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Das Lesen und Verstehen von Diagrammen ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil der naturwissenschaftlichen Grundbildung. Der Erwerb entsprechender Fähigkeiten soll dazu beitragen, Herausforderungen der fortschreitenden technischen Entwicklung und Digitalisierung zu meistern und Individuen eine vollwertige gesellschaftliche Teilhabe zu ermöglichen. Die vorliegende Dissertation hat sich dem Einfluss visueller Gestaltungsmerkmale auf kognitive Prozesse bei der Bearbeitung von Diagrammleseaufgaben gewidmet. Diese Einflüsse spielen im Kontext von Lehren und Lernen eine besondere Rolle, da für den Einsatz in der Lehre vorgefertigtes Material verwendet oder neues gestaltet werden muss. Dabei ist zunächst ungeklärt, ob das Material für den geplanten Einsatz geeignet ist. Diese Arbeit leistet mit drei empirischen Studien einen Beitrag dazu, Kenntnisse darüber zu gewinnen, wie geeignete Repräsentationsformen für gegebene Aufgaben identifiziert werden können und wie Merkmale von Diagrammen so angepasst werden können, dass diese für einen intendierten Zweck geeignet sind. Die erste von drei Eye-Tracking-Studien widmete sich der Frage, ob Personen dazu in der Lage sind, für verschiedene Aufgaben dasjenige Diagramm zur Bearbeitung zu nutzen, das für die Lösung der jeweiligen Aufgabe am besten geeignet ist. In der zweiten Studie wurde untersucht, ob eine hohe Datenkomplexität den Bearbeitungsprozess und die Leistung in Aufgaben mit Diagrammen beeinflusst, auch wenn zusätzliche Daten vollständig irrelevant für die Bearbeitung einer Aufgabe sind. Die dritte Studie lieferte erste Erkenntnisse zu der Frage, ob interessante, aber irrelevante Zusatzinhalte (Seductive Details) in Diagrammen den Bearbeitungsprozess und die Leistung von Personen beeinflussen, die Diagrammleseaufgaben bearbeiten. Schließlich werden die Ergebnisse der drei Experimentalstudien integrativ betrachtet und gemeinsam vor dem Hintergrund theoretischer und empirischer Arbeiten aus der Diagrammforschung diskutiert.

Learning and instruction (2017) 47, S. 91-102, Test items become easier when a representational picture visualizes the text item stem; this is referred to as the multimedia effect in testing. To uncover the processes underlying this effect and to understand how pictures affect students' item-solving behavior, we recorded the eye movements of sixty-two schoolchildren solving multiple-choice (MC) science items either with or without a representational picture. Results show that the time students spent fixating the picture was compensated for by less time spent reading the corresponding text. In text-picture items, students also spent less time fixating incorrect answer options; a behavior that was associated with better test scores in general. Detailed gaze likelihood analyses revealed that the picture received particular attention right after item onset and in the later phase of item solving. Hence, comparable to learning, pictures in tests seemingly boost students' performance because they may serve as mental scaffolds, supporting comprehension and decision making.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Differential levels of circulating proteins in participants with IPF versus controls. Volcano plot of the Log2fold change in means by log10 of the corrected p Value for each protein. The horizontal line indicates the threshold for statistical significance. Figure S2. Histogram of the linear discriminant scores for each participant in the IPF and control cohort. Table S1. Summary statistics for all 1305 proteins assayed across the IPF and control cohorts. Protein data are reported in relative fluorescent units. Table S2. Operating characteristics of all models in the test set for the IPF versus control multivariable modelling. Table S3. Proteins designated as among the most influential in at least two of the eight multivariable models. Table S4. Proteins significantly associated with FVC % predicted (unadjusted and adjusted for anti-fibrotic treatment). Table S5. Proteins significantly associated with DLco % predicted (unadjusted and adjusted for anti-fibrotic treatment). Table S6. Proteins significantly associated with composite physiologic index (unadjusted and adjusted for anti-fibrotic treatment).

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Differential levels of circulating proteins in participants with IPF versus controls. Volcano plot of the Log2fold change in means by log10 of the corrected p Value for each protein. The horizontal line indicates the threshold for statistical significance. Figure S2. Histogram of the linear discriminant scores for each participant in the IPF and control cohort. Table S1. Summary statistics for all 1305 proteins assayed across the IPF and control cohorts. Protein data are reported in relative fluorescent units. Table S2. Operating characteristics of all models in the test set for the IPF versus control multivariable modelling. Table S3. Proteins designated as among the most influential in at least two of the eight multivariable models. Table S4. Proteins significantly associated with FVC % predicted (unadjusted and adjusted for anti-fibrotic treatment). Table S5. Proteins significantly associated with DLco % predicted (unadjusted and adjusted for anti-fibrotic treatment). Table S6. Proteins significantly associated with composite physiologic index (unadjusted and adjusted for anti-fibrotic treatment).

Unveiling the molecular mechanisms of tissue remodelling following injury is imperative to elucidate its regenerative capacity and aberrant repair in disease. Using different omics approaches, we identified enhancer of zester homolog 2 (EZH2) as a key regulator of fibrosis in injured lung epithelium. Epithelial injury drives an enrichment of nuclear transforming growth factor‐β‐activated kinase 1 (TAK1) that mediates EZH2 phosphorylation to facilitate its liberation from polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2). This process results in the establishment of a transcriptional complex of EZH2, RNA‐polymerase II (POL2) and nuclear actin, which orchestrates aberrant epithelial repair programmes. The liberation of EZH2 from PRC2 is accompanied by an EZH2‐EZH1 switch to preserve H3K27me3 deposition at non‐target genes. Loss of epithelial TAK1, EZH2 or blocking nuclear actin influx attenuates the fibrotic cascade and restores respiratory homeostasis. Accordingly, EZH2 inhibition significantly improves outcomes in a pulmonary fibrosis mouse model. Our results reveal an important non‐canonical function of EZH2, paving the way for new therapeutic interventions in fibrotic lung diseases., TAK1‐mediated phosphorylation of EZH2 regulates fibrotic epithelial remodelling after injury. EZH2 inhibition improves outcomes in a pulmonary fibrosis model, suggesting that targeting the TAK1‐EZH2 axis has therapeutic efficacy for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).