism by which wave-mediated fluid forces can be manipulated for directed propulsion.

Asteroseismic time-series data have imprints of stellar oscillation modes, whose detection and characterization through time-series analysis allows us to probe stellar interior physics. Such analyses usually occur in the Fourier domain by computing the Lomb-Scargle (LS) periodogram, an estimator of the power spectrum underlying unevenly-sampled time-series data. However, the LS periodogram suffers from the statistical problems of (1) inconsistency (or noise) and (2) bias due to high spectral leakage. Here, we develop a multitaper power spectrum estimator using the Non-Uniform Fast Fourier Transform (mtNUFFT) to tackle the inconsistency and bias problems of the LS periodogram. Using a simulated light curve, we show that the mtNUFFT power spectrum estimate of solar-like oscillations has lower variance and bias than the LS estimate. We also apply our method to the Kepler-91 red giant, and combine it with PBjam peakbagging to obtain mode parameters and a derived age estimate of $3.97 \pm 0.52$ Gyr. PBjam allows the improvement of age precision relative to the $4.27 \pm 0.75$ Gyr APOKASC-2 (uncorrected) estimate, whereas partnering mtNUFFT with PBjam speeds up peakbagging thrice as much as LS. This increase in efficiency has promising implications for Galactic archaeology, in addition to stellar structure and evolution studies. Our new method generally applies to time-domain astronomy and is implemented in the public Python package tapify, available at https://github.com/aaryapatil/tapify., Comment: 27 pages (3 pages in the Appendix), 12 figures, 3 tables, Revision submitted to AJ. This paper focuses solely on multitaper power spectrum estimation, whereas a companion paper showcases harmonic analysis using the multitaper F-test (v1 of this paper has been split). Both these papers have applications in asteroseismology

Magnetic fields in the ionized medium of the disk and halo of the Milky Way impose Faraday rotation on linearly polarized radio emission. We compare two surveys mapping the Galactic Faraday rotation, one showing the rotation measures of extragalactic sources seen through the Galaxy (from Hutschenreuter et al 2022), and one showing the Faraday depth of the diffuse Galactic synchrotron emission from the Global Magneto-Ionic Medium Survey. Comparing the two data sets in 5deg x 10deg bins shows good agreement at intermediate latitudes, 10 < |b| < 50 deg, and little correlation between them at lower and higher latitudes. Where they agree, both tracers show clear patterns as a function of Galactic longitude: in the Northern Hemisphere a strong sin(2 x longitude) pattern, and in the Southern hemisphere a sin(longitude + pi) pattern. Pulsars with height above or below the plane |z| > 300 pc show similar longitude dependence in their rotation measures. Nearby non-thermal structures show rotation measure shadows as does the Orion-Eridanus superbubble. We describe families of dynamo models that could explain the observed patterns in the two hemispheres. We suggest that a field reversal, known to cross the plane a few hundred pc inside the solar circle, could shift to positive z with increasing Galactic radius to explain the sin(2xlongitude) pattern in the Northern Hemisphere. Correlation shows that rotation measures from extragalactic sources are one to two times the corresponding rotation measure of the diffuse emission, implying Faraday complexity along some lines of sight, especially in the Southern hemisphere., Comment: 37 pages, 26 figures, Ap. J. accepted

Many-body localisation in disordered systems in one spatial dimension is typically understood in terms of the existence of an extensive number of (quasi)-local integrals of motion (LIOMs) which are thought to decay exponentially with distance and interact only weakly with one another. By contrast, little is known about the form of the integrals of motion in disorder-free systems which exhibit localisation. Here, we explicitly compute the LIOMs for disorder-free localised systems, focusing on the case of a linearly increasing potential. We show that while in the absence of interactions, the LIOMs decay faster than exponentially, the addition of interactions leads to the formation of a slow-decaying plateau at short distances. We study how the localisation properties of the LIOMs depend on the linear slope, finding that there is a significant finite-size dependence, and present evidence that adding a weak harmonic potential does not result in typical many-body localisation phenomenology. By contrast, the addition of disorder has a qualitatively different effect, dramatically modifying the properties of the LIOMS., Comment: 21 pages, 14 figures, replaced with final version

Many-body localisation is believed to be generically unstable in quantum systems with continuous non-Abelian symmetries, even in the presence of strong disorder. Breaking these symmetries can stabilise the localised phase, leading to the emergence of an extensive number of quasi-locally conserved quantities known as local integrals of motion, or $l$-bits. Using a sophisticated non-perturbative technique based on continuous unitary transforms, we investigate the one-dimensional Hubbard model subject to both spin and charge disorder, compute the associated $l$-bits and demonstrate that the disorder gives rise to a novel form of spin-charge separation. We examine the role of symmetries in delocalising the spin and charge degrees of freedom, and show that while symmetries generally lead to delocalisation through multi-particle resonant processes, certain subsets of states appear stable.

It is widely believed that many-body localisation in one dimension is fragile and can be easily destroyed by thermal inclusions, however there are still many open questions regarding the stability of the localised phase and under what conditions it breaks down. Here I construct models with dilute disorder, which interpolate between translationally invariant and fully random models, in order to study the breakdown of localisation. This opens up the possibility to controllably increase the density of thermal regions and examine the breakdown of localisation as this density is increased. At strong disorder, the numerical results are consistent with commonly-used diagnostics for localisation even when the concentration of thermalising regions is high. At moderate disorder, I present evidence for slow dynamics and sub-diffusive transport across a large region of the phase diagram, suggestive of a `bad metal' phase. This suggests that dilute disorder may be a useful effective model for studying Griffiths effects in many-body localisation, and perhaps also in a wider class of disordered systems., Comment: 12 pages, 11 figures

The Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK$_{4}$) model has attracted attention for its fast scrambling properties and its thermalization rate that is set only by the temperature. In this work we ask the question of whether the SYK$_{4}$ model is also a good thermal bath, in the sense that it allows a system coupled to it to thermalize. We address this question by considering the dynamics of a system of $N$ random non-interacting Majorana fermions coupled to an SYK$_{4}$ bath with $M$ Majorana fermions that we solve with Keldysh techniques in the limit of $M\gg N\gg 1$. We compare this nonequilibrium setting with a conventional bath made of free non-interacting degrees of freedom with a continous spectrum. We show that the SYK$_{4}$ bath is more efficient in thermalising the system at weak coupling, due to its enhanced density of states at low frequency, while at strong system-bath couplings both type of environments give rise to a similar time scale for thermalisation., Comment: 23 pages, 12 figures

Nature has evolved a vast array of strategies for propulsion at the air-fluid interface. Inspired by a survival mechanism initiated by the honeybee (Apis mellifera) trapped on the surface of water, we here present the SurferBot: a centimeter-scale vibrating robotic device that self-propels on a fluid surface using analogous hydrodynamic mechanisms as the stricken honeybee. This low-cost and easily assembled device is capable of rectilinear motion thanks to forces arising from a wave-generated, unbalanced momentum flux, achieving speeds on the order of centimeters per second. Owing to the dimensions of the SurferBot and amplitude of the capillary wave field, we find that the magnitude of the propulsive force is similar to that of the honeybee. In addition to a detailed description of the fluid mechanics underpinning the SurferBot propulsion, other modes of SurferBot locomotion are discussed. More broadly, we propose that the SurferBot can be used to explore fundamental aspects of active and driven particles at fluid interfaces, as well as in robotics and fluid mechanics pedagogy., Comment: 19 pages, 7 figures

In this white paper for the 2021 Snowmass process, we give a description of the proposed Future Circular Collider (FCC) project and its physics program. The paper summarizes and updates the discussion submitted to the European Strategy on Particle Physics. After construction of an approximately 90 km tunnel, an electron-positron collider based on established technologies allows world-record instantaneous luminosities at center-of-mass energies from the Z resonance up to tt thresholds, enabling a rich set of fundamental measurements including Higgs couplings determinations at the sub percent level, precision tests of the weak and strong forces, and searches for new particles, including dark matter, both directly and via virtual corrections or mixing. Among other possibilities, the FCC-ee will be able to (i) indirectly discover new particles coupling to the Higgs and/or electroweak bosons up to scales around 7 and 50 TeV, respectively; (ii) perform competitive SUSY tests at the loop level in regions not accessible at the LHC; (iii) study heavy-flavor and tau physics in ultra-rare decays beyond the LHC reach, and (iv) achieve the best potential in direct collider searches for dark matter, sterile neutrinos, and axion-like particles with masses up to around 90 GeV. The tunnel can then be reused for a proton-proton collider, establishing record center-of-mass collision energy, allowing unprecedented reach for direct searches for new particles up to the around 50 TeV scale, and a diverse program of measurements of the Standard Model and Higgs boson, including a precision measurement of the Higgs self-coupling, and conclusively testing weakly-interacting massive particle scenarios of thermal relic dark matter., Comment: 84 pages

Entanglement is a central feature of many-body quantum systems and plays a unique role in quantum phase transitions. In many cases, the entanglement spectrum, which represents the spectrum of the density matrix of a bipartite system, contains valuable information beyond the sole entanglement entropy. Here we investigate the entanglement spectrum of the long-range XXZ model. We show that within the critical phase it exhibits a remarkable self-similarity. The breakdown of self-similarity and the transition away from a Luttinger liquid is consistent with renormalization group theory. Combining the two, we are able to determine the quantum phase diagram of the model and locate the corresponding phase transitions. Our results are confirmed by numerically-exact calculations using tensor-network techniques. Moreover, we show that the self-similar rescaling extends to the geometrical entanglement as well as the Luttinger parameter in the critical phase. Our results pave the way to further studies of entanglement properties in long-range quantum models., Comment: 13 pages, 9 Figures

Local integrals of motion play a central role in the understanding of many-body localization in many-body quantum systems in one dimension subject to a random external potential, but the question of how these local integrals of motion change in a deterministic quasiperiodic potential is one that has received significantly less attention. Here we develop a powerful new implementation of the continuous unitary transform formalism and use this method to directly compute both the effective Hamiltonian and the local integrals of motion for many-body quantum systems subject to a quasiperiodic potential. We show that the effective interactions between local integrals of motion retain a strong fingerprint of the underlying quasiperiodic potential, exhibiting sharp features at distances associated with the incommensurate wavelength used to generate the potential. Furthermore, the local integrals of motion themselves may be expressed in terms of an operator expansion which allows us to estimate the critical strength of quasiperiodic potential required to lead to a localization/delocalization transition, by means of a finite size scaling analysis., Comment: 41 pages, 13 figures

The Rapid ASKAP Continuum Survey (RACS) is the first large sky survey using the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP), covering the sky south of +41$^\circ$ declination. With ASKAP's large, instantaneous field of view, $\sim 31$ deg$^2$, RACS observed the entire sky at a central frequency of 887.5 MHz using 903 individual pointings with 15 minute observations. This has resulted in the deepest radio survey of the full Southern sky to date at these frequencies. In this paper, we present the first Stokes I catalogue derived from the RACS survey. This catalogue was assembled from 799 tiles that could be convolved to a common resolution of 25$^{\prime\prime}$, covering a large contiguous region in the declination range $\delta=-$80$^\circ$ to +30$^\circ$. The catalogue provides an important tool for both the preparation of future ASKAP surveys and for scientific research. It consists of $\sim$2.1 million sources and excludes the $|b|<5^\circ$ region around the Galactic plane. This provides a first extragalactic catalogue with ASKAP covering the majority of the sky ($\delta<+30^\circ$). We describe the methods to obtain this catalogue from the initial RACS observations and discuss the verification of the data, to highlight its quality. Using simulations, we find this catalogue detects 95% of point sources at an integrated flux density of $\sim$5 mJy. Assuming a typical sky source distribution model, this suggests an overall 95% point source completeness at an integrated flux density $\sim$3 mJy. The catalogue will be available through the CSIRO ASKAP Science Data Archive (CASDA)., Comment: Accepted for Publication in PASA; 29 pages, 20 figures, 6 tables

Using the Global Magneto-Ionic Medium Survey (GMIMS) Low-Band South (LBS) southern sky polarization survey, covering 300 to 480 MHz at 81 arcmin resolution, we reveal the brightest region in the Southern polarized sky at these frequencies. The region, G150-50, covers nearly 20deg$^2$, near (l,b)~(150 deg,-50 deg). Using GMIMS-LBS and complementary data at higher frequencies (~0.6--30 GHz), we apply Faraday tomography and Stokes QU-fitting techniques. We find that the magnetic field associated with G150-50 is both coherent and primarily in the plane of the sky, and indications that the region is associated with Radio Loop II. The Faraday depth spectra across G150-50 are broad and contain a large-scale spatial gradient. We model the magnetic field in the region as an expanding shell, and we can reproduce both the observed Faraday rotation and the synchrotron emission in the GMIMS-LBS band. Using QU-fitting, we find that the Faraday spectra are produced by several Faraday dispersive sources along the line-of-sight. Alternatively, polarization horizon effects that we cannot model are adding complexity to the high-frequency polarized spectra. The magnetic field structure of Loop II dominates a large fraction of the sky, and studies of the large-scale polarized sky will need to account for this object. Studies of G150-50 with high angular resolution could mitigate polarization horizon effects, and clarify the nature of G150-50., Comment: 25 pages, 14 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

The Galactic interstellar medium hosts a significant magnetic field, which can be probed through the synchrotron emission produced from its interaction with relativistic electrons. Linearly polarized synchrotron emission is generated throughout the Galaxy, and at longer wavelengths, modified along nearly every path by Faraday rotation in the intervening magneto-ionic medium. Full characterization of the polarized emission requires wideband observations with many frequency channels. We have surveyed polarized radio emission from the Northern sky over the the range 1280-1750 MHz, with channel width 236.8 kHz, using the John A. Galt Telescope (diameter 25.6 m) at the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory, as part of the Global Magneto-Ionic Medium Survey. The survey covered 72% of the sky, declinations -30 to +87 degrees at all right ascensions. The intensity scale was absolutely calibrated, based on the flux density and spectral index of Cygnus A. Polarization angle was calibrated using the extended polarized emission of the Fan Region. Data are presented as brightness temperatures with angular resolution 40'. Sensitivity in Stokes Q and U is 45 mK rms in a 1.18 MHz band. We have applied rotation measure synthesis to the data to obtain a Faraday depth cube of resolution 150 radians per square metre and sensitivity 3 mK rms of polarized intensity. Features in Faraday depth up to a width of 110 radians per square metre are represented. The maximum detectable Faraday depth is +/- 20,000 radians per square metre. The survey data are available at the Canadian Astronomy Data Centre., Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astronomical Journal

The question of how the low-energy properties of disordered quantum systems may be connected to exotic localization phenomena at high energy is a key open question in the context of quantum glasses and many-body localization. In arXiv:2105.05774 we have shown that key features of the excitation spectrum of a disordered system can be efficiently probed from out-of-equilibrium dynamics following a quantum quench, providing distinctive signatures of the various phases. Here, we extend this work by providing a more in-depth study of the behavior of the quench spectral functions associated to different observables and investigating an extended parameter regime. We provide a detailed introduction to quench spectroscopy for disordered systems and show how spectral properties can be probed using both local operators and two-point correlation functions. We benchmark the technique using the one-dimensional Bose-Hubbard model in the presence of a random external potential, focusing on the low-lying excitations, and demonstrate that quench spectroscopy can distinguish the Mott insulator, superfluid, and Bose glass phases. We then explicitly reconstruct the zero-temperature phase diagram of the disordered Bose-Hubbard at fixed filling using two independent methods, both experimentally accessible via time-of-flight imaging and quantum gas microscopy respectively, and demonstrate that quench spectroscopy can give valuable insights as to the distribution of rare regions within disordered systems., Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures

The characterization of excitations in disordered quantum systems is a central issue in connection with glass physics and many-body localization. Here, we show that quench spectroscopy of a disordered model, as realized from its out-of-equilibrium dynamics following a global quench, allows us to fully characterize the spectral properties of the disordered phases. In the Bose-Hubbard model, a clear signature of gapless excitations in momentum-resolved spectroscopy enables us to accurately locate the Mott insulator to Bose glass transition, while the presence or absence of a well-defined soundlike mode distinguishes the superfluid from the Bose glass phase. Moreover, spatially-resolved spectroscopy provides local spectral properties and allows us to extract the typical spacing of gapless regions, giving a second independent way to uniquely identify all three phases. Our findings have far-ranging implications for a variety of experimental platforms, and offer a powerful and versatile probe of the low-energy phases of disordered systems., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures + Supplemental Material

Adaptable, reconfigurable and programmable are key functionalities for the next generation of silicon-based photonic processors, neural and quantum networks. Phase change technology offers proven non-volatile electronic programmability, however the materials used to date have shown prohibitively high optical losses which are incompatible with integrated photonic platforms. Here, we demonstrate the capability of the previously unexplored material Sb$_2$Se$_3$ for ultralow-loss programmable silicon photonics. The favorable combination of large refractive index contrast and ultralow losses seen in Sb$_2$Se$_3$ facilitates an unprecedented optical phase control exceeding 10$\pi$ radians in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. To demonstrate full control over the flow of light, we introduce nanophotonic digital patterning as a conceptually new approach at a footprint orders of magnitude smaller than state of the art interferometer meshes. Our approach enables a wealth of possibilities in high-density reconfiguration of optical functionalities on silicon chip., Comment: 22 pages, 11 figures

The Rapid ASKAP Continuum Survey (RACS) is the first large-area survey to be conducted with the full 36-antenna Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) telescope. RACS will provide a shallow model of the ASKAP sky that will aid the calibration of future deep ASKAP surveys. RACS will cover the whole sky visible from the ASKAP site in Western Australia, and will cover the full ASKAP band of $700-1800$ MHz. The RACS images are generally deeper than the existing NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS) and Sydney University Molonglo Sky Survey (SUMSS) radio surveys and have better spatial resolution. All RACS survey products will be public, including radio images (with $\sim 15$ arcsecond resolution) and catalogues of about three million source components with spectral index and polarisation information. In this paper, we present a description of the RACS survey and the first data release of 903 images covering the sky south of declination $+41^\circ$ made over a 288 MHz band centred at 887.5 MHz., Comment: 24 pages, 17 figures, 4 tables. For associated data see https://data.csiro.au/collections/domain/casdaObservation/results/PRAS110%20-%20The%20Rapid%20ASKAP%20Continuum

Whether long-range interactions allow for a form of causality in non-relativistic quantum models remains an open question with far-reaching implications for the propagation of information and thermalization processes. Here, we study the out-of-equilibrium dynamics of the one-dimensional transverse Ising model with algebraic long-range exchange coupling. Using a state of the art tensor-network approach, complemented by analytic calculations and considering various observables, we show that a weak form of causality emerges, characterized by non-universal dynamical exponents. While the local spin and spin correlation causal edges are sub-ballistic, the causal region has a rich internal structure, which, depending on the observable, displays ballistic or super-ballistic features. In contrast, the causal region of entanglement entropy is featureless and its edge is always ballistic, irrespective of the interaction range. Our results shed light on the propagation of information in long-range interacting lattice models and pave the way to future experiments, which are discussed., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, and supplemental material