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The train station is an important facility. However, the services provided to train passengers are still not optimal. There are still several weaknesses, including the arrival and departure processes of trains that still rely on telephone communication with other station staff. Notification of train arrival will be sent by telephone by the officer at the previous station to the destination station. On receiving notification of arrival, station staff will close the train portal. This process can have a weakness, and namely, if there is the officers' negligence, it can cause an accident. This is due to the absence of an automatic operating system on the railroad crossing portals. Because the manual system must use human labour or operators to operate and open the railroad crossing portals, so that operator error or failure of manual operation of the portal can increase the likelihood of a train accident occurring at the crossing portal, the above problems can be overcome by implementing an automatic portal closure system. With an automatic portal system, the portal will automatically close if a train passes through the crossing.

(1) The COVID-19 pandemic has had many consequences on health systems worldwide. In the Spanish health system, telephone-based consultations were coupled to in-person consultations. This type of consultation was mainly a challenge for the primary care teams, who had to assume the greatest load of care provision. The objective of the present study was to discover the satisfaction and perception of health professionals related to a training program on efficient communication based on high-fidelity simulation. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study based on a convergent and parallel mixed method. The satisfaction and perception of 275 health professionals associated with COVID-19 training based on the structured communication model CERCAR© was analyzed. (3) Results: The assessment of the satisfaction with the training and methodology was high. With respect to the transfer of information, the participants gave a high score to the categories of consolidation of learning, applicability to their work, and benefits for the institution. The qualitative results supported these findings. (4) Conclusions: The training program and its virtual modality were well received, and had a high degree of transference. The application of active, online learning methodologies is a relevant format for continuous education.

OBJECTIVE To describe clinical findings, treatments, and outcomes for cattle with complete traumatic exungulation. ANIMALS 10 bovines. PROCEDURES Record databases of 2 teaching hospitals were searched to identify cattle treated for traumatic exungulation between January 1993 and December 2018. Information about signalment, clinical signs and findings, treatment, and outcome was extracted from the records or obtained by telephone communication with the owner. RESULTS Records for 5 bulls, 4 heifers, and 1 cow with a median age of 2 years (range, 1 day to 10 years) and weight of 379.1 kg (range, 30 to 909.1 kg) were reviewed. Duration of clinical signs ranged from ≤ 24 hours to 3.5 days. Five of 7 animals had a lameness score > 3/5. Complete exungulation occurred in 6 medial digits (3 hind limbs and 3 forelimbs) and 5 lateral digits (1 hind limb and 4 forelimbs); 1 calf had complete exungulation of both digits of a forelimb. Treatments included bandaging (n = 9), antimicrobials (9), anti-inflammatories (8), hoof block application to the adjacent digit (7), regional anesthesia (6), cast application (4), curettage of the third phalanx (3), regional antimicrobial perfusion (1), and local application of antimicrobial-impregnated beads (1). All 7 cattle with long-term (≥ 9 months) information available returned to their intended function; 6 had no residual lameness, and 3 required regular corrective trimming of the affected digit. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested the prognosis for long-term survival and return to intended function is fair to good for cattle with complete exungulation.

The aim of the research was to determine the level of knowledge of the farmers involved in the tasks of agricultural extension agents in the field of strawberry production in Ismailia Governorate, and to identify the level of availability of material and educational resources in the guidance devices from the point of view of the respondents and to determine the level of participation of farmers in the agricultural extension activities in the field of strawberry production in the research area, and to identify the extension services provided to farmers in the research area, and to identify the level of satisfaction of farmers. The research was conducted in Ismailia Governorate on a random sample of 260 respondents with 32.5% of the total number of surveyed farmers of the total volume of 800 farmers. The preliminary data were collected during the period from June and July 2018. The preliminary data for the research were processed statistically through the mean, percentages, numbers and frequencies. The following results were found: - The level of knowledge of 84.6% respondents the farmers interviewed in the role of agricultural extension agents in the field of strawberry production in the research area was low, the rest between the average and the higher. - The level of knowledge of 78.8% respondents the farmers in availability of material and educational resources with the guidance devices from the point of view of the surveyed farmers in the research area was low, the rest between the average and the higher. - The level of knowledge of 76.9% respondents the farmers in roles which they carrying out degree of agricultural extension agents In the field of production The strawberry arrival from the point of view of the surveyed farmers in the research area was low, the rest between the average and the high. - The results indicated that the level of participation of farmers in agricultural extension activities in the research area (80.8%) of respondents and the rest between the average and the high. - It was found that the most important extension services provided to the farmers according to what they mentioned in the research area are: establishment of fields, seminars and extension meetings, visits of guides to fields and houses Agriculture And the visit of farmers to the office of the guide and telephone communication in the agriculture rates ranged between 29.6%- 59%, - The level of satisfaction with the extension services provided to them in the search area was low for respondents by 83.5%, and the rest between the average and high. - The results indicated that the most important problems facing The extension work in the field of strawberry production and their point of view in the research area: the lack of specialized agricultural extension agents, the low wages of the agricultural extension agents, the lack of health conditions in the training and extension rooms, the scarcity of home visits to the farmers in varying percentages Among 78%- 89%. - The main proposals for solving the problems facing the extension work from the point of view of the farmers are: providing specialized agricultural extension agents, increasing the wages of the agricultural extension agents, providing health conditions in the training and extension rooms, increasing the home visits to the farmers in varying percentages Among 76.9%- 88.8%.

Background The massive outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Daegu city and Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea (ROK), caused the exponential increase in new cases exceeding 5000 within 6 weeks. Therefore, the community treatment center (CTC) with a digital health care monitoring system based on the smartphone application and personal health record platform (PHR) was implemented. Thus, we report our experience in one of the CTCs to investigate the role of CTC and the feasibility of the digital health care monitoring system in the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods The Gyeongbuk-Daegu 2 CTC was set up at the private residential facility. Admission criteria were 1) patients Results From Mar 3, 2020, to Mar 26, 2020, there was a total of 290 patients admitted to the facility. Males were 104 (35.9%). The median age was 37 years. The median time between the COVID-19 diagnosis and admission was 7 days. Five patients were identified and were transferred to the designed COVID-19 treatment hospital for their urgent medical needs. The smartphone application usage to report vital signs and symptoms was noted in 96% of the patients. There were no deaths of the patients. Conclusions Our results suggest that implementation of the CTC using a commercial residence facility and digital health care technology may offer valuable solutions to the challenges posed by the COVID-19 outbreak.

Simple Summary In March of 2020, the World Health Organization declared a COVID-19 pandemic, which had dramatic implications for thyroid cancer clinical care and research. Beginning early in the pandemic, at the University Health Network in Toronto, cancer care rapidly transitioned from in-person to virtual outpatient cancer care. Elective surgeries were also restricted, particularly for low risk malignancies. We herein discuss our experience conducting an ongoing study on decision-making regarding surgery or active surveillance for small, low risk papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our study protocol was adapted due to safety considerations, including adopting virtual telephone/video teleconferencing patient visits and verbal consent procedures, and allowing for increased flexibility in appointment scheduling. We discuss some preliminary observations on our study process and outcomes during the pandemic. Abstract We describe our experience conducting a prospective observational cohort study on the management of small, low risk papillary thyroid cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our study participants are given the choice of active surveillance (AS) or surgery, and those in the AS arm are followed at the study center, whereas surgical patients undergo usual care. During the pandemic we have transitioned from in-person research patient visits to largely virtual care of patients under AS. As of 30 October 2020, we had enrolled 181 patients enrolled in our study (including 25 during the pandemic), of which 92.3% (167/181) consented to telephone communication and 79.0% (143/181) consented to secure videoconferencing communication. Prior to the pandemic, 74.5% (117/157) of our patients chose AS over surgery, whereas during the pandemic, 96.0% (24/25) chose AS. Of the 133 study patients who were under AS within the timeframe from 12 March 2020, to 30 October 2020, the percentage of patients who missed appointments was 8.3% (11/133, for neck ultrasound and physician visits, respectively) and delayed appointments was 23.3% (31/133). This preliminary data suggests that prospective observational research on AS of thyroid cancer can safely continue during the pandemic.

Background Muscle cramps (MCs) are prolonged, involuntary, painful muscle contractions characterized by an acute onset and short duration, caused by peripheral nerve hyperactivity. Objectives To provide a detailed description of the clinical features and diagnostic findings in dogs affected by MCs. Animals Fourteen dogs. Methods Multicenter retrospective case series. Cases were recruited by a call to veterinary neurologists working in referral practices. Medical records and videotapes were searched for dogs showing MCs. The follow-up was obtained by telephone communication with the owner and the referring veterinarian. Results Three patterns of presentation were identified depending on the number of affected limbs and presence/absence of migration of MCs to other limbs. In 9/14 (64%) of dogs, MCs were triggered by prompting the dogs to move. 8/14 (58%) dogs were overtly painful with 6/14 (42%) showing mild discomfort. The cause of MCs was hypocalcemia in 11/14 (79%) dogs: 9 dogs were affected by primary hypoparathyrodism, 1 dog by intestinal lymphoma and 1 dog by protein losing enteropathy. In 3/14 cases (21%) the cause was not identified, and all 3 dogs were German Shepherds. Conclusions and clinical importance Muscle cramps can manifest in 1 of 3 clinical patterns. Muscle cramps are elicited when dogs are encouraged to move and do not always appear as painful events, showing in some cases only discomfort. The main cause of MCs in this study was hypocalcemia consequent to primary hypoparathyroidism. In dogs having MCs of unknown etiology, idiopathic disease or paroxysmal dyskinesia could not be ruled out.

Background Although secure messaging (SM) between patients and clinical team members is a recommended component of continuous care, uptake by patients remains relatively low. We designed a multicomponent Supported Adoption Program (SAP) to increase SM adoption among patients using the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) for primary care. Objective Our goals were to (1) conduct a multisite, randomized, encouragement design trial to test the effectiveness of an SAP designed to increase patient engagement with SM through VHA’s online patient portal (My HealtheVet [MHV]) and (2) evaluate the impact of the SAP and patient-level SM adoption on perceived provider autonomy support and communication. Patient-reported barriers to SM adoption were also assessed. Methods We randomized 1195 patients at 3 VHA facilities who had MHV portal accounts but had never used SM. Half were randomized to receive the SAP, and half served as controls receiving usual care. The SAP consisted of encouragement to adopt SM via mailed educational materials, proactive SM sent to patients, and telephone-based motivational interviews. We examined differences in SM adoption rates between SAP recipients and controls at 9 months and 21 months. Follow-up telephone surveys were conducted to assess perceived provider autonomy support and self-report of telephone communication with clinical teams. Results Patients randomized to the SAP had significantly higher rates of SM adoption than the control group (101/595, 17.0% vs 40/600, 6.7%; P Conclusions The multicomponent SAP was successful in increasing use of SM 10 percentage points above standard care; new SM adopters reported improved perceptions of provider autonomy support and less use of the telephone to communicate with their providers. Still, despite the encouragement and technical assistance provided through the SAP, adoption rates were lower than anticipated, reaching only 24% at 21 months (10% above controls). Common barriers to adoption such as limited perceived need for SM may be more challenging to address and require different interventions than barriers related to patient self-efficacy or technical difficulties. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02665468; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02665468

Background Lengthy switchboard waiting times result in delayed communication between healthcare professionals in a hospital. Wasted time impedes patient care, costs the Trust a substantial financial sum and impacts healthcare professional’s morale. Aim: To reduce intra-hospital telecommunication time utilising the Induction phone application, an easy to use, regularly updated telephone directory. Methods: Initial audit: Five chosen specialities were contacted between 9–10 AM from the Emergency department for 2 consecutive weeks. The time taken to reach each speciality via switchboard was recorded. A survey seeking the number of calls made per day, the preferred method of contact and the feelings associated with telephone waiting times was sent to department doctors. PDSA cycle 1: One-month application advertisement and re-audit. PDSA2: Eye-catching tele-directory board with the most used extensions and bleeps displayed in the department. Satisfaction survey sent post PDSA2. Sustainability: New doctors were provided induction information. Results: Initial average waiting time via switchboard was 48 seconds. The average calls made per doctor each day was 12. This calculated to a total departmental loss of 20.16 hours per week waiting on the phone, equating an annual loss of £26, 208. PDSA1: Average waiting times reduced to 12 seconds utilising the application; saving an estimate ~£19,656 per annum. PDSA2: Instant availability of contact details on the display board further reduced waiting times to an average 6 seconds. 84% of doctors (n=16) disliked waiting more than 20 seconds, with associated feelings of frustration. 100% preferred the display board, then the use of the application before resorting to switchboard. 100% Sustainability was recorded one year later. Conclusion: The use of application technology reduces wasted time which hampers patient care; reduces Trust running costs; and improves health care professional’s morale at work.

Sickle cell disease is characterised by recurrent painful crises often leading to hospitalisation. During the COVID-19 pandemic, it was important to try to reduce the need for hospital admission for these high-risk patients while at the same time ensuring that hospital avoidance did not put them at risk of deterioration from disease-related complications. In the 3-month period between March and May 2020, there was a significant reduction in the number of hospital admissions as well as mean length of stay compared with the mean figures over the same months in the preceding 5 years (2015-19), with an overall reduction in inpatient days of 77%. There were no cases of unsafe hospital avoidance or presentations to hospital that were inappropriately delayed. Frequent telephone communication with patients and provision of ambulatory care were, among others, two very important means of supporting our patient population.

Background Phone calls between pharmacists and prescribers play an important role in resolving potential errors and other issues. Despite their importance in patient care, and sometimes causing frustration for pharmacists, there is little research on these calls. Objective To quantify how long calls between pharmacists and prescribers are, how often phone calls occur, why calls are made, and who is called. Method An observational study was conducted with 130.5 h observed in 11 community pharmacies over 8 weeks in Dunedin, New Zealand, recording information about all incoming and outgoing calls. Data captured included information on length, date, time, reason for call, pharmacy staff involved, health professionals involved, and the place being called. We also surveyed pharmacists' perceptions of this communication. Results Data on 95 phone calls was captured. The mean length was 110 s (95% CI 88-133), at an average of 0.7 calls per hour. The most frequent reasons for calling were clarifications and dose inquiries. Conclusion Calling prescribers is perceived as a frustrating; however the frequency of calls we observed was low, but some were long. The amount of time spent for pharmacist interventions may be reduced using alternative communication methods but these need further study.

El presente artículo contiene un estudio acerca de la prueba ilícita, partiendo del recuento de diversas teorías que se han manejado en el mundo a través de la historia, para centrarse en el manejo que se ha dado al tema de la prueba ilícita en Colombia, como Estado Social de Derecho, garante de derechos fundamentales de significativa importancia como el debido proceso. Se analiza y reflexiona acerca de un caso de trascendencia nacional como fue el denominado “miti- miti” generado por la interceptación de una comunicación telefónica entre dos ex ministros, quienes pretendían adjudicar unas radiofrecuencias sonoras sin el cumplimiento de la normatividad vigente para dicho proceso, facilitando abordar con claridad lo relacionado con la exclusión de la prueba ilícita cuando se vulneren derechos fundamentales, así mismo la existencia de algunas excepciones a la hora de aplicar la regla de exclusión, haciendo énfasis en la Sentencia SU 159 de 2000 M.P: Dr. Manuel José Cepeda Espinosa.

International audience; Objectives: Telephone use correlates with quality of life, and is one of the most important expectations of cochlear implant candidates. The aim of the present study was to assess the benefit of a progressive intensive 18-session training program, conducted by telephone in cochlear implant recipients.Material and methods: Nine cochlear-implanted adults underwent telerehabilitation focused on telephone use, with before-and-after assessment of: auditory performance, on Lafon monosyllabic words and MBAA sentences in quiet, cocktail-party noise and by phone; telephone use, on ad-hoc surveys and number of calls per week; and quality of life on ERSA and APHAB questionnaires.Results: Before training, monosyllabic word comprehension was poorer by telephone than by direct voice (64±5.7% vs. 26±5.3%; P

Background Hospitals and other health care providers frequently experience difficulties contacting patients and their carers who live remotely from the town where the health service is located. In 2016 Nurse Navigator positions were introduced into the health services by Queensland Health, to support and navigate the care of people with chronic and complex conditions. One hospital in Far North Queensland initiated an additional free telephone service to provide another means of communication for patients and carers with the NNs and for off-campus health professionals to obtain details about a patient utilising the service. Calls made between 7am and 10pm, seven days per week are answered by a nurse navigator. Aim To report utilisation of the service by navigated clients and remotely located clinicians compared to use of navigators’ individual work numbers and direct health service numbers. We report the reason for calls to the free number and examine features of these calls. Methods Statistical analysis examined the call reason, duration of calls, setting from where calls originated and stream of calls. Interactions between the reasons for calls and the features of calls, such as contact method, were examined. Results The major reason for calls was clinical issues and the source of calls was primarily patients and carers. Clinical calls were longer in duration. Shorter calls were mainly non-clinical, made by a health professional. Setting for calls was not related to the reason. The most frequent number used was the individual mobile number of the NN, followed by the hospital landline. Although the free number was utilised by patients and carers, it was not the preferred option. Conclusion As patients and carers preferred to access their NN directly than via the 1800 number, further research should explore options best suited to this group of patients outside normal business hours.

Background National guidelines place an emphasis on patients, carers and health professionals being able to access specialist palliative care advice at all times (National Council for Palliative Care, 2015; Department of Health, 2008). The advice line enables this timely support and guidance. However, whilst running alongside the Inpatient Unit, the specific skills and knowledge required to handle calls can be overlooked (Carr, Lhussier & Wilcockson, 2008). Aims To support all Registered Nurses working on the Inpatient Unit to feel more confident and competent in taking advice line calls (Purc- Stephenson & Thrasher, 2010) delivering up to date, safe and consistent advice, whilst enabling a culture of feedback and support. Methods The development of advice line training following consultation with unit staff, feedback from other hospices and literature review, with sessions balancing specific telephone communication skills alongside clinical knowledge and practical elements (Yardley, Codling, Roberts, O’Donnell et al., 2009); The implementation of a new framework to help guide more complex calls – encouraging staff to think of completing a jigsaw puzzle without being able to see the picture on the box, and by putting together ‘pieces’ of information to guide the advice given by remembering to ‘delve’ and ‘tell me more…’; The commencement of regular feedback sessions enabling protected time for staff to ‘offload’, discuss difficult calls and for feedback and ongoing teaching from an Inpatient Unit Consultant or other palliative care professional; The development of an information pack to accompany training and an advice line resource folder for staff to reference during calls. Conclusion Acknowledging that for some staff the advice line can be stressful, the implementation of training and support has had a very positive impact, with staff reporting a more confident approach when taking calls. The new resources have been welcomed and already proven useful, particularly when dealing with medication related calls. This work is already enabling the delivery of more consistent, confident and quality advice and in time this will undoubtedly increase caller satisfaction (Moscato, Valanis, Gullion, Tanner et al., 2007).

Purpose To better understand the longitudinal risks and benefits of telephone disclosure of genetic test results in the era of multi-gene panel testing. Patients and Methods Adults who were proceeding with germline cancer genetic testing were randomized to telephone disclosure (TD) with a genetic counselor or in-person disclosure (IPD) of test results (i.e., usual care). All participants who received TD were recommended to return to meet with a physician to discuss medical management recommendations. Results 473 participants were randomized to TD and 497 to IPD. There were no differences between arms for any cognitive, affective or behavioral outcomes at 6 and 12 months. Only 50% of participants in the TD arm returned for the medical follow-up appointment. Returning was associated with site (p

In an effort to reduce shelter intake, Miami-Dade Animal Services (MDAS) Pet Retention Program offers caretakers with an opportunity to have animals treated for certain medical conditions, free of charge. Discovery of new, simple surgical techniques for low-cost procedures provides veterinarians with more surgical solutions, expands the capacity for services provided through low-cost veterinary clinics and other shelter programs, and provides shelters with life-saving alternatives that will increase adoptability of homeless pets and reduce euthanasia rates. The aim of this clinical trial was to describe and to evaluate the use of the autologous tunica vaginalis communis as a free graft to repair perineal hernia (PH) in intact male dogs at an animal shelter facility. In 2018, seven male intact dogs, diagnosed with perineal hernias (PH), were presented to MDAS. All dogs had the surgical reconstruction of the pelvic diaphragm repaired by using the tunica vaginalis communis obtained at the time of castration, prior to the perineal access, and sutured directly into the perineal defect. Clinical outcome including postoperative complications and hernia recurrence were obtained via telephone communication. The median follow-up time was 13 months. None of the dogs included in this study had recurrence of the PH. All dogs were adopted, were transferred to animal rescue organizations or were returned to their owners after the surgical procedure. The use of tunica vaginalis communis autograft is a simple, low-cost surgical technique that requires less surgical expertise and training and can be used for perineal herniorrhaphy in dogs, without long-term recurrence.

Bu tezde, sayıları ve çeşitleri hızla artan telsiz iletişim kullanıcıları ve uygulamaları nedeniyle, gelecek nesil telsiz iletişim sistemlerine yönelik olarak ortaya çıkan teknik gereksinimleri karşılamak üzere yenilikçi fiziksel katman teknikleri üzerinde çalışılmıştır. Bu gereksinimlere yönelik olarak önemli avantajlara sahip çok taşıyıcılı ortogonal olmayan dalga biçimleri araştırılmıştır. Bu dalga biçimleri içerisinde öne çıkan Genelleştirilmiş Frekans Bölmeli Çoğullama yapısının ortogonal olmaması nedeniyle verici ve alıcı yapılarında karşılaşılan problemlere çözümler oluşturmak üzere çalışılmıştır. Bu bağlamda Genelleştirilmiş Frekans Bölmeli Çoğullama yapısının, sağladığı spektral verimliliği nedeniyle öne çıkan çok girişli çok çıkışlı iletim, spektral ve enerji verimliliği nedeniyle öne çıkan indis modülasyonu iletim teknikleri ile etkin ve verimli bir şekilde birleştirilmesi konusu derinlemesine ele alınmıştır. Yeni verici-alıcı yapıları önerilmişve bu yapılar, enerji verimliliği, spektral verimlilik, işlemsel karmaşıklık ve hata başarımları açılarından ele alınıp optimize edilmiştir. In this thesis, the combination of MIMO and IM techniques with GFDM has been investigated and novel transceiver structures have been introduced. These transceiver structures has been optimized in terms of energy, spectral and computational efficiency. In the first stage of the thesis, the combination of the IM technique with GFDM is investigated. In the second stage of the thesis, the integration of GFDM with space and frequency IM (SFIM) techniques is discussed in detail and a framework for the combination of GFDM with IM concept is presented. In the third stage of the thesis, a novel MIMO-GFDM scheme, which combines spatial multiplexing (SMX), GFDM and IM, is proposed in order to provide an efficient transmission scheme for beyond 5G wireless networks. Thanks to studies conducted during this thesis, GFDM has gained spectral and energy efficiency while preserving its inherent advantages. As a result, it has been considered that GFDM becomes a strong PHY candidate for future wireless networks. 162

Mobil düğümlerin coğrafi konumlandırılması, yeni nesil mobil ağlarda gelişmiş konum tabanlı servislerin (KTS'ler) geliştirilmesi için çok önemli bir süreçtir. Bu tezde, Uzun Süreli Evrim (USE) ağlarında gelişmiş hücre kimliği (G-HK) yönteminin konumlandırma performansı ve Ortogonal Olmayan Çoklu Erişim (OOÇE) tabanlı 5G ağlarda konumlandırma incelenmiştir. Bölüm III ve Bölüm IV'te, sırasıyla, kullanıcı adaleti özelliği üzerinde özellikle durularak, farklı şebeke koşullarında uplink kooperatif OOÇE için Varış Zamanı (VZ) ve Alınan Sinyal Gücü (ASG) bazlı konumlandırma teorik sınırları incelenmiştir. Her iki bölümde de kooperatif OOÇE ve kooperatif Ortogonal Çoklu Erişim (OÇE) ağlarda VZ ve ASG tabanlı konumlandırması incelenmiştir. Cramer-Rao alt sınırları (CRAS), her iki bölüm için de Güçlendir-ve-Gönder (GG) ve Kodçöz-ve-Gönder (KG) geçişleri göz önünde bulundurularak pozisyon tahmini hatasının temel sınırlarını göstermek için elde edilmiştir. Her iki şema için sayısal sonuçlar, röle sayısının ve kullanıcı ekipmanlarının (KE) sayısının, VZ ve ASG tabanlı konumlandırma performansındaki farklı aktarımların etkileri dikkate alınarak sunulmuş ve karşılaştırılmıştır. Güç tahsisatının kooperatif OOÇE'in kullanıcı adaletliliğine etkileri de incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar, kooperatif OOÇE'in kooperatif OÇE'den konumlandırma açısından daha iyi performans gösterdiğini göstermektedir. Kooperatif OOÇE farklı ağ koşullarında yüksek hassasiyetli konum doğruluğu ve kullanıcı adaletliliği sağlar. Ek olarak, Bölüm V'de, USE ağı için referans sinyali alınan güç (RSAG), azimut parametreleri ve COST 231 Walfish-Ikegami yol kaybı modeli kullanılarak yeni G-HK bazlı konumlandırma yöntemleri önerilmiştir. Sonuçlar, USE ağları için önerilen konumlandırma yönteminin HK tabanlı konumlandırma yönteminden daha iyi performans gösterdiğini ve USE ağlarındaki pratik yerelleştirme uygulamalarında kullanılabileceğini ortaya koymaktadır. Geolocation of mobile nodes is a crucial process for enabling advanced LBSs in next generation mobile networks. In this dissertation, we investigate the positioning performance for enhanced cell ID (E-CID) method in LTE and NOMA based 5G networks. Theoretical limits of TOA and RSS based positioning for uplink cooperative NOMA (C-NOMA) under different network conditions with special emphasis on the user fairness feature are investigated. Furthermore, the performance of the TOA and RSS based positioning of C-NOMA and cooperative OMA (C-OMA) are compared. The CRLBs are also derived in order to show the fundamental limits of position estimation error by taking AF and DF relaying into account for both chapters. The numerical results for both schemes are presented and compared considering the effects of the number of relays and user equipments (UEs), different relaying on the performances of TOA and RSS positioning. The effects of power allocation on the user fairness of C-NOMA are also investigated. The results show that the C-NOMA outperforms C-OMA in terms of positioning. C-NOMA provides high precision position accuracy and user fairness under different network conditions. Additionally, a novel E-CID based positioning methods for LTE network based on RSRP, azimuth parameters and COST 231 Walfish-Ikegami path loss model are proposed. The proposed positioning methods are evaluated by using real measurement data. The results reveal that the proposed positioning method for LTE networks outperforms the CID based positioning method in terms of positioning accuracy and can be used in the practical localization applications in LTE networks. 79

Пояснювальна записка випускної роботи містить: 71 сторінок, 22 рисунків, 6 таблиць, 22 формули і 5 розділів. Об'єкт розробки – пристрій захисту від помилок для міні-АТС. Мета роботи – спроектувати систему захисту від помилок для цифрової системи комутації на базі міні-АТС. У першому розділі проведений огляд технічної літератури за даним напрямком проектування, розглянуті існуючі характеристики і варіанти побудови подібних пристроїв. У другому розділі міститься науково-дослідна частина, присвячена розрахунку параметрів системи для котрої далі буде проектуватися пристрій. У третьому розділі обґрунтовується вибір схеми алгоритму, а також проводиться синтез структурної та електричної функціональної схем. У четвертому розділі проводиться вибір елементної бази та розрахунок принципових електричних схем вузлів і блоків системи та розробка принципової схеми. П’ятий розділ містить техніко-економічне обґрунтування для розроблюваної системи . У додатку наведено програмне забезпечення, яке було розроблено у ході проектування.

Çalışmada Çanakkale Cephesi'nde haberleşme hizmetleri araştırılmıştır. Bu amaca ulaşmak için post-pozitivist paradigma altında nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman analizi tekniği kullanılmıştır. Yoğunluklu olarak Genelkurmay Askerî Tarih ve Stratejik Etüt Daire Başkanlığı Arşivi'ndeki belgelerden yararlanılmıştır. Modern haberleşme tarihi ile ilgili birkaç kitap ve birkaç makale var olsa da Çanakkale Harbi'nde haberleşme ile ilgili bilimsel bir çalışmaya rastlanmamıştır. Araştırma, beş bölüm olarak sunulmuştur. Osmanlı Devleti'nde modern haberleşmenin başlamasından kısaca bahsedildikten sonra Çanakkale Muharebelerine kadar muhabere hizmetlerinin nasıl yürütüldüğü aktarılmıştır. Haberleşmede esas olan teşkilat-malzeme-kadro bilgisi 'malzeme' başlığı altında kurgulanmıştır. Bunlar büro, santral ve levazım malzemeleri, teknik malzemeler, personel ve destekleyici unsurlardır. Savaşta bile olsa teşkilat yapılanmasındaki kadrolarda hem eleman hem de sahra postaları açısından artış gözlemlenmiştir.Muhabere hizmetlerinde dört temel çalışma paralel düzeyde sürmüştür. Öncelikle gerekli yerlere telefon ve telgraf santrallerinin kurulumu, haberleşme aktarım sistemi ve malzemeleriyle İstanbul Muhabere ve Muvasala Genel Merkezi'nden Akçay Körfezi'ni ve tüm Trakya Bölgesi'ni kapsayan askerî haberleşme ağı kurulmuştur. Haberleşme hizmetlerinde ikinci temel hizmeti oluşturan bakım-onarım ve gözetleme hizmetleri son derece titizlikle yürütülmüştür. Muhaberedeki bir yılı aşkın hizmete bakıldığında tüm elemanlar olağanüstü fedakarlıklar göstererek ne pahasına olursa olsun haberleşmeyi sağlamışlardır. Teknik anlamda haberleşme ağı ile ilgili birçok harita, kroki, şema ve listeler profesyonelce hazırlanarak hiçbir şey tesadüfe bırakılmamış olduğu gözlemlenmiş ve kayıt altına alınmıştır.Sonuç olarak seferberliğin ilanı ile birlikte Çanakkale Müstahkem Mevki Komutanlığının görevi devralmasından başlayarak 18 Mart 1915 zaferi ile sonuçlanan savunmadaki haberleşme hizmetleri çok başarılı bir sınav vermiştir. Yaklaşık sekiz buçuk ay süren kara muharebelerinde Gelibolu Yarımadasının kuzey ve güney bölümleri ile Rumeli ve Anadolu Yakasını da kapsayan haberleşme ağı her türlü fedakarlıkla mükemmele yakın hizmet vermiştir. 'Önce muhabere sonra muharebe' doktrini Çanakkale Muharebelerinde bir defa daha yaşanmış ve de başarılı olmuştur. In this study, communication services in Çanakkale front were investigated. In order to reach this aim, document analysis technique which is one of the qualitative research methods has been used under post-positivist paradigm. The documents of the General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department were used intensively. Although there are a few books and articles about the history of modern communication, there is no scientific study on communication about Canakkale War. The research is presented in five chapters.After the brief introduction of modern communication in the Ottoman Empire, how the communication services were carried out until Canakkale War were discussed. Organizational-material-cadre information, which is the basis of the communication, is structured under the title material. These are office, power plant and supplies, technical materials, personnel and supporting elements. Even in case of war, there has been an increase in both staff and field posts in the cadres of the organization structure. The three basic works in the communication services continued on a parallel level. Installation of telephone and telegraph plants in necessary places preemptively, a military communication network which is covering the Akcay Gulf and the entire Thrace region from the Istanbul Headquarters and Muvasala Headquarters by using communication transmission system and materials has been established. Maintenance and repair services, which constitute the second basic service in communication services, have been carried out with utmost care. Over a year of service, all the personnels showed extraordinary sacrifices and provided communication at all costs. Technically, many maps, sketches, schemes and lists related to the communication network have been prepared professionally and nothing has been left to chance and it has been observed and recorded.As a result, with the announcement of the mobilization, communicatinon services during the defense which is started from take over of Çanakkale Fortune District Command and resulted in the victory of 18 March 1915 passed a very successful test. The communication network covering the northern and southern parts of the Gallipoli Peninsula and the Rumelian and Asian sides of the Gallipoli Peninsula provided excellent service during the land battles which lasted about eight and a half months. First communication then battle doctrine has been experienced in Canakkale War and has been succesful again. 217

İlk mobil haberleşme sistemi 1980'lerde hayatımıza girmiştir. Analog sistemler üzerine kurulu ilk nesilden sonra ikinci nesil sistemlerle birlikte mobil şebeke üzerinden ses trafiğine ek olarak veri trafiğinin taşınmasına da başlanmıştır. Üçüncü nesil sistemlerle birlikte artan bant genişliği ve veri hızları mobil cihazlardan multimedya servislere erişimi mümkün kılmıştır. Bu gelişmeler mobil kullanıcı ve cihaz sayısını büyük bir hızla arttırmıştır.Dördüncü nesil sistemlerle birlikte sağlanan yüksek hızlı bağlantı imkanıyla birlikte bu artış hızı daha da yükselmiştir. Müşteri tarafındaki artan mobil cihaz ve kapasite ihtiyacı, mobil operatörler tarafında gün geçtikçe yönetimi zorlaşan, sistem kaynaklarını kullanıcılar arasında paylaştırma sorununu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Günümüzde internet trafiğinin büyük çoğunluğunu yüksek çözünürlüklü video, IPTV, çevrimiçi oyun, sosyal medya gibi uygulamalar oluşturmaktadır. Müşteriler artık sabit genişbant ağları kullanmayı azaltarak onun yerine mobil genişbant ağları kullanmaya yönelmektedir. Yakın gelecekte hayatımıza dahil olması beklenen beşinci nesil mobil haberleşme sistemleriyle birlikte nesnelerin interneti (Internet of Things - IoT) teknolojisi mobil şebekeden kaynak talebinde bulunacak mobil cihaz sayısını daha da arttırcaktır.Kullanıcılara yüksek veri hızı sağlamanın yanı sıra, bu hızı adaletli bir şekilde sağlamak da bir o kadar önemlidir. Müşterilerden sadece küçük bir kesiminin yüksek veri hızlarına ulaşmaları sistem kaynaklarının verimli kullanılması açısından iyi olsa da, bu durum genel müşteri memnuniyeti açısından kabul edilebilir bir durum değildir. Bu noktada radyo kaynaklarının kullanıcılara en verimli şekilde paylaştırılmasının önemi ortaya çıkmaktadır.Radyo kaynaklarının paylaştırılması için çeşitli zamanlama algoritmaları geliştirilmiştir. Ancak mobil cihaz sayısındaki artışın radyo kaynakları tarafındaki artış hızının çok üzerinde olması yeni algoritma ihtiyaçlarına sebep olmaktadır. Zamanlama algortimalarının tasarımındaki en büyük zorluklardan biri olarak kullanıcılar arasındaki adalet ve sağlanan veri hızınının birlikte maksimize edilmesi gösterilebilir.Bahsedilen bu gereksinimler doğrultusunda bu çalışmada, algoritmalar arasında en yüksek veri hızını sağlayan Best CQI algoritmasının adalet ölçütünün arttırılması hedeflenmiştir. Bu amaca yönelik olarak; kaynak tahsis edilecek kullanıcının seçiminde, karar mekanizması geçmiş kaynak kullanımı bilgisinin de eklenmesiyle yeniden düzenlenmiştir. Elde edilen algoritma ile adalet ölçütünün önemli derecede arttırılmasıyla beraber veri hızındaki üstünlük de korunmuştur. The first generation of mobile communication systems was developed during the seventies and launched 1980s. They all have in common that the user traffic, which is voice is transmitted with analog Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA). The new thing with second-generation systems was that they supported both voice and data traffic with digital Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). With the increase in demand for multimedia and broadband services, the next step has been the third generation communication systems. The video was also conveyed over the mobile network with voice and data transmission. The third generation system for Release 99 (3G - Third Generation), High Speed Downlink Packet Access (3.5 G), High Speed Uplink Packet Access (3.5 G), High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) various versions such as High Speed Packet Access + (3.9 G) have been developed. The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has standardized Long Term Evolution (LTE) to make a structure for 3G evolution towards 4G. LTE is an all-IP packet based system which is aims supporting high data rates, low latency, improved system capacity. In order to achieve these targets, it employs some technologies such as Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA), Multiple-Input And Multiple-Output (MIMO), and Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ).OFDMA is a multiple-access modulation scheme based on resources in the time and frequency domains. The smallest resource in the frequency domain is subcarriers and the smallest unit in the time domain is slot. For scheduling, the smallest unit is resource block (RB), which occupies 12 subcarriers in frequency domain, and 1ms in time domain.The uplink transmission technique, SC-FDMA. is realized in a similar manner as for the downlink (OFDM) and is also called Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM (DFTS-OFDM). The time domain structure is also similar in uplink and downlink. SC-FDMA has much lower Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) than OFDM. This is one the reasons for the choice of SC-FDMA for the uplink since the power amplifier in the user equipment (UE) can be manufactured lower cost then.MIMO refers to the use of multiple antennas for transmission and reception in a cell. Multiple antenna configurations are expressed in the form mxn MIMO, where m represents the number of transmit antennas and n represents the number of receive antennas. For example, downlink 2x2 MIMO means that the eNodeB uses two antennas for transmission and the UE uses two antennas for reception;downlink 4x4 MIMO means that the Evolved NodeB (eNodeB) uses four antennas for transmission and the UE uses four antennas for reception.A Medium Access Control (MAC) HARQ layer with fast feedback provides a means for quickly correcting most errors trom the radio channel. To achieve low delay and efficient use of radio resources the HARQ operates with a native error rate which is sufficient only for services with moderate error rate requirements such as, for instance, VolP. Lower error rates are achieved by letting an outer Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) layer in the eNodeB handle the HARQ errors.Schedulers are located at the Media Access Control (MAC) layer. The basic function of a scheduler is to allocate appropriate system resources to UEs in each subframe for uplink and downlink transmissions, without which the UEs would be unable to transmit and receive data.In digital communications systems, modulation is the process of varying the amplitude, frequency, or phase of a carrier with a digital baseband signal to convey information using the carrier. A higher-order modulation scheme is one that modulates more bits of information into each modulation symbol, resulting in higher overall spectral efficiency of LTE networks. However, a higher modulation order also requires better channel quality for the receiver to be able to maintain a signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) that is high enough to allow for accurate demodulation of the signal. The UE measures its current channel situation to calculate Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) and then sends feedback to the eNodeB. Finally, the eNodeB relates this CQI index to prefer a specific level of MCS and designates RBs accordingly for this UE.In the downlink, data is terminated in UEs instead of eNodeBs. Therefore, eNodeBs cannot measure the downlink SINR for evaluating downlink channel quality. UEs report channel quality indicators (CQIs) to eNodeBs to indicate the downlink channel quality of services from the eNodeBs. The eNodeBs then determine which modulation and coding scheme (MCS) to use based on these CQIs. CQI values include 0 to 15. The larger the CQI value, the better the channel quality.Modulation and coding schemes (MCSs) are selected during scheduling. Each MCS represents a specific combination of a modulation scheme and a channel code rate. Scheduling is the process where the scheduler allocates RBs and selects MCSs for UEs.Common modulation schemes include downlink and uplink quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), downlink and uplink 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM), and downlink 64QAM. To meet the demand for the ever increasing data rates required for today's services, 3GPP has also introduced uplink 64QAM and downlink 256QAM. If channel quality is good enough, these modulation schemes help increase uplink and downlink transmission efficiency for UEs.eNodeBs use different MCSs to ensure transmission efficiency and the quality of UE services. If the channel quality is good, an eNodeB selects an MCS with a high-order modulation scheme combined with a high code rate. If the channel quality is poor, the eNodeB selects one with a low-order modulation scheme and a low code rate (the code rate is higher if fewer redundant bits are inserted). A CQI table maps CQI indexes to modulation schemes.The development of mobile communication systems has also triggered an increase in the number of users. With the high-speed connection, this rate of increase has risen. Decent use of resources is critical to achieving targeted data rates and improving service quality. The scheduling of resource allocation is a radio resource management problem. Various algorithms have been developed for scheduling of resources. The basic scheduling algorithms in the literature are Round Robin (RR), Best CQI and Proportional Fair (PF).In this thesis, it is aimed to develop a scheduling algorithm which may be an alternative to the existing scheduling algorithms in the literature. A new scheduling algorithm that balances the performance between fairness and throughput is proposed. By the proposed scheduling algorithm, it is aimed to increase the fairness index which can be considered the most negative aspect of Best CQI algorithm.The number of resource blocks that mobile devices have reached in the past has been used in the decision mechanism. Performance metrics compared with Best CQI, PF, and RR.The proposed algorithm is better than the Best CQI algorithm in terms of fairness. At the same time, it has been achieved to allocate resources to users who have never reached the resources. According to the results of the simulation, the criteria of throughput fairness increased together with the distribution fairness criteria. 59

Objective: To evaluate a system–“the service”–designed to improve mobile telephone communication for people with hearing loss. Design: Each participant registered online and took an online hearing test using their own mobile telephone held in the position of their choice. The test assessed the combined effects of the telephone, the hearing loss of the participant and the hearing aid of the participant (if worn). The results were stored as a “hearing profile” and used to set up frequency-dependent amplification and multichannel amplitude compression. The signal processing was performed in the telephone network and applied to all calls of the participant. Participants completed four questionnaires about their listening experiences using the telephone, one before using the service, two while using the service and one after using the service. Also, the ability to understand speech was measured using challenging sentences. Study sample: Fifty-three participants with varying degrees of hearing loss. Results: The great majority of participants indicated that call clarity was improved and that listening difficulty was reduced when using the service. Speech intelligibility scores were significantly improved when using the service. Conclusions: The service appears to be effective in improving phone communication for people with hearing loss.

Client communication is a core clinical skill that is taught as part of the required curriculum at many veterinary colleges. Although much client communication occurs face-to-face, telephone communication is used to provide patient updates, relay results of diagnostic tests, and check on discharged patients. This research explored fourth year veterinary medical students&rsquo, telephone communication skills. We recorded and analyzed the transcripts of 25 calls students made to clients of three different services in the Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Additionally, we explored the perspectives of veterinary educators by distributing a survey to university faculty and house officers (n = 57). Results indicate that students excelled at identifying the patient and purpose of the call and incorporating professional language and clear explanations. They require development in providing structure and incorporating core communication skills. Compared with our survey results, the student findings are at odds with clinicians&rsquo, expectations of students&rsquo, communication abilities. We conclude that additional training is required to familiarize students with expectations regarding telephone communication, including reviewing the case thoroughly, preparing to answer questions and provide explanations, following organizational protocol, and incorporating open ended questions, reflective listening, and empathy. This data will inform design, and help to measure the impact, of telephone communication education and training that will be incorporated into the existing veterinary communication curriculum.

ObjectivesVisibility of tobacco products at the point of sale (PoS), in settings where open display of tobacco is allowed, is one of the last remaining ways in which the tobacco industry can legally promote their products. The aim of this study was to map the visibility of tobacco products and advertisement both inside and outside retailers, among different types of retailers.SettingThe study was conducted in two districts in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.ParticipantsAll potential tobacco retailers were visited within the districts, and were mapped using Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates.InterventionObservational data was collected for each tobacco retailer using a checklist with characteristics of the internal and external visibility of tobacco products and advertisement. Retailers were categorised into supermarkets, hospitality industry, tobacconists and ‘other retailers’ (convenience stores, office supply stores, gas stations, drug stores and telephone communication stores). Data were collected in April-May 2017.ResultsEighty-two tobacco retailers were identified. Among all retailers, 52.4% had external and 91.5% internal visibility of tobacco products. Tobacconists had the highest level of internal and external visibility of tobacco products (both 100%), followed by ‘other retailers’ (100% and 56% respectively) and supermarkets (79% and 47%, respectively). Retailers in the hospitality industry had low external visibility (28%), but high internal visibility (90%), as 83% sold tobacco through vending machines.ConclusionVisibility of tobacco products was high among all types of retailers, including those previous studies show are commonly visited by youth.

International audience; Aims: The aim of this study was (i) to document the main features of surgery nurses' telephone calls, with a special focus on newcomers' calls; and (ii) to identify the main activities accomplished during the newcomers' calls.Design: Mixed methods study.Methods: We audio recorded telephone calls internal to the hospital in two surgery nursing stations. We performed statistical descriptive analysis of the total collection of calls and of those specifically involving the newcomers and compared both sets. We also performed conversation analysis‐based coding of the main activities accomplished during newcomers' calls.Results: Surgery nurses' telephone calls are extremely brief, predominantly nurse initiated and take place with a wide range of interlocutors who, for the most part, use mobile phones. The newcomers' calls are only slightly longer, take place with a more limited, but still wide, range of interlocutors and are even more often nurse initiated. The main activities of newcomers' calls are requests and activities related to connecting relevant interlocutors.

The objective of the present paper is to evaluate telemedicine sessions involving onboard medical specialists on trip and medical specialist at coastal bases upon using different hardware and operation modes. It is found that the standard shipborne hardware and the videoconference platform POLYCOM allow real-time communication at an acceptable sound and image quality only when distances between ships and coastal bases are small. BGAN INMARSAT portable satellite-mediated communication station and INMARSAT communication channel provide for better sound and image quality at greater distances, but with a 15-minute delay. The complimentary employment of telephone communication makes it possible to obtain advices from qualified specialists residing at coastal bases.

BACKGROUND: Automated telephone communication systems (ATCS) can deliver voice messages and collect health‐related information from patients using either their telephone's touch‐tone keypad or voice recognition software. ATCS can supplement or replace telephone contact between health professionals and patients. There are four different types of ATCS: unidirectional (one‐way, non‐interactive voice communication), interactive voice response (IVR) systems, ATCS with additional functions such as access to an expert to request advice (ATCS Plus) and multimodal ATCS, where the calls are delivered as part of a multicomponent intervention. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of ATCS for preventing disease and managing long‐term conditions on behavioural change, clinical, process, cognitive, patient‐centred and adverse outcomes. SEARCH METHODS: We searched 10 electronic databases (the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; MEDLINE; Embase; PsycINFO; CINAHL; Global Health; WHOLIS; LILACS; Web of Science; and ASSIA); three grey literature sources (Dissertation Abstracts, Index to Theses, Australasian Digital Theses); and two trial registries (www.controlled‐trials.com; www.clinicaltrials.gov) for papers published between 1980 and June 2015. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised, cluster‐ and quasi‐randomised trials, interrupted time series and controlled before‐and‐after studies comparing ATCS interventions, with any control or another ATCS type were eligible for inclusion. Studies in all settings, for all consumers/carers, in any preventive healthcare or long term condition management role were eligible. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard Cochrane methods to select and extract data and to appraise eligible studies. MAIN RESULTS: We included 132 trials (N = 4,669,689). Studies spanned across several clinical areas, assessing many comparisons based on evaluation of different ATCS types and variable comparison groups. Forty‐one studies evaluated ATCS for delivering preventive healthcare, 84 for managing long‐term conditions, and seven studies for appointment reminders. We downgraded our certainty in the evidence primarily because of the risk of bias for many outcomes. We judged the risk of bias arising from allocation processes to be low for just over half the studies and unclear for the remainder. We considered most studies to be at unclear risk of performance or detection bias due to blinding, while only 16% of studies were at low risk. We generally judged the risk of bias due to missing data and selective outcome reporting to be unclear. For preventive healthcare, ATCS (ATCS Plus, IVR, unidirectional) probably increase immunisation uptake in children (risk ratio (RR) 1.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18 to 1.32; 5 studies, N = 10,454; moderate certainty) and to a lesser extent in adolescents (RR 1.06, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.11; 2 studies, N = 5725; moderate certainty). The effects of ATCS in adults are unclear (RR 2.18, 95% CI 0.53 to 9.02; 2 studies, N = 1743; very low certainty). For screening, multimodal ATCS increase uptake of screening for breast cancer (RR 2.17, 95% CI 1.55 to 3.04; 2 studies, N = 462; high certainty) and colorectal cancer (CRC) (RR 2.19, 95% CI 1.88 to 2.55; 3 studies, N = 1013; high certainty) versus usual care. It may also increase osteoporosis screening. ATCS Plus interventions probably slightly increase cervical cancer screening (moderate certainty), but effects on osteoporosis screening are uncertain. IVR systems probably increase CRC screening at 6 months (RR 1.36, 95% CI 1.25 to 1.48; 2 studies, N = 16,915; moderate certainty) but not at 9 to 12 months, with probably little or no effect of IVR (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.99, 1.11; 2 studies, 2599 participants; moderate certainty) or unidirectional ATCS on breast cancer screening. Appointment reminders delivered through IVR or unidirectional ATCS may improve attendance rates compared with no calls (low certainty). For long‐term management, medication or laboratory test adherence provided the most general evidence across conditions (25 studies, data not combined). Multimodal ATCS versus usual care showed conflicting effects (positive and uncertain) on medication adherence. ATCS Plus probably slightly (versus control; moderate certainty) or probably (versus usual care; moderate certainty) improves medication adherence but may have little effect on adherence to tests (versus control). IVR probably slightly improves medication adherence versus control (moderate certainty). Compared with usual care, IVR probably improves test adherence and slightly increases medication adherence up to six months but has little or no effect at longer time points (moderate certainty). Unidirectional ATCS, compared with control, may have little effect or slightly improve medication adherence (low certainty). The evidence suggested little or no consistent effect of any ATCS type on clinical outcomes (blood pressure control, blood lipids, asthma control, therapeutic coverage) related to adherence, but only a small number of studies contributed clinical outcome data. The above results focus on areas with the most general findings across conditions. In condition‐specific areas, the effects of ATCS varied, including by the type of ATCS intervention in use. Multimodal ATCS probably decrease both cancer pain and chronic pain as well as depression (moderate certainty), but other ATCS types were less effective. Depending on the type of intervention, ATCS may have small effects on outcomes for physical activity, weight management, alcohol consumption, and diabetes mellitus. ATCS have little or no effect on outcomes related to heart failure, hypertension, mental health or smoking cessation, and there is insufficient evidence to determine their effects for preventing alcohol/substance misuse or managing illicit drug addiction, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, HIV/AIDS, hypercholesterolaemia, obstructive sleep apnoea, spinal cord dysfunction or psychological stress in carers. Only four trials (3%) reported adverse events, and it was unclear whether these were related to the interventions. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: ATCS interventions can change patients' health behaviours, improve clinical outcomes and increase healthcare uptake with positive effects in several important areas including immunisation, screening, appointment attendance, and adherence to medications or tests. The decision to integrate ATCS interventions in routine healthcare delivery should reflect variations in the certainty of the evidence available and the size of effects across different conditions, together with the varied nature of ATCS interventions assessed. Future research should investigate both the content of ATCS interventions and the mode of delivery; users' experiences, particularly with regard to acceptability; and clarify which ATCS types are most effective and cost‐effective.