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This study aimed to compare the efficiency of non‐surgical embryo transfer (ET) using a newly developed catheter, which enables transferring embryos into a proximal site of the uterus (mostly uterine body), and surgical ET of vitrified porcine embryos. In Experiment 1, the catheter was inserted into 12 gilts, with each half of the group allocated to skilled or novice operators. The time required for insertion into the uterus did not differ between skilled and novice operators (4 min 9 s and 4 min 6 s, respectively). In Experiment 2, 12 gilts were used as recipients for non‐surgical and surgical ET with vitrified embryos (n = 6, each). There was no significant difference in the rate of piglet production based on the number of transferred embryos between surgical and non‐surgical ET (25.8% vs. 15.4%, p = .098). The results suggest that non‐surgical ET catheter allowed for easy insertion and transfer of embryos without special training. Although the catheter is effective for deposition of embryos into the proximal site of uterus, the efficiency of piglet production is not enhanced compared with surgical ET. The ET method using this catheter, being labor‐saving and less‐invasive, may contribute to the improvement of ET in pigs.

The research aimed to construct a rehabilitation program for the muscles working on the arm after carpal tunnel release of the middle nerve of the hand to identify the effect of the program on some physical and physiological variables The researcher used the experimental method in a multiple measurements method. The research sample consisted of (10) individuals who had the carpal tunnel release process and the results were positive in improving the rate of carriage of nerve fibers to the middle nerve as there was an improvement in the strength of the muscles working on the arm. The researcher used the experimental method as it suits the nature and purpose of the research by using the pre and post experimental design with one experimental group system. Theresearch community was deliberately selected from the ulnar nerve patients, the number of (4) individuals infected with ulnar nerve from the age (30 - 45) years, after the consent of the injured as well as the approval of the doctors and all health authorities to implement the rehabilitation program after full review and allow the completion of measurements of the sample accurately and health care and after adjusting the research variables for one experimental group Thenature of this research requires that the sample members meet the following conditions: 1- Agree to conduct theresearch experiment. 2- Attend a proposedrehabilitation program throughout the duration of the experiment. 3- No injury to the individualaffecting the implementation of the proposed rehabilitation units in the program. 4- The sample should not besubjected to any other program during the research sample experiment. 5- Volunteer in conductingthe experiment and regularity in the rehabilitation units of the programthroughout the study period. 6- The research sample to bediagnosed by a doctor who specializes in ultrasound (radiologist).

Background Tertiary care centers often operate above capacity, limiting access to emergency surgical care for patients at nontertiary facilities. For nontraumatic surgical emergencies there are no guidelines to inform patient selection for transfer to another facility. Such decisions may be particularly difficult for gravely ill patients when the benefits of transfer are uncertain. Methods To characterize surgeons' decision-making strategies for transfer, a qualitative analysis of semistructured interviews was conducted with 16 general surgeons who refer and accept patients within a regional transfer network. Interviews included case-based vignettes about surgical patients with high comorbidity, multisystem organ failure, and terminal conditions. An inductive coding strategy was used, followed by performance of a higher-level analysis to characterize important themes and trends. Results Surgeons at outlying hospitals seek transfer when the resources to care for patients' surgical needs or comorbid conditions are unavailable locally. In contrast, surgeons at the tertiary center accept all patients regardless of outcome or resource considerations. Bed availability at the tertiary care center restricts transfer capacity, harming patients who cannot be transferred. Surgeons sometimes transfer dying patients in order to exhaust all treatment options or appease families, but they are conflicted about the value of transfer, which displaces patients from their local communities and limits access to tertiary care for others. Conclusion Decisions to transfer surgical patients are complex and require comprehensive understanding of local capacity and regional resources. Current decision-making strategies fail to optimize patient selection for transfer and can inappropriately allocate scarce tertiary care beds.

We investigated the feasibility of piglet production by non‐surgical embryo transfer (Ns‐ET) of vitrified porcine blastocysts and expanded blastocysts transported to commercial farms and warmed on site (V/T/W embryos). Ns‐ET was performed by depositing 11–20 vitrified and warmed embryos at a proximal site within the uterus via a catheter. In Experiment 1, the effect of donor–recipient estrous cycle asynchrony on the efficiency of Ns‐ET of vitrified and ordinary warmed embryos was investigated at the experimental facility. With a 1‐day delay recipients relative to that of donor, the farrowing rate was 50.0% and the survival rate to term was 21.1%. In Experiment 2, Ns‐ET using recipients with a 1‐day delay and vitrified embryos after one‐step warming and dilution was evaluated at the experimental facility. Although the resulting farrowing rate was 42.9%, the survival rate was 6.4%. In Experiment 3, Ns‐ET was conducted using V/T/W embryos at four commercial farms, where piglets derived from them were produced. When artificial insemination was conducted prior to Ns‐ET, the farrowing and survival rates obtained using V/T/W embryos were 75.0%, and 21.3%, respectively. These results show that Ns‐ET of V/T/W embryos using this protocol would be feasible for piglet production at farms.

Background Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) involve the direct surgical transfer of fresh human tumor samples to immunodeficient mice. This systematic review aimed to identify publications of head and neck cancer PDX (HNC-PDX) models, describing the main methodological characteristics and outcomes. Methods An electronic search was undertaken in four databases, including publications having used HNC-PDX. Data were analyzed descriptively. Results 63 articles were yielded. The nude mouse was one most commonly animal model used (38.8 %), and squamous cell carcinoma accounted for the majority of HNC-PDX (80.6 %). Tumors were mostly implanted in the flank (86.3 %), and the latency period ranged from 30 to 401 days. The successful rate ranged from 17 % to 100 %. Different drugs and pathways were identified. Conclusion HNC-PDX appears to significantly recapitulate the morphology of the original HNC and represents a valuable method in translational research for the assessment of the in vivo effect of novel therapies for HNC.

Definition and prevalence of xerostomia were shortly presented. Radiosensitivity of the salivary glands, mechanism, diagnostics, and possible prediction methods of the intensity of xerostomia in the pre-radiotherapy period are widely discussed. Prevention of xerostomia: salivary gland sparing radiotherapy, cytoprotective agents, preservation by stimulation with cholinergic muscarinic agonists, surgical transfer of submandibular glands according to ASCO Management Guidelines and Quality of Life Recommendations were cited. Oral Care Study Group (2010) therapeutic approaches for relieving xerostomia are referred. Current therapies, restricted to symptom relief such as oral hygiene with fluoride agents, antimicrobials to prevent dental caries, saliva substitutes to relieve symptoms, and sialogenic agents to stimulate saliva were also discussed.

18 p.-3 tab., Surgical transfer of embryos is carried out daily in animal facilities worldwide for the rederivation of mouse strains/lines, among other purposes. Current protocols described in laboratory manuals recommend using a high number of embryos during transfer, typically in the range of 15 up to 25. To optimize the use of resources it is necessary to estimate and relate the effort required and the yield obtained. Here, we analyse the balance between the number of embryos transferred (the effort), and the yield as the number of born pups obtained from surgical embryo transfer. To accomplish this, we have analyzed data obtained during rederivation of nearly one hundred lines of mice to a new animal facility. Our results confirm that the use of increasing numbers of embryos per transfer increases the yields of born pups, as has been described previously in the literature, but they also highlight the disproportionate effort required, i.e. in the number of embryos that needed to be transferred. An estimate of the mean expected yields of surgical transfers and their comparison with the actual observed yields indicated that the balance between effort and yield is optimized when using lower numbers of embryos than in currently used protocols, in the range of 8 to 12. Given the heterogeneous nature of the data presented and analyzed here, which is from a population of mice that may be considered as representative of any animal facility, our optimization approach should help save resources in similar facilities and improve the yields of embryo transfer procedures., This research was sponsored with core funding derived from the user fees of the CIB animal facility.

Nonsurgical embryo transfer (NSET) of blastocysts to pseudopregnant female recipients provides many benefits over surgical implantation with less distress for the mice, no anesthesia or analgesia required and a considerable reduction in implantation time per mouse. Although a disposable device to perform NSET is on the market since 2009, it is not generally used in transgenic facilities, most likely because surgical implantation is efficient and inexpensive. Here, we report that with several refinements to the original protocol, the NSET method becomes very attractive and outperforms the traditional surgical transfer on basis of pregnancy rate, birth rate and implantation-related discomfort. Furthermore, repeated use of the same NSET device on several recipient females reduces the costs to a reasonable level. The data presented covers all embryo transfers over the last 5 years at the transgenic facility of the Netherlands Cancer Institute, of which the last 2 years were performed exclusively with NSET. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11248-014-9802-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Cryopreservation is the long-term storage of viable cells/tissue in liquid nitrogen. The present study was conducted to freeze 8-cell- to morula-stage mouse embryos from the ACTREC Laboratory Animal Facility using a "slow freezing and fast revival" method. In all, 4,088 embryos were collected from 495 donor female mice of ten different strains. An average recovery of 8 embryos per donor mouse were recorded. Of the 4,088 embryos, 3,946 embryos of normal morphology were frozen in 173 straws. They were cooled down using a controlled-rate freezing assembly, and the straws were directly plunged into liquid nitrogen for long-term storage. Out of these 3,946 frozen embryos, 2,650 were found to be viable after fast revival. The highest survival rate, 81%, was recorded in B6D2F1 hybrid mice, whereas the lowest rate, 51%, was recorded in the S/RV/Cri-ba mutant strain. Out of 2,650 viable embryos, 2,359 embryos (89%) developed to the blastocyst stage after 24 h of incubation in a CO(2) incubator. The developed blastocysts were transferred surgically into 101 pseudopregnant female mice, of which 49 (48.5%) females were found to be pregnant. The highest percentage of pregnancy, 75%, was recorded in C57BL/6NCrl and NIH-III mice, whereas no pregnant recipients were recorded in Ptch, C3H/HeNCrl and NOD SCID mice. Based on the deliveries of these 49 females, an average of 4 young were delivered per female. Improvement in efficiency of freezing, thawing, and surgical transfer of embryos into pseudopregnant females is one of the challenges in such studies.

Microsurgery and free tissue transfer play a vital role in the modern practice of reconstructive surgery. Prior to the advent of microsurgical free tissue transfer pedicle flaps were the workhorse of a reconstructive surgeon. We report a case of thumb reconstruction by pedicled transfer of the second toe with functional and aesthetic outcome. This case was performed in Pakistan where microsurgical facilities were not available.

Symmetrical anatomy of the chest wall is the aesthetic goal in any technique for nipple-areola complex positioning in post-burn patients. In 15 patients, a new surgical technique was applied by transposition of two subcutaneously pedicled flaps, one of which carries the malpositioned nipple-areola complex. The long-term results of this procedure were found to be satisfactory in all patients.

We report the results of a new surgical procedure for spastic equinovarus deformity due to cerebral palsy. This is the transfer of the anterior half of the split tibialis posterior to the dorsum of the foot through the interosseous membrane. We performed the operation on 23 feet in 18 children. All patients were assessed before operation and at follow-up at a mean of 8.4 years postoperatively. Using the criteria of Kling et al (1985), excellent results were obtained in 14 feet, good results in eight, and a poor result in only one.

We describe a novel device that can be used for the transcervical transfer of embryos into pseudopregnant female mice. This nonsurgical embryo transfer (NSET) device is as efficient as standard surgical embryo transfer in the production of transgenic mice, and can also be used for the transfer of embryonic stem cell-containing chimeric blastocysts and cryopreserved embryos. In addition to the elimination of surgery, recipient females do not have to be anesthetized. The NSET device eliminates a painful surgical procedure as well as potential complications associated with anesthesia/post-operative care, reduces the technical expertise and equipment needed for surgical transfer, and represents substantial cost savings and regulatory reduction. NSET technology provides an easy and rapid alternative to surgical embryo transfer. Address correspondence to Brett Spear, Room 210, Combs Building, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY, 40536-0298, USA. email

Full tendon width vertical transposition (Knapp procedure) of the horizontal recti is an established treatment for double elevator palsy (DEP) but the long-term stability of the surgical results have not been well studied. We undertook a retrospective study to determine the overall effectiveness of the Knapp procedure, the postoperative stability of alignment, and the influence of prior inferior rectus muscle recession (IRc) on the magnitude of correction. Nineteen patients with DEP underwent a Knapp procedure. Eight were corrected to within 5 delta of orthophoria, six were undercorrected, and five were overcorrected by at least 5 delta after a mean follow-up of 3 years (to last visit or to further surgical intervention). The average vertical correction was 37.5 delta in patients who underwent a prior IRc compared with 21.1 delta in patients with no prior IRc (p = < 0.0017). Over and undercorrections were more likely to occur in patients with prior IRc. Postoperative drift was towards increased effect in all patients. The seven patients with long-term (> 36 months) follow-up demonstrated an increased magnitude of correction (average = 12.6 delta) over an average follow-up of 76 months. The Knapp procedure had an increasing effect over time but the amount of vertical correction did not correlate with the size of the preoperative vertical deviation and was less predictable when a prior IRc had been performed.

We report a series of 106 microvascular transplants performed in paediatric patients between 1973 and 1989. Eighty-eight percent of these flaps were successful. Two of the 13 failed flaps (1.9%) in this series were lost because of small vessel size. Otherwise, success rates (93% in the last 5 years) and complications were comparable to our adult cases. No growth-related complications were noted either in recipient or donor sites. We conclude that microvascular transplantation is a reliable procedure in children.

Mediastinitis continues to be a devastating complication of open heart surgery. Supercharging the rectus abdominis muscle through revascularisation of the deep inferior epigastric vessels in the neck adds another safety factor in the management of these difficult problems. Large mediastinal wound defects that would usually require more than one muscle for cover can be covered adequately with this technique. Viability of the entire rectus abdominis is assured and permits use in its entirety. Details of the technique are presented as well as a review of the reconstructive options for mediastinal wound infections.

4’,6’-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) is a fluorescent dye that binds only to the DNA of dead blastomeres of an embryo. The use of DAPI for assessing viabilities of equine Day 6 to 7 embryos was studied. The pregnancy and normal development of the embryo until 20 days after transfer (day of pregnancy termination) was used as an indicator ofembryonic viability. Eleven embryos were stained with DAPI at room temperature for 15 min. They were then exposed to UV light to visualize staining, and cultured for 2 h before non-surgical transfer to recipient mares. Eight control embryos were cultured for 2 h before transfer to recipient mares. The recipient mares were scanned for pregnancies every other day starting 6 days after transfer. Twenty days after the transfer the pregnant recipient mares received luprostiol to induce abortion of the foetus. The pregnancy rate 6 days after transfer was 82% in the treatment group, and 75% in the control group (P>0.05). One DAPI-stained embryo resorbed and was no longer visible 12 days after transfer. However, this particular recipient mare had a uterine inflammation as shown by examination in the oestrus following embryo transfer. Although the number of embryos is insufficient to demonstrate lack of treatment effect, the high pregnancy rates following DAPI staining should encourage further studies on this subject., Kokeessa tutkittiin 6-7 päivän ikäisten hevosen alkioiden elävyyttä 4’,6’-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI):n avulla. DAPI on fluoresoiva väriaine, joka sitoutuu DNA:han ja värjää alkioista kuolleet solut. Yksitoista alkioita värjättiin 15 minuutin ajan DAPI:lla huoneenlämmössä. Tämän jälkeen värjäys katsottiin UV-valon avulla, minkä jälkeen alkioita pidettiin lämpökaapissa (+37°C, 5% CO2 ) kaksi tuntia ennen ei-kirurgista siirtoa vastaanottajatammoihin. Kahdeksan kontrollialkiota käsiteltiin samoin, mutta niitä ei värjätty. Vastaanottajatammoille tehtiin tiineystarkastus ultraäänen avulla kuusi päivää alkion siirron jälkeen, ja siitä lähtien joka toinen päivä tiineyden keskeyttämiseen asti. Kun sikiön sydämen syke havaittiin, vastaanottajatammoille annettiin prostaglandiinia abortin aikaan saamiseksi. Vastaanottajista joihin siirrettiin DAPI-värjätty alkio tiinehtyi 82 %. Vastaanottajista joihin siirrettiin värjäämätön alkio tiinehtyi 75 %. Yksi DAPI-värjätyistä alkioista kuoli vastaanottajatamman kohdussa, eikä alkiota voitu enää havaita 12 päivää siirron jälkeen. Kyseisellä tammalla todettiin seuraavan kiiman aikana tehdyssä tutkimuksessa kohtutulehdus. Vaikka alkioiden lukumäärä kokeessa oli liian pieni, jotta se todistaisi värjäyksen haitattomaksi, koeryhmän korkea tiinehtymisprosentti rohkaisee lisätutkimuksiin.

In 1901 von Eiselsberg reported closing a fistula of the hard palate using the patient's little finger. The case is reviewed here and set in the context of its time.

We carried out a prospective randomised study comparing medial epicondylectomy with anterior transposition for the treatment of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. The mean follow-up period was 4.5 years and we assessed the patients neurologically and orthopaedically. Neither procedure appeared to have a significant effect on elbow function. Our study showed better results after medial epicondylectomy; in particular patient satisfaction was higher than after ulnar nerve transposition. There were no significant differences in motor power or nerve-conduction rates and sensory fibres appeared to be more vulnerable to devascularisation.

We evaluated the results of revision surgery for persistent cubital tunnel syndrome after failed surgical treatment. Eighteen patients were evaluated with an average age of 44 years. The majority of the primary procedures were subcutaneous transpositions (15 patients). The average follow-up time was 34 months. All patients were treated with a submuscular transposition of the ulnar nerve and Z-lengthening of the flexor-pronator origin. The most common operative findings were perineural scarring (16), retained medial intermuscular septum (10) and common flexor aponeurosis (9). Pre-operative and post-operative data were compared. The majority of patients improved their postoperative grade and their ability to do daily activities or work and stated that the surgery met some or all of their expectations. Most patients had partial relief of their pain and the satisfaction rate was 78%. Our study suggests that although these results are less favorable than those for the primary procedure, submuscular transposition is a useful technique for revision of failed cubital tunnel syndrome surgery.

Reconstruction of a congenital hand anomaly in a child using single free vascularised transfer of the proximal interphalangeal joint of a second toe with the simultaneous microvascular reconstruction of the donor toe using the stiff joint and its dorsal skin paddle from the hand is described. This is not the first reported case of a toe–finger switch, but it is the first in a free joint transfer, for which it is especially indicated.

A quick, non-invasive method of imaging plantaris using real-time ultrasound is described. Preoperative scanning of patients who may require the use of plantaris as a tendon graft will identify those with congenital absence of plantaris and so avoid an unnecessary surgical exploration.

A case of total xerophthalmia is reported in which microvascular transfer of the submandibular gland relieved the dryness with negligible side-effects.

Vertical scar breast reduction is a well accepted technique which we believe improves the shape and projection of the breast and leaves no horizontal scars. Lassus and Lejour described superiorly based nipple flaps; we describe a medially based flap or glandular transposition of the nipple in small reductions. Fifty-seven consecutive patients are presented. Thirty-three patients had medial transposition of the nipple-areola with a mean resection of 608 g (range 220-1250 g). Twenty-four patients had a glandular transposition of the nipple-areola, with a mean resection of 380 g (range 220-600 g); transposition of the areola should be less than 5 cm in this group. After a short learning curve, the complications have been few and minor.

OBJECTIVE: Twenty-five years of experience with subclavian revascularizations were reviewed to determine the long-term patency rates of different extrathoracic approaches. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Although it is generally agreed that proximal subclavian stenosis should be treated by an extrathoracic route whenever possible, the optimum procedure is debated. Alternatives include subclavian carotid bypass, subclavian-to-subclavian or axillo-axillary bypasses, and the authors' preferred technique of subclavian carotid transposition (SCT). METHODS: Records were researched for the past 25 years in a single specialty surgical clinic for extrathoracic subclavian revascularizations. One hundred ninety such procedures were identified, and hospital charts and office medical records were reviewed for procedure, preoperative symptoms, blood pressure differentials, and postoperative complications. Patency was determined by physical examination, differential blood pressures, Doppler spectral analysis, duplex examinations, and arteriography. RESULTS: Bypass procedures were used infrequently, and although the results are reported, they are excluded from any analysis. Subclavian carotid transposition was used in 178 procedures. All anastomoses were found to be patient at follow-up, except for one, which failed at 26 months. Mean follow-up was 46 months, with five patients lost to follow-up. Overall mortality rate was 2.2%, with the mortality falling to 1.1% if only subclavian carotid transposition patients are included. CONCLUSIONS: Subclavian carotid transposition should be the treatment of choice for routine subclavian carotid occlusive disease because of its exceptional long-term patency and low morbidity.

From 1982–1989, 152 mutilated distal digits were reconstructed with microsurgical foot tissue transfers in 121 patients. These various foot tissues included wrap-around flaps or pulp from the great toe, second toe, or third toe, as well as partial toe, nail, web space skin, and other portions of the foot. The reconstructions were carried out primarily and secondarily in 78 and 74 patients respectively. The immediate success rate was 98%. Most of the patients were satisfied with both the cosmetic appearance and the functional result. This relatively minor microsurgical foot tissue transfer proved to be an ideal reconstructive option for distal digital defects.

The hypothesis that equine embryos initiate oviductal transport in mares was tested by placing day 6 uterine embryos in the oviducts of day 2 (n = 10) or day 5 (n = 10) recipient mares and attempting to collect the embryos from the uterus 48 h later. To determine whether the surgical transfer procedure initiated oviductal transport, medium alone was placed in the oviducts of day 2 (n = 10) inseminated mares (sham transfer), and uterine embryo collections were attempted 48 h later. Embryos were transported through the oviduct of day 2 recipients by day 4 (instead of day 5 to 6) in six of ten mares, which was not significantly less (P greater than 0.1) than in day 5 recipients (9 of 10). Oviductal transport was not primarily initiated by the surgical transfer procedure, since oviductal transport occurred in only one sham transfer. There was no significant difference (P greater than 0.1) in the diameter of embryos placed in the oviducts of day 2 and day 5 recipient mares (180 +/- 13.8 versus 187 +/- 11.3 microns, respectively). However, embryos collected from the uterus were significantly smaller (P less than 0.05) in day 2 than in day 5 recipients (375 +/- 85.4 versus 659 +/- 43.6 microns, respectively). One uterine embryo had shed its zona pellucida before being placed in, and transported through, the oviduct of the recipient mare.

Free transfers of the distal parts of the second toe for reconstruction of distal phalangeal losses of the fingers were successfully carried out. This method is believed to be the best for functional and cosmetic reasons, but major postoperative vascular problems exist. To overcome these problems, multiple vascular anastomoses were employed at operation. The indications for this method are limited in Japanese patients, and its use depends on the patient's age, sex, religious beliefs and the shape of the second toe.

A rare malignant tumour presented as a pathological fracture in the clavicle of an 11-year-old girl. This was resected and the defect reconstructed using a pedicled bilobed flap based on the thoracodorsal system with latissimus dorsi and serratus anterior with a rib to replace the clavicle. The innervation of both donor muscles was preserved. The reconstruction was cosmetically acceptable and maintained the function of the thoracohumeral articulation. Although the use of vascularised rib grafts in composite flaps is well documented, this is the first report of clavicular reconstruction using the technique.

Nine patients who had undergone free fibula transfer were reviewed to determine the incidence of donor site complications. Problems identified included distal oedema, cold intolerance, sensory loss and weakness. However, the functional deficit was not great and most patients were not troubled by their symptoms. More serious potential complications from raising this flap are considered.

A case is presented in which, following the failure of several surgical and non-surgical procedures to control the increasingly severe pain in an amputation thumb stump, a toe transfer was carried out, successfully relieving the symptoms without transfer of the pain to the donor site. The patient has remained pain-free for 3 years.

We performed intercostal nerve transfer in 19 patients to relieve pain from preganglionic injury to the brachial plexus. The procedure was successful in 16 patients at a mean of 28.6 months (12 to 68) after the injury.

Bovine pregnancy associated gl continuously thoughout f estation wtt H coproteins (bPAG) are secreted by trophoblast concentrations increasing from implantation to the end of pregnancy (20 i et al., Biol. Reprod., 46, 83-92, 1992). Following the bPAG levels released after transfer of IVF and nuclear transfer (NT) embr OS during pregnancy may be useful for prediction of fetal well-bein and he1 to etect early placental abnormalities, embryonic mortality or abortion. he aim of thiixperiment was to determine bPAG levels in heifers bearing embryos and fetuses after non surgical transfer of two embryos IVF and transfer o P reduced in vitro (IVF) or by nuclear transfer. these emb OS were carried out in Denmark, NT and transfer of the cloned embryos were done in ‘2; twice monthly during pre Belgian laboratory actor d: nancy. A radioimmunoassa tng to the method described In the IVF group, no pregnancy loss was 64%. In the cloned group, 2 abortions ~180) and the calving rate was 21%. Data

牛の受精卵移植技術を実用化し,より広く普及させるために簡易的で安定した受胎成績が期待できる非手術的移植について検討を加えた。非手術的移植法の中でも,直腸腟法による人工授精と同じように子宮頸管を経由して受精卵を子宮角内に注入移植する頸管経由法は,術式が取り付き易く簡便であった。しかし,移植器具として人工授精用のストロー精液注入器をそのまま腟内に挿入すると,外陰部や腟内に存在する細菌を子宮内に持ち込み,子宮内を汚染することが判った。そこで,この子宮内汚染を防止するために移植器具に覆いを付けて子宮頸管外口部まで挿入する移植手技に改善した。その結果,覆いを付けることによって子宮内汚染防止に効果があり,手術的移植法による受胎成績と同程度の約60%の受胎率が得られることが示された。さらに,多数の技術者にこの頸管経由法の術者を依頼して応用試験を行った結果,移植経験がほとんど無い技術者でも,日常直腸検査や人工授精などに携わっている繁殖技術者であれば,50~60%の受胎成績が得られることが実証された。本移植手技によって受胎した受卵牛の流•死産の発生は約10%であり,他の移植方法により受胎した場合の発生率より少ない傾向にあった。頸管経由法をより安定した移植技術として確立するためには,まだ不明の点も多い。しかし,最近本邦においても受精卵移植技術が普及•実用化されようとしており,その中で本移植手技が広く利用されるようになった。今後,より多頭数の移植試験や種々の研究によって頸管経由法がさらに改善され,受精卵移植の普及に役立つことを期待する。

The rate of success achieved after nonsurgical transfer of 20 p. 100 less than after surgical transfer seems to be the same if fresh or frozen embryos are transferred. It seems that most transfer groups can achieve a 60 to 70 p. 100 pregnancy rate if they transfer fresh embryos surgically. This drops by 20 p. 100 if fresh embryos are transferred nonsurgically and drops an additional 20 p. 100 if thawed embryos are transferred nonsurgically. Further investigations have to be made, following Newcomb’s suggestions, to improve the nonsurgical transfer methods.

Restauration de l'extension du coude par transposition du muscle deltoide sur le tendon du triceps ou l'olecrâne. Chirurgie fonctionnelle de la main

The options for surgical reconstruction of the quadriplegic upper limb are clarified by a new international classification of each limb independently, based upon the lowest functioning key muscle and residual sensation. Surgical restoration of active elbow extension, of pinch, and of grasp is now an accepted part of rehabilitation. This additional function may be achieved by transfer of a non-essential muscle, by tenodesis, or occasionally by arthrodesis. The techniques available for each group of the new international classification are described.

Placement of the intact omentum upon a recently traumatised spinal cord was found to be effective in lessening motor and neuroelectrical dysfunction in a group of cats. It was theorised that the beneficial effect of omental transposition was due to the establishment of a dynamic equilibrium between production of vasogenic oedema from the injured cord and its absorption through omental pathways. Removing vasogenic oedema at the omental I spinal cord interface is hypothesised to stabilise a rising tissue pressure within the cord during the acute phase of injury and at a later date to decrease scar formation at the injury site.

When transfer of Day 7 embryos was surgically to the horn ipsilateral to the CL and non-surgically to the contralateral horn, fetal survival rate was 85 and 35% respectively. After non-surgical transfer to the ipsilateral and surgical transfer to the contralateral horn, fetal survival rate was 20 and 30% respectively.

Day 7 cow embryos were frozen in 1.5 M-DMSO in PBS at 0.3 degrees C/min to -36 degrees C and at 0.1 degrees C/min between -36 and -60 degrees C before being plunged directly into liquid nitrogen. They were subsequently thawed (rapidly to -50 degrees C, at 4 degrees C/min from -50 to -10 degrees C, and rapidly again) to room temperature. Embryonic viability was tested by four different transfer techniques. Maximum pregnancy rate (8/12) was obtained with surgical transfer immediately after thawing and dilution of DMSO.

The results of latissimus dorsi transfer for recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder performed during the past three decades were subjected to a failure analysis. Twenty patients operated on in the light of this had no episodes of dislocation and obtained full function. The mode of action of the latissimus dorsi transfer explains the apparent paradox of an operation that produces external rotation resulting in the prevention of anterior dislocation. The action of the transfer in pulling the humeral head posteriorly is the most important feature. If the transfer is not located correctly, this force will be less than that produced in external rotation and dislocation will recur.

The blastomeres of 192- to 8-cell embryos recovered surgically 1-3 days after ovulation from 23 Pony mares were mechanically separated and inserted, in various combinations, into evacuated pig zonae pellucidae to make 27 'half' and 17 'quarter' micromanipulated embryos. These were embedded in agar and cultured in vivo in the ligated oviducts of ewes for 3.5-5 days to allow development to the late morula/early blastocyst stage. Subsequent surgical or non-surgical transfer of 13 'half' and 17 'quarter' embryos to mares resulted in 10 established pregnancies, including 2 monozygotic pairs. Surgical transfer to mares that had not been recently used as donors of embryos was more successful (10/20) than surgical or non-surgical transfer to recently operated mares (0/10).

Fourteen horse embryos recovered non-surgically on Days 6-8 after ovulation (Day 0) were cooled slowly to - 35 degrees C (7 embryos) or - 40 degrees C (7 embryos) and stored in liquid nitrogen (- 196 degrees C) for 4-98 days. Surgical transfer of the thawed embryos to unmated recipient mares that had ovulated - 2 to + 1 days with respect to the embryo donors resulted initially in the establishment of 4 conceptuses. However, only one mare maintained her pregnancy to term.