Search

The object of this study is the process of making a management decision based on the analysis of information from space surveillance systems. Unlike the well-known ones, the method of making a management decision based on the analysis of information from space surveillance systems involves: –segmentation of an optoelectronic image; –determination and prediction of a priori probabilities of possible environmental states; –an application for making a management decision of a combination of Bayes criteria and a minimum of variance. Experimental studies have been carried out on making a management decision based on the analysis of information from space surveillance systems. To conduct experimental research on making a management decision based on the analysis of information from space surveillance systems, a model problem has been stated. As images from space surveillance systems, images obtained from the WorldView-2 spacecraft (USA) with a difference of four days were considered. The vegetation index was calculated, and the probabilities of degradation dynamics of plant segments were determined. It was established that the maximum value of the estimated functional is achieved when choosing a solution φ1, which is optimal according to the Bayesian criterion and the criterion of minimum variance. The quality of management decision-making was assessed by the well-known and developed methods. To assess the quality of management decision-making, the concepts of objectivity of the decision-making method and the selectivity of the decision-making method by known and developed method were introduced. It has been established that both methods are objective, and the improved method is more selective (the gain is 2.6 times). This becomes possible through the use of information from space surveillance systems.

In this technical note, the framework of network aggregative game (NAG) is extended by considering the interaction of players in a dynamic environment whose model is not known to them. The cost function of each player depends on its own strategy, the aggregate strategy of its neighbor players in the network, and also the state of the environment. The state of the environment evolves {\color{blue}with a dynamics} which is affected by the strategies of players as an input to the model. The players of NAG are modeled as myopic selfish agents who observe the decision value of their neighbors and the state of the environment with some time delay and then, adjust their decisions using a projected sub-gradient rule. The main contribution of the paper is to provide conditions in which the strategies of myopic agents converge to the unique fixed-point Nash equilibrium point of the proposed dynamic NAG. Further, as a case study, the framework is applied to a wireless network by modeling the service providers as the agents and evolution of service selection by users as the dynamics of the environment.

Many studies have found a positive association between liberal political views and support for environmental protection activities even though they require greater involvement of the state in market economies. However, such a conclusion is contradicted by empirical studies on pro-environmental activities with regard to the theory of planned behavior. On the one hand, subjective norms (including the expectations of public authorities) are usually found to be insignificant or very weak drivers of ecological behavior. On the other hand, self-efficacy (individual attitudes and beliefs in one’s capabilities) is perceived as a leading factor. This inspired us to explore the long-term effects of localism on environmental quality in Poland. Because liberalism and conservatism exist in their ‘pure’ forms, Poland is very well suited to such a study. The aim of the article is to assess the long-term impact of local and liberal orientations (with conservatism as the reference), as reflected by electoral decisions on the quality of the environment. First, the current state of the environment is measured over four dimensions (air, water, soil, and biodiversity), and the effects of environmental policies (including spatial dependence) are estimated. Subsequently, the treatment effects on the environment when a particular political orientation is adopted are estimated using multi-valued treatment effect analyses. The study confirms that local orientation is conducive to long-term environmental care. Moreover, greater coordination of environmental policies at different levels is recommended, focusing on the negative spatial dependence of local environmental expenditure.

The object of this study is the process of making a management decision based on the analysis of information from space surveillance systems. Unlike the well-known ones, the method of making a management decision based on the analysis of information from space surveillance systems involves: – segmentation of an optoelectronic image; – determination and prediction of a priori probabilities of possible environmental states; – an application for making a management decision of a combination of Bayes criteria and a minimum of variance. Experimental studies have been carried out on making a management decision based on the analysis of information from space surveillance systems. To conduct experimental research on making a management decision based on the analysis of information from space surveillance systems, a model problem has been stated. As images from space surveillance systems, images obtained from the WorldView-2 spacecraft (USA) with a difference of four days were considered. The vegetation index was calculated, and the probabilities of degradation dynamics of plant segments were determined. It was established that the maximum value of the estimated functional is achieved when choosing a solution φ1, which is optimal according to the Bayesian criterion and the criterion of minimum variance. The quality of management decision-making was assessed by the well-known and developed methods. To assess the quality of management decision-making, the concepts of objectivity of the decision-making method and the selectivity of the decision-making method by known and developed method were introduced. It has been established that both methods are objective, and the improved method is more selective (the gain is 2.6 times). This becomes possible through the use of information from space surveillance systems., Об’єктом дослідження є процес прийняття управлінського рішення на основі аналізу інформації з космічних систем спостереження. На відміну від відомих, метод прийняття управлінського рішення на основі аналізу інформації з космічних систем спостереження передбачає: –сегментування оптико-електронного зображення; –визначення та прогнозування апріорних ймовірностей можливих станів середовища; –застосування для прийняття управлінського рішення комбінації критеріїв Байєса та мінімуму дисперсії. Проведені експериментальні дослідження щодо прийняття управлінського рішення на основі аналізу інформації з космічних систем спостереження. Для проведення експериментальних досліджень щодо прийняття управлінського рішення на основі аналізу інформації з космічних систем спостереження сформульовано модельна задача. У якості зображень з космічних систем спостереження розглянуто зображення, що отримані з космічного апарату WorldView-2 (США) з різницею у чотири доби. Розраховано вегетаційний індекс та визначені ймовірності деградаційної динаміки рослинних сегментів. Встановлено, що максимальне значення оціночного функціоналу досягається при виборі рішення φ1, яке є оптимальним за байєсовським критерієм та критерієм мінімуму дисперсії. Проведено оцінювання якості прийняття управлінського рішення відомими та розробленим методом. Для оцінювання якості прийняття управлінського рішення відомими та розробленим методом введені поняття об’єктивності методу прийняття рішення та селективності методу прийняття рішення. Встановлено, що обидва метода є об’єктивними та удосконалений метод є більш селективним (виграш складає 2,6разів). Це стає можливим завдяки використанню інформації космічних систем спостереження

Резюме. У загальному плані поняття «екологія» прийнято розглядати як взаємодію організму з навколишнім середовищем і вплив різних сприятливих і несприятливих патогенних факторів середовища на життєдіяльність організму, на підтримання або порушення процесів життє-забезпечення і функціонування систем гомеостазу й організму в цілому. Мета. Узагальнення думок щодо взаємодії між екологічним станом навколишнього середовища та формуванням сталого розвитку спортсмена. Методи. Аналіз та узагальнення науково-методичної літератури. Результати. Навколишнє середовище відіграє значну роль у фізичному, психічному і соціаль-ному добробуті людини. Складні взаємозв'язки між факторами навколишнього середовища та здоров’ям людини слід розглядати в більш широкому просторовому, соціально-економічному і культурному контексті, особливо на сучасному етапі розвитку суспільства.Ключові слова: екологія, екологічне середовище, екологічні фактори, фізичне виховання.

The paper proves that one of the means of ensuring the right of citizens to health care from the adverse effects of the environment is the right to information about the factors that affect health. It is noted that reliable information about the state of the environment is the basis for the formation of an effective environmental policy of the state. In this regard, it is argued that a society with a high level of informatization is able to successfully solve both economic and environmental problems. In connection with the above, the importance of issues related to the exercise of the right to information about the state of the environment is highlighted. The state of consolidation of the right to information on the state of the environment and the natural environment in national regulations is analyzed. The content of ecological information contained in acts of international character is outlined. The problem of the ratio of ecological information and information about the state of the environment is determined. Environmental information includes information on the state of the environment, however, given the legislative definition of the environment, which covers a wide range of elements related to the conditions of human existence, it is proved that the concept of “environment” is broader in meaning than “environment”. In summary, the proposed definition of “environmental information” is information about the environment, about activities that adversely affect (or may affect) the environment and the human body, as well as information on measures to protect the environment and ensure compliance with environmental rights. The agreements concluded between the tour operator and the travel agent and between the tourist and the travel company when providing travel services define the obligation to provide information and the right to receive information about the state of the environment.

The problem of the impact of economic development of the world on the state of the environment is quite relevant today. Entrepreneurs usually defend their private interests and try to increase profits in every possible way, without caring about the state of the environment and the future. If in the economically developed countries of the world the government is trying hard to control compliance with environmental legislation and implement a green economy, Ukraine is hopelessly behind, and only in recent years is beginning to actively think about preserving the environment and develop mechanisms to achieve this goal. It is important to explore how the legal aspect can help address the balance between Ukraine's economic development and environmental quality, especially in terms of its impact on climate change, where air pollution, waste generation and energy security are key factors. The purpose of the study was to investigate the legal aspect of the interrelation between economic growth and environmental pressures. As a result, the world experience in finding ways of mutually beneficial activities for the economic development of countries and the preservation of the environment was analysed. The study examined the factors influencing climate change, waste generation and energy security in the projection of economic development. The main principles (strategy) of the state ecological policy of Ukraine for the period up to 2030 are analysed; regulations of Ukraine and the European Union, which regulate the preservation of the environment in terms of the legal effect on solving the problem of the interrelation between economic growth and pressure on the environment.

U ovome radu istražene su mogućnosti primene otvorenih podataka i softverskih tehnologija u praćenju i analizi stanja životne sredine. Implementiran je prototip softverskog rešenja koje vizualizuje skupove otvorenih podataka Republike Srbije o zagađivačima vazduha, vode i zemljišta, kao i zagađivačima otpadom. Prototip podržava praćenje neverifikovanih satnih poda­taka o kvalitetu vazduha u realnom vremenu.

The paper examines international documents (conventions and other treaties, declarations, resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly and other acts), which show transitional moments when and how organizational and legal measures to improve the state of the environment began to appear in the field of international cooperation on the environment. Based on their analysis, the author concludes that in the course of the formation and development of international cooperation in the field of the environment, measures to improve its condition and rational use of natural resources are increasingly recognized as one of the main ways to maintain the ecological balance. The concept of international cooperation in the field of rational environmental management has been formulated. It is proposed to understand it as a system of organizational and legal measures taken by the world community and its members to improve the state of the environment, which, among other things, includes the rational use of natural resources, improvement, restoration of the environment and other measures to enhance the sustainability of ecological systems as a whole.

Non-communicable diseases have become the leading cause of death worldwide, the origin of which remains unclear. At the same time, in the methodology of hygienic diagnostics and socio-hygienic monitoring, the search for good indicators testifying to the influence of environmental factors on human health is of considerable difficulty. 85-90% of management errors are recognized due to the unreasonable choice of these indicators. The continued growth of non-infectious morbidity in the Russian population indicates the inefficiency of the existing system of socio-hygienic (epidemiological) monitoring and, in general, the state of hygiene as human health science. To obtain reliable monitoring data, it is necessary to introduce a systematic homeostatic indicator that reflects changes in human health, regardless of the nature and origin of external factors, including vital and social factors. In this regard, the goals of this review were to analyze the systemic homeostatic action of the body’s associated water phase and the mechanisms of its electronic exchange interaction with the environment in a relationship that reflects the root causes of metabolic disorders in cellular structures and the subsequent occurrence of chronic non-infectious human diseases. According to quantum notions, an organism is a macroscopic quantum system, each organ and each cell of which is in electronic interaction with each other and with similar structures in the environment. It is precise because of non local connections that health and diseases are significantly dependent on the electrophysical state of the environment. A systemic indicator that reflects the effectiveness of electronic metabolic processes and human health is the proportion of the associated water phase in the body and the associated intensity of electromagnetic emission in the low-frequency and high-frequency spectral regions. In pathological conditions of organs (disease), adaptation is disrupted, which from a physical perspective is regarded as a “gap” in quantum correlation with external sources of electrons. During this process, a sharp decrease in the proportion of the associated water phase occurs, accompanied by the release of excess heat and metabolic shifts. Electron-deficient environmental conditions require the early introduction of measures to counteract dangerous trends in the nation health and the social and hygienic monitoring methodological aspects revision, which can have a significant impact on the “water factor,” through which realized one of the main ways of electron-deficient states the body compensation is implemented.

The article analyzes the provisions of the multilateral and bilateral international legal treaties of Ukraine aimed at the conservation and restoration of natural ecosystems and the implementation of an ecosystem approach, which is a strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way.Based on the conducted research, it is concluded that these issues are among the most important and relevant at the international legal level, therefore, our state, having assumed relevant obligations in this area, should focus its efforts to their proper reflection in the national regulatory and legal field and their practical realization.It is hoped that in the near future, the outlined issues will receive increased attention both at the level of environmental legislation and in practical terms, because according to the Law of Ukraine «On the Basic principles (strategy) of state environmental policy of Ukraine for the period up to 2030» dated 28.02.2019, which now has the status of a leading pointer in the environmental sphere, the goal of state environmental policy is to achieve a good state of the environment by introducing an ecosystem approach to all areas of socio-economic development of Ukraine to ensure the constitutional right of every citizen to a clean and safe environment, introduction of balanced nature management and conservation and restoration of natural ecosystems.

Cyclic dominance of competing species is an intensively used working hypothesis to explain biodiversity in certain living systems, where the evolutionary selection principle would dictate a single victor otherwise. Technically the May--Leonard models offer a mathematical framework to describe the mentioned non-transitive interaction of competing species when individual movement is also considered in a spatial system. Emerging rotating spirals composed by the competing species are frequently observed character of the resulting patterns. But how do these spiraling patterns change when we vary the external environment which affects the general vitality of individuals? Motivated by this question we suggest an off-lattice version of the tradition May--Leonard model which allows us to change the actual state of the environment gradually. This can be done by introducing a local carrying capacity parameter which value can be varied gently in an off-lattice environment. Our results support a previous analysis obtained in a more intricate metapopulation model and we show that the well-known rotating spirals become evident in a benign environment when the general density of the population is high. The accompanying time-dependent oscillation of competing species can also be detected where the amplitude and the frequency show a scaling law of the parameter that characterizes the state of the environment. These observations highlight that the assumed non-transitive interaction alone is insufficient condition to maintain biodiversity safely, but the actual state of the environment, which characterizes the general living conditions, also plays a decisive role on the evolution of related systems., Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in Scientific Reports

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN RECENT BRITISH AND CANADIAN ELECTIONS The 2019 elections in Britain and Canada illustrate the difficulties in communication between a concerned public and prospective office-holders on the most critical set of issues of our times. An increased level of public awareness and concern about the state of the environment has been expressed in public opinion polls, social movement activity has increased, and Green parties have expanded their appeal. Despite these developments in recent years, environmental issues have not been able to exert a major impact on individual voting behaviour in elections, or on overall election outcomes. Issues related to the environment are usually treated, by both politicians and the public, in valence terms. Valence issues are ones upon which there is broad consensus about the goals of public policy, and political debate focuses not on "what to accomplish" but rather on "how to do it" and "who is best able." Regarding the environment, general formulations like global warming and climate change prompt politicians to offer concerned rhetoric and engage in virtue signaling, but specific policy proposals are often absent. This paper examines four reasons why environmental/climate change issues did not have a major impact on the 2019 Canadian and British elections. First, environmental concern in society at large was imperfectly translated into election issues. Second, the major political parties produced inadequate and unconvincing environmental manifestos. Third, environmental issues were not central to most voting decisions. Fourth, environmental issues had limited impacts on election outcomes.

A historical analysis of research conducted during 1988—1991 by employees of the USSR Academy of Sciences to identify the socio-economic and ethnocultural situation of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North living in Yakutia is presented in the article. At the same time, the main attention is paid to those materials that most representatively reflect the changes that have occurred in the assessment by scientists of the consequences of the state policy carried out in the Soviet period in the national history of the state policy for indigenous ethnic groups. The sources for the preparation of the article were archival materials identified by the author, as well as published documents and scientific literature data. The work carried out made it possible to determine the main directions of the research, which focused mainly on understanding the impact of management decisions taken by the authorities, as well as changes in the state of the environment under the influence of intensive industrial development on the traditional culture and economy of indigenous peoples. The presented material testifies to the fact that at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s, Yakutia actually found itself at the forefront of criticism of the state policy pursued towards the indigenous peoples of the North through-out most of the Soviet period.

Introduction. Ascariasis is one of the most common parasitic diseases that infect about 1.5 million people in the world every year. In Russia, from 40 to 60 thousand cases are registered annually. To make effective management decisions on sanitary-epidemiological and preventive measures, the search for environmental factors that potentially affect the epidemic process of ascariasis in the Vladimir region was carried out. Materials and methods. The study analyzed archived statistical data on the incidence of ascariasis in the population, the state of the environment (air, water, and soil pollution), the socio-economic situation (unemployment rate, average salary, number of doctors and nurses, housing provision), as well as climate indices (average monthly temperature, number of days in a month with precipitation, humidity and snow cover) in the region. Statistical data processing and correlation and regression analysis were performed using the Statistica software. The maps were built and edited using the ArcView 3.1 GIS program and the standard Paint computer program. Results. The incidence of ascariasis in the region is characterized by significant diversity. Statistically reliable correlations of morbidity with environmental indices were obtained, and a mathematical equation was constructed using linear regression to predict the level of morbidity in the region. Conclusion. In the epidemiology of ascariasis in the Vladimir region, a leading role retains climatic, environmental indices determining the possibility of developing eggs of ascarids in the environment to the infective stage. A regional factor that affects the epidemiological process (indirectly through the suppression of the protective functions of the child’s body and reducing the development time of Ascaris eggs) is air pollution by stationary objects. The data obtained can assess the risk of infection with ascariasis to ensure biological safety in the region.

Today, one of the important tasks that is set before environmental monitoring is to continuously obtain the necessary data on the state of the environment through the use of remote sensing techniques. It should be noted that remote sensing (hereinafter – RS) is used in the technogenic environment of mankind, which directly creates unfavorable conditions, increasing the statistics of the origin of various types of carcinogenic risks. The growing consumption of electric energy leads to the construction and commissioning of new energy facilities, as well as to the construction of high-voltage power lines in the residential environment. An important task in this direction is the establishment of sanitary protection zones, taking into account environmental restrictions, which is aimed at reducing social tension among the population located in the zone of active exposure to the electromagnetic field. Given that low-frequency energy objects, like other man-made objects, are characterized by dynamic characteristics and require constant monitoring of the course of changes in continuous processes, which directly affects the change in the intensity of the electromagnetic field. In turn, the modern information platform allows you to simultaneously conduct environmental surveys to identify carcinogenic risks in the selected area at a specific time by entering the necessary data, which are the main factors in setting the maximum permissible conditions. The development of digital maps based on Arc GIS application programs has a simulation characteristic and allows you to visually assess the dynamics of environmental changes with different variations.

A feature of the tasks associated with the spread of harmful substances in the natural environment is the presence of a large number of parameters that affect the migration of im-purities. Mathematical models of varying complexity are used to describe such processes. The task of air monitoring by industrial enterprises is to collect, process the parameters of atmospheric pollution in the local area and develop, based on the results, conclusions regarding decision-making on the ecological state of both the industrial site and adjacent residential areas. An improved method of data approximation using piecewise polynomial regression is presented. The proposed algorithm makes it possible to increase the adequacy of determining the boundaries with a sharp change in the concentration of a harmful substance, improves the accuracy of the constructed models of the release of a substance into the atmospheric air and more accurately assess the scale of pollution. The developed methods allow visualization of the obtained data to increase the information content in assessing the pollution of a certain area.Along with mathematical models, when assessing the level of pollution, geographic in-formation systems (GIS) are used as a powerful tool that provides: collection, storage, pro-cessing, display of data, analysis, assessment, forecast of the state of the environment of a territorial community. The methods and algorithms described in the article form the basis of information technology and software for solving the scientific and technical problem of visual and analytical analysis of atmospheric air pollution data in the GIS «AirNorm». With the help of this GIS, the results of a computational experiment carried out on the indicators of the level of emission of NH3 for the source V-109 at the State Research and Production Enterprise (GNPP) «Zirkoniy» m. Kamenskoye were obtained and presented.

Diplomsko delo na podlagi virov onesnaženja, količine emisij ter njihovih posledic v okolju ocenjuje, kako se je stanje okolja v občini Štore spremenilo od njene ustanovitve leta 1995. Osrednji del naloge je razdeljen na tri večja poglavja. V prvem so predstavljene geografske značilnosti občine z izpostavljenimi gonilnimi silami pritiskov na okolje. Drugo poglavje je posvečeno analizi trendov spreminjanja kakovosti in obremenitev okolja v občini, v tretjem poglavju jedra naloge pa so na podlagi analize prednosti, slabosti, priložnosti in nevarnosti za izboljšanje stanja okolja predstavljeni občinski projekti, ki bodo v prihodnje prispevali k boljšemu stanju okolja. Občina Štore leži na vzhodnem robu Celjske kotline ob reki Voglajni. Površina občine meri 28 km2, v njej je leta 2021 živelo okoli 4.500 prebivalcev. Najbolj onesnažen del občine je dolina reke Voglajne, kjer je zgoščena večina industrije, prometa in prebivalstva. Glavni onesnaževalec ostaja lokalna industrija, katere vpliv se je sicer zaradi zmanjšanja obsega proizvodnje in po zaslugi ukrepov v prid okolja v zadnjih letih močno zmanjšal. Industrijske emisije vplivajo na kakovost zraka, površinskih vod in prsti. Stanje prvih dveh se je od leta ustanovitve občine postopoma izboljšalo, ni pa znano, ali se je izboljšala tudi kakovost prsti. This thesis assesses how the state of the environment in the municipality of Štore has changed since its establishment in 1995, based on the sources of pollution, the amount of emissions and their consequences in the environment. The central part of the thesis is divided into three major chapters. The first presents the geographical characteristics of the municipality, exposing the main driving forces of environmental pressures. The second chapter is devoted to the analysis of environmental trends in the municipality, and the third chapter, based on the analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to the environment, presents various municipal projects that will gradually help improve the state of the environment. The municipality of Štore lies on the eastern side of the Celje basin by the river Voglajna. The area of the municipality measures 28 km2. Approximately 4,500 inhabitants lived in it in 2021. The most polluted part of the municipality is the valley of the river Voglajna, where most of the industry, traffic and population are concentrated. The local industry remains the main source of pollution in the municipality. However, in recent years the impact of the industry has decreased due to the reduction in production and measures in favour of the environment. In the past, industrial emissions affected air, surface water and soil quality. While the emissions are still present, the condition of the first two has gradually improved, but it is not known whether the quality of the soil has also improved.

The transition to a “green” economic model is a complex strategic task that requires a combination of two previously incompatible development vectors: maintaining dynamic economic growth and preserving the natural environment on a long-term basis. No country has yet been able to cope with such complexity, nevertheless, an active search for a new balanced model continues, with the development of appropriate strategies. China is among the countries moving in this direction. The article analyzes the influence of social, economic, and environmental factors on the prospects for the development of a green economy and the preservation of natural areas in China. The dynamics of changes in the ecological situation from 1970 to 2018 is investigated. The authors propose a methodology for assessing the state of the environment based on demographic dynamics, economic indicators, and the level of technological development. Over the past 50 years, China has experienced intensive industrial development, as a result of which the degradation of valuable natural assets is increasing in most regions. At the same time, efforts are being made in a number of provinces to remedy the situation through the formulation of new policies, the first results of which have been already visible. The government has established a new environmental legislation designed to scale the green practices of the pioneering regions throughout the country, including the trend toward the de-urbanization of individual megacities and others. The implementation of this strategy will be facilitated by the expansion of interdisciplinary scientific research, the development of complex technological solutions, and development programs that simultaneously take into account various factors.

Humans struggle to comprehend, appreciate, and protect natural environments when they have had minimal or no exposure to these spaces. While there are many theoretical explanations for this bifurcation between humans and nature, there is an absence of wide-ranging solutions to address the issue. With a dramatic global shift towards a swelling urban culture driven by technology, current research strongly emphasizes the importance of nature’s health benefits. This study investigates the weakening connections between humans and the natural world and the effect that the characteristics and processes of nature-based journeys have on individual perspectives of environmental awareness and stewardship. Using qualitative research methods, nine participants from three Outward Bound Canada expeditions were interviewed to explore how outdoor journeys of at least one week in length influenced their sense of environmental connectivity and/or stewardship. Results demonstrate a positive association between participants’ exposure to natural environments and an increased sense of connection and stewardship towards nature. Participants experienced a reduced sense of fear in outdoor environments while their comfort levels in natural areas grew. Their values associated with natural areas changed, and for a few, their journeys challenged them to question their current personal and employment situation. Their journeys also augmented naturalistic understanding, increased their sense of connection with their surroundings, nurtured a desire to continue visiting natural areas and, for most, inspired their will to participate in employment or volunteer initiatives to improve the state of the environment.

Вступ. Збереження навколишнього середовища натепер є однією з найважли- віших, невідкладних і всеосяжних проблем, від якої залежить майбутнє людства й життя на планеті в цілому. Логістика як область практичної діяльності вно- сить свій негативний внесок у стан навколишнього середовища. Останнім часом як сучасна концепція логістики застосовується екологістика, яка сприяє запобі- ганню та ліквідації наслідків негативного екодеструктивного впливу на довкілля завдяки трансформації логістичних систем. Метою статті є дослідження впли- ву змін у структурі й тривалості життєвого циклу проєкту екологістичної сис- теми, що зумовлені екологічною орієнтованістю такого типу проєктів, на оцінку ефективності проєкту за допомогою критерію ефективності – дисконтованого строку окупності. Результати. Досліджено специфічні особливості життєво- го циклу проєкту екологістичної системи. Розроблено модель життєвого циклу проєкту екологістичної системи, в якій відбито зв’язки між часовими інтерва- лами й притоками й відтоками грошових коштів, що відповідають етапам фаз життєвого циклу проєкту. Запропоновано математичну формулу для розрахунку дисконтованого строку окупності проєкту, яка враховує специфічні особливості формування потоків грошових коштів окремих фаз життєвого циклу проєкту екологістичної системи. Застосування формули можливе в разі виконання умови сталості потоків етапів експлуатаційної та регенеративної фаз, що відповідає умовам невизначеності під час прогнозування потоків грошових коштів на почат- ку проєкту. Висновки. Екологістична система має специфічні характеристики, що відрізняють її від логістичної системи. Зокрема, життєвий цикл проєкту екологістичної системи містить екологоорієнтовані фази, протягом яких здій- снюються заходи, спрямовані на збереження та відновлення екосистеми. Модель життєвого циклу проєкту екологістичної системи містить п’ять фаз: передін- вестиційну, інвестиційну, експлуатаційну, регенеративну й ревіталізаційну, що протікають упродовж шести часових інтервалів. Кожному часовому інтервалу відповідають потоки грошових коштів певних фаз. Представлено модель жит- тєвого циклу, яка враховує притоки й відтоки грошових коштів протягом часових інтервалів. Оцінка ефективності проєкту здійснюється за допомогою показ- ника дисконтованого строку окупності з урахуванням специфічних особливостей потоків грошових коштів упродовж життєвого циклу екологістичної системи.

Outward habit formation affects consumption decisions. Since consumption displays a negative environmental externality, outward habits has as well an (adverse) effect on the environment. This research paper centers around the theoretical linkage between the combination of both externalities (environmental deterioration and outward habits). The objective of this study is to examine the impacts of outward habits on the state of the environment in the context of an overlapping generations economy. In our study, environmental quality is a public good negatively affected by consumption activity and positively affected by maintenance investment. With outward habit formation, the build-up level of average past consumption in the economy at large influences the current utility of an individual consumer. Thus, individuals draw utility not only from their own level of current consumption, but also from its level relative to the average consumption in the economy. How does outward habit influence the state of the environment? We analyze this question using an overlapping generations model with outward habit and environmental quality in the utility function. In steady state equilibrium allocation, we show that whether outward habits are destructive to the environment depends on the degrees of outward habit formation and the size of the economy.

The article considers modern tendencies in tourism development and analyzes the existing approaches to greening tourism; ecological problems of managing tourism development in Ukraine. The article aims at substantiating scientifically and theoretically the prospects for developing the national tourism market in Ukraine, taking into account the environmental factor. To attain the aim, the following general scientific and special methods were used: analysis and synthesis were used to study the scientific principles of tourism development; statistical analysis, comparison and generalization helped us to study the impact of environmental factors on the tourism market development in Ukraine. The authors draw attention to the need to increase the level of environmental safety of travelling in accordance with the sustainable development criteria. It is determined that greening tourism is a consistent implementation of the ideas within the "green" economy paradigm and international experience in nature conservation and sustainable environment in environmental legislation, recreational tourism, regional management, development of "green" technologies, environmental education and recreational nature management. The main directions of greening tourism at the macro- and micro-levels have been identified by analyzing the state of the environment and the tourism industry in Ukraine. Thus, the authors believe that an ecologically safe tourist product should include the following points: environmentally friendly transportation, food consumption, garbage collection and processing throughout the journey; environmentally friendly building materials used for tourist accommodation; participation of tourism business entities in solving environmental problems in the region

Because natural limits and economic growth are being exceeded today, the world cares for the environment. The current economic rationale focuses on maximizing production and seeking the accumulation of wealth, which has devastating consequences for society and the natural environment. Therefore, it is very important to know the current state of the environment, the regulations for production and consumption, and the management of urban and rural waste. Education is the ideal way to address the various environmental and social problems that modern society experiences. Different strategies and actions in education can be carried out so that children, youth and adults act towards the environment with responsibility and awareness. In fact, various governments have already implemented public programs on environmental education in communities and schools. For this reason, this article aims to present information and reflections about the problem and excessive generation of solid waste, the role that education and environmental culture play in its management, and how it can be used to try to alleviate this problematic. This was achieved using a documentary and literature analysis. This analysis shows the need to reinforce learning oriented to the development of skills and perceptions in the face of real-world environmental problems, applying a multidisciplinary approach and trusting on the participation of rural communities.

Introduction. The article is devoted to studying atmospheric air pollution by industrial odours on the health, quality of life, and the occurrence of various somatic and emotional disorders in the population of neighboring residential areas. According to most abroad studies, a literature review showed different conditions mediated by “annoyance” of smell, a “predictor” of deviations in health status. Material and methods. The data for this study were obtained as a result of the survey of residents of the city with a population of about 50 thousand residents living at different distances from odour sources: coffee factory, bone meal factory, a sugar factory, and solid waste landfill. The distances from the primary sources ranged from 1500 m to > 5 km. Results. The analysis showed that odour pollution is one of the priority factors affecting residents’ health and quality of life. The frequency and intensity of specific odours in the atmospheric air, according to the results of the survey, decrease as respondents’ place of residence is removed from sources (from 1500 m to > 5 km), as well as the degree of their “annoyance” with odours (from 87.5% to 51.2%), remaining at a very high level at the farthest distances (over 5 km). Conclusion. Besides to the area of residence and, accordingly, the level of atmospheric air pollution by odours, extent of this “annoyance” can be influenced by concern of residents about possible impact of air pollution, particularly by odours, on health. It has been established that there is a certain category of residents (making up about one-third of the population) who tend to associate their health problems with the state of the environment and, mainly, with the presence of industrial odours. This group of respondents is characterized by a lower tolerance to odours and, at the same time, a higher frequency of upper respiratory tract diseases, allergies, cardiovascular, and some other diseases.

As people have become more aware of their actions and how they affect their surroundings, they have realized the dire state of the environment. As a result, the recycling movement has gained momentum as a measure to save it. Contemporarily, the recycling industry has not seen a major shift and the problems that existed decades earlier persist. Trash classification is at the core of these problems, because if you can’t classify it, obviously you can’t recycle it. Manual classification often leads to misclassification as humans classify or judge things based on their experiences, knowledge, and not just absolute facts. Additionally, if the waste to be sorted is toxic, being in direct contact may be physically harmful to the people involved. Until a solution is found for this problem, the recycling industry won’t be on par with the rise in recycling culture. Thus, this is the problem we have set out to solve; this paper proposes a Deep Learning model based on EfficientNet Architecture that can classify different kinds of trash with an accuracy high enough to make it a viable solution for the industry while using a comparatively lower number of parameters than existing methods. We achieved an accuracy of 98% on the TrashNet dataset, the standard data for Trash classification, and outperformed all existing models. Additionally, as no large dataset with a varied set of trash images was present, we created a new dataset of 8135 images by combining various datasets and standardized them, achieving a classification accuracy of 92.87% with EfficientNet B3.

The concept of inclusive development provides equal opportunities for all participants in access to the labor market and resource allocation. This concept emphasizes the equality of human capital, the ecological state of the environment, social protection and food security. This concept is fundamentally different from the standard perception of economic growth, because it has broader goals than simply increasing incomes and GDP. It rejects the position that positive results are an automatic consequence of growth; here the basic condition is human development and increase of its well-being, reduction of poverty. Therefore, it is not the result of distribution that becomes primary, but the involvement in the process of social reproduction. An alternative system of characterization of the country's position according to the resulting indicator of the Inclusive Development Index was presented at the World Economic Forum in Davos. In this research the methodical development of the system of estimation of the index of inclusive development for regions of the NUTS 4 level of the European classification is resulted.

The results of the causes and consequences analysis of the negative ecological impact of rocket and space activities (RSA) on the environment in the surrounding regions are presented. A basic graph model was developed and a scenario study of the RSA impact on the ecological burden on the environment was conducted. Forecast scenarios of socio-economic development of areas with rocket and space technology intensive operation under various RSA development strategies were created.

The article discusses the issues of environmental management in logistics based on the concept of sustainable development through the introduction of environmental logistics. The problem of human survival in conditions of limited natural resources against the background of the deterioration of the natural conditions of human existence has led to the creation of the concept of sustainable development, which requires taking into account environmental and social factors in all spheres of human life. Logistics as a field of practice makes a negative contribution to the state of the environment. Highlighted the contour of ecological logistics in the framework of the concept of sustainable development. On the basis of the basic rules of logistics, the rules of ecology were formed, which reflect the need for ecologization of logistics. The evolution of the development of ecology is investigated, the features of the ecologization of logistics at each stage of the development of logistics are highlighted. Ecology has been actively developing in recent years and has several promising research areas, one of which is reverse logistics, which focuses on managing the reverse flows of material resources. The essence, tasks and place of reverse logistics in the hierarchy of environmentally oriented directions have been determined. The evolution of logistics chains corresponding to the stages of logistics development has been investigated. Closed logistic chains as the basis of reverse logistics are considered, the composition of the flows forming them is determined.

A modern and scientifically based indicators forecast of toxic and potentially toxic element concentrations allows us to develop and plan organizational and technicaltechnological measures aimed at reducing the negative impact of the coal industry and heating enterprises on the ecological state of the environment. For this purpose it is necessary to have data about concentration, character and features of the distribution of toxic and potentially toxic elements, including nickel, lead and chromium in coal and the rocks that contain it. Toxic elements are one of the main sources of environmental pollution thatnegatively affects human health. Research in this direction is conducted to reduce the degree of negative effects and additional pollution of the environment. Increasing requirements for environmental protection in the coal-mining industry sector of Ukraine stipulates the need for new scientifically grounded methods for forecasting the content of toxic and potentially toxic elements in the rock mass which is extracted by mines, the waste of coal extraction and coal enrichment and also the influence of the coal-heating enterprises on the environment. In the article, the results of investigations of toxic elements in coal seams of the Donetsk-Makiivka geological and industrial area of the Donbas are considered. The research covered the whole territory of one of the most studied geological and industrial districts of the Donbas – Donetsk-Makiivka. As a result of the study, correlation coefficients were calculated that allow us to predict the concentration of nickel, lead and chromium in the products and wastes of coal enrichment and correct the technological schemes of coal enrichment taking into account their content. We also calculated the regression equation between these elements and the ash content of the coal, which will allow us to predict their concentration in the main working coal seams of the DonetskMakiivka geological and industrial districts relative to the values of coal ash content. The character of the distribution is established and the weighted average concentrations and basic descriptive statistics for nickel, lead, and chromium in the coal seams and suites are calculated. The composition and character of their typomorphic geochemical associations, as well as the features and regularities of their accumulation in the coal seams of the Donetsk-Makiivka geological and industrial districts are revealed.

This article discusses the problems of implementation and protection of the constitutional right to reliable information about the state of the environment, describes the development of this right both in Russia and in other countries of the world. In addition the article gives the author’s definition of the concept of the constitutional right to reliable information about the state of the environment. The paper uses a number of methods of scientific research: analysis; synthesis; comparative-legal; historical; formal-logical.

Problem Statement and Purpose. In the conditions of economic crisis, significant reduction of funds for scientific research on the one hand, and deterioration of the eco­logical state of the natural system "environment-man" on the other, there is an urgent necessity to use less expensive but modern methods of research of man-made soils with the aim of doing its ecotoxic assessment. One of the most common methods that meet these needs are biotesting methods. In today's conditions, they are used by biolo­gists, ecologists, geologists, soil scientists, physicians. Such "popularity" of biotesting methods is caused by their simplicity of performance, wide possibilities of researches, considerable informativeness concerning pollution of practically all components of environment. The purpose of this study is to analyze and summarize existing methods of biotesting in order to use them in determining the ecological status of soils.Data & Methods. As a methodological basis used the developments that are out-lined in scientific papers published by R. Kabirov, K. Kozeev, J. Didukh, A. Gorova, A. Bubnov, O. Baghdasaryan and own research concerning biotesting of soils of the city of Odessa were used. Both general scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, system­atic approach, induction and deduction) and specific scientific methods were used in the work: historical-geographical, comparative- geographical.Results. The current system of environmental pollution control is based on a quantita­tive comparison of the component composition of samples with the maximum allow­able concentrations of bulk forms of pollutants. This approach does not allow taking into account all possible interactions between chemical compounds; is time-consum­ing in research and does not determine the effect of mobile forms, the most toxic to living organisms. To determine the degree of toxicity of soils and other components of the bioenvironment is possible through biotesting. Modern methods of biotesting make it possible to obtain an integrated toxicological characteristic of complex con­tamination of both soils and other components of the bioenvironment by the reaction of living organisms.Various test systems, from bacteria to mammals, are used to assess the state of the environment. However, the most common methods of biotesting are tests with using plants. With the help of plants bioindication of various components of the natural environment is conducted. Indicator plants are used in assessing the acid composition of soils, their fertility, waterlogging and salinization; the degree of mineralization of groundwater and the degree of air pollution by various gaseous compounds, etc. In recent decades, special attention has been paid to the study of the ecological condition of urban and suburban areas. A feature of soil pollution (especially urban) with chem­icals is their multicomponent nature. Currently, biotesting methods are widely used in soil research due to oil pollution, heavy metal pollution of urban areas, anthropogenic pollution of rural areas, pollution by fluoride compounds and other toxic substances that degrade not only the environment but also significantly affect human health.Despite some disadvantages of biotesting, the prospects of controlling anthropogenic soil pollution with biotests are justified by numerous studies by scientists from dif­ferent countries. Biotesting methods can be recommended for continuous rapid mon­itoring of the environment of industrial areas and natural and economic complexes, control of harmful emissions of enterprises, environmental certification of enterprises and individual areas. The ecological status of bioindicators can be used as additional information in assessing of public health.

Environmental innovation is a must in the face of a potential global environmental disaster. The development of the technogenic economy, including in Ukraine, has led to the destruction of natural balances and deterioration of relations between man and his environment. To prevent global and local environmental crises, it is necessary to change the technogenic type of economic development to a sustainable one. Such an approach is inconceivable without the use of science-intensive innovative technologies of an ecological nature. This article is devoted to the study of environmental innovations as a prerequisite for the transition to a new model of sustainable development. For this purpose, the analysis of the essence of the concept of "environmental innovation" is carried out; it is determined that eco-innovation is innovation that leads to environmentally efficient technologies that directly or indirectly improve the state of the environment. The necessity of introducing environmental innovations to solve environmental and economic problems of enterprises has been substantiated. Sectors of the world economy that actively use eco-innovation are indicated. The situation in the development and use of environmental innovations in our country is characterized. In Ukraine, the issues of environmental reorientation in economic development are especially relevant due to the obvious inefficiency in the use of natural resources and a low degree of energy conservation. In this regard, the first priority is the application of objects that have a negative impact on the environment, a regulation system using the best available technologies. For Ukraine’s transition to an innovative path of development, the stages of implementing a cleaner production strategy are proposed. Based on the above, it was concluded that environmentally oriented innovation activities of industrial enterprises and businesses in Ukraine will ensure the formation of a balanced development of both individual enterprises and society as a whole.

The article is devoted to the study of the right to a safe environment for life and health in the ecosystem aspect. Based on the analysis of a number international legal documents of environmental orientation, it is substantiating that the relationship between the human right to a safe environment for life and health and the need to preserve and restore natural ecosystems through the implementation of an ecosystem approach as a strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way. It is emphasized that the active development of this approach has led to the emergence of a new area of scientific research called «ecosystem approach to health», or in abbreviated form «EcoHealth», which studies how changes in the Earth’s ecosystems affect the life and health of people. It is noted that in Ukraine the specified problems have not yet received universal recognition, however, certain tendencies in this direction, which are primarily associated with the prospects for the implementation of an ecosystem approach to ensure the right to a safe environment for life and health are already traced in the Law of Ukraine «On the Basic Principles (Strategy) of the State Environmental Policy of Ukraine for the Period until 2030», according to which the goal of such a policy is to achieve a good state of the environment by introducing an ecosystem approach in all areas of socio-economic development to ensure the right of every citizen to a clean and safe environment.

Problem statement. Chemicals and industrial waste adversely affect human health and the environment. At present, the main problem at chemically hazardous facilities is to timely provide relevant authorities with information on environmental pollution with hazardous chemicals for decision-making on emergency response. Purpose of the article. Studying the current state of chemically hazardous facilities in Ukraine, modern EU projects regulatory documents, draft laws of Ukraine with the aim of improving state regulation of the circulation of chemical products and ensuring their safe use or use with minimal risks to human health and the environment. Conclusions. Chemical industry enterprises pose a potential danger to life, human health and the ecosystem, especially in emergencies caused by the release of chemically hazardous substances with a possible complex of damaging effects (explosions, fires, toxic injuries of people and animals). For chemically hazardous enterprise it is advisable to implement: 1. “The Rules of technogenic safety” on the territory of hazardous facilities in the urban zone, which allow containing hazardous chemicals in volumes provided for by the design storage standards and technological regulations. 2. “A methodology for observing the assessment of radiation and chemical conditions”, which will help to timely provide the governing bodies of the unified state system of civil protection with information on environmental pollution with hazardous chemicals for decision-making on emergency response related to the release of hazardous chemicals. 3. Enterprise dispatch service, radiation and chemical observation post, settlement and analytical group. 4. The law “About chemical safety” will determine the legal framework in the field of chemical safety aimed at limiting the negative impact of technological activities on the state of the environment and the livelihoods of the population, and establish relations in the field of circulation of chemical products, to determine the powers of executive authorities, the rights and obligations of enterprises, institutions, organizations and citizens, taking into account the international obligations of Ukraine in this area.

The concept of frontier has been formed for a long time and in different directions. The main characteristics of a frontier - its flexible borders, a zone of space development characterised by uncertainty and instability - have proved their importance for understanding and describing the current state of the environment with regard to its social, cultural, communicative and linguistic indicators. The interdisciplinary (transcendental) potential of a frontier is realised in a complementary combination of natural-scientific and humanitarian scholarship. The aim of the present paper is to justify the scholarly integrity of the term frontier discourse the conceptual milieu of which is created through two overlapping multi-layered phenomena: frontier and discourse. The paper names the vectors of expanding the interdisciplinary possibilities of a frontier under the conditions of a discourse approach. Frontier as a flexible border is presented in the Internet communication, the socio-cultural space of the modern city, in the daily behavioural norms of the elite, in the family relations and in many other conceptual spheres the list of which remains open based on the ontological features of a frontier. Based on the examples from Russian and foreign literature, the author demonstrates the role of the frontier modus in the interpretation of literary texts whose plot, style and images are projected onto national history, culture, mentality in the by-border characteristics. Such frontier features as instability, its ability to create an interaction zone, which, under certain conditions, can lead to integration, are important for understanding the problems of modern language, speech and genre norms. The byborder territory is a place accumulating violations of traditional norms and providing the material which is necessary in order to anticipate the arising norm changes. The transformation of traditional genres and the formation of new ones also take place on frontier territories. It is concluded that frontier discourse ensures the understanding of norm movements in genre-stylistic characteristics.

The paper examines environmental problems of a city with a developed mining industry. Their influence on social stability, public health and demography, labor activity, migration, etc. was revealed. The methodology for assessing social and ecological tension for the city of Sibay in the Republic of Bashkortostan was tested, based on the approaches developed by I.A. Sosunova for the regions of Russia. The main materials for calculating the socio-ecological tension of the city were data from the analysis of information on the socio-economic and ecological state of the territory, conducting a sociological survey of the population, as well as assessing the ecological and geochemical state of the environment by a set of ecological indicators. All indicators were assessed using five-point scales. The final indicator was the index of social and ecological tension, which was determined by dividing the sum of points for the indicators under consideration by their number. As a result of a comprehensive analysis, it was revealed that the socio-ecological tension of the city of Sibay includes: Gorny (3,7) Yuzhny (3,2) Center (2,7) Gold (2,6) Eastern (2,4) Fishermans House (2,3) Arkaim (1,6). The use of the category of socio-ecological tension in the proposed interpretation makes it possible to identify sociological problems of behavior and society. The results of the study are recommended to be used for a comprehensive analysis of indicators for monitoring urbanized territories of a mining region, which determine its environmental safety and sustainable development, ranking the territory as well as a set of economically justified measures to include them in the programs of strategic development of the region.

We studied the interrelation between the population health and content of heavy metals in the soils of urban ecosystems. We researched the situation in the city of Uman, Cherkasy region (Ukraine), and determined the links between the ecological quality of the urban environment and the occurrence of ecologically dependent diseases (oncopathology) in the old industrial region (Kryvyi Rih iron-ore basin). We found that the indicators did not exceed the MPC using spectral analysis of the gross content of Cu and Zn, in Uman soils. Spectral analysis of the content of mobile forms of heavy metals in the city soils was performed since mobile forms of heavy metals can be assimilated by plants and subsequently enter the human body and the abiotic component of the ecosystem of extraordinary danger to living organisms. We registered that Ni and Pb content significantly exceeded the MPC, especially in the city areas with heavy traffic. Correlation analysis showed a correlation of low and medium level (r = 0.40–0.52) between the content of mobile forms of heavy metals and the rate of oncological diseases. The correlation for Pb and Ni, the content of which significantly exceeded the MPC, was 0.40 and 0.49, respectively. Thus, we concluded that heavy metals could be a dangerous factor in the territory of Uman. Keywords: heavy metals; gross content; content of movable connections; urban ecosystem; ecologically specified diseases; oncopathology References Alekseenko, V.A., Suvorinov, A.V., Vlasova, E.V. (2011). Metals in the environment: assessment of ecological and geochemical changes. Logos, Moscow (in Russian). Alloway, B. J. (2013). Sources of heavy metals and metalloids in soils. Heavy metals in soils (Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands), 11–50. Djuvelikjan, H.A., Zheglov, D.I., Gorbunova, N.S. (2009). Soil contamination with heavy metals. Methods of control and regulation of contaminated soils. Voronezh. Fan, Zhang, Xuedong, Yan, Chen, Zeng (2012). Influence of traffic activity on heavy metal concentrations of roadside farmland soil in mountainous areas. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 9(5), 1715–1731. doi: 10.3390/ijerph9051715. Gasangadjieva, A.G. (2010). Ecological and geographical principles of predicting the incidence of malignant neoplasms in the population of the Republic of Dagestan. Mahachkala. Glazovskaja, M.A. (2007). Geochemistry of natural and technogenic landscapes. (Landscape-geochemical processes). Moscow. Human Exposure Assessment. (2000). Environmental Health ?riteria. Geneva. WHO/IPCS. Jarup, L. (2003). Hazards of heavy metal contamination December British. Medical Bulletin, 68(1), 167-182. doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldg032. Kiku, P. F. (2010). Socio-hygienic analysis of the impact of environmental factors on distribution of ecology-dependent diseases. Bulletin SB RAMS, 30(1), 31–56. Ljung, K., Selinus, O., Otabbong, E. (2006). Metals in soils of children's urban environments in the small northern European city of Uppsala. Science of the Total Environment, 366 (2–3), 749. Patz, J.A. (1996). Health adaptation to climate change: need for far-sighted, integrated approaches. In: Adapting to climate change: an international perspective. Smith, J. (Ed.). New York, USA, Springer-Verlag. Pope, C.A. 3rd, Ezzati, M., Dockery, D.W. (2009). Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the United States. N Engl J Med, 360, 376–86. Pruss-Ustun, A., Corvalan, C. (2006). Preventing disease through healthy environments. towards an estimate of the environmental burden of disease. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization (WHO) Press. Reena Singh, Neetu Gautam, Anurag Mishra (2011). Heavy metals and living systems: An overview Indian J Pharmacol, 43(3), 246–253. doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.81505. Savolainen, H. (1996). Biochemical and clinical aspects of nickel toxicity. Rev Environ Health, 11, 167–73. Semenova, Z. A. (2010). Medical geography – the science of man, nature and society. The theory of socio-economic geography: current state and development prospects. Rostov-na-Donu (in Russian). Shyjan, D.V. (2011). Public geographical study of the incidence of ecologically dependent diseases in the population of Kryvbas. Bulletin of the Donetsk Institute of Social Education: Geography Series, 7, 132–135 (in Ukrainian). Shmatkov, G.G., Oksamytnyi, A.F., Nikolaeva, I.N. (2009). Environmental problems of ensuring the safe life of technogenically loaded regions (on the example of the Dnipropetrovsk region). Ecology and nature management, 12, 42–47 (in Ukrainian). Sonko, S.P., Shiyan, D.V. (2015). The study of population morbidity based on the spatial diffuse models in old industrial region of Krivbass. Journal of Socio-Economic Geography: Interregional Collection of Scientific Papers, 18(1), 63–70 (in Ukrainian). Sonko, S.P., Suhanova, I.P., Golubkina, O.M. (2012). The level of ecologically determined morbidity of the population as a bioindicator of the state of the environment. Proceed. Reg. Sc. Conf. "Actual ecological and agrobiological problems of the Middle Dnieper in the context of sustainable development", 195–198 (in Ukrainian). Suhoveeva, A. B. (2008). Geo-ecological and geochemical peculiarities of the territory and their impact on health (for example, the Jewish Autonomous region). Ecology and rational nature management, 2, 93–95 (in Russian). Tymchenko, O.I., Serduk, A.M., Turos, O.I., Omelchenko, E.M. (2000). Methodology for assessing the impact of environmental factors on public health: the choice of research type and indicators. Journal of the Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 6(3), 566–574 (in Ukrainian). Zerbino, D. D. (2002). Environmental pathology and environmental diseases: new challenges of medicine (for example, coronary heart disease). Environment and health, 1, 27–38. Zherbo, A.P. (2002). Environment and health: approaches to risk assessment. St. Petersburg.

The analysis of trends in the development of the automotive industry and well-known methods of automating vehicle control served the basis for us to propose an approach to organizing the transfer of vehicle control from an automated driving system to a person. The approach involves monitoring the vehicle performance and the systems that provide automated driving, the state of the environment and the driver's psychophysiological state, as well as road conditions on the upcoming path, predicting the place and time of transition of control to the driver, determining and regulating his/her readiness to take control if necessary. This approach is peculiar for in time of automated driving, the minimum level of the driver's readiness to operate the vehicle is constantly maintained, which is brought to optimal within a certain time before the scheduled transition to manual control. This two-level monitoring of the condition of drivers of highly automated vehicles will improve road safety both in cases of predicted and unexpected need for an emergency transition from automated to manual driving. The aim of the work is to develop a methodology for improving road safety with highly automated vehicles involved.

Negative changes in the environment, leading to public pressure and environmental legislation require fundamental changes in the industrial practice of business. Survey of the environment in 22 countries found that: in half of the countries surveyed, the environment is considered to be one of the three most serious problems of concern to society. In most countries, the overwhelming number of citizens surveyed indicated that the state of the environment had an impact on their health, and an even larger proportion stated that the environment had an impact on the health of their children. The article deals with the problem of increasing the level of environmental friendliness of transportation in supply chains. With the modern requirements in the integrated green supply chain, the reduction of the harmful impact of production and logistics activities on nature should be considered at all stages of the technological cycle of product development and its promotion through the supply chain. It is determined that the key technologies for reducing the anthropogenic impact on the environment are the optimization of transport processes due to the reduction of distance during transportation at all stages of the supply chain; the increase in the use of local resources (reducing fuel costs and harmful emissions); the use of modern environmentally friendly energy-efficient vehicles. The basic principles and approaches of the consolidated cargo transportation model have been substantiated, which balances environmental and economic problems and their testing has been carried out in the supply chain of the Epicenter hypermarket chain

The functioning of any enterprise as a complex production and economic system is characterized by uncertainty about the results of activities. The level of uncertainty depends on the entity’s activities, its time horizon, the state of the environment and other factors. The objective conditionality of risk, when it cannot be completely avoided, requires conscious management. In this context, the essence of risk, the sources that determine it and the mechanism of its avoidance need in-depth knowledge. The article considers the essence of financial risk, identifies sources of uncertainty and establishes the origin of financial risk. Financial risk is caused by the uncertainty of natural, human and economic factors that under adverse conditions can lead to losses in economic and financial activities. The study and consideration of uncertainty and risk has become one of the main problems in the development of domestic enterprises. Since business is associated with risk and profit. Risk identification and analysis are closely interrelated and involve the choice of risk management method to minimize losses. The net profit (loss) of enterprises in Ukraine and in Zhytomyr region is analyzed by main types of economic activity in 2014-2018. It is established that the share of profitable enterprises has increased, but the number of unprofitable enterprises is quite large. From year to year the situation is quite variable, as entrepreneurial activity requires the presence of financial risk. The main stages of risk management are identified, through which the company becomes more resistant to unforeseen circumstances, especially to different types of risks. A block diagram of monitoring the financial risks of the enterprise has been built, with the help of which business entities will be able to react quickly to unforeseen events. Recognition of financial risk will allow to establish the factors that generate it, so businesses will be able to assess the degree of occurrence and amount of financial losses. Taking into account the main stages of risk management and the application of a block diagram of monitoring the financial risk of enterprises will help businesses to prevent, identify and avoid the investigated risk.

The state of the environment continues declining despite improved global responses towards environmental protection. This mismatch could be because government policymakers and bureaucrats tend to focus on the tangible and controllable aspects of interventions – such as resources and actions – rather than the consequences of these interventions. We test this assumption by classifying governance indicators in the environmental sector according to a logic model: an evidence-based causal chain articulating the causes, effects and consequences of management interventions. In this paper, we synthesized consensus on logic models and developed a decision tree to classify governance indicators depending on whether they measured inputs, activities, outputs, outcomes and impacts. We then applied this decision tree to indicators from the South African government’s national environmental outcomes delivery agreement and found that environmental governance indicators tended to be at the activity or output levels. The shortage of indicators at the outcome level may explain why the state of the environment continues declining despite the environmental sector consistently meeting governance targets. Inappropriately aligned environmental governance indicators mean that officials work on interventions without knowing whether these are effective or not. Therefore, the environmental sector should prioritise the monitoring of the effectiveness of government interventions, rather than the interventions themselves.