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The article considers in detail the mechanisms of therapeutic action of various mucoactive agents. Modern approaches to mucoactive therapy of respiratory diseases in children are presented, they are accompanied by the formation of a viscous secretion. At the same time, the expediency of combined use of drugs having different mechanism of mucoactive action — ambroxol and carbocysteine is justified. In addition, it helps to increase the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy for respiratory diseases.

Curcuma longa Linn. is a very commonly used herb in the day-to-day life for therapeutic and culinary purposes. Haridra commonly known as ‘Golden spice’ belongs to Zingiberaceae family and is very well known for its pharmacological actions like hepatoprotective, anti-allergic, immune-stimulant, anti-cancer, anti-tumor, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic etc. According to the growing regions there are so many varieties of Haridra like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and North Eastern varieties. All medicinal plants contain phytochemicals or bioactive compounds which plays the key role in its therapeutic action. Most of the drugs show variations in these phytochemicals due to its growing regions which results in severe variations of its quality and efficacy. Also the globalisation and increasing demand for Ayurveda drugs resulted in unavailability of authentic and quality drugs in market which meets the quality standards. Objective: Kerala variety of Turmeric is very well known for its high Curcumin, which is up to 6.5%. Present study is to evaluate the quality of Kerala variety of Haridra sample. Material and methods: This study involves pharmacognostical and phytochemical analysis of Kerala variety of Haridra samples to ensure its purity, safety and quality. Observations and Results: All the findings of the phytochemical and pharmacognostical study were within the standards of quality as per API. Conclusion: The present sample of Haridra, the Kerala variety was found to be rich in Quality and was safe, pure and authentic.

The basic concept of FDT is the incorporation of superdisintegrants, which promotes breakdown of tablet quickly when kept or positioned on the tongue, allowing the drug to be released into the saliva. The rate of absorption is regulated by the solubility of the medication. The faster the dosage form of the medication dissolves in solution, the faster the therapeutic action is absorbed and initiated. In FDT, a medicine or dose form should dissolve or disintegrate in the saliva within 60 seconds. The objective of this research work is to formulate a Pravastatin tablet that disintegrated quickly using natural disintegrants. As a diluent, we employed microcrystalline cellulose. Synthetic superdisintegrant such as crospovidone and croscarmellose sodium were used, they were replaced with natural superdisintegrant. In this study, natural superdisintegrant dehydrated banana powder were used synthetic superdisintegrants viz. croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone. A Natural superdisintegrant was used in this formulation at concentrations of 2, 4, 6 and 8% of total weight of tablet i.e. 4, 8, 12 and 15 mg respectively in 200 mg tablet. According to the data, the tablet formulation containing 6% banana powder (i.e., 12 mg per tablet, formulation code FB4) showed a faster and higher drug release of 97.75% during the in-vitro dissolution investigation.

Захворюваність на цукровий діабет невпинно зростає набуваючи характеру справжньої епідемії та стає викликом не тільки для медицини, але й суспільства вцілому. Зважаючи на те, що близько 90% усіх хворих припадає на хворих з цукровим діабетом 2 типу. Пріоритетним напрямком серед дослідників є пошук нових методів лікування цукрового діабету 2 типу. Існує ряд статей про лікування цукрового діабету 2 типу солями гумінових кислот. Дана стаття висвітлює проведене експериментальне дослідження лікувальних властивостей солей гуматів на щурах. Отримані дані під час дослідження та після дослідження морфологічних змін органів-мішеней (печінка, нирки міокард) свідчать про недостатню терапевтичну дію солей гумінових кислот.

The use of medicinal plants reflects the reality of a part of human history. The Brazilian population with limited access to public health programs led to the development and conservation of ethnobotanical knowledge-rich information regarding medicinal plants. However, popular wisdom lacks systematization so that it can correctly use it. Herein we present the Piranhea trifoliata (family Picrondendraceae), an Amazonian plant with a wide variety of molecules with biological effects. The antimalarial effect was the dominant description observed in the studies used for this review, followed by antifungal and antioxidant actions. This review provides a synopsis of the recent literature exploring the extracts from P. trifoliata that could efficiently prevent pathologies associated with cellular maintenance mechanisms during malaria or fungal infection and oxidative stress.

Man has been struggling to get remedies for various life-threatening disorders which are common in the day to day life of the busy world. Many lifestyle disorders such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, thyroid dysfunction, respiratory disorders, skin diseases, etc. arise due to incompatible diet, polluted atmosphere, sedentary life style, lack of exercise, lack of proper sleep, etc. Ayurveda, the science of life, advices to follow Dinacharya, Ritucharya, Sadvritta etc for the benefit of the common man to enhance longevity. Ayurveda utilizes the wide range of herbal drugs either as single drug or in combination for the purpose of health care remedies. The phyto constituents present in these drugs play the major role in treating the diseases. Ferula foetida, known as Hingu in Ayurveda has promising therapeutic value due to the presence of chemical constituents like sulphide derivatives, volatile oil etc. Many studies revealed the various pharmacological actions of Hingu such as carminative, antispasmodic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, etc. This review highlights the available information on the drug Hingu by due consideration to the action of Hingu on the respiratory system and the formulations with Hingu as an ingredient as available in the Ayurvedic texts in treating respiratory disorders. Some other aspects are also discussed in the review.

O profissional da medicina, vive muitas adaptações durante o percurso de sua formação e após ela. Essas adaptações podem interferir na qualidade de vida e consequentemente na organização de seu processo de trabalho. Perceber as emoções, ajuda na mobilização para criar recursos internos e buscar estratégias de autocuidado. Este estudo, relata a experiência da utilização de uma Prática Integrativa e Complementar; a Terapia Comunitária Integrativa (TCI), criada pelo médico psiquiatra Adalberto Barreto, trata-se de um instrumento de Intervenção Complementar do Ministério da Saúde, utilizada como uma ação coletiva terapêutica, exercida por terapeutas comunitários. Esta técnica tem como objetivo, proporcionar espaços de acolhimento e partilha da vida, onde é possível falar das dores, dos problemas e das potencialidades dos indivíduos e das comunidades. Esse relato de experiência, apresentou um projeto de intervenção terapêutica ofertada para estudantes do primeiro ao sexto ano de um curso de medicina do município de São Paulo. A conclusão da proposta, culminou em resultados positivos no alcance da melhoria da qualidade de saúde integral, mental e emocional deste público.

The article provides a review of current data on the pharmacological and pathogenetic principles of the use of selective type 5 PDE inhibitors in patients with lower urinary tract dysfunctions. The mechanisms of the therapeutic action of these drugs for various urinary tract dysfunctions are examined in detail, the leading of which is the improvement of blood circulation and the reduction of ischemia of the pelvic organs.

The Play for a Change Conference (Bryn Mawr College, November 2019)*evoked the feeling of play in an enriched collaborative exchange of ideas. This volume gathered the ideas presented in the confer...

Being part of a group is likely to increase the affiliation of the members, serving as a source of support in times of crises and distress. Group meetings are part of the therapeutic action provided to a group of individuals, together in their inpatient setup. This enables in developing a rapport with the unit as a whole and resolve any misunderstanding or discrepant information, as far as possible. The present study aims to explore the efficacy of group meetings in a psychiatric inpatient setting in males and females in terms of the process and outcome. In the present study, the total sample consisted of twenty inpatients at a mental health-care unit, of which 9 were females and 11 were males. These two groups consisted of individuals with mixed diagnosis. Group meetings along with individual therapy for each of the patients were conducted separately for both the groups over a span of 15 sessions. Results of the study showed that the group meeting was found to be effective as was reflected in terms of the outcome measures. Further, sex-related differences were found to be present across several measures. Thus, the present study further highlights the importance of group meetings as an adjunct to ongoing intervention in psychiatric inpatient wards and also warrants a customization in the plan and approach for males and females separately.

Background Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are considered as the origin of tumor relapse. Here, we investigated the effects of Fructus Viticis total flavonoids (FVTF) on the characteristics of lung cancer stem-like cells (LCSLCs) derived from human small cell lung cancer NCI-H446 cell line and its potential mechanism. Methods Human small cell lung cancer NCI-H446 cell line was cultured in vitro. The CD133+ cells were sorted from NCI-H446 cell line by magnetic separation. The suspended culture with stem cell-conditioned medium was used to amplify CD133+ sphere-forming cells (SFCs). The stem cell characteristics of CD133+ SFCs were evaluated using cell self-renewal capacity by tumor sphere formation assay, migration and invasion capacity by Transwell assay, tumorigenicity by xenograft model in nude mouse and cancer stem cell markers expression levels by western blot. The effects of FVTF on the properties of LCSLCs were examined by tumorsphere formation assay and transwell chamber assay. The expression level of p-Akt was determined by western blot analysis. Result CD133+ SFCs derived from human small cell lung cancer NCI-H446 cells exhibited stemness properties of tumorsphere formation and tumorigenesis capacity comparing to the parental cells. FVTF relative selectively inhibited the proliferation of LCSLCs, suppressed tumor sphere forming capacity and migration and invasion of LCSLCs, and down-regulated the protein expression of stem cell markers (CD133, CD44 and ALDH1), self-renewal associated transcription factors (Bmi1, Nanog and OCT4) and invasion associated transcription factors (Twist1 and Snail1) in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, we found that FVTF treatment could significantly decrease the phosphorylation level of Akt in LCSLCs. Meanwhile, LY294002 and FVTF synergistically inhibited the characteristics of LCSLCs. Conclusion FVTF inhibits the characteristics of LCSLCs through down-regulating expression of p-Akt.

RESUMEN Introducción: El agua minero-medicinal estudiada procede del Complejo Termal de Presidencia Roque Sáenz Peña, provincia del Chaco, ubicado en el nordeste de Argentina. Las aguas de los acuíferos terciarios del norte argentino presentan un marcado gradiente de salinidad desde el sector oeste (subgrupo Jujuy) hasta el sector este (formación Chaco). Los acuíferos son procesos dinámicos y, en consecuencia, la composición del agua subterránea natural debe contemplarse con la perspectiva de su posible variación espacio-temporal. Objetivos: Analizar y comparar la composición química y la calidad microbiológica del agua de las termas de la ciudad de Sáenz Peña en el período 2016-2018 y evaluar sus principales características fisicoquímicas que definen sus potenciales aplicaciones terapéuticas. Resultados: El agua termal por su temperatura se clasifica como agua hipotermal, con pH cercano a la neutralidad, conductividad elevada mostrando su relación directa con la alta salinidad. Por su porcentual equivalente se define como agua clorurada, con alto contenido del anión sulfato y los cationes sodio, potasio, calcio y magnesio. De acuerdo con la composición mayoritaria de cloruros, el uso terapéutico vía tópica sería recomendado para afecciones óseas y musculares, así como problemas dermatológicos y circulatorios. SUMMARY Introduction: The mineral-medicinal water studied comes from the Presidencia Roque Sáenz Peña Thermal Complex, Chaco province, located in the northeast of Argentina. The waters of the tertiary aquifers of northern Argentina present a marked salinity gradient from the western sector (Jujuy subgroup) to the eastern sector (Chaco formation). Aquifers are dynamic processes and consequently, the composition of natural groundwater must be viewed from the perspective of its possible spatial-temporal variation. Aims: To analyse and to compare the chemical composition and microbiological quality of thermal water of the city of Sáenz Peña in the 2016-2018 period and to evaluate its main physicochemical characteristics that define its potential therapeutic applications. Results: Due to its temperature, the thermal water is classified as hypothermal water, with a pH close to neutrality, high conductivity, showing its direct relationship with high salinity. Its equivalent percentage defined as chlorinated water, with high content of the sulphate anion and the cations sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. According to the majority composition of chlorides, topical use is recommended for bone and muscle ailments, as well as dermatological and circulatory problems. RESUMO Introdução: A água mineral-medicinal estudada provém do Complexo Térmico Presidencia Roque Sáenz Peña, província de Chaco, localizada no nordeste da Argentina. As águas dos aquíferos terciários do norte da Argentina apresentam um acentuado gradiente de salinidade do setor ocidental (subgrupo Jujuy) ao setor oriental (formação Chaco). Os aquíferos são processos dinâmicos e, consequentemente, a composição da água subterrânea natural deve ser vista sob a perspectiva de sua possível variação espaço-temporal. Objetivos: Analisar e comparar a composição química e qualidade microbiológica das águas termais da cidade de Sáenz Peña no período 2016-2018 e avaliar suas principais características físico-químicas que definem seus potenciais aplicações terapêuticas. Resultados: Devido à sua temperatura, a água termal é classificada como água hipotérmica, com pH próximo da neutralidade, alta condutividade, mostrando sua relação direta com a alta salinidade. Seu percentual equivalente definido como água clorada, com alto teor do ânion sulfato e dos cátions sódio, potássio, cálcio e magnésio. De acordo com a composição majoritária dos cloretos, o uso tópico é recomendado para doenças ósseas e musculares, bem como para problemas dermatológicos e circulatórios.

Plants have been used for centuries as therapeutic resources for various pathological conditions and are occasionally considered as the only resource available to some communities. However, knowledge on the potential of traditional medicinal plants have been lost over the years. Strategies that can guarantee the prospection of popular knowledge regarding medicinal plants to stimulate the spread of information between generations are therefore of enormous value. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the use and knowledge on medicinal plants of students from a public school in Vila Velha (Brazil) and their associated community, including parents. In this urban locality, data were obtained by the application of a semi-structured questionnaire to 206 people from the school community. Although homegrown cultivation seems to be an uncommon practice in urban contexts, the use of medicinal plants by the sampled population was significant (80%), as well as the interviewees’ confidence on its therapeutic action (90%). It is worth mentioning that more than 70% of the respondents presented their parents and/or grandparents as their main source of information, highlighting the importance of popular knowledge valorization.

Mushrooms have remained an eternal part of traditional cuisines due to their beneficial health potential and have long been recognized as a folk medicine for their broad spectrum of nutraceuticals, as well as therapeutic and prophylactic uses. Nowadays, they have been extensively investigated to explain the chemical nature and mechanisms of action of their biomedicine and nutraceuticals capacity. Mushrooms belong to the astounding dominion of Fungi and are known as a macrofungus. Significant health benefits of mushrooms, including antiviral, antibacterial, anti-parasitic, antifungal, wound healing, anticancer, immunomodulating, antioxidant, radical scavenging, detoxification, hepatoprotective cardiovascular, anti-hypercholesterolemia, and anti-diabetic effects, etc., have been reported around the globe and have attracted significant interests of its further exploration in commercial sectors. They can function as functional foods, help in the treatment and therapeutic interventions of sub-optimal health states, and prevent some consequences of life-threatening diseases. Mushrooms mainly contained low and high molecular weight polysaccharides, fatty acids, lectins, and glucans responsible for their therapeutic action. Due to the large varieties of mushrooms present, it becomes challenging to identify chemical components present in them and their beneficial action. This article highlights such therapeutic activities with their active ingredients for mushrooms.

Conventional cancer chemotherapies are associated with challenges like delivering sub-therapeutic doses to target cells, lack of bioavailability, drug insolubility and nonspecific toxicity to healthy cells. Nanomedicine, an advanced process, can contribute to the development of personalized medicine for diagnosis, therapy and monitoring of cancer. The nanometals enhance drug dissolution and adhesion to targeted tumor surfaces, resulting in rapid onset of effective therapeutic action. Moreover, nanometals can be conjugated with ligands or polymers through a conjugation process, which further leads to enhanced efficiency, target specificity, improved pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drug. This review focuses on the applications of conjugated nanometals in cancer therapy, with a special focus on noble and magnetic nanometals.

The management of the upper limb (MS) of the child with cerebral palsy (CP) is long past that of walking; many factors make it difficult to study the MS of the child PC: The variability of involvement (spasticity, dystonia) with, unlike the lower limb, the significant impact of associated disorders (sensory, cognitive) for functional use of the upper limb. The great diversity of tasks performed by the upper limb in contrast to the lower limb (cyclic activity of walking) which requires many assessment tools with standardized and age-appropriate tasks, for the multiple treatment goals. But for over fifteen years, with the advancement of research on brain plasticity, the development of new tools and access to certain therapeutics this care has taken a more important place and especially much earlier in the arsenal therapeutic. So we must emphasize the importance of choosing valuable tools for evaluation. .car if the used tests are not relevant, the relevance of the therapeutic action that will follow becomes her also questionable, Moreover, this means also that the therapist has some knowledge of possible therapeutics in order to able to inform his patient and refer him to appropriate stakeholders.

The recent evolution in new drug delivery systems plays a important role in pharmaceutical industries. There are various controlled release products, Microsphere is one among all due to the sustained release and controlled release properties.Microsphere are small spherical shape characteristically free flowing powders, with diameters typically ranging from 1 μm to 1000 μm (1 mm). Microspheres can be produced using several natural and synthetic polymeric materials. Depending on the method, solid or porous microspheres can be obtained for specific intended applications. The variety of methods for the production of microspheres offers numerous opportunities to control the aspects of administration of the API. It provides the prolonged therapeutic action and reduce the dosing frequency, which improve the patient compliance. To get the desired effect the drug should deliver at the target tissue in an ideal amount in the right period of time with maximum therapeutic effect and minimum side effect. Now a day’s microspheres have been used to deliver drugs, vaccines etc. The article is mainly focus on the various aspect of microspheres drug delivery system along with their method of preparation, technique to evaluate its efficiency and pharmaceutical application of microspheres.

Objectives. The equipment for general cryotherapy (WBC) has been used for more than 40 years without a clear understanding of the mechanism of therapeutic action, the technological conditions of patient safety, the nominal cost of energy in cryostation systems. Uncertainty in the fundamental issues of the production and operation of cryotherapy equipment has caused a gradual degradation of the WBC method in countries that have long determined the development of this section of cryomedical technology.Method. In Russia, thanks to the advanced development of the scientific basis of the production and operation of facilities for the WBC, this method is developing dynamically. Exports of cryo-therapeutic equipment are growing. In the foreign literature, the number of publications denying the effects of the WBC is growing. These articles describe research performed on foreign-made equipment, which is significantly inferior to Russian samples. Such publications discredit the WBC method, hamper the export of Russian equipment, and hinder the spread of effective treatment methods in Russia.Result. The results of the analysis of differences in design and technological parameters of domestic and foreign equipment are presented. The technique of numerical analysis and optimization of WBC technology is described. It is shown that the basis of the effectiveness of Russian equipment is rational design solutions and high power supply of cryostatting equipment.Conclusion. The individual technology of the procedures combines high therapeutic efficacy with relatively low energy costs, and also provides the traditional medicine principle of individuality of treatment. Research results should be popularized for the gradual distribution of single-unit installations in all medical facilities.

Research on siRNA is increasing due to its wide applicability as a therapeutic agent in irreversible medical conditions. siRNA inhibits expression of the specific gene after its delivery from formulation to cytosol region of a cell. RNAi (RNA interference) is a mechanism by which siRNA is silencing gene expression for a particular disease. Numerous studies revealed that naked siRNA delivery is not preferred due to instability and poor pharmacokinetic performance. Nanocarriers based delivery of siRNA has the advantage to overcome physiological barriers and protect the integrity of siRNA from degradation by RNAase. Various diseases like lung cancer, cystic fibrosis, asthma, etc can be treated effectively by local lung delivery. The selective targeted therapeutic action in diseased organ and least off targeted cytotoxicity are the key benefits of pulmonary delivery. The current review highlights recent developments in pulmonary delivery of siRNA with novel nanosized formulation approach with the proven in vitro/in vivo applications.

The mechanisms of physiological and therapeutic action of ultrathon therapy, features of the effect of currents of supertonal frequency on the main functional and regulatory systems of the human body, therapeutic methods, indications and contraindications for therapeutic use, the basics of physics and biophysics of medium-frequency electrical action are considered. Modern devices for ultrathon therapy, techniques and methods of medical procedures are presented.

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) oversees safety and efficacy of a broad spectrum of medical products (ie, drugs, biologics, and devices) under the auspices of federal legislation and agency regulations and policy. Complex and emerging nanoscale products challenge this regulatory framework and illuminate its shortcomings for combination products that integrate multiple mechanisms of therapeutic action. This article surveys current FDA regulatory structures and nanotechnology-specific guidance, discusses relevant nanomedicine products, and identifies regulatory challenges.

Nanomedicine has shown potential in enabling oral administration of poorly absorbable drugs, such as biologics. As part of the process related to optimisation of the safety and efficacy of nanomedicines, it is imperative that the interaction of nanoparticles with the biological systems - including the gut – is fully characterised. In this article, we provide an overview of the major mechanisms by which nanoparticles may transform upon introduction in biological media. Specifically, the phenomena of association, dissolution and biomolecule adsorption are discussed, together with factors which influence the occurrence of each phenomenon. The implications of these phenomena within the context of therapeutic action of nanomedicines, which includes reduced targeting efficiency, are also explored. Finally, we will comment on nanoparticle modification within the gut environment, including the currently available gastrointestinal models for the study of nano-bio interactions, with implications in the area of nanomedicines for oral administration.

The interactions of compounds with DNA have been studied since the recognition of the role of nucleic acid in organisms. The design of molecules which specifically interact with DNA sequences allows for the control of the gene expression. Determining the type and strength of such interaction is an indispensable element of pharmaceutical studies. Cognition of the therapeutic action mechanisms is particularly important for designing new drugs. Owing to their sensitivity, simplicity, and low costs, electrochemical methods are increasingly used for this type of research. Compared to other techniques, they require a small number of samples and are characterized by a high reliability. These methods can provide information about the type of interaction and the binding strength, as well as the damage caused by biologically active molecules targeting the cellular DNA. This review paper summarizes the various electrochemical approaches used for the study of the interactions between pharmaceuticals and DNA. The main focus is on the papers from the last decade, with particular attention on the voltammetric techniques. The most preferred experimental approaches, the electrode materials and the new methods of modification are presented. The data on the detection ranges, the binding modes and the binding constant values of pharmaceuticals are summarized. Both the importance of the presented research and the importance of future prospects are discussed.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a debilitating autoimmune disease with grave physical, emotional and socioeconomic consequences. Despite advances in targeted biologic and pharmacologic interventions that have recently come to market, many patients with RA continue to have inadequate response to therapies, or intolerable side effects, with resultant progression of their disease. In this review, we detail multiple biomolecular pathways involved in RA disease pathogenesis to elucidate and highlight pathways that have been therapeutic targets in managing this systemic autoimmune disease. Here we present an up-to-date accounting of both emerging and approved pharmacological treatments for RA, detailing their discovery, mechanisms of action, efficacy, and limitations. Finally, we turn to the emerging fields of bioengineering and cell therapy to illuminate possible future targeted therapeutic options that combine material and biological sciences for localized therapeutic action with the potential to greatly reduce side effects seen in systemically applied treatment modalities.

Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) are antibodies with two binding sites directed at two different antigens or two different epitopes on the same antigen. The clinical therapeutic effects of BsAbs are superior to those of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), with broad applications for tumor immunotherapy as well as for the treatment of other diseases. Recently, with progress in antibody or protein engineering and recombinant DNA technology, various platforms for generating different types of BsAbs based on novel strategies, for various uses, have been established. More than 30 mature commercial technology platforms have been used to create and develop BsAbs based on the heterologous recombination of heavy chains and matching of light chains. The detailed mechanisms of clinical/therapeutic action have been demonstrated with these different types of BsAbs. Three kinds of BsAbs have received market approval, and more than 110 types of BsAbs are at various stages of clinical trials. In this paper, we elaborate on the classic platforms, mechanisms, and applications of BsAbs. We hope that this review can stimulate new ideas for the development of BsAbs and improve current clinical strategies.

The relevance of Ionic Liquids (ILs) is now well established in many fields, since their unique properties make them appealing as (i) greener alternatives to organic solvents (first-generation ILs), (ii) tunable task-specific materials (second-generation ILs), and (iii) multi-functional players in Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences (third generation ILs). This third wave of ILs encompasses a wide range of compounds, from bioactive molecules with single or even dual therapeutic action, to potential ingredient molecules for the drug formulation and transport systems. In this context, the focus of this review is the emergent role of surface-active ionic liquids (SAILs) in drug development and delivery.

Although American traditional medicine (ATM) has been practiced for millennia, its complex multi-target mechanisms of therapeutic action remain poorly understood. Animal models are widely used to elucidate the therapeutic effects of various ATMs, including their modulation of brain and behavior. Complementing rodent models, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a promising novel organism in translational neuroscience and neuropharmacology research. Here, we emphasize the growing value of zebrafish for testing neurotropic effects of ATMs and outline future directions of research in this field. We also demonstrate the developing utility of zebrafish as complementary models for probing CNS mechanisms of ATM action and their potential to treat brain disorders.

Cannabidiol (CBD) is the major non-mind-altering section of the hairy glands of hemp plant that can be named‘cannabinoids’ (CBs). Cannabinoid in the pharmacology field is becoming an extensive subject specificallytowards the therapeutic characteristics of cannabinoid receptor agonists. Examples such as analgesia,muscle relaxation, immunosuppressive, antiinflammatory and anti-allergic effects, mood improvement,appetite stimulation, antiemesis, lowering of intraocular pressure, bronchodilatation, neuroprotection, andanti-neoplastic effects. Although this vast knowledge about the therapeutic properties of CBs, their clinicaluses remains a controversy and very limited. However, the focus now has been on CBD that constitutes upto 40% of the extract of the Cannabis and represents one of the most attractive prospects for therapeutic useowing to its extraordinary lack of both perceptual and psychoactive behavior. Finally, CBD is regarded as animportant putative lead compound to produce cannabinomimetic drugs because of its excellent tolerabilityin humans.

The therapeutic action of nitroaromatic antiandrogens nilutamide and flutamide may be complicated by their cytotoxicity, whose mechanisms are still incomprehensively understood. In particular this concerns the enzymatic redox cycling of flutamide and its metabolites, and its impact on their cytotoxicity. In this work, we examined the single-electron reduction of nilutamide, flutamide, its metabolites 2-hydroxyflutamide and 4-nitro-3-trifluorormethyl-phenylamine, and a topical antiandrogen (3-amino-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-(4-nitro-3-trifluoromethyl)-phenyl) propanamide by NADPH:cytochrome P-450 reductase and adrenodoxin reductase/adrenodoxin. The obtained steady-state bimolecular rate constants of oxidant reduction (kcat/Km) enabled to establish single-electron reduction midpoint potentials (E17) of compounds, −0.377 – −0.413 V, which were in line with enthalpies of formation of their free radicals, obtained by quantum mechanical calculations. Using murine hepatoma MH22a cells, the obtained cytotoxicity vs. E17 correlation based on the data of model nitroaromatic compounds shows that redox cycling and oxidative stress could be the main factor of cytotoxicity of nitroaromatic antiandrogens. Other minor cytotoxicity factors could be their redox metabolism involving NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) and cytochromes P-450.

However, despite successful use of lithium in the treatment of affective disorders for almost 40 years, the mechanisms of its therapeutic action are still poorly understood. This review presents and summarizes the current literature about the use of lithium in treatment of affective disorders, as well as its effects on cellular physiology, with a separate description of the effect of this ion on the functioning of nerve tissue and ion-molecular mechanisms.Несмотря на успешное применение лития в лечении аффективных расстройств на протяжении почти 40 лет, механизмы его терапевтического действия до сих пор изучены мало. В обзоре представлены и обобщены имеющиеся на сегодняшний момент данные литературы, касающиеся как применения лития для терапии аффективных расстройств, так и его эффектов на клеточную физиологию, с отдельным описанием влияния данного иона на функционирование нервной ткани и ионно-молекулярные механизмы.

The intracranial compartment syndrome, which is the clinical consequence of intracranial hypertension, is a condition characterized by high morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis of the syndrome is very complex and is based on the Monro-Kellie doctrine. In a rigid, non-compliant structure (as is the skull), even slight increases in the contained volumes (brain, blood, cerebrospinal fluid) translate into wide increases of internal pressure. Many pathologic conditions (intra- and/or extracranial) can cause an intracranial compartment syndrome and, although some compensatory mechanisms exist, those are usually ineffective when the rise in intracranial pressure is acute or hyperacute. Consequently, any therapeutic action should be based on a deep knowledge of the pathophysiology.

There is no effective therapy against COVID-19 available so far. In the last months, different drugs have been tested as potential treatments for COVID-19, exhibiting high toxicity and low efficacy. Therefore, nanotechnology can be applied to improve the therapeutic action and minimize the toxicity of loaded drugs. In this review, we summarized the drugs tested as COVID-19 treatment and the advantages of antiviral nanostructured drug-delivery systems. Such systems have demonstrated low in vitro toxicity with better in vitro antiviral activity than free drugs. We believe that this approach should inspire novel nanostructured drug-delivery systems developments to find efficient COVID-19 treatments. Here, we discuss the remaining challenges for such promising nanosystems to be approved for clinical use.

Carbohydrate-based materials offer exciting opportunities for drug delivery. They present readily available, biocompatible components for the construction of macromolecular systems which can be loaded with cargo, and can enable targeting of a payload to particular cell types through carbohydrate recognition events established in biological systems. These systems can additionally be engineered to respond to environmental stimuli, enabling triggered release of payload, to encompass multiple modes of therapeutic action, or to simultaneously fulfil a secondary function such as enabling imaging of target tissue. Here, we will explore the use of glycomacromolecules to deliver therapeutic benefits to address key health challenges, and suggest future directions for development of next-generation systems.