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1. Elucidating the clinical and molecular spectrum of SMARCC2-associated NDD in a cohort of 65 affected individuals

Author

Bosch, E, Popp, B, Güse, E, Skinner, C, van der Sluijs, P, Maystadt, I, Pinto, A, Renieri, A, Bruno, L, Granata, S, Marcelis, C, Baysal, Ö, Hartwich, D, Holthöfer, L, Isidor, B, Cogne, B, Wieczorek, D, Capra, V, Scala, M, De Marco, P, Ognibene, M, Jamra, R, Platzer, K, Carter, L, Kuismin, O, van Haeringen, A, Maroofian, R, Valenzuela, I, Cuscó, I, Martinez-Agosto, J, Rabani, A, Mefford, H, Pereira, E, Close, C, Anyane-Yeboa, K, Wagner, M, Hannibal, M, Zacher, P, Thiffault, I, Beunders, G, Umair, M, Bhola, P, Mcginnis, E, Millichap, J, van de Kamp, J, Prijoles, E, Dobson, A, Shillington, A, Graham, B, Garcia, E, Galindo, M, Ropers, F, Nibbeling, E, Hubbard, G, Karimov, C, Goj, G, Bend, R, Rath, J, Morrow, M, Millan, F, Salpietro, V, Torella, A, Nigro, V, Kurki, M, Stevenson, R, Santen, G, Zweier, M, Campeau, P, Severino, M, Reis, A, Accogli, A, Vasileiou, G, Bosch E., Popp B., Güse E., Skinner C., van der Sluijs P. J., Maystadt I., Pinto A. M., Renieri A., Bruno L. P., Granata S., Marcelis C., Baysal Ö., Hartwich D., Holthöfer L., Isidor B., Cogne B., Wieczorek D., Capra V., Scala M., De Marco P., Ognibene M., Jamra R. A., Platzer K., Carter L. B., Kuismin O., van Haeringen A., Maroofian R., Valenzuela I., Cuscó I., Martinez-Agosto J. A., Rabani A. M., Mefford H. C., Pereira E. M., Close C., Anyane-Yeboa K., Wagner M., Hannibal M. C., Zacher P., Thiffault I., Beunders G., Umair M., Bhola P. T., McGinnis E., Millichap J., van de Kamp J. M., Prijoles E. J., Dobson A., Shillington A., Graham B. H., Garcia E. J., Galindo M. K., Ropers F. G., Nibbeling E. A. R., Hubbard G., Karimov C., Goj G., Bend R., Rath J., Morrow M. M., Millan F., Salpietro V., Torella A., Nigro V., Kurki M., Stevenson R. E., Santen G. W. E., Zweier M., Campeau P. M., Severino M., Reis A., Accogli A., Vasileiou G., Bosch, E, Popp, B, Güse, E, Skinner, C, van der Sluijs, P, Maystadt, I, Pinto, A, Renieri, A, Bruno, L, Granata, S, Marcelis, C, Baysal, Ö, Hartwich, D, Holthöfer, L, Isidor, B, Cogne, B, Wieczorek, D, Capra, V, Scala, M, De Marco, P, Ognibene, M, Jamra, R, Platzer, K, Carter, L, Kuismin, O, van Haeringen, A, Maroofian, R, Valenzuela, I, Cuscó, I, Martinez-Agosto, J, Rabani, A, Mefford, H, Pereira, E, Close, C, Anyane-Yeboa, K, Wagner, M, Hannibal, M, Zacher, P, Thiffault, I, Beunders, G, Umair, M, Bhola, P, Mcginnis, E, Millichap, J, van de Kamp, J, Prijoles, E, Dobson, A, Shillington, A, Graham, B, Garcia, E, Galindo, M, Ropers, F, Nibbeling, E, Hubbard, G, Karimov, C, Goj, G, Bend, R, Rath, J, Morrow, M, Millan, F, Salpietro, V, Torella, A, Nigro, V, Kurki, M, Stevenson, R, Santen, G, Zweier, M, Campeau, P, Severino, M, Reis, A, Accogli, A, Vasileiou, G, Bosch E., Popp B., Güse E., Skinner C., van der Sluijs P. J., Maystadt I., Pinto A. M., Renieri A., Bruno L. P., Granata S., Marcelis C., Baysal Ö., Hartwich D., Holthöfer L., Isidor B., Cogne B., Wieczorek D., Capra V., Scala M., De Marco P., Ognibene M., Jamra R. A., Platzer K., Carter L. B., Kuismin O., van Haeringen A., Maroofian R., Valenzuela I., Cuscó I., Martinez-Agosto J. A., Rabani A. M., Mefford H. C., Pereira E. M., Close C., Anyane-Yeboa K., Wagner M., Hannibal M. C., Zacher P., Thiffault I., Beunders G., Umair M., Bhola P. T., McGinnis E., Millichap J., van de Kamp J. M., Prijoles E. J., Dobson A., Shillington A., Graham B. H., Garcia E. J., Galindo M. K., Ropers F. G., Nibbeling E. A. R., Hubbard G., Karimov C., Goj G., Bend R., Rath J., Morrow M. M., Millan F., Salpietro V., Torella A., Nigro V., Kurki M., Stevenson R. E., Santen G. W. E., Zweier M., Campeau P. M., Severino M., Reis A., Accogli A., and Vasileiou G.

Abstract

Purpose: Coffin-Siris and Nicolaides-Baraitser syndromes are recognizable neurodevelopmental disorders caused by germline variants in BAF complex subunits. The SMARCC2 BAFopathy was recently reported. Herein, we present clinical and molecular data on a large cohort.Methods: Clinical symptoms for 41 novel and 24 previously published affected individuals were analyzed using the Human Phenotype Ontology. For genotype-phenotype correlations, molecular data were standardized and grouped into non-truncating and likely gene-disrupting (LGD) variants. Missense variant protein expression and BAF-subunit interactions were examined using 3D protein modeling, co-immunoprecipitation, and proximity-ligation assays.Results: Neurodevelopmental delay with intellectual disability, muscular hypotonia, and behavioral disorders were the major manifestations. Clinical hallmarks of BAFopathies were rare. Clinical presentation differed significantly, with LGD variants being predominantly inherited and associated with mildly reduced or normal cognitive development, whereas non -truncating variants were mostly de novo and presented with severe developmental delay. These distinct manifestations and non-truncating variant clustering in functional domains suggest different pathomechanisms. In vitro testing showed decreased protein expression for N-terminal missense variants similar to LGD.Conclusion: This study improved SMARCC2 variant classification and identified discernible SMARCC2-associated phenotypes for LGD and non-truncating variants, which were distinct from other BAFopathies. The pathomechanism of most non-truncating variants has yet to be investigated.(c) 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Published
2023

2. Comprehensive SMN1 and SMN2 profiling for spinal muscular atrophy analysis using long-read PacBio HiFi sequencing

Author

Chen, Xiao, Harting, John, Farrow, E., Thiffault, I., Kasperaviciute, Dalia, Genomics England Res Consortium, Genomics England Research Consortium, Hoischen, A., Gilissen, C., Pastinen, T., Eberle, Michael A., Chen, Xiao, Harting, John, Farrow, E., Thiffault, I., Kasperaviciute, Dalia, Genomics England Res Consortium, Genomics England Research Consortium, Hoischen, A., Gilissen, C., Pastinen, T., and Eberle, Michael A.

Abstract

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Published
2023

3. IFT74 variants cause skeletal ciliopathy and motile cilia defects in mice and humans.

Author

Bakey, Z., Cabrera, O.A., Hoefele, J., Antony, D., Wu, K.M., Stuck, M.W., Micha, D., Eguether, T., Smith, A.O., Wel, N.N. van der, Wagner, M., Strittmatter, L., Beales, P.L., Jonassen, J.A., Thiffault, I., Cadieux-Dion, M., Boyes, L., Sharif, S., Tüysüz, B., Dunstheimer, D., Niessen, H.W.M., Devine, W., Lo, C.W., Mitchison, H.M., Schmidts, M., Pazour, G.J., Bakey, Z., Cabrera, O.A., Hoefele, J., Antony, D., Wu, K.M., Stuck, M.W., Micha, D., Eguether, T., Smith, A.O., Wel, N.N. van der, Wagner, M., Strittmatter, L., Beales, P.L., Jonassen, J.A., Thiffault, I., Cadieux-Dion, M., Boyes, L., Sharif, S., Tüysüz, B., Dunstheimer, D., Niessen, H.W.M., Devine, W., Lo, C.W., Mitchison, H.M., Schmidts, M., and Pazour, G.J.

Abstract

01 juni 2023, Contains fulltext : 294338.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), Motile and non-motile cilia play critical roles in mammalian development and health. These organelles are composed of a 1000 or more unique proteins, but their assembly depends entirely on proteins synthesized in the cell body and transported into the cilium by intraflagellar transport (IFT). In mammals, malfunction of non-motile cilia due to IFT dysfunction results in complex developmental phenotypes that affect most organs. In contrast, disruption of motile cilia function causes subfertility, disruption of the left-right body axis, and recurrent airway infections with progressive lung damage. In this work, we characterize allele specific phenotypes resulting from IFT74 dysfunction in human and mice. We identified two families carrying a deletion encompassing IFT74 exon 2, the first coding exon, resulting in a protein lacking the first 40 amino acids and two individuals carrying biallelic splice site mutations. Homozygous exon 2 deletion cases presented a ciliary chondrodysplasia with narrow thorax and progressive growth retardation along with a mucociliary clearance disorder phenotype with severely shorted cilia. Splice site variants resulted in a lethal skeletal chondrodysplasia phenotype. In mice, removal of the first 40 amino acids likewise results in a motile cilia phenotype but with little effect on primary cilia structure. Mice carrying this allele are born alive but are growth restricted and developed hydrocephaly in the first month of life. In contrast, a strong, likely null, allele of Ift74 in mouse completely blocks ciliary assembly and causes severe heart defects and midgestational lethality. In vitro studies suggest that the first 40 amino acids of IFT74 are dispensable for binding of other IFT subunits but are important for tubulin binding. Higher demands on tubulin transport in motile cilia compared to primary cilia resulting from increased mechanical stress and repair needs could account for the motile cilia phenotype observed in human and mice.

Published
2023

4. Elucidating the clinical and molecular spectrum of SMARCC2-associated NDD in a cohort of 65 affected individuals.

Author

Bosch, E., Popp, B., Güse, E., Skinner, C., Sluijs, P.J. van der, Maystadt, I., Pinto, Ameet J., Renieri, A., Bruno, L.P., Granata, S., Marcelis, C.L., Baysal, Ö., Hartwich, D., Holthöfer, L., Isidor, B., Cogne, B., Wieczorek, D., Capra, V., Scala, M., Marco, P. De, Ognibene, M., Jamra, R.A., Platzer, K., Carter, L.B., Kuismin, O., Haeringen, A. van, Maroofian, R., Valenzuela, I., Cuscó, I., Martinez-Agosto, J.A., Rabani, A.M., Mefford, H.C., Pereira, E.M., Close, C., Anyane-Yeboa, K., Wagner, M., Hannibal, M.C., Zacher, P., Thiffault, I., Beunders, G., Umair, M., Bhola, P.T., McGinnis, E., Millichap, J., Kamp, J.M. van de, Prijoles, E.J., Dobson, A., Shillington, A., Graham, B.H., Garcia, E.J., Galindo, M.K., Ropers, F.G., Nibbeling, E.A., Hubbard, G., Karimov, C., Goj, G., Bend, R., Rath, J., Morrow, M.M., Millan, F., Salpietro, V., Torella, A., Nigro, V., Kurki, M., Stevenson, R.E., Santen, G.W.E., Zweier, M., Campeau, P.M., Severino, M., Reis, A., Accogli, A., Vasileiou, G., Bosch, E., Popp, B., Güse, E., Skinner, C., Sluijs, P.J. van der, Maystadt, I., Pinto, Ameet J., Renieri, A., Bruno, L.P., Granata, S., Marcelis, C.L., Baysal, Ö., Hartwich, D., Holthöfer, L., Isidor, B., Cogne, B., Wieczorek, D., Capra, V., Scala, M., Marco, P. De, Ognibene, M., Jamra, R.A., Platzer, K., Carter, L.B., Kuismin, O., Haeringen, A. van, Maroofian, R., Valenzuela, I., Cuscó, I., Martinez-Agosto, J.A., Rabani, A.M., Mefford, H.C., Pereira, E.M., Close, C., Anyane-Yeboa, K., Wagner, M., Hannibal, M.C., Zacher, P., Thiffault, I., Beunders, G., Umair, M., Bhola, P.T., McGinnis, E., Millichap, J., Kamp, J.M. van de, Prijoles, E.J., Dobson, A., Shillington, A., Graham, B.H., Garcia, E.J., Galindo, M.K., Ropers, F.G., Nibbeling, E.A., Hubbard, G., Karimov, C., Goj, G., Bend, R., Rath, J., Morrow, M.M., Millan, F., Salpietro, V., Torella, A., Nigro, V., Kurki, M., Stevenson, R.E., Santen, G.W.E., Zweier, M., Campeau, P.M., Severino, M., Reis, A., Accogli, A., and Vasileiou, G.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 299984.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), PURPOSE: Coffin-Siris and Nicolaides-Baraitser syndromes are recognizable neurodevelopmental disorders caused by germline variants in BAF complex subunits. The SMARCC2 BAFopathy was recently reported. Herein, we present clinical and molecular data on a large cohort. METHODS: Clinical symptoms for 41 novel and 24 previously published affected individuals were analyzed using the Human Phenotype Ontology. For genotype-phenotype correlations, molecular data were standardized and grouped into non-truncating and likely gene-disrupting (LGD) variants. Missense variant protein expression and BAF-subunit interactions were examined using 3D protein modeling, co-immunoprecipitation, and proximity-ligation assays. RESULTS: Neurodevelopmental delay with intellectual disability, muscular hypotonia, and behavioral disorders were the major manifestations. Clinical hallmarks of BAFopathies were rare. Clinical presentation differed significantly, with LGD variants being predominantly inherited and associated with mildly reduced or normal cognitive development, whereas non-truncating variants were mostly de novo and presented with severe developmental delay. These distinct manifestations and non-truncating variant clustering in functional domains suggest different pathomechanisms. In vitro testing showed decreased protein expression for N-terminal missense variants similar to LGD. CONCLUSION: This study improved SMARCC2 variant classification and identified discernible SMARCC2-associated phenotypes for LGD and non-truncating variants, which were distinct from other BAFopathies. The pathomechanism of most non-truncating variants has yet to be investigated., 01 november 2023

Published
2023

5. Recurrent de novo missense variants across multiple histone H4 genes underlie a neurodevelopmental syndrome

Author

Tessadori, F., Duran, K., Knapp, K., Fellner, M., Smithson, S., Meireles, A. Beleza, Elting, M.W., Waisfisz, Q., O'Donnell-Luria, A., Nowak, C., Douglas, J., Ronan, A., Brunet, T., Kotzaeridou, U., Svihovec, S., Saenz, M.S., Thiffault, I., Viso, F. Del, Devine, P., Rego, S., Tenney, J., Haeringen, A. van, Ruivenkamp, C.A.L., Koene, S., Robertson, S.P., Deshpande, C., Pfundt, R.P., Verbeek, N., Kamp, J.M. van de, Weiss, J., Ruiz, A., Gabau, E., Banne, E., Pepler, A., Bottani, A., Laurent, S., Guipponi, M., Bijlsma, E., Bruel, A.L., Sorlin, A., Willis, M., Powis, Z., Smol, T., Vincent-Delorme, C., Baralle, D., Colin, E., Revencu, N., Calpena, E., Wilkie, A.O.M., Chopra, M., Cormier-Daire, V., Keren, B., Afenjar, A., Niceta, M., Terracciano, A., Specchio, N., Tartaglia, M., Rio, M. del, Barcia, G., Rondeau, S., Colson, C., Bakkers, J., Mace, P.D., Bicknell, L.S., Haaften, G. van, Tessadori, F., Duran, K., Knapp, K., Fellner, M., Smithson, S., Meireles, A. Beleza, Elting, M.W., Waisfisz, Q., O'Donnell-Luria, A., Nowak, C., Douglas, J., Ronan, A., Brunet, T., Kotzaeridou, U., Svihovec, S., Saenz, M.S., Thiffault, I., Viso, F. Del, Devine, P., Rego, S., Tenney, J., Haeringen, A. van, Ruivenkamp, C.A.L., Koene, S., Robertson, S.P., Deshpande, C., Pfundt, R.P., Verbeek, N., Kamp, J.M. van de, Weiss, J., Ruiz, A., Gabau, E., Banne, E., Pepler, A., Bottani, A., Laurent, S., Guipponi, M., Bijlsma, E., Bruel, A.L., Sorlin, A., Willis, M., Powis, Z., Smol, T., Vincent-Delorme, C., Baralle, D., Colin, E., Revencu, N., Calpena, E., Wilkie, A.O.M., Chopra, M., Cormier-Daire, V., Keren, B., Afenjar, A., Niceta, M., Terracciano, A., Specchio, N., Tartaglia, M., Rio, M. del, Barcia, G., Rondeau, S., Colson, C., Bakkers, J., Mace, P.D., Bicknell, L.S., and Haaften, G. van

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 252023.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), Chromatin is essentially an array of nucleosomes, each of which consists of the DNA double-stranded fiber wrapped around a histone octamer. This organization supports cellular processes such as DNA replication, DNA transcription, and DNA repair in all eukaryotes. Human histone H4 is encoded by fourteen canonical histone H4 genes, all differing at the nucleotide level but encoding an invariant protein. Here, we present a cohort of 29 subjects with de novo missense variants in six H4 genes (H4C3, H4C4, H4C5, H4C6, H4C9, and H4C11) identified by whole-exome sequencing and matchmaking. All individuals present with neurodevelopmental features of intellectual disability and motor and/or gross developmental delay, while non-neurological features are more variable. Ten amino acids are affected, six recurrently, and are all located within the H4 core or C-terminal tail. These variants cluster to specific regions of the core H4 globular domain, where protein-protein interactions occur with either other histone subunits or histone chaperones. Functional consequences of the identified variants were evaluated in zebrafish embryos, which displayed abnormal general development, defective head organs, and reduced body axis length, providing compelling evidence for the causality of the reported disorder(s). While multiple developmental syndromes have been linked to chromatin-associated factors, missense-bearing histone variants (e.g., H3 oncohistones) are only recently emerging as a major cause of pathogenicity. Our findings establish a broader involvement of H4 variants in developmental syndromes.

Published
2022

6. Rare deleterious mutations of HNRNP genes result in shared neurodevelopmental disorders

Author

Gillentine, M.A., Wang, T., Hoekzema, K., Rosenfeld, J., Liu, P, Guo, H, Kim, C.N., Vries, B.B. de, Vissers, L.E.L.M., Nordenskjold, M., Kvarnung, M., Lindstrand, A., Nordgren, A., Gecz, J., Iascone, M., Cereda, A., Scatigno, A., Maitz, S., Zanni, G., Bertini, E., Zweier, C., Schuhmann, S., Wiesener, A., Pepper, M., Panjwani, H., Torti, E., Abid, F., Anselm, I., Srivastava, S., Atwal, P., Bacino, C.A., Bhat, G., Cobian, K., Bird, L.M., Friedman, J., Wright, M.S., Callewaert, B., Petit, F., Mathieu, S., Afenjar, A., Christensen, C.K., White, K.M., Elpeleg, O., Berger, I., Espineli, E.J., Fagerberg, C., Brasch-Andersen, C., Hansen, L.K., Feyma, T., Hughes, S., Thiffault, I., Sullivan, B., Yan, S., Keller, K., Keren, B., Mignot, C., Kooy, F., Meuwissen, M., Basinger, A., Kukolich, M., Philips, M., Ortega, L., Drummond-Borg, M., Lauridsen, M., Sorensen, K., Lehman, A., Lopez-Rangel, E., Levy, P., Lessel, D., Lotze, T., Madan-Khetarpal, S., Sebastian, J., Vento, J., Vats, D., Benman, L.M., McKee, S., Mirzaa, G.M., Muss, C., Pappas, J., Peeters, H, Romano, C, Elia, M., Galesi, O., Simon, M.E., Gassen, K.L.I. van, Simpson, K., Stratton, R., Syed, S., Thevenon, J., Palafoll, I.V., Vitobello, A., Bournez, M., Faivre, L., Xia, K., Earl, R.K., Nowakowski, T., Bernier, R.A., Eichler, E.E., Gillentine, M.A., Wang, T., Hoekzema, K., Rosenfeld, J., Liu, P, Guo, H, Kim, C.N., Vries, B.B. de, Vissers, L.E.L.M., Nordenskjold, M., Kvarnung, M., Lindstrand, A., Nordgren, A., Gecz, J., Iascone, M., Cereda, A., Scatigno, A., Maitz, S., Zanni, G., Bertini, E., Zweier, C., Schuhmann, S., Wiesener, A., Pepper, M., Panjwani, H., Torti, E., Abid, F., Anselm, I., Srivastava, S., Atwal, P., Bacino, C.A., Bhat, G., Cobian, K., Bird, L.M., Friedman, J., Wright, M.S., Callewaert, B., Petit, F., Mathieu, S., Afenjar, A., Christensen, C.K., White, K.M., Elpeleg, O., Berger, I., Espineli, E.J., Fagerberg, C., Brasch-Andersen, C., Hansen, L.K., Feyma, T., Hughes, S., Thiffault, I., Sullivan, B., Yan, S., Keller, K., Keren, B., Mignot, C., Kooy, F., Meuwissen, M., Basinger, A., Kukolich, M., Philips, M., Ortega, L., Drummond-Borg, M., Lauridsen, M., Sorensen, K., Lehman, A., Lopez-Rangel, E., Levy, P., Lessel, D., Lotze, T., Madan-Khetarpal, S., Sebastian, J., Vento, J., Vats, D., Benman, L.M., McKee, S., Mirzaa, G.M., Muss, C., Pappas, J., Peeters, H, Romano, C, Elia, M., Galesi, O., Simon, M.E., Gassen, K.L.I. van, Simpson, K., Stratton, R., Syed, S., Thevenon, J., Palafoll, I.V., Vitobello, A., Bournez, M., Faivre, L., Xia, K., Earl, R.K., Nowakowski, T., Bernier, R.A., and Eichler, E.E.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 245103.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), BACKGROUND: With the increasing number of genomic sequencing studies, hundreds of genes have been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). The rate of gene discovery far outpaces our understanding of genotype-phenotype correlations, with clinical characterization remaining a bottleneck for understanding NDDs. Most disease-associated Mendelian genes are members of gene families, and we hypothesize that those with related molecular function share clinical presentations. METHODS: We tested our hypothesis by considering gene families that have multiple members with an enrichment of de novo variants among NDDs, as determined by previous meta-analyses. One of these gene families is the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs), which has 33 members, five of which have been recently identified as NDD genes (HNRNPK, HNRNPU, HNRNPH1, HNRNPH2, and HNRNPR) and two of which have significant enrichment in our previous meta-analysis of probands with NDDs (HNRNPU and SYNCRIP). Utilizing protein homology, mutation analyses, gene expression analyses, and phenotypic characterization, we provide evidence for variation in 12 HNRNP genes as candidates for NDDs. Seven are potentially novel while the remaining genes in the family likely do not significantly contribute to NDD risk. RESULTS: We report 119 new NDD cases (64 de novo variants) through sequencing and international collaborations and combined with published clinical case reports. We consider 235 cases with gene-disruptive single-nucleotide variants or indels and 15 cases with small copy number variants. Three hnRNP-encoding genes reach nominal or exome-wide significance for de novo variant enrichment, while nine are candidates for pathogenic mutations. Comparison of HNRNP gene expression shows a pattern consistent with a role in cerebral cortical development with enriched expression among radial glial progenitors. Clinical assessment of probands (n = 188-221) expands the phenotypes associated with HNRNP rare va

Published
2021

7. Mutation-specific pathophysiological mechanisms define different neurodevelopmental disorders associated with SATB1 dysfunction

Author

Hoed, J. den, Boer, E. de, Voisin, N., Dingemans, A.J.M., Guex, N., Wiel, L.J.M. van de, Nellaker, C., Amudhavalli, S.M., Banka, S., Bena, F.S., Ben-Zeev, B., Bonagura, V.R., Bruel, A.L., Brunet, T., Brunner, H.G., Chew, H.B., Chrast, J., Cimbalistienė, L., Coon, H., Délot, E.C., Démurger, F., Denommé-Pichon, A.S., Depienne, C., Donnai, D., Dyment, D.A., Elpeleg, O., Faivre, L., Gilissen, C.F., Granger, L., Haber, B., Hachiya, Y., Abedi, Y.H., Hanebeck, J., Hehir-Kwa, J.Y., Horist, B., Itai, T., Jackson, A., Jewell, R., Jones, K.L., Joss, S., Kashii, H., Kato, M., Kattentidt-Mouravieva, A.A., Kok, F., Kotzaeridou, U., Krishnamurthy, V., Kučinskas, V., Kuechler, A., Lavillaureix, A., Liu, P, Manwaring, L., Matsumoto, N., Mazel, B., McWalter, K., Meiner, V., Mikati, M.A., Miyatake, S., Mizuguchi, T., Moey, L.H., Mohammed, S, Mor-Shaked, H., Mountford, H., Newbury-Ecob, R., Odent, S., Orec, L., Osmond, M., Palculict, T.B., Parker, M., Petersen, A.K., Pfundt, R.P., Preikšaitienė, E., Radtke, K., Ranza, E., Rosenfeld, J.A., Santiago-Sim, T., Schwager, C., Sinnema, M., Snijders Blok, L., Spillmann, R.C., Stegmann, A.P.A., Thiffault, I., Tran, L., Vaknin-Dembinsky, A., Vedovato-Dos-Santos, J.H., Schrier Vergano, S.A., Vilain, E., Vitobello, A., Wagner, M., Waheeb, A., Willing, M., Zuccarelli, B., Kini, U., Newbury, D.F., Kleefstra, T., Reymond, A., Fisher, S.E., Vissers, L.E.L.M., Hoed, J. den, Boer, E. de, Voisin, N., Dingemans, A.J.M., Guex, N., Wiel, L.J.M. van de, Nellaker, C., Amudhavalli, S.M., Banka, S., Bena, F.S., Ben-Zeev, B., Bonagura, V.R., Bruel, A.L., Brunet, T., Brunner, H.G., Chew, H.B., Chrast, J., Cimbalistienė, L., Coon, H., Délot, E.C., Démurger, F., Denommé-Pichon, A.S., Depienne, C., Donnai, D., Dyment, D.A., Elpeleg, O., Faivre, L., Gilissen, C.F., Granger, L., Haber, B., Hachiya, Y., Abedi, Y.H., Hanebeck, J., Hehir-Kwa, J.Y., Horist, B., Itai, T., Jackson, A., Jewell, R., Jones, K.L., Joss, S., Kashii, H., Kato, M., Kattentidt-Mouravieva, A.A., Kok, F., Kotzaeridou, U., Krishnamurthy, V., Kučinskas, V., Kuechler, A., Lavillaureix, A., Liu, P, Manwaring, L., Matsumoto, N., Mazel, B., McWalter, K., Meiner, V., Mikati, M.A., Miyatake, S., Mizuguchi, T., Moey, L.H., Mohammed, S, Mor-Shaked, H., Mountford, H., Newbury-Ecob, R., Odent, S., Orec, L., Osmond, M., Palculict, T.B., Parker, M., Petersen, A.K., Pfundt, R.P., Preikšaitienė, E., Radtke, K., Ranza, E., Rosenfeld, J.A., Santiago-Sim, T., Schwager, C., Sinnema, M., Snijders Blok, L., Spillmann, R.C., Stegmann, A.P.A., Thiffault, I., Tran, L., Vaknin-Dembinsky, A., Vedovato-Dos-Santos, J.H., Schrier Vergano, S.A., Vilain, E., Vitobello, A., Wagner, M., Waheeb, A., Willing, M., Zuccarelli, B., Kini, U., Newbury, D.F., Kleefstra, T., Reymond, A., Fisher, S.E., and Vissers, L.E.L.M.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 231687.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access), Whereas large-scale statistical analyses can robustly identify disease-gene relationships, they do not accurately capture genotype-phenotype correlations or disease mechanisms. We use multiple lines of independent evidence to show that different variant types in a single gene, SATB1, cause clinically overlapping but distinct neurodevelopmental disorders. Clinical evaluation of 42 individuals carrying SATB1 variants identified overt genotype-phenotype relationships, associated with different pathophysiological mechanisms, established by functional assays. Missense variants in the CUT1 and CUT2 DNA-binding domains result in stronger chromatin binding, increased transcriptional repression, and a severe phenotype. In contrast, variants predicted to result in haploinsufficiency are associated with a milder clinical presentation. A similarly mild phenotype is observed for individuals with premature protein truncating variants that escape nonsense-mediated decay, which are transcriptionally active but mislocalized in the cell. Our results suggest that in-depth mutation-specific genotype-phenotype studies are essential to capture full disease complexity and to explain phenotypic variability.

Published
2021

8. Characterization of SETD1A haploinsufficiency in humans and Drosophila defines a novel neurodevelopmental syndrome

Author

Kummeling, J., Stremmelaar, D.E., Raun, N., Reijnders, M.R., Willemsen, M.H., Ruiterkamp-Versteeg, M., Schepens, M.T.M., Man, C.C.O., Gilissen, C.F.H.A., Cho, M.T., McWalter, K., Sinnema, M., Wheless, J.W., Simon, M.E., Genetti, C.A., Casey, A.M., Terhal, P.A., Smagt, J.J. van der, Gassen, K.L.I. van, Joset, P., Bahr, A., Steindl, K., Rauch, A., Keller, E., Raas-Rothschild, A., Koolen, D.A., Agrawal, P.B., Hoffman, T.L., Powell-Hamilton, N.N., Thiffault, I., Engleman, K., Zhou, D., Bodamer, O., Hoefele, J., Riedhammer, K.M., Schwaibold, E.M.C., Tasic, V., Schubert, D., Top, D., Pfundt, R.P., Higgs, M.R., Kramer, J.M., Kleefstra, T., Kummeling, J., Stremmelaar, D.E., Raun, N., Reijnders, M.R., Willemsen, M.H., Ruiterkamp-Versteeg, M., Schepens, M.T.M., Man, C.C.O., Gilissen, C.F.H.A., Cho, M.T., McWalter, K., Sinnema, M., Wheless, J.W., Simon, M.E., Genetti, C.A., Casey, A.M., Terhal, P.A., Smagt, J.J. van der, Gassen, K.L.I. van, Joset, P., Bahr, A., Steindl, K., Rauch, A., Keller, E., Raas-Rothschild, A., Koolen, D.A., Agrawal, P.B., Hoffman, T.L., Powell-Hamilton, N.N., Thiffault, I., Engleman, K., Zhou, D., Bodamer, O., Hoefele, J., Riedhammer, K.M., Schwaibold, E.M.C., Tasic, V., Schubert, D., Top, D., Pfundt, R.P., Higgs, M.R., Kramer, J.M., and Kleefstra, T.

Abstract

Item does not contain fulltext, Defects in histone methyltransferases (HMTs) are major contributing factors in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Heterozygous variants of SETD1A involved in histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation were previously identified in individuals with schizophrenia. Here, we define the clinical features of the Mendelian syndrome associated with haploinsufficiency of SETD1A by investigating 15 predominantly pediatric individuals who all have de novo SETD1A variants. These individuals present with a core set of symptoms comprising global developmental delay and/or intellectual disability, subtle facial dysmorphisms, behavioral and psychiatric problems. We examined cellular phenotypes in three patient-derived lymphoblastoid cell lines with three variants: p.Gly535Alafs*12, c.4582-2_4582delAG, and p.Tyr1499Asp. These patient cell lines displayed DNA damage repair defects that were comparable to previously observed RNAi-mediated depletion of SETD1A. This suggested that these variants, including the p.Tyr1499Asp in the catalytic SET domain, behave as loss-of-function (LoF) alleles. Previous studies demonstrated a role for SETD1A in cell cycle control and differentiation. However, individuals with SETD1A variants do not show major structural brain defects or severe microcephaly, suggesting that defective proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitors is unlikely the single underlying cause of the disorder. We show here that the Drosophila melanogaster SETD1A orthologue is required in postmitotic neurons of the fly brain for normal memory, suggesting a role in post development neuronal function. Together, this study defines a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by dominant de novo LoF variants in SETD1A and further supports a role for H3K4 methyltransferases in the regulation of neuronal processes underlying normal cognitive functioning.

Published
2021

9. Mutation-specific pathophysiological mechanisms in a new SATB1-associated neurodevelopmental disorder

Author

den Hoed, J., De Boer, E., Voisin, N., Guex, N., Blok, L. Snijders, Chrast, J., Manwaring, L., Willing, M., Waheeb, A., Osmond, M., McWalter, K., Vitobello, A., Demurger, F., Lavillaureix, A., Odent, S., Mazel, B., Faivre, L., Thiffault, I., Schwager, C., Amudhavalli, S. M., Rosenfeld, J. A., Radtke, K., Preiksaitiene, E., Ranza, E., Depienne, C., Kuechler, A., Mohammed, S., Abedi, Y. Hamzavi, Bonagura, V. R., Zuccarelli, B., Horist, B., Krishnamurthy, V., Kattentidt-Mouravieva, A. A., Granger, L., Petersen, A., Jones, K. L., Sinnema, M., Stegmann, A. P. A., Newbury-Ecob, R., Kini, U., Newbury, D. F., Gilissen, C., Brunner, H., Kleefstra, T., Reymond, A., Vissers, L. E. L. M., Fisher, S. E., Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university [Nijmegen], Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Washington University in Saint Louis (WUSTL), GeneDx [Gaithersburg, MD, USA], Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand (CHU Dijon), Groupe Hospitalier Bretagne Sud (GHBS), Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes (IGDR), Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Ambry Genetics [Aliso Viejo, CA, USA], University of Kansas [Lawrence] (KU), Maastricht University [Maastricht], Radboud University [Nijmegen], Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), and Université de Rennes (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique )

Subjects
[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2020

10. Lysine acetyltransferase 8 is involved in cerebral development and syndromic intellectual disability.

Author

Li, L, Ghorbani, M., Weisz-Hubshman, M., Rousseau, J., Thiffault, I., Schnur, R.E., Breen, C., Oegema, R., Weiss, M.M., Waisfisz, Q., Welner, S., Kingston, H., Hills, J.A., Boon, E.M., Basel-Salmon, L., Konen, O., Goldberg-Stern, H., Bazak, L., Tzur, S., Jin, J., Bi, X., Bruccoleri, M., McWalter, K., Cho, M.T., Scarano, M., Schaefer, G.B., Brooks, S.S., Hughes, S.S., Gassen, K.L.I. van, Hagen, J.M. van, Pandita, T.K., Agrawal, P.B., Campeau, P.M., Yang, X.J., Li, L, Ghorbani, M., Weisz-Hubshman, M., Rousseau, J., Thiffault, I., Schnur, R.E., Breen, C., Oegema, R., Weiss, M.M., Waisfisz, Q., Welner, S., Kingston, H., Hills, J.A., Boon, E.M., Basel-Salmon, L., Konen, O., Goldberg-Stern, H., Bazak, L., Tzur, S., Jin, J., Bi, X., Bruccoleri, M., McWalter, K., Cho, M.T., Scarano, M., Schaefer, G.B., Brooks, S.S., Hughes, S.S., Gassen, K.L.I. van, Hagen, J.M. van, Pandita, T.K., Agrawal, P.B., Campeau, P.M., and Yang, X.J.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 218644.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access)

Published
2020

11. BAZ2B haploinsufficiency as a cause of developmental delay, intellectual disability, and autism spectrum disorder

Author

Scott, T.M., Guo, H, Eichler, E.E., Rosenfeld, J.A., Pang, K., Liu, Z, Lalani, S., Bi, W., Yang, Y., Bacino, C.A., Streff, H., Lewis, A.M., Koenig, M.K., Thiffault, I., Bellomo, A., Everman, D.B., Jones, J.R., Stevenson, R.E., Bernier, R., Gilissen, C.F., Pfundt, R.P., Hiatt, S.M., Cooper, G.M., Holder, J.L., Scott, D.A., Scott, T.M., Guo, H, Eichler, E.E., Rosenfeld, J.A., Pang, K., Liu, Z, Lalani, S., Bi, W., Yang, Y., Bacino, C.A., Streff, H., Lewis, A.M., Koenig, M.K., Thiffault, I., Bellomo, A., Everman, D.B., Jones, J.R., Stevenson, R.E., Bernier, R., Gilissen, C.F., Pfundt, R.P., Hiatt, S.M., Cooper, G.M., Holder, J.L., and Scott, D.A.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 220420.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access), The bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger 2B gene (BAZ2B) encodes a protein involved in chromatin remodeling. Loss of BAZ2B function has been postulated to cause neurodevelopmental disorders. To determine whether BAZ2B deficiency is likely to contribute to the pathogenesis of these disorders, we performed bioinformatics analyses that demonstrated a high level of functional convergence during fetal cortical development between BAZ2B and genes known to cause autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and neurodevelopmental disorder. We also found an excess of de novo BAZ2B loss-of-function variants in exome sequencing data from previously published cohorts of individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders. We subsequently identified seven additional individuals with heterozygous deletions, stop-gain, or de novo missense variants affecting BAZ2B. All of these individuals have developmental delay (DD), intellectual disability (ID), and/or ASD. Taken together, our findings suggest that haploinsufficiency of BAZ2B causes a neurodevelopmental disorder, whose cardinal features include DD, ID, and ASD.

Published
2020

12. Deficient histone H3 propionylation by BRPF1-KAT6 complexes in neurodevelopmental disorders and cancer

Author

Yan, K. (Kezhi), Rousseau, J. (Justine), Machol, K. (Keren), Cross, L.A. (Laura A.), Agre, K.E. (Katherine E.), Gibson, C.F. (Cynthia Forster), Goverde, A. (Anne), Engleman, K.L. (Kendra L.), Verdin, H. (Hanna), De Baere, E. (Elfride), Potocki, L. (Lorraine), Zhou, D. (Dihong), Cadieux-Dion, M. (Maxime), Bellus, G.A. (Gary A.), Wagner, M.D. (Monisa D.), Hale, R.J. (Rebecca J.), Esber, N. (Natacha), Riley, A.F. (Alan F.), Solomon, B.D. (Benjamin D.), Cho, M.T. (Megan T.), McWalter, K. (Kirsty), Eyal, R. (Roy), Hainlen, M.K. (Meagan K.), Mendelsohn, B.A. (Bryce A.), Porter, H.M. (Hillary M.), Lanpher, B.C. (Brendan C.), Lewis, A.M. (Andrea M.), Savatt, J. (Juliann), Thiffault, I. (Isabelle), Callewaert, L., Campeau, P.M. (Philippe M), Yang, X.-J. (Xiang-Jiao), Yan, K. (Kezhi), Rousseau, J. (Justine), Machol, K. (Keren), Cross, L.A. (Laura A.), Agre, K.E. (Katherine E.), Gibson, C.F. (Cynthia Forster), Goverde, A. (Anne), Engleman, K.L. (Kendra L.), Verdin, H. (Hanna), De Baere, E. (Elfride), Potocki, L. (Lorraine), Zhou, D. (Dihong), Cadieux-Dion, M. (Maxime), Bellus, G.A. (Gary A.), Wagner, M.D. (Monisa D.), Hale, R.J. (Rebecca J.), Esber, N. (Natacha), Riley, A.F. (Alan F.), Solomon, B.D. (Benjamin D.), Cho, M.T. (Megan T.), McWalter, K. (Kirsty), Eyal, R. (Roy), Hainlen, M.K. (Meagan K.), Mendelsohn, B.A. (Bryce A.), Porter, H.M. (Hillary M.), Lanpher, B.C. (Brendan C.), Lewis, A.M. (Andrea M.), Savatt, J. (Juliann), Thiffault, I. (Isabelle), Callewaert, L., Campeau, P.M. (Philippe M), and Yang, X.-J. (Xiang-Jiao)

Abstract

Lysine acetyltransferase 6A (KAT6A) and its paralog KAT6B form stoichiometric complexes with bromodomain- and PHD finger-containing protein 1 (BRPF1) for acetylation of histone H3 at lysine 23 (H3K23). We report that these complexes also catalyze H3K23 propionylatio

Published
2020
Full Text
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13. Deficient histone H3 propionylation by BRPF1-KAT6 complexes in neurodevelopmental disorders and cancer

Author

Yan, KZ, Rousseau, J, Machol, K, Cross, LA, Agre, KE, Gibson, CF, Goverde, Anne, Engleman, KL, Verdin, H, De Baere, E, Potocki, L, Zhou, DH, Cadieux-Dion, M, Bellus, GA, Wagner, MD, Hale, RJ, Esber, N, Riley, AF, Solomon, BD, Cho, M T, McWalter, K, Eyal, R, Hainlen, MK, Mendelsohn, BA, Porter, HM, Lanpher, BC, Lewis, AM, Savatt, J, Thiffault, I, Callewaert, B, Campeau, PM, Yang, XJ, Yan, KZ, Rousseau, J, Machol, K, Cross, LA, Agre, KE, Gibson, CF, Goverde, Anne, Engleman, KL, Verdin, H, De Baere, E, Potocki, L, Zhou, DH, Cadieux-Dion, M, Bellus, GA, Wagner, MD, Hale, RJ, Esber, N, Riley, AF, Solomon, BD, Cho, M T, McWalter, K, Eyal, R, Hainlen, MK, Mendelsohn, BA, Porter, HM, Lanpher, BC, Lewis, AM, Savatt, J, Thiffault, I, Callewaert, B, Campeau, PM, and Yang, XJ

Published
2020

14. The founder mutation MSH2*1906G [right arrow] C is an important cause of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer in the Ashkenazi Jewish population

Author

Foulkes, W.D., Thiffault, I., Gruber, S.B., Horwitz, M., Hamel, N., Lee, C., Shia, J., Markowitz, A., Figer, A., Friedman, E., Farber, D., Greenwood, C.M. T., Bonner, J.D., Nafa, K., Walsh, T., Marcus, V., Tomsho, L., Gebert, J., Macrae, F.A., Gaff, C.L., Bressac-de Paillerets, B., Gregersen, P.K., Weitzel, J.N., Gordon, P.H., MacNamara, E., King, M.-C., Hampel, H., de la Chapelle, A., Boyd, J., Offit, K., Rennert, G., Chong, G., and Ellis, N.A.

Subjects
Colorectal cancer -- Genetic aspects, Genetic disorders -- Research, Familial diseases -- Research, Gene mutations -- Health aspects, Ashkenazim -- Genetic aspects, Ashkenazim -- Diseases, Biological sciences
Published
2002

19. De Novo and Inherited Pathogenic Variants in KDM3B Cause Intellectual Disability, Short Stature, and Facial Dysmorphism

Author

Diets, I.J., Donk, R. van der, Baltrunaite, K., Waanders, E., Reijnders, M.R.F., Dingemans, A.J., Pfundt, R.P., Vulto-van Silfhout, A.T., Wiel, L.J.M. van de, Gilissen, C.F., Thevenon, J., Perrin, L., Afenjar, A., Nava, C., Keren, B., Bartz, S., Peri, B., Beunders, G., Verbeek, N., Gassen, K. van, Thiffault, I., Cadieux-Dion, M., Huerta-Saenz, L., Wagner, M., Konstantopoulou, V., Vodopiutz, J., Griese, M., Boel, A., Callewaert, B., Brunner, H.G., Kleefstra, T., Hoogerbrugge, N., Vries, B.B. de, Hwa, V., Dauber, A., Hehir-Kwa, J.Y., Kuiper, R.P, Jongmans, M.C.J., Diets, I.J., Donk, R. van der, Baltrunaite, K., Waanders, E., Reijnders, M.R.F., Dingemans, A.J., Pfundt, R.P., Vulto-van Silfhout, A.T., Wiel, L.J.M. van de, Gilissen, C.F., Thevenon, J., Perrin, L., Afenjar, A., Nava, C., Keren, B., Bartz, S., Peri, B., Beunders, G., Verbeek, N., Gassen, K. van, Thiffault, I., Cadieux-Dion, M., Huerta-Saenz, L., Wagner, M., Konstantopoulou, V., Vodopiutz, J., Griese, M., Boel, A., Callewaert, B., Brunner, H.G., Kleefstra, T., Hoogerbrugge, N., Vries, B.B. de, Hwa, V., Dauber, A., Hehir-Kwa, J.Y., Kuiper, R.P, and Jongmans, M.C.J.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 202646.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), By using exome sequencing and a gene matching approach, we identified de novo and inherited pathogenic variants in KDM3B in 14 unrelated individuals and three affected parents with varying degrees of intellectual disability (ID) or developmental delay (DD) and short stature. The individuals share additional phenotypic features that include feeding difficulties in infancy, joint hypermobility, and characteristic facial features such as a wide mouth, a pointed chin, long ears, and a low columella. Notably, two individuals developed cancer, acute myeloid leukemia and Hodgkin lymphoma, in childhood. KDM3B encodes for a histone demethylase and is involved in H3K9 demethylation, a crucial part of chromatin modification required for transcriptional regulation. We identified missense and truncating variants, suggesting that KDM3B haploinsufficiency is the underlying mechanism for this syndrome. By using a hybrid facial-recognition model, we show that individuals with a pathogenic variant in KDM3B have a facial gestalt, and that they show significant facial similarity compared to control individuals with ID. In conclusion, pathogenic variants in KDM3B cause a syndrome characterized by ID, short stature, and facial dysmorphism.

Published
2019

20. Heterozygous Variants in KMT2E Cause a Spectrum of Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Epilepsy

Author

O'Donnell-Luria, A.H., Pais, L.S., Faundes, V., Wood, J.C., Sveden, A., Luria, V., Jamra, R. Abou, Accogli, A., Amburgey, K., Anderlid, B.M., Azzarello-Burri, S., Basinger, A.A., Bianchini, C., Bird, L.M., Buchert, R., Carre, W., Ceulemans, S., Charles, P., Cox, H., Culliton, L., Curro, A., Demurger, F., Dowling, J.J., Duban-Bedu, B., Dubourg, C., Eiset, S.E., Escobar, L.F., Ferrarini, A., Haack, T.B., Hashim, M., Heide, S. van der, Helbig, K.L., Helbig, I., Heredia, R., Heron, D., Isidor, B., Jonasson, A.R., Joset, P., Keren, B., Kok, F., Kroes, H.Y., Lavillaureix, A., Lu, X., Maas, S.M., Maegawa, G.H., Marcelis, C.L.M., Mark, P.R., Masruha, M.R., McLaughlin, H.M., McWalter, K., Melchinger, E.U., Mercimek-Andrews, S., Nava, C., Pendziwiat, M., Person, R., Ramelli, G.P., Ramos, L.L.P., Rauch, A., Reavey, C., Renieri, A., Riess, A., Sanchez-Valle, A., Sattar, S., Saunders, C., Schwarz, N., Smol, T., Srour, M., Steindl, K., Syrbe, S., Taylor, J.C., Telegrafi, A., Thiffault, I., Trauner, D.A., Linden, H., Jr. van der, Koningsbruggen, S. van, Villard, L., Vogel, I., Vogt, J., Weber, Y.G., Wentzensen, I.M., Widjaja, E., Zak, J., Baxter, S., Banka, S., Rodan, L.H., O'Donnell-Luria, A.H., Pais, L.S., Faundes, V., Wood, J.C., Sveden, A., Luria, V., Jamra, R. Abou, Accogli, A., Amburgey, K., Anderlid, B.M., Azzarello-Burri, S., Basinger, A.A., Bianchini, C., Bird, L.M., Buchert, R., Carre, W., Ceulemans, S., Charles, P., Cox, H., Culliton, L., Curro, A., Demurger, F., Dowling, J.J., Duban-Bedu, B., Dubourg, C., Eiset, S.E., Escobar, L.F., Ferrarini, A., Haack, T.B., Hashim, M., Heide, S. van der, Helbig, K.L., Helbig, I., Heredia, R., Heron, D., Isidor, B., Jonasson, A.R., Joset, P., Keren, B., Kok, F., Kroes, H.Y., Lavillaureix, A., Lu, X., Maas, S.M., Maegawa, G.H., Marcelis, C.L.M., Mark, P.R., Masruha, M.R., McLaughlin, H.M., McWalter, K., Melchinger, E.U., Mercimek-Andrews, S., Nava, C., Pendziwiat, M., Person, R., Ramelli, G.P., Ramos, L.L.P., Rauch, A., Reavey, C., Renieri, A., Riess, A., Sanchez-Valle, A., Sattar, S., Saunders, C., Schwarz, N., Smol, T., Srour, M., Steindl, K., Syrbe, S., Taylor, J.C., Telegrafi, A., Thiffault, I., Trauner, D.A., Linden, H., Jr. van der, Koningsbruggen, S. van, Villard, L., Vogel, I., Vogt, J., Weber, Y.G., Wentzensen, I.M., Widjaja, E., Zak, J., Baxter, S., Banka, S., and Rodan, L.H.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 206572.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), We delineate a KMT2E-related neurodevelopmental disorder on the basis of 38 individuals in 36 families. This study includes 31 distinct heterozygous variants in KMT2E (28 ascertained from Matchmaker Exchange and three previously reported), and four individuals with chromosome 7q22.2-22.23 microdeletions encompassing KMT2E (one previously reported). Almost all variants occurred de novo, and most were truncating. Most affected individuals with protein-truncating variants presented with mild intellectual disability. One-quarter of individuals met criteria for autism. Additional common features include macrocephaly, hypotonia, functional gastrointestinal abnormalities, and a subtle facial gestalt. Epilepsy was present in about one-fifth of individuals with truncating variants and was responsive to treatment with anti-epileptic medications in almost all. More than 70% of the individuals were male, and expressivity was variable by sex; epilepsy was more common in females and autism more common in males. The four individuals with microdeletions encompassing KMT2E generally presented similarly to those with truncating variants, but the degree of developmental delay was greater. The group of four individuals with missense variants in KMT2E presented with the most severe developmental delays. Epilepsy was present in all individuals with missense variants, often manifesting as treatment-resistant infantile epileptic encephalopathy. Microcephaly was also common in this group. Haploinsufficiency versus gain-of-function or dominant-negative effects specific to these missense variants in KMT2E might explain this divergence in phenotype, but requires independent validation. Disruptive variants in KMT2E are an under-recognized cause of neurodevelopmental abnormalities.

Published
2019

25. Biallelic Mutations in TBCD, Encoding the Tubulin Folding Cofactor D, Perturb Microtubule Dynamics and Cause Early-Onset Encephalopathy

Author

Flex, E., Niceta, M., Cecchetti, S., Thiffault, I., Au, M.G., Capuano, A., Piermarini, E., Ivanova, A.A., Francis, J.W., Chillemi, G., Chandramouli, B., Carpentieri, G., Haaxma, C.A., Ciolfi, A., Pizzi, S., Douglas, G.V., Levine, K., Sferra, A., Dentici, M.L., Pfundt, R.R., Pichon, J.B. Le, Farrow, E., Baas, F., Piemonte, F., Dallapiccola, B., Graham, J.M., Saunders, C.J., Bertini, E., Kahn, R.A., Koolen, D.A., Tartaglia, M., Flex, E., Niceta, M., Cecchetti, S., Thiffault, I., Au, M.G., Capuano, A., Piermarini, E., Ivanova, A.A., Francis, J.W., Chillemi, G., Chandramouli, B., Carpentieri, G., Haaxma, C.A., Ciolfi, A., Pizzi, S., Douglas, G.V., Levine, K., Sferra, A., Dentici, M.L., Pfundt, R.R., Pichon, J.B. Le, Farrow, E., Baas, F., Piemonte, F., Dallapiccola, B., Graham, J.M., Saunders, C.J., Bertini, E., Kahn, R.A., Koolen, D.A., and Tartaglia, M.

Abstract

Item does not contain fulltext, Microtubules are dynamic cytoskeletal elements coordinating and supporting a variety of neuronal processes, including cell division, migration, polarity, intracellular trafficking, and signal transduction. Mutations in genes encoding tubulins and microtubule-associated proteins are known to cause neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Growing evidence suggests that altered microtubule dynamics may also underlie or contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegeneration. We report that biallelic mutations in TBCD, encoding one of the five co-chaperones required for assembly and disassembly of the alphabeta-tubulin heterodimer, the structural unit of microtubules, cause a disease with neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative features characterized by early-onset cortical atrophy, secondary hypomyelination, microcephaly, thin corpus callosum, developmental delay, intellectual disability, seizures, optic atrophy, and spastic quadriplegia. Molecular dynamics simulations predicted long-range and/or local structural perturbations associated with the disease-causing mutations. Biochemical analyses documented variably reduced levels of TBCD, indicating relative instability of mutant proteins, and defective beta-tubulin binding in a subset of the tested mutants. Reduced or defective TBCD function resulted in decreased soluble alpha/beta-tubulin levels and accelerated microtubule polymerization in fibroblasts from affected subjects, demonstrating an overall shift toward a more rapidly growing and stable microtubule population. These cells displayed an aberrant mitotic spindle with disorganized, tangle-shaped microtubules and reduced aster formation, which however did not alter appreciably the rate of cell proliferation. Our findings establish that defective TBCD function underlies a recognizable encephalopathy and drives accelerated microtubule polymerization and enhanced microtubule stability, underscoring an additional cause of altered microtubule dynam

Published
2016

26. An early-onset breast and colorectal cancer-prone family: Does a specific hereditary breast and colorectal cancer syndrome exist?

Author

Thiffault, I., Pal, T., Hamel, N., Deschenes, J., Marcus, V., Odefrey, F., Watters, K., Graham, T., Meschino, W., Narod, S., Goldgar, D., Farber, D., MacNamara, E., Chong, G., and Foulkes, W.

Subjects
Human genetics -- Research, Genetic disorders -- Research, Colorectal cancer -- Genetic aspects, Breast cancer -- Genetic aspects, Biological sciences
Published
2001

27. A founder mutation in MSH2 in the Ashkenazim

Author

Foulkes, W.D., Thiffault, I, Farber, D., Gruber, S.B., Tomsho, L., Rennert, G., Horwitz, M., Walsh, T., King, M.-C., Ellis, N., Offit, K., Bressac-de Paillerets, B., Grandjouan, S., Weitzel, J., Fujimura, F., Gordon, P.H., MacNamara, E., Marcus, V., and Chong, G.

Subjects
Human genetics -- Research, Ashkenazim -- Physiological aspects, Genetic disorders -- Research, Biological sciences
Published
2001

28. Recessive mutations in POLR1C cause a leukodystrophy by impairing biogenesis of RNA polymerase III

Author

Thiffault, I., Wolf, N.I., Forget, D., Guerrero, K., Tran, L.T., Choquet, K., Lavallee-Adam, M., Poitras, C., Brais, B., Yoon, G., Sztriha, L., Webster, R.I., Timmann, D., Warrenburg, B.P.C. van de, Seeger, J.P.H., Zimmermann, A., Mate, A., Goizet, C., Fung, E., Knaap, M.S. van der, Fribourg, S., Vanderver, A., Simons, C., Taft, R.J., Yates, J.R., 3rd, Coulombe, B., Bernard, G., Thiffault, I., Wolf, N.I., Forget, D., Guerrero, K., Tran, L.T., Choquet, K., Lavallee-Adam, M., Poitras, C., Brais, B., Yoon, G., Sztriha, L., Webster, R.I., Timmann, D., Warrenburg, B.P.C. van de, Seeger, J.P.H., Zimmermann, A., Mate, A., Goizet, C., Fung, E., Knaap, M.S. van der, Fribourg, S., Vanderver, A., Simons, C., Taft, R.J., Yates, J.R., 3rd, Coulombe, B., and Bernard, G.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 153818.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), A small proportion of 4H (Hypomyelination, Hypodontia and Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism) or RNA polymerase III (POLR3)-related leukodystrophy cases are negative for mutations in the previously identified causative genes POLR3A and POLR3B. Here we report eight of these cases carrying recessive mutations in POLR1C, a gene encoding a shared POLR1 and POLR3 subunit, also mutated in some Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) cases. Using shotgun proteomics and ChIP sequencing, we demonstrate that leukodystrophy-causative mutations, but not TCS mutations, in POLR1C impair assembly and nuclear import of POLR3, but not POLR1, leading to decreased binding to POLR3 target genes. This study is the first to show that distinct mutations in a gene coding for a shared subunit of two RNA polymerases lead to selective modification of the enzymes' availability leading to two different clinical conditions and to shed some light on the pathophysiological mechanism of one of the most common hypomyelinating leukodystrophies, POLR3-related leukodystrophy.

Published
2015

29. Mitochondrial Disease Sequence Data Resource (MSeqDR): A global grass-roots consortium to facilitate deposition, curation, annotation, and integrated analysis of genomic data for the mitochondrial disease clinical and research communities

Author

Falk, M.J. (Marni J.), Shen, L. (Lishuang), Gonzalez, M. (Michael), Leipzig, J. (Jeremy), Lott, M.T. (Marie T.), Stassen, A.P.M. (Alphons P.M.), Diroma, M.A. (Maria Angela), Navarro-Gomez, D. (Daniel), Yeske, P. (Philip), Bai, R. (Renkui), Boles, R.G. (Richard G.), Brilhante, V. (Virginia), Ralph, D. (David), DaRe, J.T. (Jeana T.), Shelton, R. (Robert), Terry, S.F. (Sharon), Zhang, Z. (Zhe), Copeland, W.C. (William C.), Oven, M. (Mannis) van, Prokisch, H. (Holger), Wallace, D.C., Attimonelli, M. (Marcella), Krotoski, D. (Danuta), Zuchner, S. (Stephan), Gai, X. (Xiaowu), Bale, S. (Sherri), Bedoyan, J. (Jirair), Behar, D.M. (Doron), Bonnen, P. (Penelope), Brooks, L. (Lisa), Calabrese, C. (Claudia), Calvo, S. (Sarah), Chinnery, P.F. (Patrick), Christodoulou, J. (John), Church, D. (Deanna), Clima, R. (Rosanna), Cohen, B.H. (Bruce H.), Cotton, R.G.H. (Richard), Coo, I.F.M. (René) de, Derbenevoa, O. (Olga), Dunnen, J.T. (Johan) den, Dimmock, D. (David), Enns, G. (Gregory), Gasparre, G. (Giuseppe), Goldstein, A. (Amy), Gonzalez, I. (Iris), Gwinn, K. (Katrina), Hahn, S. (Sihoun), Haas, R.H. (Richard H.), Hakonarson, H. (Hakon), Hirano, M. (Michio), Kerr, D. (Douglas), Li, D. (Dong), Lvova, M. (Maria), Macrae, F. (Finley), Maglott, D. (Donna), McCormick, E. (Elizabeth), Mitchell, G. (Grant), Mootha, V.K. (Vamsi K.), Okazaki, Y. (Yasushi), Pujol, A. (Aurora), Parisi, M. (Melissa), Perin, J.C. (Juan Carlos), Pierce, E.A. (Eric A.), Procaccio, V. (Vincent), Rahman, S. (Shamima), Reddi, H. (Honey), Rehm, H. (Heidi), Riggs, E. (Erin), Rodenburg, R.J.T. (Richard), Rubinstein, Y. (Yaffa), Saneto, R. (Russell), Santorsola, M. (Mariangela), Scharfe, C. (Curt), Sheldon, C. (Claire), Shoubridge, E.A. (Eric), Simone, D. (Domenico), Smeets, B. (Bert), Smeitink, J.A.M. (Jan), Stanley, C. (Christine), Suomalainen, A. (Anu), Tarnopolsky, M.A. (Mark), Thiffault, I. (Isabelle), Thorburn, D.R. (David R.), Hove, J.V. (Johan Van), Wolfe, L. (Lynne), Wong, L.-J. (Lee-Jun), Falk, M.J. (Marni J.), Shen, L. (Lishuang), Gonzalez, M. (Michael), Leipzig, J. (Jeremy), Lott, M.T. (Marie T.), Stassen, A.P.M. (Alphons P.M.), Diroma, M.A. (Maria Angela), Navarro-Gomez, D. (Daniel), Yeske, P. (Philip), Bai, R. (Renkui), Boles, R.G. (Richard G.), Brilhante, V. (Virginia), Ralph, D. (David), DaRe, J.T. (Jeana T.), Shelton, R. (Robert), Terry, S.F. (Sharon), Zhang, Z. (Zhe), Copeland, W.C. (William C.), Oven, M. (Mannis) van, Prokisch, H. (Holger), Wallace, D.C., Attimonelli, M. (Marcella), Krotoski, D. (Danuta), Zuchner, S. (Stephan), Gai, X. (Xiaowu), Bale, S. (Sherri), Bedoyan, J. (Jirair), Behar, D.M. (Doron), Bonnen, P. (Penelope), Brooks, L. (Lisa), Calabrese, C. (Claudia), Calvo, S. (Sarah), Chinnery, P.F. (Patrick), Christodoulou, J. (John), Church, D. (Deanna), Clima, R. (Rosanna), Cohen, B.H. (Bruce H.), Cotton, R.G.H. (Richard), Coo, I.F.M. (René) de, Derbenevoa, O. (Olga), Dunnen, J.T. (Johan) den, Dimmock, D. (David), Enns, G. (Gregory), Gasparre, G. (Giuseppe), Goldstein, A. (Amy), Gonzalez, I. (Iris), Gwinn, K. (Katrina), Hahn, S. (Sihoun), Haas, R.H. (Richard H.), Hakonarson, H. (Hakon), Hirano, M. (Michio), Kerr, D. (Douglas), Li, D. (Dong), Lvova, M. (Maria), Macrae, F. (Finley), Maglott, D. (Donna), McCormick, E. (Elizabeth), Mitchell, G. (Grant), Mootha, V.K. (Vamsi K.), Okazaki, Y. (Yasushi), Pujol, A. (Aurora), Parisi, M. (Melissa), Perin, J.C. (Juan Carlos), Pierce, E.A. (Eric A.), Procaccio, V. (Vincent), Rahman, S. (Shamima), Reddi, H. (Honey), Rehm, H. (Heidi), Riggs, E. (Erin), Rodenburg, R.J.T. (Richard), Rubinstein, Y. (Yaffa), Saneto, R. (Russell), Santorsola, M. (Mariangela), Scharfe, C. (Curt), Sheldon, C. (Claire), Shoubridge, E.A. (Eric), Simone, D. (Domenico), Smeets, B. (Bert), Smeitink, J.A.M. (Jan), Stanley, C. (Christine), Suomalainen, A. (Anu), Tarnopolsky, M.A. (Mark), Thiffault, I. (Isabelle), Thorburn, D.R. (David R.), Hove, J.V. (Johan Van), Wolfe, L. (Lynne), and Wong, L.-J. (Lee-Jun)

Abstract

Success rates for genomic analyses of highly heterogeneous disorders can be greatly improved if a large cohort of patient data is assembled to enhance collective capabilities for accurate sequence variant annotation, analysis, and interpretation. Indeed, molecular diagnostics requires the establishment of robust data resources to enable data sharing that informs accurate understanding of genes, variants, and phenotypes. The "Mitochondrial Disease Sequence Data Resource (MSeqDR) Consortium" is a grass-roots effort facilitated by the United Mitochondrial Disease Foundation to identify and prioritize specific genomic data analysis needs of the global mitochondrial disease clinical and research community. A central Web portal (. https://mseqdr.org) facilitates the coherent compilation, organization, annotation, and analysis of sequence data from both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of individuals and families with suspected mitochondrial disease. This Web portal provides users with a flexible and expandable suite of resources to enable variant-, gene-, and exome-level sequence analysis in a secure, Web-based, and user-friendly fashion. Users can also elect to share data with other MSeqDR Consortium members, or even the general public, either by custom annotation tracks or through the use of a convenient distributed annotation system (DAS) mechanism. A range of data visualization and analysis tools are provided to facilitate user interrogation and understanding of genomic, and ultimately phenotypic, data of relevance to mitochondrial biology and disease. Currently available tools for nuclear and mitochondrial gene analyses include an MSeqDR GBrowse instance that hosts optimized mitochondrial disease and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) specific annotation tracks, as well as an MSeqDR locus-specific database (LSDB) that curates variant data on more than 1300 genes that have been implicated in mitochondrial disease and/or encode mitochondria-localized proteins. MSeqDR is integr

Published
2015
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30. Germline truncating mutations in both MSH2 and BRCA2 in a single kindred.

Author

Thiffault, I, Hamel, N, Pal, T, McVety, S, Marcus, VA, Farber, D, Cowie, S, Deschênes, J, Meschino, W, Odefrey, F, Goldgar, D, Graham, T, Narod, S, Watters, AK, MacNamara, E, Du Sart, D, Chong, G, Foulkes, WD, Thiffault, I, Hamel, N, Pal, T, McVety, S, Marcus, VA, Farber, D, Cowie, S, Deschênes, J, Meschino, W, Odefrey, F, Goldgar, D, Graham, T, Narod, S, Watters, AK, MacNamara, E, Du Sart, D, Chong, G, and Foulkes, WD

Abstract

There has been interest in the literature in the possible existence of a gene that predisposes to both breast cancer (BC) and colorectal cancer (CRC). We describe the detailed characterisation of one kindred, MON1080, with 10 cases of BC or CRC invasive cancer among 26 first-, second- or third-degree relatives. Linkage analysis suggested that a mutation was present in BRCA2. DNA sequencing from III: 22 (diagnosed with lobular BC) identified a BRCA2 exon 3 542G>T (L105X) mutation. Her sister (III: 25) had BC and endometrial cancer and carries the same mutation. Following immunohistochemical and microsatellite instability studies, mutation analysis by protein truncation test, cDNA sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR revealed a deletion of MSH2 exon 8 in III: 25, confirming her as a double heterozygote for truncating mutations in both BRCA2 and MSH2. The exon 8 deletion was identified as a 14.9 kb deletion occurring between two Alu sequences. The breakpoint lies within a sequence of 45 bp that is identical in both Alu sequences. In this large BC/CRC kindred, MON1080, disease-causing truncating mutations are present in both MSH2 and BRCA2. There appeared to be no increased susceptibility to the development of colorectal tumours in BRCA2 mutation carriers or to the development of breast tumours in MSH2 mutation carriers. Additionally, two double heterozygotes did not appear to have a different phenotype than would be expected from the presence of a mutation in each gene alone.

Published
2004

31. Germline truncating mutations in both MSH2 and BRCA2 in a single kindred

Author

Thiffault, I, primary, Hamel, N, additional, Pal, T, additional, McVety, S, additional, Marcus, V A, additional, Farber, D, additional, Cowie, S, additional, Deschênes, J, additional, Meschino, W, additional, Odefrey, F, additional, Goldgar, D, additional, Graham, T, additional, Narod, S, additional, Watters, A K, additional, MacNamara, E, additional, Sart, D Du, additional, Chong, G, additional, and Foulkes, W D, additional

Published
2004
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32. The Founder Mutation MSH2*1906G→C Is an Important Cause of Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer in the Ashkenazi Jewish Population

Author

Foulkes, W.D., primary, Thiffault, I., additional, Gruber, S.B., additional, Horwitz, M., additional, Hamel, N., additional, Lee, C., additional, Shia, J., additional, Markowitz, A., additional, Figer, A., additional, Friedman, E., additional, Farber, D., additional, Greenwood, C. M.T., additional, Bonner, J.D., additional, Nafa, K., additional, Walsh, T., additional, Marcus, V., additional, Tomsho, L., additional, Gebert, J., additional, Macrae, F.A., additional, Gaff, C.L., additional, Paillerets, B. Bressac-de, additional, Gregersen, P.K., additional, Weitzel, J.N., additional, Gordon, P.H., additional, MacNamara, E., additional, King, M.-C., additional, Hampel, H., additional, de la Chapelle, A., additional, Boyd, J., additional, Offit, K., additional, Rennert, G., additional, Chong, G., additional, and Ellis, N.A., additional

Published
2002
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33. The Founder Mutation MSH2*1906G.... C Is an Important Cause of Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer in the Ashkenazi Jewish Population.

Author

Foulkes, W.D., Thiffault, I., Gruber, S.B., Horwitz, M., Hamel, N., Lee, C., Shia, J., Markowitz, A., Figer, A., Friedman, E., Farber, D., Greenwood, C.M.T., Bonner, J.D., Nafa, K., Walsh, T., Marcus, V., Tomsho, L., Gebert, J., and Macrae, F.A.

Subjects
*COLON cancer, *GENETIC disorders
Abstract

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is caused by mutations in the mismatch-repair genes. We report here the identification and characterization of a founder mutation in MSH2 in the Ashkenazi Jewish population. We identified a nucleotide substitution, MSH2[sup *]1906G→C, which results in a substitution of proline for alanine at codon 636 in the MSH2 protein. This allele was identified in 15 unrelated Ashkenazi Jewish families with HNPCC, most of which meet the Amsterdam criteria. Genotype analysis of 18 polymorphic loci within and flanking MSH2 suggested a single origin for the mutation. All colorectal cancers tested showed microsatellite instability and absence of MSH2 protein, by immunohistochemical analysis. In an analysis of a population-based incident series of 686 Ashkenazi Jews from Israel who have colorectal cancer, we identified 3 (0.44%) mutation carriers. Persons with a family history of colorectal or endometrial cancer were more likely to carry the mutation than were those without such a family history (P = .042), and those with colorectal cancer who carried the mutation were, on average, younger than affected individuals who did not carry it (P = .033 ). The mutation was not detected in either 566 unaffected Ashkenazi Jews from Israel or 1,022 control individuals from New York. In hospital-based series, the 1906C allele was identified in 5/463 Ashkenazi Jews with colorectal cancer, in 2/197 with endometrial cancer, and in 0/83 with ovarian cancer. When families identified by family history and in case series are included, 25 apparently unrelated Ashkenazi Jewish families have been found to harbor this mutation. Although this pathogenic mutation is not frequent in the Ashkenazi Jewish population (accounting for 2%-3% of colorectal cancer in those whose age at diagnosis is <60 years), it is highly penetrant and accounts for approximately one-third of HNPCC in Ashkenazi Jewish families that fulfill the Amsterdam criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2002
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34. The HNPCC associated MSH2 1906G→C founder mutation probably originated between 1440 CE and 1715 CE in the Ashkenazi Jewish population.

Author

Sun, S., Greenwood, C. M. T., Thiffault, I., Hamel, N., Chong, G., and Foulkes, W. D.

Subjects
COLON cancer, GENETIC mutation, CANCER patients, GENETICS, ASHKENAZIM, JEWS
Abstract

The MSH2*1906G→C mutation was recently shown to be a rare yet highly penetrant mutation leading to colorectal cancer. The mutation was only found among Ashkenazi Jewish individuals and lies on an extended haplotype that is common in that population. This study determined that the mutation probably arose between 11 and 22 generations ago, during the time when the Ashkenazim were living in eastern Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2005
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35. Mutation-specific pathophysiological mechanisms define different neurodevelopmental disorders associated with SATB1 dysfunction

Author

den Hoed, J., de Boer, E., Voisin, N., Dingemans, A.J.M., Guex, N., Wiel, L., Nellaker, C., Amudhavalli, S.M., Banka, S., Bena, F.S., Ben-Zeev, B., Bonagura, V.R., Bruel, A.-L., Brunet, T., Brunner, H.G., Chew, H.B., Chrast, J., Cimbalistienė, L., Coon, H., Délot, E.C., Démurger, F., Denommé-Pichon, A.-S., Depienne, C., Donnai, D., Dyment, D.A., Elpeleg, O., Faivre, L., Gilissen, C., Granger, L., Haber, B., Hachiya, Y., Abedi, Y.H., Hanebeck, J., Hehir-Kwa, J.Y., Horist, B., Itai, T., Jackson, A., Jewell, R., Jones, K.L., Joss, S., Kashii, H., Kato, M., Kattentidt-Mouravieva, A.A., Kok, F., Kotzaeridou, U., Krishnamurthy, V., Kučinskas, V., Kuechler, A., Lavillaureix, A., Liu, P., Manwaring, L., Matsumoto, N., Mazel, B., McWalter, K., Meiner, V., Mikati, M.A., Miyatake, S., Mizuguchi, T., Moey, L.H., Mohammed, S., Mor-Shaked, H., Mountford, H., Newbury-Ecob, R., Odent, S., Orec, L., Osmond, M., Palculict, T.B., Parker, M., Petersen, A., Pfundt, R., Preikšaitienė, E., Radtke, K., Ranza, E., Rosenfeld, J.A., Santiago-Sim, T., Schwager, C., Sinnema, M., Blok, L.S., Spillmann, R.C., Stegmann, A.P.A., Thiffault, I., Tran, L., Vaknin-Dembinsky, A., Vedovato-dos-Santos, J.H., Vergano, S.A., Vilain, E., Vitobello, A., Wagner, M., Waheeb, A., Willing, M., Zuccarelli, B., Kini, U., Newbury, D.F., Kleefstra, T., Reymond, A., Fisher, S.E., Vissers, L.E.L.M., den Hoed, J., de Boer, E., Voisin, N., Dingemans, A.J.M., Guex, N., Wiel, L., Nellaker, C., Amudhavalli, S.M., Banka, S., Bena, F.S., Ben-Zeev, B., Bonagura, V.R., Bruel, A.-L., Brunet, T., Brunner, H.G., Chew, H.B., Chrast, J., Cimbalistienė, L., Coon, H., Délot, E.C., Démurger, F., Denommé-Pichon, A.-S., Depienne, C., Donnai, D., Dyment, D.A., Elpeleg, O., Faivre, L., Gilissen, C., Granger, L., Haber, B., Hachiya, Y., Abedi, Y.H., Hanebeck, J., Hehir-Kwa, J.Y., Horist, B., Itai, T., Jackson, A., Jewell, R., Jones, K.L., Joss, S., Kashii, H., Kato, M., Kattentidt-Mouravieva, A.A., Kok, F., Kotzaeridou, U., Krishnamurthy, V., Kučinskas, V., Kuechler, A., Lavillaureix, A., Liu, P., Manwaring, L., Matsumoto, N., Mazel, B., McWalter, K., Meiner, V., Mikati, M.A., Miyatake, S., Mizuguchi, T., Moey, L.H., Mohammed, S., Mor-Shaked, H., Mountford, H., Newbury-Ecob, R., Odent, S., Orec, L., Osmond, M., Palculict, T.B., Parker, M., Petersen, A., Pfundt, R., Preikšaitienė, E., Radtke, K., Ranza, E., Rosenfeld, J.A., Santiago-Sim, T., Schwager, C., Sinnema, M., Blok, L.S., Spillmann, R.C., Stegmann, A.P.A., Thiffault, I., Tran, L., Vaknin-Dembinsky, A., Vedovato-dos-Santos, J.H., Vergano, S.A., Vilain, E., Vitobello, A., Wagner, M., Waheeb, A., Willing, M., Zuccarelli, B., Kini, U., Newbury, D.F., Kleefstra, T., Reymond, A., Fisher, S.E., and Vissers, L.E.L.M.

Abstract

Whereas large-scale statistical analyses can robustly identify disease-gene relationships, they do not accurately capture genotype-phenotype correlations or disease mechanisms. We use multiple lines of independent evidence to show that different variant types in a single gene, SATB1, cause clinically overlapping but distinct neurodevelopmental disorders. Clinical evaluation of 42 individuals carrying SATB1 variants identified overt genotype-phenotype relationships, associated with different pathophysiological mechanisms, established by functional assays. Missense variants in the CUT1 and CUT2 DNA-binding domains result in stronger chromatin binding, increased transcriptional repression and a severe phenotype. In contrast, variants predicted to result in haploinsufficiency are associated with a milder clinical presentation. A similarly mild phenotype is observed for individuals with premature protein truncating variants that escape nonsense-mediated decay, which are transcriptionally active but mislocalized in the cell. Our results suggest that in-depth mutation-specific genotype-phenotype studies are essential to capture full disease complexity and to explain phenotypic variability.

36. Mitochondrial Disease Sequence Data Resource (MSeqDR): a global grass-roots consortium to facilitate deposition, curation, annotation, and integrated analysis of genomic data for the mitochondrial disease clinical and research communities

Author

Xiaowu Gai, Jeremy Leipzig, Aurora Pujol, Richard G. Boles, Deanna M. Church, Finley Macrae, Erin Rooney Riggs, Michio Hirano, Mariangela Santorsola, Yaffa R. Rubinstein, Rosanna Clima, Marie T. Lott, Penelope E. Bonnen, Christine M. Stanley, David Dimmock, Heidi L. Rehm, Marni J. Falk, Giuseppe Gasparre, Holger Prokisch, Shamima Rahman, Claire A. Sheldon, Anu Suomalainen, Hakon Hakonarson, Sarah E. Calvo, Melissa A. Parisi, Alphons P. M. Stassen, Zhe Zhang, Katrina Gwinn, Johan L.K. Van Hove, Lee-Jun C. Wong, Lisa D. Brooks, Virginia Brilhante, William C. Copeland, Jeana T. DaRe, Curt Scharfe, Michael A. Gonzalez, Johan T. den Dunnen, I.F.M. de Coo, Iris L. Gonzalez, Claudia Calabrese, Yasushi Okazaki, Vamsi K. Mootha, Lynne A. Wolfe, Douglas S. Kerr, Doron M. Behar, Bert Smeets, John Christodoulou, Juan C. Perin, Stephan Züchner, Lishuang Shen, Eric A. Shoubridge, Sihoun Hahn, Danuta Krotoski, Sharon F. Terry, Domenico Simone, David Ralph, Renkui Bai, Olga Derbenevoa, Honey V. Reddi, Eric A. Pierce, Daniel Navarro-Gomez, Gregory M. Enns, Vincent Procaccio, Russell P. Saneto, Mannis van Oven, Philip E. Yeske, David R. Thorburn, Bruce H. Cohen, Maria Lvova, Robert Shelton, Douglas C. Wallace, Maria Angela Diroma, Marcella Attimonelli, Dong Li, Elizabeth M. McCormick, Amy Goldstein, Mark A. Tarnopolsky, Patrick F. Chinnery, Donna Maglott, Richard J. Rodenburg, Jirair K. Bedoyan, Richard G.H. Cotton, Richard H. Haas, Jan A.M. Smeitink, Grant A. Mitchell, Isabelle Thiffault, Sherri J. Bale, RS: CARIM - R2 - Cardiac function and failure, RS: GROW - Developmental Biology, Genetica & Celbiologie, Klinische Genetica, RS: GROW - R4 - Reproductive and Perinatal Medicine, Falk M.J., Shen L., Gonzalez M., Leipzig J., Lott M.T., Stassen A.P.M., Diroma M.A., Navarro-Gomez D., Yeske P., Bai R., Boles R.G., Brilhante V., Ralph D., DaRe J.T., Shelton R., Terry S.F., Zhang Z., Copeland W.C., van Oven M., Prokisch H., Wallace D.C., Attimonelli M., Krotoski D., Zuchner S., Gai X., Bale S., Bedoyan J., Behar D., Bonnen P., Brooks L., Calabrese C., Calvo S., Chinnery P., Christodoulou J., Church D.t, Clima R., Cohen B.H., Cotton R.G., de Coo I.F.M., Derbenevoa O., den Dunnen J.T., Dimmock D., Enns G., Gasparre G., Goldstein A., Gonzalez I., Gwinn K., Hahn S., Haas R.H., Hakonarson H., Hirano M., Kerr D., Li D., Lvova M., Macrae F., Maglott D., McCormick E., Mitchell G., Mootha V.K., Okazaki Y., Pujol A., Parisi M., Perin J.C., Pierce E.A., Procaccio V., Rahman S., Reddi H., Rehm H., Riggs E., Rodenburg R., Rubinstein Y., Saneto R., Santorsola M., Scharfe C., Sheldon C., Shoubridge E.A., Simone D., Smeets B., Smeitink J.A., Stanley C., Suomalainen A., Tarnopolsky M., Thiffault I., Thorburn D.R., Hove J.V., Wolfe L., Wong L.J., and Genetic Identification

Subjects
Male, Mitochondrial DNA, Mitochondrial Diseases, DATABASE, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mitochondrial disease, Genomics, mitochondrial DNA, Computational biology, Biology, Biochemistry, Genome, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Annotation, User-Computer Interface, 0302 clinical medicine, Endocrinology, Data visualization, Human Phenotype Ontology, Databases, Genetic, Genetics, medicine, Humans, Exome, Molecular Biology, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, Internet, business.industry, Information Dissemination, Computational Biology, Metabolic Disorders Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences [Radboudumc 6], medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Data sharing, Phenotype, Genome, Mitochondrial, Female, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Software
Abstract

Success rates for genomic analyses of highly heterogeneous disorders can be greatly improved if a large cohort of patient data is assembled to enhance collective capabilities for accurate sequence variant annotation, analysis, and interpretation. Indeed, molecular diagnostics requires the establishment of robust data resources to enable data sharing that informs accurate understanding of genes, variants, and phenotypes. The "Mitochondrial Disease Sequence Data Resource (MSeqDR) Consortium" is a grass-roots effort facilitated by the United Mitochondria] Disease Foundation to identify and prioritize specific genomic data analysis needs of the global mitochondrial disease clinical and research community. A central Web portal (https://mseqdr.org) facilitates the coherent compilation, organization, annotation, and analysis of sequence data from both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of individuals and families with suspected mitochondria! disease. This Web portal provides users with a flexible and expandable suite of resources to enable variant-, gene-, and exome-level sequence analysis in a secure, Web-based, and user-friendly fashion. Users can also elect to share data with other MSeqDR Consortium members, or even the general public, either by custom annotation tracks or through the use of a convenient distributed annotation system (DAS) mechanism. A range of data visualization and analysis tools are provided to facilitate user interrogation and understanding of genomic, and ultimately phenotypic, data of relevance to mitochondrial biology and disease. Currently available tools for nuclear and mitochondrial gene analyses include an MSeqDR GBrowse instance that hosts optimized mitochondrial disease and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) specific annotation tracks, as well as an MSeqDR locus-specific database (LSDB) that curates variant data on more than 1300 genes that have been implicated in mitochondrial disease and/or encode mitochondria-localized proteins. MSeqDR is integrated with a diverse array of mtDNA data analysis tools that are both freestanding and incorporated into an online exome-level dataset curation and analysis resource (GEM.app) that is being optimized to support needs of the MSeqDR community. In addition, MSeqDR supports mitochondrial disease phenotyping and ontology tools, and provides variant pathogenicity assessment features that enable community review, feedback, and integration with the public ClinVar variant annotation resource. A centralized Web-based informed consent process is being developed, with implementation of a Global Unique Identifier (GUID) system to integrate data deposited on a given individual from different sources. Community-based data deposition into MSeqDR has already begun. Future efforts will enhance capabilities to incorporate phenotypic data that enhance genomic data analyses. MSeqDR will fill the existing void in bioinformatics tools and centralized knowledge that are necessary to enable efficient nuclear and mtDNA genomic data interpretation by a range of shareholders across both clinical diagnostic and research settings. Ultimately, MSeqDR is focused on empowering the global mitochondrial disease community to better define and explore mitochondrial diseases. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Published
2015

37. The phenotypic and genotypic spectrum of individuals with mono- or biallelic ANK3 variants.

Author

Furia F, Levy AM, Theunis M, Bamshad MJ, Bartos MN, Bijlsma EK, Brancati F, Cejudo L, Chong JX, De Luca C, Dean SJ, Egense A, Goel H, Guenzel AJ, Hüffmeier U, Legius E, Mancini GMS, Marcos-Alcalde I, Niclass T, Planes M, Redon S, Ros-Pardo D, Rouault K, Schot R, Schuhmann S, Shen JJ, Tao AM, Thiffault I, Van Esch H, Wentzensen IM, Barakat TS, Møller RS, Gomez-Puertas P, Chung WK, Gardella E, and Tümer Z

Subjects
Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Alleles, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity genetics, Autism Spectrum Disorder genetics, Epilepsy genetics, Genetic Association Studies, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genotype, Language Development Disorders genetics, Mutation genetics, Phenotype, Ankyrins genetics, Intellectual Disability genetics, Intellectual Disability pathology, Neurodevelopmental Disorders genetics
Abstract

ANK3 encodes ankyrin-G, a protein involved in neuronal development and signaling. Alternative splicing gives rise to three ankyrin-G isoforms comprising different domains with distinct expression patterns. Mono- or biallelic ANK3 variants are associated with non-specific syndromic intellectual disability in 14 individuals (seven with monoallelic and seven with biallelic variants). In this study, we describe the clinical features of 13 additional individuals and review the data on a total of 27 individuals (16 individuals with monoallelic and 11 with biallelic ANK3 variants) and demonstrate that the phenotype for biallelic variants is more severe. The phenotypic features include language delay (92%), autism spectrum disorder (76%), intellectual disability (78%), hypotonia (65%), motor delay (68%), attention deficit disorder (ADD) or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (57%), sleep disturbances (50%), aggressivity/self-injury (37.5%), and epilepsy (35%). A notable phenotypic difference was presence of ataxia in three individuals with biallelic variants, but in none of the individuals with monoallelic variants. While the majority of the monoallelic variants are predicted to result in a truncated protein, biallelic variants are almost exclusively missense. Moreover, mono- and biallelic variants appear to be localized differently across the three different ankyrin-G isoforms, suggesting isoform-specific pathological mechanisms., (© 2024 The Author(s). Clinical Genetics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Published
2024
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38. Complex trait associations in rare diseases and impacts on Mendelian variant interpretation.

Author

Smail C, Ge B, Keever-Keigher MR, Schwendinger-Schreck C, Cheung WA, Johnston JJ, Barrett C, Feldman K, Cohen ASA, Farrow EG, Thiffault I, Grundberg E, and Pastinen T

Subjects
Humans, Genetic Variation, Male, Female, Genome-Wide Association Study, Penetrance, Child, Cohort Studies, Multifactorial Inheritance genetics, Rare Diseases genetics, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Phenotype
Abstract

Emerging evidence implicates common genetic variation - aggregated into polygenic scores (PGS) - in the onset and phenotypic presentation of rare diseases. Here, we comprehensively map individual polygenic liability for 1102 open-source PGS in a cohort of 3059 probands enrolled in the Genomic Answers for Kids (GA4K) rare disease study, revealing widespread associations between rare disease phenotypes and PGSs for common complex diseases and traits, blood protein levels, and brain and other organ morphological measurements. Using this resource, we demonstrate increased polygenic liability in probands with an inherited candidate disease variant (VUS) compared to unaffected carrier parents. Further, we show an enrichment for large-effect rare variants in putative core PGS genes for associated complex traits. Overall, our study supports and expands on previous findings of complex trait associations in rare diseases, implicates polygenic liability as a potential mechanism underlying variable penetrance of candidate causal variants, and provides a framework for identifying novel candidate rare disease genes., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Published
2024
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39. Large-scale mutational analysis identifies UNC93B1 variants that drive TLR-mediated autoimmunity in mice and humans.

Author

Rael VE, Yano JA, Huizar JP, Slayden LC, Weiss MA, Turcotte EA, Terry JM, Zuo W, Thiffault I, Pastinen T, Farrow EG, Jenkins JL, Becker ML, Wong SC, Stevens AM, Otten C, Allenspach EJ, Bonner DE, Bernstein JA, Wheeler MT, Saxton RA, Liu B, Majer O, and Barton GM

Subjects
Animals, Female, Humans, Male, Mice, Autoimmune Diseases genetics, Autoimmune Diseases immunology, DNA Mutational Analysis, HEK293 Cells, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mutation, Toll-Like Receptor 7 genetics, Toll-Like Receptor 7 metabolism, Autoimmunity genetics, Membrane Transport Proteins genetics, Membrane Transport Proteins metabolism, Toll-Like Receptors metabolism, Toll-Like Receptors genetics
Abstract

Nucleic acid-sensing Toll-like receptors (TLR) 3, 7/8, and 9 are key innate immune sensors whose activities must be tightly regulated to prevent systemic autoimmune or autoinflammatory disease or virus-associated immunopathology. Here, we report a systematic scanning-alanine mutagenesis screen of all cytosolic and luminal residues of the TLR chaperone protein UNC93B1, which identified both negative and positive regulatory regions affecting TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9 responses. We subsequently identified two families harboring heterozygous coding mutations in UNC93B1, UNC93B1+/T93I and UNC93B1+/R336C, both in key negative regulatory regions identified in our screen. These patients presented with cutaneous tumid lupus and juvenile idiopathic arthritis plus neuroinflammatory disease, respectively. Disruption of UNC93B1-mediated regulation by these mutations led to enhanced TLR7/8 responses, and both variants resulted in systemic autoimmune or inflammatory disease when introduced into mice via genome editing. Altogether, our results implicate the UNC93B1-TLR7/8 axis in human monogenic autoimmune diseases and provide a functional resource to assess the impact of yet-to-be-reported UNC93B1 mutations., (© 2024 Rael et al.)

Published
2024
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40. Etiological involvement of KCND1 variants in an X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder with variable expressivity.

Author

Kalm T, Schob C, Völler H, Gardeitchik T, Gilissen C, Pfundt R, Klöckner C, Platzer K, Klabunde-Cherwon A, Ries M, Syrbe S, Beccaria F, Madia F, Scala M, Zara F, Hofstede F, Simon MEH, van Jaarsveld RH, Oegema R, van Gassen KLI, Holwerda SJB, Barakat TS, Bouman A, van Slegtenhorst M, Álvarez S, Fernández-Jaén A, Porta J, Accogli A, Mancardi MM, Striano P, Iacomino M, Chae JH, Jang S, Kim SY, Chitayat D, Mercimek-Andrews S, Depienne C, Kampmeier A, Kuechler A, Surowy H, Bertini ES, Radio FC, Mancini C, Pizzi S, Tartaglia M, Gauthier L, Genevieve D, Tharreau M, Azoulay N, Zaks-Hoffer G, Gilad NK, Orenstein N, Bernard G, Thiffault I, Denecke J, Herget T, Kortüm F, Kubisch C, Bähring R, and Kindler S

Subjects
Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Epilepsy genetics, Exome Sequencing, Genetic Diseases, X-Linked genetics, Heterozygote, Mutation, Missense genetics, Pedigree, Phenotype, Shal Potassium Channels genetics, Neurodevelopmental Disorders genetics
Abstract

Utilizing trio whole-exome sequencing and a gene matching approach, we identified a cohort of 18 male individuals from 17 families with hemizygous variants in KCND1, including two de novo missense variants, three maternally inherited protein-truncating variants, and 12 maternally inherited missense variants. Affected subjects present with a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by diverse neurological abnormalities, mostly delays in different developmental domains, but also distinct neuropsychiatric signs and epilepsy. Heterozygous carrier mothers are clinically unaffected. KCND1 encodes the α-subunit of Kv4.1 voltage-gated potassium channels. All variant-associated amino acid substitutions affect either the cytoplasmic N- or C-terminus of the channel protein except for two occurring in transmembrane segments 1 and 4. Kv4.1 channels were functionally characterized in the absence and presence of auxiliary β subunits. Variant-specific alterations of biophysical channel properties were diverse and varied in magnitude. Genetic data analysis in combination with our functional assessment shows that Kv4.1 channel dysfunction is involved in the pathogenesis of an X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder frequently associated with a variable neuropsychiatric clinical phenotype., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Published
2024
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41. Genomic Answers for Kids: Toward more equitable access to genomic testing for rare diseases in rural populations.

Author

Cohen ASA, Berrios CD, Zion TN, Barrett CM, Moore R, Boillat E, Belden B, Farrow EG, Thiffault I, Zuccarelli BD, and Pastinen T

Subjects
Humans, Child, Male, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Female, Rural Population, Genetic Testing methods, Rare Diseases genetics, Rare Diseases diagnosis, Health Services Accessibility, Genomics methods
Abstract

Next-generation sequencing has revolutionized the speed of rare disease (RD) diagnoses. While clinical exome and genome sequencing represent an effective tool for many RD diagnoses, there is room to further improve the diagnostic odyssey of many RD patients. One recognizable intervention lies in increasing equitable access to genomic testing. Rural communities represent a significant portion of underserved and underrepresented individuals facing additional barriers to diagnosis and treatment. Primary care providers (PCPs) at local clinics, though sometimes suspicious of a potential benefit of genetic testing for their patients, have significant constraints in pursuing it themselves and rely on referrals to specialists. Yet, these referrals are typically followed by long waitlists and significant delays in clinical assessment, insurance clearance, testing, and initiation of diagnosis-informed care management. Not only is this process time intensive, but it also often requires multiple visits to urban medical centers for which distance may be a significant barrier to rural families. Therefore, providing early, "direct-to-provider" (DTP) local access to unrestrictive genomic testing is likely to help speed up diagnostic times and access to care for RD patients in rural communities. In a pilot study with a PCP clinic in rural Kansas, we observed a minimum 5.5 months shortening of time to diagnosis through the DTP exome sequencing program as compared to rural patients receiving genetic testing through the "traditional" PCP-referral-to-specialist scheme. We share our experience to encourage future partnerships beyond our center. Our efforts represent just one step in fostering greater diversity and equity in genomic studies., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 American Society of Human Genetics. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Published
2024
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42. Mono-allelic KCNB2 variants lead to a neurodevelopmental syndrome caused by altered channel inactivation.

Author

Bhat S, Rousseau J, Michaud C, Lourenço CM, Stoler JM, Louie RJ, Clarkson LK, Lichty A, Koboldt DC, Reshmi SC, Sisodiya SM, Hoytema van Konijnenburg EMM, Koop K, van Hasselt PM, Démurger F, Dubourg C, Sullivan BR, Hughes SS, Thiffault I, Tremblay ES, Accogli A, Srour M, Blunck R, and Campeau PM

Subjects
Animals, Humans, Action Potentials, Neurons, Oocytes, Xenopus laevis, Epilepsy genetics, Mutation, Missense, Shab Potassium Channels genetics, Shab Potassium Channels metabolism, Neurodevelopmental Disorders genetics
Abstract

Ion channels mediate voltage fluxes or action potentials that are central to the functioning of excitable cells such as neurons. The KCNB family of voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv) consists of two members (KCNB1 and KCNB2) encoded by KCNB1 and KCNB2, respectively. These channels are major contributors to delayed rectifier potassium currents arising from the neuronal soma which modulate overall excitability of neurons. In this study, we identified several mono-allelic pathogenic missense variants in KCNB2, in individuals with a neurodevelopmental syndrome with epilepsy and autism in some individuals. Recurrent dysmorphisms included a broad forehead, synophrys, and digital anomalies. Additionally, we selected three variants where genetic transmission has not been assessed, from two epilepsy studies, for inclusion in our experiments. We characterized channel properties of these variants by expressing them in oocytes of Xenopus laevis and conducting cut-open oocyte voltage clamp electrophysiology. Our datasets indicate no significant change in absolute conductance and conductance-voltage relationships of most disease variants as compared to wild type (WT), when expressed either alone or co-expressed with WT-KCNB2. However, variants c.1141A>G (p.Thr381Ala) and c.641C>T (p.Thr214Met) show complete abrogation of currents when expressed alone with the former exhibiting a left shift in activation midpoint when expressed alone or with WT-KCNB2. The variants we studied, nevertheless, show collective features of increased inactivation shifted to hyperpolarized potentials. We suggest that the effects of the variants on channel inactivation result in hyper-excitability of neurons, which contributes to disease manifestations., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 American Society of Human Genetics. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Published
2024
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43. Pangenome graphs improve the analysis of structural variants in rare genetic diseases.

Author

Groza C, Schwendinger-Schreck C, Cheung WA, Farrow EG, Thiffault I, Lake J, Rizzo WB, Evrony G, Curran T, Bourque G, and Pastinen T

Subjects
Humans, Reproducibility of Results, Chromosome Mapping, Alleles, Rare Diseases genetics, Genomics
Abstract

Rare DNA alterations that cause heritable diseases are only partially resolvable by clinical next-generation sequencing due to the difficulty of detecting structural variation (SV) in all genomic contexts. Long-read, high fidelity genome sequencing (HiFi-GS) detects SVs with increased sensitivity and enables assembling personal and graph genomes. We leverage standard reference genomes, public assemblies (n = 94) and a large collection of HiFi-GS data from a rare disease program (Genomic Answers for Kids, GA4K, n = 574 assemblies) to build a graph genome representing a unified SV callset in GA4K, identify common variation and prioritize SVs that are more likely to cause genetic disease (MAF < 0.01). Using graphs, we obtain a higher level of reproducibility than the standard reference approach. We observe over 200,000 SV alleles unique to GA4K, including nearly 1000 rare variants that impact coding sequence. With improved specificity for rare SVs, we isolate 30 candidate SVs in phenotypically prioritized genes, including known disease SVs. We isolate a novel diagnostic SV in KMT2E, demonstrating use of personal assemblies coupled with pangenome graphs for rare disease genomics. The community may interrogate our pangenome with additional assemblies to discover new SVs within the allele frequency spectrum relevant to genetic diseases., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Published
2024
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44. Elucidating the clinical and molecular spectrum of SMARCC2-associated NDD in a cohort of 65 affected individuals.

Author

Bosch E, Popp B, Güse E, Skinner C, van der Sluijs PJ, Maystadt I, Pinto AM, Renieri A, Bruno LP, Granata S, Marcelis C, Baysal Ö, Hartwich D, Holthöfer L, Isidor B, Cogne B, Wieczorek D, Capra V, Scala M, De Marco P, Ognibene M, Jamra RA, Platzer K, Carter LB, Kuismin O, van Haeringen A, Maroofian R, Valenzuela I, Cuscó I, Martinez-Agosto JA, Rabani AM, Mefford HC, Pereira EM, Close C, Anyane-Yeboa K, Wagner M, Hannibal MC, Zacher P, Thiffault I, Beunders G, Umair M, Bhola PT, McGinnis E, Millichap J, van de Kamp JM, Prijoles EJ, Dobson A, Shillington A, Graham BH, Garcia EJ, Galindo MK, Ropers FG, Nibbeling EAR, Hubbard G, Karimov C, Goj G, Bend R, Rath J, Morrow MM, Millan F, Salpietro V, Torella A, Nigro V, Kurki M, Stevenson RE, Santen GWE, Zweier M, Campeau PM, Severino M, Reis A, Accogli A, and Vasileiou G

Subjects
Humans, Face, Facies, Phenotype, DNA-Binding Proteins genetics, Transcription Factors genetics, Abnormalities, Multiple genetics, Micrognathism genetics, Intellectual Disability genetics, Intellectual Disability complications, Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Abstract

Purpose: Coffin-Siris and Nicolaides-Baraitser syndromes are recognizable neurodevelopmental disorders caused by germline variants in BAF complex subunits. The SMARCC2 BAFopathy was recently reported. Herein, we present clinical and molecular data on a large cohort., Methods: Clinical symptoms for 41 novel and 24 previously published affected individuals were analyzed using the Human Phenotype Ontology. For genotype-phenotype correlations, molecular data were standardized and grouped into non-truncating and likely gene-disrupting (LGD) variants. Missense variant protein expression and BAF-subunit interactions were examined using 3D protein modeling, co-immunoprecipitation, and proximity-ligation assays., Results: Neurodevelopmental delay with intellectual disability, muscular hypotonia, and behavioral disorders were the major manifestations. Clinical hallmarks of BAFopathies were rare. Clinical presentation differed significantly, with LGD variants being predominantly inherited and associated with mildly reduced or normal cognitive development, whereas non-truncating variants were mostly de novo and presented with severe developmental delay. These distinct manifestations and non-truncating variant clustering in functional domains suggest different pathomechanisms. In vitro testing showed decreased protein expression for N-terminal missense variants similar to LGD., Conclusion: This study improved SMARCC2 variant classification and identified discernible SMARCC2-associated phenotypes for LGD and non-truncating variants, which were distinct from other BAFopathies. The pathomechanism of most non-truncating variants has yet to be investigated., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest Renee Bend and Julie Rath are employees of PreventionGenetics, part of Exact Sciences. Michelle M. Morrow and Francisca Millan are employees of GeneDx, LLC. All other authors declare no conflicts of interests., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Published
2023
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45. Biallelic pathogenic variants in POLR3D alter tRNA transcription and cause a hypomyelinating leukodystrophy: A case report.

Author

Macintosh J, Perrier S, Pinard M, Tran LT, Guerrero K, Prasad C, Prasad AN, Pastinen T, Thiffault I, Coulombe B, and Bernard G

Abstract

RNA polymerase III-related leukodystrophy (POLR3-related leukodystrophy) is a rare, genetically determined hypomyelinating disease arising from biallelic pathogenic variants in genes encoding subunits of RNA polymerase III (Pol III). Here, we describe the first reported case of POLR3-related leukodystrophy caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in POLR3D , encoding the RPC4 subunit of Pol III. The individual, a female, demonstrated delays in walking and expressive and receptive language as a child and later cognitively plateaued. Additional neurological features included cerebellar signs (e.g., dysarthria, ataxia, and intention tremor) and dysphagia, while non-neurological features included hypodontia, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and dysmorphic facial features. Her MRI was notable for diffuse hypomyelination with myelin preservation of early myelinating structures, characteristic of POLR3-related leukodystrophy. Exome sequencing revealed the biallelic variants in POLR3D , a missense variant (c.541C > T, p.P181S) and an intronic splice site variant (c.656-6G > A, p.?). Functional studies of the patient's fibroblasts demonstrated significantly decreased RNA-level expression of POLR3D , along with reduced expression of other Pol III subunit genes. Notably, Pol III transcription was also shown to be aberrant, with a significant decrease in 7SK RNA and several distinct tRNA genes analyzed. Affinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry of the POLR3D p.P181S variant showed normal assembly of Pol III subunits yet altered interaction of Pol III with the PAQosome chaperone complex, indicating the missense variant is likely to alter complex maturation. This work identifies biallelic pathogenic variants in POLR3D as a novel genetic cause of POLR3-related leukodystrophy, expanding the molecular spectrum associated with this disease, and proposes altered tRNA homeostasis as a factor in the underlying biology of this hypomyelinating disorder., Competing Interests: GB was a consultant for Passage Bio Inc (2020–2022) and Ionis (2019). She is/was a site investigator for the Alexander’s disease trial of Ionis (2021–present), Metachromatic leukodystrophy of Shire/Takeda (2020–2021), Krabbe and GM1 gene therapy trials of Passage Bio (2021–present), GM1 natural history study from the University of Pennsylvania sponsored by Passage Bio (2021-present), and Adrenoleukodystrophy/Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation natural history study of Bluebird Bio (2019), a site sub-investigator for the MPS II gene therapy trial of Regenxbio (2021–present) and the MPS II clinical trial of Denali (2022–present). She has received unrestricted educational grants from Takeda (2021–2022). LT currently manages sponsored clinical trials at the site level for Ionis Pharmaceuticals (Alexander disease clinical trial, 2021–present), Passage Bio (Krabbe disease and GM1 gangliosidosis clinical trials, 2021–present), and Teva Pharmaceuticals (chronic and episodic migraine clinical trials, 2022–present), and also manages a GM1 gangliosidosis natural history study sponsored by the University of Pennsylvania with funding from Passage Bio. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Macintosh, Perrier, Pinard, Tran, Guerrero, Prasad, Prasad, Pastinen, Thiffault, Coulombe and Bernard.)

Published
2023
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46. Hemizygous variants in protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3F (PPP1R3F) are associated with a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by developmental delay, intellectual disability and autistic features.

Author

Liu Z, Xin B, Smith IN, Sency V, Szekely J, Alkelai A, Shuldiner A, Efthymiou S, Rajabi F, Coury S, Brownstein CA, Rudnik-Schöneborn S, Bruel AL, Thevenon J, Zeidler S, Jayakar P, Schmidt A, Cremer K, Engels H, Peters SO, Zaki MS, Duan R, Zhu C, Xu Y, Gao C, Sepulveda-Morales T, Maroofian R, Alkhawaja IA, Khawaja M, Alhalasah H, Houlden H, Madden JA, Turchetti V, Marafi D, Agrawal PB, Schatz U, Rotenberg A, Rotenberg J, Mancini GMS, Bakhtiari S, Kruer M, Thiffault I, Hirsch S, Hempel M, Stühn LG, Haack TB, Posey JE, Lupski JR, Lee H, Sarn NB, Eng C, Gonzaga-Jauregui C, Zhang B, and Wang H

Subjects
Male, Humans, Protein Phosphatase 1 genetics, Glucose, Glycogen, Intellectual Disability genetics, Intellectual Disability complications, Autism Spectrum Disorder genetics, Autistic Disorder genetics, Neurodevelopmental Disorders genetics, Neurodevelopmental Disorders complications
Abstract

Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3F (PPP1R3F) is a member of the glycogen targeting subunits (GTSs), which belong to the large group of regulatory subunits of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), a major eukaryotic serine/threonine protein phosphatase that regulates diverse cellular processes. Here, we describe the identification of hemizygous variants in PPP1R3F associated with a novel X-linked recessive neurodevelopmental disorder in 13 unrelated individuals. This disorder is characterized by developmental delay, mild intellectual disability, neurobehavioral issues such as autism spectrum disorder, seizures and other neurological findings including tone, gait and cerebellar abnormalities. PPP1R3F variants segregated with disease in affected hemizygous males that inherited the variants from their heterozygous carrier mothers. We show that PPP1R3F is predominantly expressed in brain astrocytes and localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum in cells. Glycogen content in PPP1R3F knockout astrocytoma cells appears to be more sensitive to fluxes in extracellular glucose levels than in wild-type cells, suggesting that PPP1R3F functions in maintaining steady brain glycogen levels under changing glucose conditions. We performed functional studies on nine of the identified variants and observed defects in PP1 binding, protein stability, subcellular localization and regulation of glycogen metabolism in most of them. Collectively, the genetic and molecular data indicate that deleterious variants in PPP1R3F are associated with a new X-linked disorder of glycogen metabolism, highlighting the critical role of GTSs in neurological development. This research expands our understanding of neurodevelopmental disorders and the role of PP1 in brain development and proper function., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Published
2023
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47. Heterozygous rare variants in NR2F2 cause a recognizable multiple congenital anomaly syndrome with developmental delays.

Author

Ganapathi M, Matsuoka LS, March M, Li D, Brokamp E, Benito-Sanz S, White SM, Lachlan K, Ahimaz P, Sewda A, Bastarache L, Thomas-Wilson A, Stoler JM, Bramswig NC, Baptista J, Stals K, Demurger F, Cogne B, Isidor B, Bedeschi MF, Peron A, Amiel J, Zackai E, Schacht JP, Iglesias AD, Morton J, Schmetz A, Seidel V, Lucia S, Baskin SM, Thiffault I, Cogan JD, Gordon CT, Chung WK, Bowdin S, and Bhoj E

Subjects
Animals, Humans, COUP Transcription Factor II genetics, Muscle Hypotonia, Syndrome, Abnormalities, Multiple genetics, Abnormalities, Multiple diagnosis, Heart Defects, Congenital genetics, Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital genetics, Intellectual Disability genetics
Abstract

Nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group F member 2 (NR2F2 or COUP-TF2) encodes a transcription factor which is expressed at high levels during mammalian development. Rare heterozygous Mendelian variants in NR2F2 were initially identified in individuals with congenital heart disease (CHD), then subsequently in cohorts of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and 46,XX ovotesticular disorders/differences of sexual development (DSD); however, the phenotypic spectrum associated with pathogenic variants in NR2F2 remains poorly characterized. Currently, less than 40 individuals with heterozygous pathogenic variants in NR2F2 have been reported. Here, we review the clinical and molecular details of 17 previously unreported individuals with rare heterozygous NR2F2 variants, the majority of which were de novo. Clinical features were variable, including intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), CHD, CDH, genital anomalies, DSD, developmental delays, hypotonia, feeding difficulties, failure to thrive, congenital and acquired microcephaly, dysmorphic facial features, renal failure, hearing loss, strabismus, asplenia, and vascular malformations, thus expanding the phenotypic spectrum associated with NR2F2 variants. The variants seen were predicted loss of function, including a nonsense variant inherited from a mildly affected mosaic mother, missense and a large deletion including the NR2F2 gene. Our study presents evidence for rare, heterozygous NR2F2 variants causing a highly variable syndrome of congenital anomalies, commonly associated with heart defects, developmental delays/intellectual disability, dysmorphic features, feeding difficulties, hypotonia, and genital anomalies. Based on the new and previous cases, we provide clinical recommendations for evaluating individuals diagnosed with an NR2F2-associated disorder., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to European Society of Human Genetics.)

Published
2023
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48. Craniofacial features of POLR3-related leukodystrophy caused by biallelic variants in POLR3A , POLR3B and POLR1C .

Author

Mirchi A, Guay SP, Tran LT, Wolf NI, Vanderver A, Brais B, Sylvain M, Pohl D, Rossignol E, Saito M, Moutton S, González-Gutiérrez-Solana L, Thiffault I, Kruer MC, Moron DG, Kauffman M, Goizet C, Sztriha L, Glamuzina E, Melançon SB, Naidu S, Retrouvey JM, Lacombe S, Bernardino-Cuesta B, De Bie I, and Bernard G

Subjects
Humans, RNA Polymerase III genetics, Inheritance Patterns, DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases genetics, Demyelinating Diseases, Neurodegenerative Diseases
Abstract

Background: RNA polymerase III-related or 4H leukodystrophy (POLR3-HLD) is an autosomal recessive hypomyelinating leukodystrophy characterized by neurological dysfunction, hypodontia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. The disease is caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in POLR3A , POLR3B , POLR1C or POLR3K . Craniofacial abnormalities reminiscent of Treacher Collins syndrome have been originally described in patients with POLR3-HLD caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in POLR1C . To date, no published studies have appraised in detail the craniofacial features of patients with POLR3-HLD. In this work, the specific craniofacial characteristics of patients with POLR3-HLD associated with biallelic pathogenic variants in POLR3A , POLR3B and POLR1C are described., Methods: The craniofacial features of 31 patients with POLR3-HLD were evaluated, and potential genotype-phenotype associations were evaluated., Results: Various craniofacial abnormalities were recognized in this patient cohort, with each individual presenting at least one craniofacial abnormality. The most frequently identified features included a flat midface (61.3%), a smooth philtrum (58.0%) and a pointed chin (51.6%). In patients with POLR3B biallelic variants, a thin upper lip was frequent. Craniofacial anomalies involving the forehead were most commonly associated with biallelic variants in POLR3A and POLR3B while a higher proportion of patients with POLR1C biallelic variants demonstrated bitemporal narrowing., Conclusion: Through this study, we demonstrated that craniofacial abnormalities are common in patients with POLR3-HLD. This report describes in detail the dysmorphic features of POLR3-HLD associated with biallelic variants in POLR3A , POLR3B and POLR1C ., Competing Interests: Competing interests: LTT currently manages sponsored clinical trials at the site level for Ionis Pharmaceuticals (Alexander disease clinical trial 2021–present), Passage Bio (Krabbe disease and GM1 gangliosidosis clinical trials, 2021–present) and Teva Pharmaceuticals (chronic and episodic migraine clinical trials, 2022–present). He also manages a GM1 gangliosidosis natural history study sponsored by the University of Pennsylvania with funding from Passage Bio. NIW is advisor and/or co-investigator for trials in Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (Shire/Takeda, Orchard, Evidera) and other leukodystrophies (Ionis, PassageBio, Vigil Neuro, Sana Biotech), without personal payment. AV receives research grants or in-kind research support without any personal compensation from Takeda, Passage Bio, Sanofi, Affynia, Orchard Therapeutics, Eli Lilly, ISD therapeutics, Illumina, Myrtelle, Homology, Sana and Ionis. She is a site investigator for the Ionis clinical trial in Alexander’s disease, SHP611 in Metachromatic leukodystrophy of Shire/Takeda and Passage Bio gene therapy in Krabbe. She serves on the scientific advisory board of the ELA foundation, the ULF Foundation and the Yaya Foundation Scientific and Clinical Advisory Council. She is a member of the Vanishing White Matter Consortium, the H-ABC Clinical Advisory Board. She receives grant funding from this RDCRN NCATS/NINDS (U01 NS106845, U54TR002823 and R21 NS123477. GB is/was a consultant for Passage Bio Inc (2020–2022) and Ionis (2019). She is/was a site investigator for the Alexander’s disease trial of Ionis (2021–present), Metachromatic leukodystrophy of Shire/Takeda (2020–2021), Krabbe and GM1 gene therapy trials of Passage Bio (2021–present), GM1 natural history study sponsored by the University of Pennsylvania with funding from Passage Bio (2021–present) and Adrenoleukodystrophy/Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation natural history study of Bluebird Bio (2019), a site sub-investigator for the MPS II gene therapy trial of Regenxbio (2021–present) and the MPS II clinical trial of Denali (2022–present). She has received an unrestricted educational grant from Takeda (2021–2022). She serves on the scientific advisory board of the Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Foundation, the Yaya Foundation Scientific and Clinical Advisory Council and is the Chair of the Medical and Scientific Advisory Board of the United Leukodystrophy Foundation. She is a member of the Vanishing White Matter Consortium, the H-ABC Clinical Advisory Board and the Chair of the POLR3-related (4H) Leukodystrophy Consortium. She is on the editorial boards of Neurology Genetics, Frontiers in Neurology – Neurogenetics and Journal of Medical Genetics., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.)

Published
2023
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49. Neuropathological characterization of the cavitating leukoencephalopathy caused by COA8 cytochrome c oxidase deficiency: a case report.

Author

Chapleau A, Boucher RM, Pastinen T, Thiffault I, Gould PV, and Bernard G

Abstract

COA8-related leukoencephalopathy is a recently described rare cavitating leukoencephalopathy caused by biallelic variants in the COA8 gene. Clinically, it presents heterogeneously and usually follows a bi-phasic clinical course with a period of acute onset and regression, followed by stabilization, and in some cases, even subtle improvement. We present a 4-year-old boy with a homozygous 2.5 kilobase pair deletion in the COA8 gene following a severe neurological deterioration resulting in death weeks after onset. Brain MRI revealed a distinctive pattern of cavitating leukodystrophy predominantly involving the posterior cerebral white matter which improved upon a follow-up MRI a month later. Brain pathology displayed overall white matter destruction with gliosis and infiltration by macrophages. There was preservation of astrocytes around blood vessels and axons around the zones of demyelination. This study is the first neuropathological examination of COA8-related leukoencephalopathy and provides further characterization of the clinical and MRI phenotype., Competing Interests: GB was a consultant for Passage Bio Inc., (2020-2022) and Ionis (2019). She is/was a site investigator for the AlexanderŠs disease trial of Ionis (2021-present), Metachromatic leukodystrophy of Shire/Takeda (2020-2021), Krabbe and GM1 gene therapy trials of Passage Bio (2021-present), GM1 natural history study from the University of Pennsylvania sponsored by Passage Bio (2021-present) and Adrenoleukodystrophy/Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation natural history study of Bluebird Bio (2019), a site sub-investigator for the MPS II gene therapy trial of Regenxbio (2021-present), and the MPS II clinical trial of Denali (2022-present). She has received an unrestricted educational grant from Takeda (2021-2022). She serves on the scientific advisory board of the Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Foundation, the Yaya Foundation Scientific and Clinical Advisory Council and the Chair of the Medical and Scientific Advisory Board of the United Leukodystrophy Foundation. She is a member of the Vanishing White Matter Consortium, the H-ABC Clinical Advisory Board, MLC Clinical Expert Consortium and the Chair of the POLR3-related (4H) Leukodystrophy Consortium. She is on the editorial boards of Neurology Genetics, Frontiers in Neurology – Neurogenetics, and Journal of Medical Genetics. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Chapleau, Boucher, Pastinen, Thiffault, Gould and Bernard.)

Published
2023
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50. HNRNPC haploinsufficiency affects alternative splicing of intellectual disability-associated genes and causes a neurodevelopmental disorder.

Author

Niggl E, Bouman A, Briere LC, Hoogenboezem RM, Wallaard I, Park J, Admard J, Wilke M, Harris-Mostert EDRO, Elgersma M, Bain J, Balasubramanian M, Banka S, Benke PJ, Bertrand M, Blesson AE, Clayton-Smith J, Ellingford JM, Gillentine MA, Goodloe DH, Haack TB, Jain M, Krantz I, Luu SM, McPheron M, Muss CL, Raible SE, Robin NH, Spiller M, Starling S, Sweetser DA, Thiffault I, Vetrini F, Witt D, Woods E, Zhou D, Elgersma Y, and van Esbroeck ACM

Subjects
Humans, Alternative Splicing genetics, Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Group C genetics, Haploinsufficiency genetics, Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins genetics, Intellectual Disability genetics, Neurodevelopmental Disorders genetics
Abstract

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C (HNRNPC) is an essential, ubiquitously abundant protein involved in mRNA processing. Genetic variants in other members of the HNRNP family have been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we describe 13 individuals with global developmental delay, intellectual disability, behavioral abnormalities, and subtle facial dysmorphology with heterozygous HNRNPC germline variants. Five of them bear an identical in-frame deletion of nine amino acids in the extreme C terminus. To study the effect of this recurrent variant as well as HNRNPC haploinsufficiency, we used induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and fibroblasts obtained from affected individuals. While protein localization and oligomerization were unaffected by the recurrent C-terminal deletion variant, total HNRNPC levels were decreased. Previously, reduced HNRNPC levels have been associated with changes in alternative splicing. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis on published RNA-seq datasets of three different cell lines to identify a ubiquitous HNRNPC-dependent signature of alternative spliced exons. The identified signature was not only confirmed in fibroblasts obtained from an affected individual but also showed a significant enrichment for genes associated with intellectual disability. Hence, we assessed the effect of decreased and increased levels of HNRNPC on neuronal arborization and neuronal migration and found that either condition affects neuronal function. Taken together, our data indicate that HNRNPC haploinsufficiency affects alternative splicing of multiple intellectual disability-associated genes and that the developing brain is sensitive to aberrant levels of HNRNPC. Hence, our data strongly support the inclusion of HNRNPC to the family of HNRNP-related neurodevelopmental disorders., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 American Society of Human Genetics. All rights reserved.)

Published
2023
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