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1. Recommendations for recognizing, risk stratifying, treating, and managing children and adolescents with hypoglycemia

Author

Stefano Zucchini, Stefano Tumini, Andrea Enzo Scaramuzza, Riccardo Bonfanti, Maurizio Delvecchio, Roberto Franceschi, Dario Iafusco, Lorenzo Lenzi, Enza Mozzillo, Stefano Passanisi, Claudia Piona, Ivana Rabbone, Novella Rapini, Andrea Rigamonti, Carlo Ripoli, Giuseppina Salzano, Silvia Savastio, Riccardo Schiaffini, Angela Zanfardino, Valentino Cherubini, Diabetes Study Group of the Italian Society for Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetes, Albino Claudia Accursia, Aloe Monica, Anzelotti Maria Teresa, Arnaldi Claudia, Barbetti Fabrizio, Bassi Marta, Berioli Maria Giulia, Bernardini Luca, Bertelli Enrica, Biagioni Martina, Bobbio Adriana, Bombaci Bruno, Bonfanti Riccardo, Bonura Clara, Bracciolini Giulia Patrizia, Bruzzese Mariella, Bruzzi Patrizia, Buono Pietro, Buscarino Piera, Cadario Francesco, Calcaterra Valeria, Calzi Elena, Cappa Marco, Cardani Roberta, Cardella Francesca, Cardinale Giuliana Marcella, Casertano Alberto, Castorani Valeria, Cauvin Vittoria, Cenciarelli Valentina, Ceruti Franco, Cherubini Valentino, Chiarelli Francesco, Chiari Giovanni, Cianfarani Stefano, Cicchetti Mario, Cipriano Paola, Cirillo Dante, Citriniti Felice, Coccioli Maria Susanna, Confetto Santino, Contreas Giovanna, Coro Anna, Correddu Antonella, Corsini Elisa, Crino’ Antonino, d’Annunzio Giuseppe, De Berardinis Fiorella, De Donno Valeria, De Filippo Gianpaolo, De Marco Rosaria, De Sanctis Luisa, Del Duca Elisabetta, Delvecchio Maurizio, Deodati Annalisa, Di Bonito Procolo, Di Candia Francesca, Faleschini Elena, Fattorusso Valentina, Favia Anna, Federico Giovanni, Felappi Barbara, Ferrari Mara, Ferrito Lucia, Fichera Graziella, Fontana Franco, Fornari Elena, Franceschi Roberto, Franco Francesca, Franzese Adriana, Frongia Anna Paola, Frontino Giulio, Gaiero Alberto, Galassi Sabrina Maria, Gallo Francesco, Gargantini Luigi, Giani Elisa, Gortan Anna Jolanda, Graziani Vanna, Grosso Caterina, Gualtieri Antonella, Guasti Monica, Guerraggio Lucia Paola, Guzzetti Chiara, Iafusco Dario, Iannicelli Gennaro, Iezzi Maria Laura, Ignaccolo Maria Giovanna, Innaurato Stefania, Inzaghi Elena, Iovane Brunella, Iughetti Lorenzo, Kaufmann Peter, La Loggia Alfonso, Lambertini Anna Giulia, Lapolla Rosa, Lasagni Anna, Lazzaro Nicola, Lazzeroni Pietro, Lenzi Lorenzo, Lera Riccardo, Levantini Gabriella, Lezzi Marilea, Lia Rosanna, Liguori Alice, Lo Presti Donatella, Lombardo Fortunato, Lonero Antonella, Longhi Silvia, Lorubbio Antonella, Lucchesi Sonia, Maccioni Rosella, Macedoni Maddalena, Macellaro Patrizia Cristiana, Madeo Simona Filomena, Maffeis Claudio, Mainetti Benedetta, Maltoni Giulio, Mameli Chiara, Mammì Francesco, Manca Bitti Maria Luisa, Mancioppi Valentina, Manco Melania, Marigliano Marco, Marino Monica, Marsciani Alberto, Matteoli Maria Cristina, Mazzali Elena, Minute Marta, Minuto Nicola, Monti Sara, Morandi Anita,, Morganti Gianfranco, Morotti Elisa, Mozzillo Enza, Musolino Gianluca, Olivieri Francesca, Ortolani Federica, Pampanini Valentina, Pardi Daniela, Pascarella Filomena, Pasquino Bruno, Passanisi Stefano, Patera Ippolita Patrizia, Pedini Annalisa, Pennati Maria Cristina, Peruzzi Sonia, Peverelli Paola, Pezzino Giulia, Piccini Barbara, Piccinno Elvira Eugenia Rosaria, Piona Claudia, Piredda Gavina, Piscopo Alessia, Pistone Carmelo, Pozzi Erica, Prandi Elena, Predieri Barbara, Prudente Sabrina, Pulcina Anna, Rabbone Ivana, Randazzo Emioli, Rapini Novella, Reinstadler Petra, Riboni Sara, Ricciardi Maria Rossella, Rigamonti Andrea, Ripoli Carlo, Rossi Virginia, Rossi Paolo, Rutigliano Irene, Sabbion Alberto, Salvatoni Alessandro, Salvo Caterina, Salzano Giuseppina, Sanseviero Mariateresa, Savastio Silvia, Savini Rosanna, Scanu Mariapiera, Scaramuzza Andrea Enzo, Schiaffini Riccardo, Schiavone Maurizio, Schieven Eleonardo, Scipione Mirella, Secco Andrea, Silvestri Francesca, Siri Giulia, Sogno Valin Paola, Sordelli Silvia, Spiri Daniele, Stagi Stefano, Stamati Filomena Andreina, Suprani Tosca, Talarico Valentina, Tiberi Valentina, Timpanaro Tiziana Antonia Lucia, Tinti Davide, Tirendi Antonina, Tomaselli Letizia Grazia, Toni Sonia, Torelli Cataldo, Tornese Gianluca, Trada Michela,, Trettene Adolfo Andrea, Tumini Stefano, Tumminelli Marilena, Valerio Giuliana, Vandelli Sara, Ventrici Claudia, Zampolli Maria, Zanatta Manuela, Zanfardino Angela, Zecchino Clara, Zonca Silvia, and Zucchini Stefano

Subjects
adolescents, automated insulin delivery, children, hypoglycemia, glucagon, oral glucose, Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology, RC648-665
Abstract

There has been continuous progress in diabetes management over the last few decades, not least due to the widespread dissemination of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and automated insulin delivery systems. These technological advances have radically changed the daily lives of people living with diabetes, improving the quality of life of both children and their families. Despite this, hypoglycemia remains the primary side-effect of insulin therapy. Based on a systematic review of the available scientific evidence, this paper aims to provide evidence-based recommendations for recognizing, risk stratifying, treating, and managing patients with hypoglycemia. The objective of these recommendations is to unify the behavior of pediatric diabetologists with respect to the timely recognition and prevention of hypoglycemic episodes and the correct treatment of hypoglycemia, especially in patients using CGM or advanced hybrid closed-loop systems. All authors have long experience in the specialty and are members of the Italian Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology. The goal of treating hypoglycemia is to raise blood glucose above 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L) and to prevent further decreases. Oral glucose at a dose of 0.3 g/kg (0.1 g/kg for children using “smart pumps” or hybrid closed loop systems in automated mode) is the preferred treatment for the conscious individual with blood glucose

Published
2024
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3. Delayed puberty versus hypogonadism: a challenge for the pediatrician

Author

Bozzola, Mauro, Bozzola, Elena, Montalbano, Chiara, Stamati, Filomena Andreina, Ferrara, Pietro, Villani, Alberto, Ferrara, Pietro (ORCID:0000-0001-9449-3464), Bozzola, Mauro, Bozzola, Elena, Montalbano, Chiara, Stamati, Filomena Andreina, Ferrara, Pietro, Villani, Alberto, and Ferrara, Pietro (ORCID:0000-0001-9449-3464)

Abstract

Constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP) is the most common cause of delayed puberty (DP), is mainly found in males, and is characterized by short stature and delayed skeletal maturation. A family history of the subject comprising the timing of puberty in the parents and physical examination may provide clues regarding the cause of DP. Delayed onset of puberty is rarely considered a disease in either sex. In fact, DP usually represents a common normal variant in pubertal timing, with favorable outcomes for final height and future reproductive capacity. In adolescents with CDGP, a linear growth delay occurs until immediately before the start of puberty, then the growth rate rapidly increases. Bone age is often delayed. CDGP is a diagnosis of exclusion; therefore, alternative causes of DP should be considered. Functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism may be observed in patients with transient delay in hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis maturation due to associated conditions including celiac disease, inflammatory bowel diseases, kidney insufficiency, and anorexia nervosa. Permanent hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (pHH) showing low serum value of testosterone or estradiol and blunted follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH) and luteinizing hormones (LH) levels may be due to abnormalities in the central nervous system. Therefore, magnetic resonance imaging is necessary to exclude morphological abnormalities and neoplasia. Moreover, pHH may be isolated, as observed in Kallmann syndrome, or associated with other hormone deficiencies, as found in panhypopituitarism. Baseline or gonadotropin-releasing hormone pituitary stimulated gonadotropin level is not sufficient to easily differentiate CDGP from pHH. Low serum testosterone in male patients and low estradiol values in female patients, associated with high serum FSH and LH levels, suggest a diagnosis of hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. A genetic analysis can reveal a chromosomal abnormality (e.g., Turner syndrome or Kli

Published
2018

4. Diabetic ketoacidosis at the onset of disease during a national awareness campaign: A 2-year observational study in children aged 0-18 years

Author

Rabbone I., Maltoni G., Tinti D., Zucchini S., Cherubini V., Bonfanti R., Scaramuzza A., Lera R., Bobbio A., Piccinno E., Reinstadler P., Felappi B., Prandi E., Gallo F., Frongia AP., Ripoli C., Lo Presti D., Tomaselli L., Cardinale G., Stamati FA., Citriniti F., Suprani T., Graziani V., De Berardinis F., Zampolli M., De Marco R., Cavalli C., Lazzaro N., De Donno V., Toni S., Piccini B., Lenzi L., Mainetti B., Coccioli MS., d'Annunzio G., Minuto N., Aloe S., Lucchesi D., Cirillo S., Sordelli M., Del Vecchio F., Salzano LG., Meschi F., Iughetti L., Predieri B., Franzese A., Mozzillo Enza., Iafusco D., Cadario F., Savastio S., Piredda G., Cardella F., Iovane B., Calcaterra V., Berioli MG., Biagioni M., Randazzo E., Patera I., Schiaffini R., Rutigliano I., Lasagni A., Innaurato S., Gaiero A., Fichera G., Trada M., Guerraggio L., Cauvin V., Franceschi R., Tornese G., Salvatoni A., Marigliano M., Sabbion A., Maffeis C., Arnaldi C., Rabbone, I., Maltoni, G., Tinti, D., Zucchini, S., Cherubini, V., Bonfanti, R., Scaramuzza, A., Lera, R., Bobbio, A., Piccinno, E., Reinstadler, P., Felappi, B., Prandi, E., Gallo, F., Frongia, Ap., Ripoli, C., Lo Presti, D., Tomaselli, L., Cardinale, G., Stamati, Fa., Citriniti, F., Suprani, T., Graziani, V., De Berardinis, F., Zampolli, M., De Marco, R., Cavalli, C., Lazzaro, N., De Donno, V., Toni, S., Piccini, B., Lenzi, L., Mainetti, B., Coccioli, Ms., D'Annunzio, G., Minuto, N., Aloe, S., Lucchesi, D., Cirillo, S., Sordelli, M., Del Vecchio, F., Salzano, Lg., Meschi, F., Iughetti, L., Predieri, B., Franzese, A., Mozzillo, Enza., Iafusco, D., Cadario, F., Savastio, S., Piredda, G., Cardella, F., Iovane, B., Calcaterra, V., Berioli, Mg., Biagioni, M., Randazzo, E., Patera, I., Schiaffini, R., Rutigliano, I., Lasagni, A., Innaurato, S., Gaiero, A., Fichera, G., Trada, M., Guerraggio, L., Cauvin, V., Franceschi, R., Tornese, G., Salvatoni, A., Marigliano, M., Sabbion, A., Maffeis, C., Arnaldi, C., Rabbone, Ivana, Maltoni, Giulio, Tinti, Davide, Zucchini, Stefano, Cherubini, Valentino, Bonfanti, Riccardo, Scaramuzza, Andrea, Lera, Riccardo, Bobbio, Adriana, Piccinno, Elvira, Reinstadler, Petra, Felappi, Barbara, Prandi, Elena, Gallo, Francesco, Frongia, Anna Paola, Ripoli, Carlo, Lo Presti, Donatella, Tomaselli, Letizia, Cardinale, Giuliana, Stamati, Filomena Andreina, Citriniti, Felice, Suprani, Tosca, Graziani, Vanna, De Berardinis, Fiorella, Zampolli, Maria, De Marco, Rosaria, Cavalli, Claudio, Lazzaro, Nicola, De Donno, Valeria, Toni, Sonia, Piccini, Barbara, Lenzi, Lorenzo, Mainetti, Benedetta, Coccioli, Maria Susanna, D’Annunzio, Giuseppe, Minuto, Nicola, Aloe, Monica, Lucchesi, Sonia, Cirillo, Dante, Sordelli, Silvia, Delvecchio, Maurizio, Lombardo, Fortunato, Salzano, Giusy, Meschi, Franco, Iughetti, Lorenzo, Predieri, Barbara, Franzese, Adriana, Mozzillo, Enza, Iafusco, Dario, Cadario, Francesco, Savastio, Silvia, Cardella, Francesca, Iovane, Brunella, Calcaterra, Valeria, Berioli, Maria Giulia, Biagioni, Martina, Randazzo, Emioli, Patera, Ippolita Patrizia, Schiaffini, Riccardo, Rutigliano, Irene, Lasagni, Anna, Innaurato, Silvia, Gaiero, Alberto, Fichera, Grazziella, Trada, Michela, Guerraggio, Lucia, Cauvin, Vittoria, Franceschi, Roberto, Tornese, Gianluca, Salvatoni, Alessandro, Marigliano, Marco, Sabbion, Alberto, Maffeis, Claudio, and Arnaldi, Claudia

Subjects
Blood Glucose, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Pediatrics, endocrine system diseases, Diabetic ketoacidosis, Adolescent, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Disease, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, diabetic ketoacidosis, Patient Education as Topic, Diabetes mellitus, Epidemiology, Medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Prospective Studies, Child, Type 1 diabetes, diabetes, business.industry, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, epidemiology, Infant, Newborn, diabetic ketoacidosi, nutritional and metabolic diseases, Infant, medicine.disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Italy, diabete, Child, Preschool, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Observational study, Female, business, Prevention campaign
Abstract

ObjectiveAfter a previous survey on the incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at onset of type 1 diabetes in children in 2013–2014 in Italy, we aimed to verify a possible decline in the incidence of DKA at onset during a national prevention campaign.DesignProspective observational study.SettingMulticentre study throughout Italy.InterventionNational awareness campaign started in November 2015 and held until December 2017.PatientsDuring 2016 and 2017 we collected data on all patients aged 0–18 years with new-onset diabetes.Main outcome measuresDKA (pH ResultsRecords (n=2361) of children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes were collected from 58 out of 68 (85.3%) centres of the original survey participants and 100% of the previously surveyed tertiary centres. Overall, DKA was observed in 1124 patients, with an increased rate when compared with the previous survey (47.6% vs 38.5%, p=0.002), and severe DKA in 15.3%. In children below 6 years, DKA was observed in 323 out of 617 (52.5%) and severe DKA in 16.7%; in this age group, occurrence of DKA reduced by 21.3% (p=0.009). DKA treatment according to the ISPED guidelines was adopted in 95% of the centres, with a 27% improvement (p=0.025).ConclusionsDuring a 2-year awareness campaign, DKA at onset of diabetes in children and adolescents 0–18 years is still common and increased when compared with the 2013–2014 survey.

Published
2020

5. Italian pediatric nutrition survey

Author

Michelangelo Barbaglia, Luigi Marmetucci, Nicoletta Cimadore, Alessandro Monaci, P. Fiore, Sergio Amarri, Elena Brunori, Maddalena Cioni, Carla Russo, Monica Barrani, P. Gandullia, Giovanna Zuin, Giuseppe Parisi, Rita Bellomo Anna, Michele Pinon, Nunzia Miglietti, Francesca Lizzoli, Elisa Mazzoni, Giulia Bardasi, Marisa Zoppo, Giacomo Cagnoli, S. Borodani, L. Forchielli, Monica Tulli, Fina Belli, Michele Salata, Giovanna Verlato, Vittoria Opinto, Roberto Bonaudo, Luisella Angelotti, Giulia Bruni, Elena Uga, Costantino De Giacomo, Antonietta Antonini Monica, Riccardo Guanà, Flavia Urbano, Rosaria Abate, Barbara Santangelo, Chiara Pettinari, Giovanna Fontanella, Patrizia Fusco, L. Lacitignola, Adalberto Brach Del Prever, Gina Ancora, S. Amarri, Laura Lacitignola, Paola Sparano, Marcello Lanari, Stefano Gatti, Francesca Nesi, Valentina De Cosmi, Alessia Frimaire, A Lezo, Francesca Penagini, Carmen Di Scala, Giuseppina Migliore, Roberta Annibali, Grazia Di Leo, Paola Peverelli, Mara Salmaso, Antonella Lezo, Paola Melli, M. Pastore, E. Brunori, Claudia Banzato, M.I. Spagnuolo, Antonella Diamanti, G. Verlato, Angelo Campanozzi, Mariella Pace, Martina Biagioni, Graziano Memmini, Laura Mistura, Sergio Del Vecchio, Annalisa Famiani, Enrico Felici, Germana Casaccia, Graziana Galvagno, Mario Castello, R. Panceri, Paola Accorsi, Martina Fomasi, Francesca Cortinovis, Michela Perrone, Teresa Capriati, Andrea Chiaro, Silvio Ferraris, Nicola Cecchi, Maria Immacolata Spagnuolo, Patrizia Petitti, Cristina Malaventura, Maria Sangerardi, Enrico Gasparrini, Francesco Savino, Luigi Besenzon, Anna Meneghini, Azzurra Guerra, Alessandra Sala, Maria Magistã Anna, Enrico Aidala, Donata Scatã, Gianluigi Palamone, Tiziano Basso, Giuseppe Maggiore, A. Diamanti, Alessandra Mazzocchi, Alessia Morganti, Andreina Stamati Filomena, Paolo Siani, Roberto Panceri, Maria Pastore, Paolo Gandullia, Lezo, A., Diamanti, A., Capriati, T., Gandullia, P., Fiore, P., Lacitignola, L., Gatti, S., Spagnuolo, M. I., Cecchi, N., Verlato, G., Borodani, S., Forchielli, L., Panceri, R., Brunori, E., Pastore, M., Amarri, S., Abate, R., Accorsi, P., Aidala, E., Ancora, G., Angelotti, L., Annibali, R., Antonini Monica, A., Banzato, C., Barbaglia, M., Bardasi, G., Barrani, M., Basso, T., Brach del Prever, A., Belli, F., Bellomo Anna, R., Besenzon, L., Biagioni, M., Bonaudo, R., Bruni, G., Cagnoli, G., Campanozzi, A., Casaccia, G., Castello, M., Chiaro, A., Cimadore, N., Cioni, M., Cortinovis, F., De Cosmi, V., De Giacomo, C., Del Vecchio, S., Di Leo, G., Di Scala, C., Famiani, A., Felici, E., Ferraris, S., Fomasi, M., Fontanella, G., Frimaire, A., Fusco, P., Galvagno, G., Gasparrini, E., Guana, R., Guerra, A., Lanari, M., Lizzoli, F., Maggiore, G., Magista Anna, M., Malaventura, C., Marmetucci, L., Mazzocchi, A., Mazzoni, E., Melli, P., Memmini, G., Meneghini, A., Miglietti, N., Migliore, G., Mistura, L., Monaci, A., Morganti, A., Nesi, F., Opinto, V., Pace, M., Palamone, G., Parisi, G., Penagini, F., Perrone, M., Petitti, P., Pettinari, C., Peverelli, P., Pinon, M., Russo, C., Sala, A., Salata, M., Salmaso, M., Sangerardi, M., Santangelo, B., Savino, F., Scata, D., Siani, P., Sparano, P., Stamati Filomena, A., Tulli, M., Uga, E., Urbano, F., Zoppo, M., Zuin, G., Abate, Rosaria, Accorsi, Paola, Aidala, Enrico, Amarri, Sergio, Ancora, Gina, Angelotti, Luisella, Annibali, Roberta, Antonini Monica, Antonietta, Banzato, Claudia, Barbaglia, Michelangelo, Bardasi, Giulia, Barrani, Monica, Basso, Tiziano, Brach Del Prever, Adalberto, Belli, Fina, Bellomo Anna, Rita, Besenzon, Luigi, Biagioni, Martina, Bonaudo, Roberto, Bruni, Giulia, Brunori, Elena, Cagnoli, Giacomo, Campanozzi, Angelo, Casaccia, Germana, Castello, Mario, Chiaro, Andrea, Cimadore, Nicoletta, Cioni, Maddalena, Cortinovis, Francesca, De Cosmi, Valentina, De Giacomo, Costantino, Del Vecchio, Sergio, Diamanti, Antonella, Di Leo, Grazia, Di Scala, Carmen, Famiani, Annalisa, Felici, Enrico, Ferraris, Silvio, Fomasi, Martina, Fontanella, Giovanna, Frimaire, Alessia, Fusco, Patrizia, Galvagno, Graziana, Gandullia, Paolo, Gasparrini, Enrico, Guanã , Riccardo, Guerra, Azzurra, Lanari, Marcello, Lacitignola, Laura, Lezo, Antonella, Lizzoli, Francesca, Maggiore, Giuseppe, Magistã Anna, Maria, Malaventura, Cristina, Marmetucci, Luigi, Mazzocchi, Alessandra, Mazzoni, Elisa, Melli, Paola, Memmini, Graziano, Meneghini, Anna, Miglietti, Nunzia, Migliore, Giuseppina, Mistura, Laura, Monaci, Alessandro, Morganti, Alessia, Nesi, Francesca, Opinto, Vittoria, Pace, Mariella, Palamone, Gianluigi, Panceri, Roberto, Parisi, Giuseppe, Pastore, Maria, Penagini, Francesca, Perrone, Michela, Petitti, Patrizia, Pettinari, Chiara, Peverelli, Paola, Pinon, Michele, Russo, Carla, Sala, Alessandra, Salata, Michele, Salmaso, Mara, Sangerardi, Maria, Santangelo, Barbara, Savino, Francesco, Scatã , Donata, Siani, Paolo, Spagnuolo, Maria Immacolata, Sparano, Paola, Stamati Filomena, Andreina, Tulli, Monica, Uga, Elena, Urbano, Flavia, Verlato, Giovanna, Zoppo, Marisa, and Zuin, Giovanna

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Male, Pediatrics, Hospitalized patients, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Pediatric nutrition, 0302 clinical medicine, Child Development, Endocrinology, Prevalence, 030212 general & internal medicine, Growth Charts, Child, Nutritional support, Wasting, Growth Disorders, Pediatric, Stunting, Nutrition and Dietetics, Nutritional status, Nutrition Surveys, Diabetes and Metabolism, Italy, Malnutrition, Child, Preschool, Female, medicine.symptom, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Nutritional Status, Socio-culturale, Malnutrition in children, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, medicine, Humans, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, business.industry, Infant, Anthropometry, medicine.disease, Parenteral nutrition, Chronic Disease, business, Child, Hospitalized
Abstract

Introduction the prevalence of malnutrition in children and its impact on clinical outcomes is underrecognized by clinicians in Italy as well as worldwide. A novel definition of pediatric malnutrition has been recently proposed by a working group of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.), based on the correlation between illness and the use of zscores of anthropometric measurements. Aim to investigate the prevalence of malnutrition and related nutritional support among hospitalized children in Italy, in a nationwide survey performed in a single day (16/4/2015). Methods an open access website (http://nday.biomedia.net) was used to collected data from 73 hospitals and 101 wards in 14 Italian regions (1994 patients). Anonymous information was collected on hospitals' characteristics, patient's anthropometry, admission diagnosis, presence of chronic diseases and use of nutritional support: oral nutritional supplements (ONS), enteral nutrition (EN) or parenteral nutrition (PN). Z-scores of anthropometric measurements, calculated with Epi Info 7.1.5, defined nutritional status: wasting was identified by BMI or Weight-for-Length z-score (

Published
2017

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