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This study investigated the in vitro and in vivo anthelminthic efficacy, histopathological and hematological effects of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil (EO) in Colossoma macropomum. The major compounds of the essential oil were geranial (45.7%) and neral (33.9%). Essential oil was assayed at concentrations of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mg L?1 for in vitro efficacy against monogeneans Anacanthorus spathulatus, Mymarothecium boegeri and Notozothecium janauachensis of C. macropomum. Two controls were considered for in vitro assays, one with the use of cultivation tank water and the other with cultivation tank water +70% alcohol. The concentration of 500 mg L?1 of the EO in vitro assays showed 100% efficacy against the parasites within 5 min of exposure, causing structural damages to their tegument. The 400 and 300 mg L?1 concentrations were 100% effective with 10 min and 30 min of exposure, respectively. The 200 mg L?1 concentration in vitro assays was also 100% effective within 30 min and the 100 mg L?1 treatment was 100% effective within 100 min of exposure. Total parasite mortality in both control groups occurred within 7 h. Efficacy was 47.1% after therapeutic baths of 20 min for three consecutive days with 60 mg L?1 of this EO. In addition, 60 mg L?1 of EO was the highest concentration tolerated by the fish and it had an anesthetic effect, and it caused increase in plasma glucose levels and decrease in leukocytes and lymphocytes number, as well as hyperplasia, lamellar fusion, detachment and aneurysm in C. macropomum gills. A low efficacy against the monogeneans was shown perhaps due to the low concentration of this EO tolerated by C. macropomum and the strategy used for the therapeutic baths, which may be corrected with a lower concentration of EO and more consecutive days for therapeutic baths Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-09T09:10:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CPAF-AP-2020-Anthelminthic-efficacy-of-Cymbopogon.pdf: 1958101 bytes, checksum: 686bbd63dc619e5cd13bbbb06a1c18f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is rich in bioactive ingredients and nutrients such as essential amino acids, peptides, cell wall carbohydrates, nucleotides and B vitamins. Diets with this immunostimulant product may offer improves in growth performance and immune of farmed fish. This study evaluated the effects of a commercial immunostimulant based on S. cerevisiae on growth performance, hematology and immunity of Arapaima gigas subjected to handling stress after 30 days of supplementation (0, 4, 6 and 8 g kg−1). Diet with 6 and 8 g kg−1 of immunostimulant increased final biomass, final length, body weight gain, daily weight gain, daily feed intake, specific growth and decreased the cholesterol levels. After handling stress, supplemented fish with 4, 6 and 8 g kg−1 of immunostimulant had increase in glucose levels and decrease in globulin levels, while supplemented fish with 4 and 6 g kg−1 had decrease in cholesterol, and supplemented fish with 4 and 8 g kg−1 in globulin levels. Protein levels decreased in supplemented fish with 4 g kg−1, while hematocrit decreased in all treatments and lymphocytes number and burst respiratory of leukocytes decreased in supplemented fish with 8 g kg−1 and submitted to handling stress. For A. gigas, since 6 to 8 g kg−1 of immunostimulant has not negative impacts on the hematological and biochemical parameters, thus such concentrations may be used as a growth promoter in A. gigas. Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-09T09:10:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CPAF-AP-2020-Growth-and-hematological-and-immunologica.pdf: 261909 bytes, checksum: d538d950672be57c8f92749a731c3c6e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

The present study evaluated the effects of dietary yeast supplementation on the growth and blood parameters of Arapaima gigas. Fish were fed with commercial feed supplemented with NuPro® at 0, 10, 40 and 80 g / kg for days and, did not exhibit any difference in growth. Blood was analyzed at the end of the feeding trial and after handling stress. A significant reduction in albumin and triglycerides levels was observed with increased supplementation of NuPro® in the diet of A. gigas. The interactive effect of diet and stress influenced plasma glucose levels, with a modulation at all levels of supplementation after stress, while in the control group the level was significantly high. NuPro® improved the innate immune response of A. gigas at all the tested concentrations, with a significantly higher levels number of thrombocytes, leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils than the control group. There was also an increase in the number of thrombocytes after stress. As the inclusion of NuPro® in the diet improved the innate immune response at all the concentrations tested and effectively modulated plasma glucose levels, this product can be recommended as an immunostimulant for A. gigas fingerlings with the inclusion of 40 g/kg of feed. Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-09T09:08:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CPAF-AP-2020-Innate-immune-response-of-pirarucu.pdf: 276238 bytes, checksum: 221944425940fbbc325ab8e961ff9479 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

This study compared the parasites fauna of Hyphessobrycon takasei and H. amapaensis from hydrographic basins in Amapá state, Brazil. Of the 42 H. takasei examined, 95.2% were parasitized by one or more species such as Dactylogyridae gen. sp., encysted metacercariae of digenean, adults and larvae of Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus and larvae of Camallanus sp. A total of 224 parasites were collected from H. takasei, and there was a dominance of nematode species and dispersion pattern aggregated of parasites. The species richness of parasites varied of 0 to 3 species, Brillouin index of 0-0.97 and evenness of 0-0.70. Of the 32 specimens of H. amapaensis examined, 28.1% were parasitized by Camallanus sp. larvae, which presented random dispersion pattern. For H. takasei, no correlation of host length with Brillouin diversity and species richness of parasites was found. The presence of these nematode species and metacercariae of digenean indicates that these fish may act as intermediate hosts. This is the first study to gather information about the parasite fauna of these endemic fish from the eastern Amazon, providing records that contribute new reports on occurrence of parasite species in new localities. This study on parasites of H. takasei and H. amapaensis may help prevent the introduction of parasites in other regions of the country, as well as in other countries due to aquarium fish. Since the ornamental fish exportation from the Brazil is largely dominated by wild Amazonian species, biosecurity export conditions should be require all exported fish to be inspected and certified to show no clinical signs of parasite and diseases. Lastly, this knowledge on the parasitic epidemiology may help improve the health and quality of these fish being exported from the Amazon region, reducing losses on all stages of this production chain. Made available in DSpace on 2019-07-27T00:52:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CPAFAP2019ParasiticfaunaofHyphessobrycon.pdf: 1030381 bytes, checksum: 9a8e205223d54f3249187d70692a4429 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019

The current study tested the efficacy of a dietary immunostimulant additive (Aquate Fish?®) on the growth performance, and on the physiological and immune responses of Arapaima gigas. Two trials were carried out: a feeding trial for 30 days with the experimental diets and a challenge trial for 7 days, in which fish were bacterial challenge (Aeromonas hydrophila) following by 60 s handling stress. During the feeding trial, fingerlings were fed diets supplemented with 0 (control), 6, 9 and 12 g Aquate Fish?®/kg diet. Dietary supplementation did not influence feed intake, feed conversion and condition factor, but increased the final biomass, number of erythrocytes, thrombocytes, leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, hemoglobin, glucose, globulins and plasma triglycerides in fish fed at a concentration of 12 g/kg diet. After bacterial infection, mortality occurred only in fish fed control treatment, whereas respiratory burst of leukocytes, number of leukocytes and lymphocytes increased in fish that received 12 g of dietary supplementation. The results indicated that dietary supplementation with 12 g of Aquate Fish?® improved biomass and immunity performance of A. gigas fingerlings, without negatively affecting blood biochemical parameters. Made available in DSpace on 2019-09-10T00:56:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CPAFAP2019Growthphysiologicalandimmune.pdf: 184829 bytes, checksum: d15cf60e4f16da2c64a7003e57d1da27 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019

We provide the first study on the diversity and community of parasites in Astronotus crassipinnis from the lower Amazon River, in Brazil. Of 35 hosts examined, 100% were infected with one or more species of parasites, such as Gussevia asota, Gussevia astronoti, Gussevia rogersi, Posthodiplostomum sp., Contracaecum sp., Gorytocephalus sp. and Dolops longicauda. Gussevia asota, G. astronoti and G. rogersi were dominant, and, in total, 9788 parasites were collected. The richness of parasite species (4.9±0.7), Brillouin diversity (0.46±0.28) and evenness (0.29±0.17) were low. Parasites had aggregated dispersion, parasitism did not affect the host condition factor, and host size did not influence abundance, species richness and parasite diversity. The parasitic fauna was characterized by the presence of few species of parasites with high prevalence and low abundance, specifically the endoparasites, besides dominance of ectoparasites. The presence of endoparasites indicates that the diet of A. crassipinnis consists mostly of mollusks and microcrustaceans. This fish species is an intermediate host for Posthodiplostomum sp., Contracaecum sp. and Gorytocephalus sp., parasites found in larval stage. Finally, the behavior and availability of infective stages, which are intermediate hosts for endoparasites, were factors structuring the communities of endoparasites. Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-05T01:19:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CPAFAP2018ParasitescommunityofAstronotuscrassipinnis.pdf: 414098 bytes, checksum: 775587b931dbf29a4e47992ad3a33549 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-04

The present study investigated the occurrence of metacercariae of Ithyoclinostomum dimorphum in Hoplias malabaricus in the basin of the São Francisco River in the state of Minas Gerais (Brazil). Twenty-nine fi sh were examined in June 2012 during a survey of fi sh and parasitic fauna. Of the fish examined, 34.5 % had infected eyes, intestine and musculature, with a mean intensity of 1.1 and an abundance of 0.4 per fi sh. The prevalence in the intestine was 31.0 %, with mean intensity of 1.1 and mean abundance of 0.3. In the eyes, the prevalence was 3.4 %, with a mean intensity of 1.0 and mean abundance of 1.0. The metacercaria found in the right eyeball was lodged between the cornea and iris. The low parasitism did not affect the condition factor (Kn) of the parasitized fi sh. This was the fi rst report of I. dimorphum in the eyes of Hoplias malabaricus, a secondary intermediate host for this endoparasite. Made available in DSpace on 2019-01-12T23:29:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CPAFAP2018Ithyoclinostomusdimorphum.pdf: 1633845 bytes, checksum: 4b5a2f8169a7b4e7121ba98b6e36fbec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-01-10

This study compared the structure and composition of the parasite communities in Callichthys callichthys and Megalechis thoracata of a tributary of the Amazon River system, northern Brazil. A total of 447 parasites was collected from 38 specimens of each host, and 44.7% and 36.8% of fish species respectively were found to be infected with 1 or more species of parasite. The similarity in parasite assemblages between hosts was high (61%) with both infected at similar levels by Genarchella genarchella, larvae of Eustrongylides sp., Rhabdochona sp. and plerocercoids of Proteocephalidae. However, the dominant parasites found in C. callichthys were metacercariae of Posthodiplostomum sp., which did not infect M. thoracata. In M. thoracata the dominant parasite was G. genarchella, and this host species was also infected by Gorytocephalus spectabilis which did not infect C. callichthys. The parasite communities were dominated by endoparasites, and species richness of parasites, Shannon diversity index and evenness were similar for both hosts. The results indicate that these fish species are intermediate hosts of the endohelminths found. Finally, the variation in the parasite community between sympatric hosts occurred probably due to the hosts? distribution in the environment and the diet of each host species. Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-15T00:37:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CPAFAP2018Diversityandsimilarityoftheparasites.pdf: 2091749 bytes, checksum: 6780109b2d842659f1436dd5b3259704 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-14

Outbreaks of diseases pose a major threat to sustainable aquaculture development worldwide. Application of herbal products to combat parasitic diseases provides an alternative approach for sustainable aquaculture. This study investigated the in vitro antiparasitic effects of an oil-in-water nanoemulsion prepared using the essential oil from Pterodon emarginatus, against monogeneans infesting Colossoma macropomum. Gill arches from C. macropomum (47.6 14.5 g and 13.5 1.4 cm) that were naturally parasitized by Anacanthorus spathulatus, Notozothecium janauachensis and Mymarothecium boegeri were immersed in different dispersions of the P. emarginatus nanoemulsions (0, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 600 mg/L). The major compounds presented in the essential oil of P. emarginatus were b-elemene, b-caryophyllene and ahumulene. Characterization of these nanoemulsions showed that they have a small mean droplet size and low polydispersity index, which is concordant with stable systems. In this in vitro trial, the P. emarginatus nanoemulsion concentrations of 100, 200, 400 and 600 mg/L presented 100% helminthic efficacy against monogeneans of the gills of C. macropomum. The highest two concentrations used (400 and 600 mg/L) were seen to immobilize the parasites after only 15 min. Therefore, it would be worthwhile testing these concentrations in therapeutic baths against monogeneans of C. macropomum. Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-16T23:52:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CPAFAP2018Nanoemulsionfromessentialoil.pdf: 467725 bytes, checksum: 32711d90e2f72611690df48bde6f76d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-16

This study aimed to determine the lethal concentration and the structural and ultra-structural effects caused by the formalin exposure on juveniles of Arapaima gigas. Ninety fish (60.1± 2.5g and 20.2±0.9cm) were exposed to 0, 22, 44, 66, 88 and 110mg L-1 in order to determine the lethal concentration (LC50-96h) that was 36.4mg L-1 of formalin. Sublethal effects were evaluated using histopathological analysis on the gills and assessment of behavioral alterations and clinical signs. The LC50 of formalin for 24, 48 and 72h was 88.3, 64.7 and 56.8mg L-1 respectively. Clinical signs and behavioral changes were found: erratic swimming, lethargy, crowding on the water surface, loss of hydrodynamic equilibrium, spasms and agonistic confrontation, which were observed only at 88 and 110mg L-1. The histological alteration index (HAI) showed that 66, 88 and 100mg L-1 presented significant difference (p

Este estudo avaliou a fauna de metazoários parasitando Pygocentrus nattereri, Gymnotus carapo, Astyanax abramis e Astyanax sp. da bacia do Igarapé da Fortaleza, estado do Amapá (Brasil). Os peixes foram coletados de outubro de 2012 a abril de 2013, e as quatro espécies de hospedeiros examinados estavam parasitados por 14 táxons de metazoários e um total de 580 parasitos foram coletados. Somente larvas de Contracaecum sp. foram comuns a todos os hospedeiros examinados e metacercárias de Posthodiplostomum sp. ocorreram em três espécies de hospedeiros, enquanto Ergasilus sp. foi encontrado somente em G. carapo. Monogeneas Urocleidoides affinis ocorreram somente em A. abramis e Astyanax sp., enquanto em P. nattereri foram encontradas outras cinco espécies de monogeneas e G. carapo outras três espécies. Portanto, houve uma predominância de ectoparasitos e entre os endoparasitos a predominância foi de estágios larvais. Este é o primeiro relato desses parasitos para P. nattereri, G. carapo, A. abramis e Astyanax sp. Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-05T01:18:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CPAFAP2018Metazoariosparasitosdequatroespecies.pdf: 336102 bytes, checksum: 3b06ea7d1aad44ce602a87930cbdc949 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-04

Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-30T00:40:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 395541860812PB.pdf: 518255 bytes, checksum: 7835a3e470b8ad43ccd5aa8dd92e46b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-29

Immunostimulants in farmed fish diets has been considered an effective approach to health management. This study aimed to assess antioxidant effects and resistance against pathogens of Colossoma macropomum (tambaqui) fed essential oil (EO) of M. piperita at 0%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% kg−1 commercial feed during 30 days. Tambaqui were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila and did not present clinical signs of alterations. Higher hepatic catalase activity was observed in fish fed 1.0% of M. piperita EO, compared with 1.5%. Renal superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase decreased in the fish fed M. piperita EO. Hepatic and renal lipid hydroperoxide increased among fish fed diets with 1.0 and 1.5% of EO. Tambaqui fed 1.0% of M. piperita EO showed respiratory activity increase, compared with 0.5%. Monocytes and PAS-GL were abundant in fish fed higher EO concentrations. Reduction in monogenoideans abundance was observed in fish fed 0.5 and 1.0% of EO. Although anti-helminth effects were observed, M. piperita EO in tambaqui diet did not promote leukocytes and lysozyme activity increases at the concentrations assessed. It can be suggested that other concentrations should be tested in future studies, as the combined use with other products, such as immunostimulants and probiotics. Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-15T00:35:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CPAFAP2018Antioxidantseffectsandresistance.pdf: 161913 bytes, checksum: 44f7da506feeca4d82a79dcfeb2fe8d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-27

This study investigated the parasites fauna of four freshwater ornamental fish species in aquarium shops of Macapá, Amapá State, in addition to survey the commercialized fish species and sanitary conditions of aquarium shops. Different native and non-native ornamental fish species were found in aquarium shops, mainly Poecilidae. We examined 30 specimens of Xiphophorus maculatus, 30 Danio rerio, 30 Paracheirodon axelrodi, and 30 Corydoras ephippifer for parasites. Of the 120 fish examined, 22.5% were parasitized by one or more species and a total of 438 parasites were collected and identified. Parasites such as: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Monogenea, undermined Digenea metacercariae, Acanthostomum sp. metacercariae, Camallanus spp., Bothriocephalus acheilognathi and Echinorhynchus sp. infected the hosts examined. Endoparasites in the larval stage showed the greatest diversity and Camallanus spp. was found in all hosts species examined. Paracheirodon axelrodi (43.3%) was the most parasitized host, while C. ephippifer (6.7%) was the least parasitized. Despite the low ectoparasites level, six species of endoparasites was observed, demonstrating that prophylactic and quarantine procedures were not fully adequate. Therefore, failures in prophylactic procedures on any link in the production industry of ornamental fish may cause parasite transmission to ornamental fish captured in different environments and localities. Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-07T00:33:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CPAFAP2018ParasitesofornamentalfishcommercializedinMacapa.pdf: 546956 bytes, checksum: bb9305cd858debd8dad8c7fb3233e4b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-06

The aim of this study was to investigate the component communities of parasites in Chaetobranchus flavescens from a tributary of the Amazon River system, northern Brazil. Out of 39 fish examined, 1,124,710 parasites were collected, such as Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Piscinoodinium pillulare (Protozoa), Gussevia spilocirra, Gussevia elephus (Monogenea), metacercariae of Clinostomum marginatum and Posthodiplostomum sp. (Digenea), Pseudoproleptus sp. larvae. (Nematoda), Echinorhynchus paranensis, Gorytocephalus spectabilis (Acanthocephala), Braga patagonica (Isopoda) and leeches Glossiphonidae (Hirudinea). However, I. multifiliis was the dominant and abundant species, while B. patagonica and Hirudinea gen. sp. were the least prevalent and abundant parasites. These parasites had an aggregate dispersion, with mean richness of 4.7 ± 1.5 per fish, Brillouin diversity of 0.32 ± 0.29 and evenness of 0.15 ± 0.13. No correlation between the length and the parasite species richness and the Brillouin diversity was found, as well as regarding host size and abundance of parasites. Body condition of the hosts was not affected by the moderate parasitism. The low diversity of endoparasites indicates that C. flavescens is a host with low position in the food web. Finally, this was the first study on parasites of C. flavescens. Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-27T00:35:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CPAFAP2018ParasitescommunityinChaetobranchus.pdf: 2778303 bytes, checksum: 7631c6c6e8c66d084463c2088778951e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-26

This paper describes the first study on parasite diversity in Auchenipterus nuchalis Spix & Agassiz, 1829 (Auchenipteridae). In 31 fish caught in a tributary of the Amazon River, 10,708 parasites were collected, such as Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Piscinoodinium pilullare, Cosmetocleithrum striatuli, metacercariae of Posthodiplostomum sp, and larvae and adults of Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus. These parasite species showed aggregated dispersion, except for C. striatuli, which had a uniform dispersion. The component community of parasites showed a low Brillouin diversity (0.67 ± 0.27), low species richness (3.5 ± 0.8) and low evenness (0.43 ± 0.17), and it was characterized by the presence of species with high prevalence and abundance. Protozoan species were the prevalent parasites, which may be a consequence of the host?s mode of life, while the low presence of endoparasites in A. nuchalis suggests that this fish may occupy an intermediate trophic level in the food web. These data represent the first record of such parasite species for this host.

The aim of this study was to investigate parasites crustacean fauna in Arapaima gigas, Cichla monoculus, Cichla ocellaris, Cichla jariina, Satanoperca jurupari, Leporinus friderici, Leporinus fasciatus, Hoplias malabaricus, Phractocephalus hemioliopterus, Serrasalmus altispinis, Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum and Potamotrygon motoro of the State Amapa´ and Para´, in northern Brazil. A total of 242 parasites, including Argulus elongatus, Argulus multicolor, Argulus juparanaensis, Argulus nattereri, Dolops discoidalis, Dolops longicauda, Braga patagonica, Braga fluviatilis, Livoneca guianensis and undetermined Lernaeidae, were collected from these hosts. The Argulus species had the greatest richness among the community of parasitic crustaceans. There was a low abundance of parasites among the hosts, other than D. discoidalis, was most abundant in the integument of A. gigas and P. tigrinum. Finally, the present study reported nine new hosts for the crustacean parasite species and expanded knowledge of the occurrence of some parasite species in the Jari River basin, in eastern Amazon.

This study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo antiparasitic efficacy of formalin against Dawestrema cycloancistrium, the effects on the physiological response of Arapaima gigas and the residual action on fish muscle after 96h of exposure. As regards the in vitro assay, 0, 22, 44, 66, 88, 110, 330, 660 and 880 mg L-1 formalin were tested. After 1h of exposure to 660 and 880 mg L-1 formalin, there was a 100% mortality of D. cycloancistrium as well as after 2h of exposure at 330 and 110 mg L-1 and 3h of exposure at 44, 66 and 88 mg L-1. Concerning the in vivo test, when fish were exposed to formalin at 0, 220, 330, 440 and 550 mg L-1, there was 100% survival at all concentrations and exposure times evaluated. Baths of 1h with 440 and 550 mg L-1 formalin showed 93.3% and 99.3% efficacy respectively. However, the baths of 12h with 55 and 66 mg L-1 formalin had the efficacy of 44.5% and 55.5% respectively. In 1h baths with 220, 330, 440 and 550 mg L-1 formalin, hematocrit, hemoglobin, number of total erythrocytes, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, plasma glucose levels, cortisol, total proteins, chloride, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium of the fish presented no differences in relation to the control values. However, in baths of 12h with 33, 44, 55 and 66 mg L-1 formalin, there was a decrease in hematocrit, plasma levels of calcium and chloride, and increased levels of glucose and cortisol, depending on the concentration of formalin used. In the fish muscle, the formalin residue decreased after 96h in all concentrations and periods evaluated, returning to values close to the control ones. The results indicate that formalin had its efficacy successfully proved in the treatment against D. cycloancistrium at higher concentrations such as 440 and 550 mg L-1 formalin and shorter exposure time (1h) without compromising fish homeostasis and consumer food safety. Statement of relevance: The manuscript represents original research on use of formalin in vitro and in vivo for treating infection by monogenoidean Dawestrema cycloancistrium in Arapaima gigas, the giant fish from Amazon. In the fish, muscle the residue levels of formalin after exposure was also investigated. Formalin have efficacy in the treatment against D. cycloancistrium at higher concentrations (440 and 550 mg.L-1) of formalin and shorter exposure time (1h) and without compromising A. gigas homeostasis and consumer food safety.

The hematological and biochemical responses of pirarucu fingerlings (Arapaima gigas) fed with diets containing different concentrations of a glucomannan product derived from yeast and algae were evaluated in order to ascertain the effect of these diets on fish physiology. Four treatments were conducted, with three replications, with 12 fish in each tank. The product evaluated (MycosorbA+®) was incorporated into the commercial diet, at four concentrations: 0, 1, 2 and 4 g.kg-1, called M0%, M0.1%, M0.2% and M0.4%, respectively. After 45 days of feeding, blood samples from six fish in each replicate were collected to perform the analyses. Their weight and length were determined to calculate the condition factor and weight gain, but no differences (P > 0.05) were observed among the treatments. No changes to the hematocrit, hemoglobin or erythrocyte levels or to the hematimetric indices of the pirarucus were observed. The glucose and triglyceride levels of the pirarucus in the M0.1% and M0.2% groups were significantly lower than those of the M0% group. The M0.2% group showed higher albumin levels (P < 0.05) than M0% and M0.4%. The M0.4% group showed a total cholesterol level that was significantly higher than in all other treatments. MycosorbA+® contributed towards increasing the levels of defense cells in A. gigas. It would be possible to use this product at concentrations of between 0.1% and 0.2%, given that they increase the levels of some defense cells and plasma albumin concentrations, without changes to hematological parameters, cholesterol and triglyceride plasma levels or condition factor. © 2017, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia. All Rights Reserved. This study was supported by the Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Postgraduate Education (CAPES), through its Pro-Amaz?nia Program (#230238.00754/2013-61). The authors thank the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa).

The present study investigated the fauna of metazoan parasites of a Geophagus proximus population from the lower Tapajós River, in the state of Pará, northern Brazil. A total of 137 monogeneans were collected from the gills of G. proximus , including Sciadicleithrum kritskyi , Sciadicleithrum paranaensis and Sciadicleithrum geophagi , while 119 Raphidascaris (Sprentascaris ) lanfrediae nematodes and 28 metacercariaes of digenea undetermined were collected from the intestine. Hosts harboring four species of parasites were predominant. The parasites had an aggregated dispersion pattern. The present study represents the first record of S. geophagi parasitizing G. proximus , increasing the geographic distribution of these parasite species to the Tapajós River basin. Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-11T16:04:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CPAFAP2017MetazoanparasitesofGeophagus.pdf: 2627868 bytes, checksum: 867c6fbb3ea8b35ccf1160f02dfd2c40 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-10

The hematological and biochemical responses of pirarucu fingerlings (Arapaima gigas) fed with diets containing different concentrations of a glucomannan product derived from yeast and algae were evaluated in order to ascertain the effect of these diets on fish physiology. Four treatments were conducted, with three replications, with 12 fish in each tank. The product evaluated (MycosorbA+®) was incorporated into the commercial diet, at four concentrations: 0, 1, 2 and 4 g.kg-1, called M0%, M0.1%, M0.2% and M0.4%, respectively. After 45 days of feeding, blood samples from six fish in each replicate were collected to perform the analyses. Their weight and length were determined to calculate the condition factor and weight gain, but no differences (P > 0.05) were observed among the treatments. No changes to the hematocrit, hemoglobin or erythrocyte levels or to the hematimetric indices of the pirarucus were observed. The glucose and triglyceride levels of the pirarucus in the M0.1% and M0.2% groups were significantly lower than those of the M0% group. The M0.2% group showed higher albumin levels (P < 0.05) than M0% and M0.4%. The M0.4% group showed a total cholesterol level that was significantly higher than in all other treatments. MycosorbA+® contributed towards increasing the levels of defense cells in A. gigas. It would be possible to use this product at concentrations of between 0.1% and 0.2%, given that they increase the levels of some defense cells and plasma albumin concentrations, without changes to hematological parameters, cholesterol and triglyceride plasma levels or condition factor.

This study investigated the parasitic fauna of Cichlasoma bimaculatum of a tributary from the Amazon River system, northern Brazil. The prevalence of infection was 94.6 % and, in total, 428 267 parasites, such as Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Piscinoodinium pillulare (Protozoa), Gussevia arilla (Monogenoidea), Posthodiplostomum sp. (Digenea) and Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus (Nematoda) were collected. However, the dominance was mainly of I. multifiliis, while P. (S.) inopinatus was the parasite species with the lower levels of prevalence and abundance of infection. These parasite species showed an aggregated dispersion pattern. The parasitic fauna was characterized by the presence of few species of parasites with high prevalence and abundance, specifically ectoparasites, and a low number of endoparasites. The observed pattern is explained by the mode of life of the host and it is suggested that C. bimaculatum occupies a low trophic level at the food web.

This study investigated the metazoan parasite fauna in Peckoltia braueri and Pterygoplichthys pardalis from a tributary of the Amazon River system, in northern Brazil. In P. braueri, 630 parasites were collected, belonging to Unilatus unilatus, Nothogyrodactylus sp., Genarchella genarchella, Proteocephalus sp., Gorytocephalus elongorchis, Dolops longicauda and Hirudinea gen. sp., with a dominance of monogenean species. In P. pardalis, 120 parasites were collected, belonging to U. unilatus, Acanthostomum gnerii and Gorytocephalus elongorchis, and this acanthocephalan was the dominant species. In both hosts, the parasites presented clumped distribution, high prevalence, low abundance, low Shannon diversity, and low species richness, with a predominance of helminth species. In P. braueri, host length was positively correlated with parasite species richness and Shannon index. There was no difference in the body condition of parasitized and non-parasitized fishes in either host. This was the first report of these parasites in P. braueri and P. pardalis.

This study compared the blood characteristics of hybrid tambacu (Colossoma macropomum x Piaractus mesopotamicus) from three fish farms in the Macapá, State of Amapa (Brazil), which has a similar management. There were differences in the levels of dissolved oxygen in the water and pH in the ponds of the fish farms, but condition factor showed good body condition of the fish. In blood of tambacu were identified thrombocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, PAS-positive granular leukocytes (PAS-GL) and eosinophils. Plasma glucose and protein levels, hematocrit, total leucocyte count, total thrombocytes count, monocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils count were similar among the three fish farms. However, hemoglobin concentration, total erythrocytes count, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), number of lymphocytes and PAS-GLshowed differences among fish of these fish farms. Although the results showed a relative similarity between the blood parameters in the fish of the different fish farms, but the management conditions regarding the water quality in the ponds and food should be improved to increase the productivity in these fish farms.

This study was the first investigation on the parasites of Triportheus rotundatus, a Characiformes fish from the Amazon, in Brazil. All the fish collected (100%) in a tributary from the Amazon River system were infected by one or more parasite species. The mean species richness of parasites was 4.9 ± 0.9, the Brillouin index was 0.39 ± 0.16, the evenness was 0.24 ± 0.09 and the Berger-Parker dominance was 0.81 ± 0.13. A total of 1316 metazoan parasites were collected, including Anacanthorus pithophallus, Anacanthorus furculus, Ancistrohaptor sp. (Dactylogyridae), Genarchella genarchella (Derogenidae), Posthodiplostomum sp. (Diplostomidae), Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus (Camallanidae), Echinorhynchus paranensis (Echinorhynchidae) and Ergasilus sp. (Ergasilidae), but monogenoideans were the dominant parasites. These parasites presented an aggregate dispersion pattern, except for P. (S.) inopinatus, which showed a random dispersion pattern. The body conditions of the hosts were not affected by the parasitism levels. This first report of these parasites for T. rotundatus indicates that the presence of ectoparasites and endoparasites was due to hosts behavior and availability of infective stages in the environment, and this was discussed. Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-13T23:55:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CPAFAP2017Firststudyoncommunitiesofparasites.pdf: 5705681 bytes, checksum: 375b63ec8409516f87635509013d2204 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-13

This study examined the in vitro and in vivo, histopathological, anti-parasitic and hematopathological effects of the essential oil of Lippia origanoides on Colossoma macropomum. Essential oil concentrations of 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 and 320 mg·L-1 were tested in vitro against monogenoideans (Anacanthorus spathulatus, Notozothecium janauachensis and Mymarothecium boegeri) from the gills of C. macropomum. Concentrations of 320 and 160 mg·L-1 were 100% effective against these parasites within 20 and 60 min of exposure, respectively. The 80 mg·L-1 concentration was approximately 80% effective with 3 h of exposure, reaching 100% with 6 h of exposure. The 40 mg·L-1 concentration was also 100% effective with 6 h of exposure. The other concentrations were only weakly effective in vitro. Parasite mortality in controls (water or water + alcohol) began after 3 h, with 100% mortality after 8 h. In vivo tests, in which fry of C. macropomum were placed in baths with 20 mg·L-1 of the essential oil for 60 min, and 40 mg·L-1 for 30 min, did not lead to reductions in parasite abundances. In addition, the essential oil had an anaesthetic effect on fish, increased total protein levels, increased monocyte and neutrophil numbers, and reduced haematocrit. Slight to moderate and severe damage was observed in the gills of C. macropomum fingerling immediately after exposure to the essential oil, and 24 h after the treatments were applied, with no difference between treatments. Histological changes observed in the gills after exposure to concentrations of 20 and 40 mg·L-1 of L. origanoides essential oil were: hyperplasia and fusion of the lamellar epithelium, capillary dilation, displacement of the lamellar epithelium, and lamellar aneurism and epithelial rupturing with haemorrhaging. Oedema, mucous and chloride cell proliferation, lamellar hypertrophy, congestion and necrosis were less frequently observed. It can be concluded that the essential oil of L. origanoides was dose-dependent in vitro effect against monogenoidean parasites of C. macropomum. Unfortunately, the low concentrations tolerated by the fish in the vivo assay (20 and 40 mg·L-1) was not effective. Statement of relevance: The manuscript represents original research on use of the essential oil of Lippia origanoides against ectoparasites of Colossoma macropomum, an important finfish of Amazon region. This manuscript includes treatment in vitro against monogenoideans, and in vivo against protozoans and monogenoideans. Besides, histopathological and hematological analysis of the fish exposed to different concentrations of L. origanoides, a medical plant from North, Central and South America, were performed.

Aeromonas hydrophila is causing substantial economic losses in world aquaculture. This study determined the tolerance limit (LD50-96h) of A. hydrophila in Arapaima gigas, and also investigated the clinical signs after intradermal inoculation.

The present study compared the community of parasites in populations of Triportheus angulatus and T. curtus from a tributary of the Amazon River in northern Brazil. All hosts had one or more parasite species, 862,687 parasites were collected from T. curtus and 302,008 from T. angulatus. Species richness of parasites, Shannon diversity index and evenness index were higher for T. angulatus. The parasite communities of both hosts was similar (99%) and composed by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Anacanthorus pitophallus, metacercariae and Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus, with dominance of I. multifiliis. However, low infection level by Piscinodinium pilullare, Dolops sp. and Contracaecum larvae occurred only in T. angulatus, and Spironucleus sp. was found only in T. curtus. There were differences in the prevalence, intensity and mean abundance for some parasites of both hosts. There was aggregated dispersion of parasites in both hosts, but the infection of P. (S.) inopinatus in T. angulatus showed a random dispersion. For T. angulatus and T. curtus, the diversity and abundance of parasites were influenced by the host size. This was the first report of these parasite species for T. curtus, as well as of I. multifiliis, P. pilullare, Dolops sp., P. (S.) inopinatus and Contracecum sp. for T. angulatus.

The aim of this study was to investigate the component community of parasite metazoans of Piaractus brachypomus in the lower Amazon River, northern Brazil. From 34 necropsied fish, 27,384 metazoan parasites were collected, such as Anacanthorus spathulatus, Mymarothecium viatorum and Notozothecium janauachensis (Monogenoidea); Spectatus spectatus and Contracaecum sp (Nematoda); Clinostomum marginatum and Dadaytrema oxycephala (Digenea); and Argulus carteri and Ergasilus sp. (Crustacea). The dominant species was S. spectatus followed by monogenoidean species, and there was aggregated dispersion of parasites, except for D. oxycephala and Contracaecum sp., which presented random dispersion. Positive correlation among the abundance of the three monogenoideans species were found, thus indicating that there was no competition between the species of these parasites on the gills of hosts. The abundances of some parasite species showed positive correlations with the size of the hosts, but the condition factor of the fish was not affected by the parasitism levels. It showed that this host had a metazoan community characterized by high species richness of metazoans, low evenness and high diversity of parasites, with prevalence of endoparasites, including larval stages. This was the first record of C. marginatum, A. carteri, Ergasilus sp. and Contracaecum sp. for P. brachypomus.

O ambiente aquático é suscetível à contaminação por pesticidas, sabendo-se que inclusive a diluição destes compostos químicos pode acarretar em diversas variações na homeostase dos vertebrados aquáticos. As consequências destes agentes podem ser diretas e/ou indiretas, manifestando-se em níveis bioquímicos, fisiológicos e morfológicos do organismo, como também por reflexos estruturais na dinâmica das populações e comunidades. Deste modo o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os possíveis riscos e efeitos no tecido sanguíneo em relação ao uso de um biopesticida a base de Bacillus thuringiensis em uma espécie de peixe da bacia amazônica muito utilizada em cultivo e consumo humano ? o Tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum).

This paper records the first occurrence of Epistylis sp. on the body surface of Argulus sp. parasitizing Hoplias aimara from the upper Araguari River, in the eastern Amazon region, in the north of Brazil. Of the 16 specimens of H. aimara examined, 93.7% had their pelvic, caudal and pectoral fins and tegument infested by Argulus sp. (n = 73), which in turn were infested by Epistylis sp. The specimens of Epistylis sp. from the body surface of Argulus sp. were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The present study also identified a widening of the geographic distribution of these two species of ectoparasites to the eastern Amazon region of Brazil.

This study investigated the parasite communities of wild Acestrorhynchus falcatus and Acestrorhynchus falcirostris populations living in sympatry in Brazilian Amazon. In these two hosts, a total of 12 parasite species e 1-9 parasite species were found per fish, and 10 of these species are metazoans. Eight species of parasites were common to both host species and four of them exhibited differences in abundance and/or prevalence. Parasite communities of the hosts were taxonomically similar (83%) and composed of both ectoparasites and endoparasites, and characterized by high prevalence and high abundance of endoparasites and an aggregated dispersion pattern. For A. falcirostris, the dominant parasite was Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, and for A. falcatus, it was Piscinoodinium pillulare. Shannon diversity and Berger-Parker dominance were similar for both hosts, while the parasites species richness and evenness showed differences influenced by the ectoparasites species. These two populations of hosts that inhabited the same geographical area had different sizes, but were exposed to the same infective stages, and acquired qualitatively and quantitatively similar endoparasites community, thus indicating that the amounts and types of prey congeneric that they were eating were similar. Therefore, the overlap in the same occurrence area play an important role in the parasite communities to these phylogenetically related hosts.

The purpuse of this study was to investigated the influence of anthropogenic impacts on Podocnemis unifilis nesting on a stretch from Falsino river, with two forest reserves, and one urban area on the Araguari river, state of Amapá, eastern Amazon (Brazil). A total of 180 nests were found, being 89.4 % in the forest reserves and only 10.6 % in urban areas. On Falsino river, we observed a spawning pattern, because the number of nests was correlated to the length and width of the nesting locations. On Araguari river, the P. unifilis nests were generally found in areas with surrounding vegetation up to 5 meters in height, minimum distance of 120 meters from residences and immediately or after places of higher exploration of pebbles. Females from Falsino river had smaller eggs, but the neonates were bigger and with higher body condition index than the neonates from Araguari river. About 80 % of the nests were prey, mostly because of the large collection of eggs for feeding. Furthermore, it was found that adult turtle hunting has been intense. Although one of the areas is in forest reserves, the human impacts were similar to those caused in urban areas, indicating the need to implement protection programs for the conservation of P. unifilis.