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This 1973 edition of the faculty handbook is divided into four main sections on history and goals, organization and administration, faculty and faculty policies, and faculty-student relations. The school's administrative structure is detailed, with descriptions given of its various schools, boards, and councils. Faculty policies are presented with regard to selection and employment, tenure, professional ethics, travel, teaching loads, raises, retirement, faculty evaluations, leaves, and responsibilities. Faculty-student relations are considered in terms of academic dishonesty, attendance, testing and grading, assisting students, and student problems. Appendices are included which deal with faculty benefits and services such as insurance, divisions and programs of the university, and university bylaws. (LBH)

Here, load carriage interventions for walking energy expenditure and running speed have been designed to: 1) advance existing models and 2) contribute needed data to the broader effort to develop load-carriage decision-aid tools for modern soldiers. We hypothesize first that our height, weight (including load), speed, and grade algorithms proposed will allow walking metabolic rates to be predicted to within 6.0 and 12.0% in laboratory and field settings, respectively. We hypothesize second that the speed-load carriage algorithms will allow load-induced decrements in all-out sprint running speeds to be predicted to within 6.0% in both laboratory and field settings. Respective load-carriage algorithms for walking energy expenditure and running speed will be developed and tested (Technical Objectives 1.0 and 2.0) in the laboratory and the field.

Here, load carriage interventions for walking energy expenditure and running speed have been designed to: 1) advance existing models and 2) contribute needed data to the broader effort to develop load-carriage decision-aid tools for modern soldiers. We hypothesize first that our height, weight (including load), speed, and grade algorithms proposed will allow walking metabolic rates to be predicted to within 6.0 and 12.0% in laboratory and field settings, respectively. We hypothesize second that the speed-load carriage algorithms will allow load-induced decrements in all-out sprint running speeds to be predicted to within 6.0% in both laboratory and field settings. Respective load-carriage algorithms for walking energy expenditure and running speed will be developed and tested (Technical Objectives 1.0 and 2.0) in the laboratory and the field., The original document contains color images.

The proposed work has two objectives to improve prediction and assessment capabilities. The first objective is to determine if the generalized equation provided by our new gait mechanics model predicts the metabolic cost of weighted and unweighted walking more accurately than existing generalized equations. Our second objective is to determine how accurately weighted and unweighted walking metabolic rates can be estimated in field settings from simple technologies. Metabolic rates will be measured from expired gases. The timing of each walking stride, as well as its subcomponents (i.e. the contact and leg swing portions) will be determined from video. In addition, the periods of muscular activity responsible for executing the movements of the walking stride will be also assessed from electrical activity using surface electrodes attached to the skin above target muscles. The forces that subjects apply to the ground during locomotion may be measured from either a force plate or force sensors built into a treadmill. Finally, heart rate monitors to measure heart beat frequency, miniature motion sensors mounted to the shoe or other parts of the body to measure movement speeds and rates may also be utilized.

The STEM-Works website was created to provide DoD personnel and other users around the world with access to high-quality, engaging science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) content to aid in advocating STEM content and skills to students. During this project, Southern Methodist University s (SMU) Caruth Institute for Engineering Education worked closely with Viget Labs, a web-development company, to design, build and evolve the STEM-Works website (located at www.STEM-Works.com). Using metrics collected through Google Analytics as well as feedback from teachers, the SMU team continued to add impactful resources to this website and identified new content types and functionality that would improve user experience. Over the duration of this grant, the STEM-Works website was updated on a weekly basis and currently includes over 3,000 pieces of content easily accessible by the broad STEM community. This effort significantly improved STEM advocates access to high-quality content that can be used to interest students in STEM content, skills, and careers. Since inception in February 2011, the STEM-Works website has welcomed 66,961 visitors with over one-third of those visits occurring between January and April of 2013., The original document contains color images.

Here, load carriage interventions for walking energy expenditure and running speed have been designed to: 1) advance existing models and 2) contribute needed data to the broader effort to develop load-carriage decision-aid tools for modern soldiers. We hypothesize first that our height, weight (including load), speed, and grade algorithms proposed will allow walking metabolic rates to be predicted to within 6.0 and 12.0% in laboratory and field settings, respectively. We hypothesize second that the speed-load carriage algorithms will allow load-induced decrements in all-out sprint running speeds to be predicted to within 6.0% in both laboratory and field settings. Respective load-carriage algorithms for walking energy expenditure and running speed will be developed and tested (Technical Objectives 1.0 and 2.0) in the laboratory and the field.

The proposed work has two objectives to improve prediction and assessment capabilities. The first objective is to determine if the generalized equation provided by our new gait mechanics model predicts the metabolic cost of weighted and unweighted walking more accurately than existing generalized equations. Our second objective is to determine how accurately weighted and unweighted walking metabolic rates can be estimated in field settings from simple technologies. Metabolic rates will be measured from expired gases. The timing of each walking stride, as well as its subcomponents (i.e. the contact and leg swing portions) will be determined from video. In addition, the periods of muscular activity responsible for executing the movements of the walking stride will be also assessed from electrical activity using surface electrodes attached to the skin above target muscles. The forces that subjects apply to the ground during locomotion may be measured from either a force plate or force sensors built into a treadmill. Finally, heart rate monitors to measure heart beat frequency, miniature motion sensors mounted to the shoe or other parts of the body to measure movement speeds and rates may also be utilized.

Natural and manmade sources at or near the solid earth atmosphere boundary can generate waves in both the solid earth and atmosphere. The location and characterization of these sources can benefit from the analysis of both sets of waves. This report documents work first to investigate and develop new detection and location methods for infrasound signals (low frequency acoustic signals) that can be combined with seismic observations and thus applied to data recorded by regional seismo-acoustic arrays. Several empirical studies are reported that exercised these tools with complementary ground truth information in order to assess the adequacy of the new tools. Finally the automated procedures were tested and tuned for two regional seismo-acoustic networks in Korea and the western US. Automated bulletins were produced for these two networks and compared, providing constraints for additional work., The original document contains color images.

In this report we discuss the capability of estimating the yield of an explosion from infrasound signals generated by low yield chemical explosions. We used several datasets acquired at distances ranging from near source to the limit of the so called Zone of Silence (300 km). In general, the yield of the explosion is estimated either from the peak amplitude or from the dominant period of the observed signal. Near source observations show that the best way to estimate the yield of explosion is from an integral of the actual overpressure pulse. This method was proven to be superior to either period or peak amplitude. A small dataset of observations at 14 distances, ranging from 20 to 176 km, shows that when similar propagation mechanisms are involved the amplitudes decay in the same way. There is however about one order of magnitude difference among the amplitudes of those arrivals, which current wind corrections fail to explain. A large dataset of observations at fixed distances shows that ranges of yield estimates are about one order magnitude for period based methods and larger for amplitude based methods. The key to improving the estimates may be understanding the propagation., The original document contains color images.

Detectors were assessed that distinguish infrasound signals from both correlated and uncorrelated noise. Approaches to this problem are implementation of the F-detector, which employs the F-statistic, and cross-correlation techniques separating correlated and uncorrelated signals. We tested a modified F-detector that applies an adaptive procedure to identify variations in correlated noise, thus reducing false alarms. Using the modified F-detector, the temporal variation in the adaptive nature of the detector for a number of sites was investigated. The sensitivity of the detection procedure to the adaptive window used to estimate the C parameter that characterizes the correlated noise and impacts the false alarm rate was tested. The C values are found to be stable over long time periods for inland arrays within but show variations under high wind velocity conditions for adaptive windows as short as 1 hour for arrays on islands or near the coast. In order to further understand variations in background noise, the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentile noise spectral densities were estimated. The noise estimates show a strong wind speed effect on acoustic noise; for example, the spread between the 10th and 90th percentiles is about 40 dB at 0.1 Hz., Presented at the conference on Monitoring Research Review: Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies, held in Tucson, AZ on 13-15 September 2011. Published in the Proceedings of the conference on Monitoring Research Review: Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies, v2 p798-807, 2011. Prepared in cooperation with Los Alamos National Laboratory and the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources.

The proposed work has two objectives to improve prediction and assessment capabilities. The first objective is to determine if the generalized equation provided by our new gait mechanics model predicts the metabolic cost of weighted and unweighted walking more accurately than existing generalized equations. Our second objective is to determine how accurately weighted and unweighted walking metabolic rates can be estimated in field settings from simple technologies. Metabolic rates will be measured from expired gases. The timing of each walking stride, as well as its subcomponents (i.e. the contact and leg swing portions) will be determined from video. In addition, the periods of muscular activity responsible for executing the movements of the walking stride will be also assessed from electrical activity using surface electrodes attached to the skin above target muscles. The forces that subjects apply to the ground during locomotion may be measured from either a force plate or force sensors built into a treadmill. Finally, heart rate monitors to measure heart beat frequency, miniature motion sensors mounted to the shoe or other parts of the body to measure movement speeds and rates may also be utilized., The original document contains color images.

Presented at the 23rd Systems and Software Technology Conference (SSTC), 16-19 May 2011, Salt Lake City, UT. Sponsored in part by the USAF. U.S. Government or Federal Rights License

Southern Methodist University is conducting investigations to determine the yield of HE explosions from infrasound signals. In particular SMU is investigating how the period and amplitude of infrasound signals scales with the yield of HE explosions. To date there has been little work on this particular topic involving small HE explosions. Studies have been conducted by the nuclear monitoring community on nuclear and large chemical explosions ranging from less than a kiloton to tens of megatons. Our main goal is to develop amplitude and period scaling relationship at local and regional distances (within the so-called zone of silence), extend the relationships to greater distances and create a database of ground truth events. The ranges of the explosions used in this study are from 500 kg to 60 tons of TNT equivalent, well below the previous yield ranges. Our approach to this effort is to thoroughly study infrasound signals from a well calibrated source in Nevada, develop trial relationships and then extend the results to other ranges and yields. The current annual report covers half of the total performance period., The original document contains color images.

The proposed work has three objectives to improve prediction and assessment capabilities. The first objective is to determine if the generalized equation provided by our new gait mechanics model predicts the metabolic cost of weighted and unweighted walking more accurately than existing generalized equations. The second objective is to determine how accurately weighted and unweighted walking metabolic rates can be estimated in field settings from simple technologies. The third objective is to develop a walking test of aerobic fitness. Metabolic rates will be measured from expired gases. The timing of each walking stride, as well as its subcomponents will be determined from video. In addition, periods of muscular activity will be also assessed from electrical activity using surface electrodes attached to the skin above target muscles. The forces that subjects apply to the ground during locomotion may be measured from either a force plate or force sensors built into a treadmill. Finally, heart rate monitors to measure heart beat frequency, miniature motion sensors mounted to the shoe or other parts of the body to measure movement speeds and rates may also be utilized.

A set of fifteen broadband seismic instruments provided to the project by the Program for Array Seismic Studies for Continental Lithosphere (PASSCAL) were deployed in NE China for the purposes of characterizing both the regional structure of the area as well as record local seismic events. During the course of this project the instruments were installed in two separate areas. The first deployment was in and around the Yanqing-Huailai Basin, NW of Beijing. The first chapter in this report documents a portion of the data recorded by this deployment and the utilization of regional and teleseismic signals to constrain the crust and upper mantle structure in the region. This paper has been published in Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. The second instrument deployment was in the Haicheng and Xiuyan Area of NE China, the location of the 1975 Haicheng Earthquake. The second chapter of this report documents the analysis of regional and teleseismic data from this deployment and the resulting crust and upper mantle for the region. The infrasound component of this project involved the installation and operation of three infrasound arrays in Utah as well as the experimental support of a separately funded project to quantify infrasound signals from large surface explosions conducted at the Utah Test and Training Range (UTTR). The third chapter documents infrasonic observations from the Wells Nevada earthquake sequence that occurred during this deployment. The fourth chapter describes the experimental characterization of the UTTR explosions. The fifth chapter documents an analysis and modeling effort of regional infrasound observations from the UTTR explosions in order to quantify the time varying nature of the atmosphere., The original document contains color images.

This work is intended to provide automated methodology for processing seismic and infrasound data from seismo-acoustic arrays and to apply the methodology to regional networks for validation with ground truth information. As reported last year, the project has developed automated techniques for detecting, associating and locating infrasound signals. Work reported this year focuses on refinement of both the detection and location component of the program. Ground truth information developed on the Korean Peninsula is further used to refine the methodology. New location developments are underway. We are incorporating an infrasonic grid-search location method into a Bayesian framework that provides conditional probabilities on the location given the observed data (inter-array time delays and backazimuths) and a prior distribution. The prior provides ancillary information on the event location, which can be as simple as empirical bounds on backazimuth deviations and group velocities. However, we are investigating extending this simple approach through the use of a 3D ray-tracing algorithm to impose more specific constraints based on available atmospheric specifications. Finally a set of ground truth seismo-acoustic events have been developed for the Korean Peninsula and include a large number of events from a limestone quarry in the Republic of Korea. In-mine seismic and acoustic observations provide the basis of the detailed ground truth. These events occur daily with multiple events on active days and span nearly two years, providing the basis of assessing spatial and temporal variations in propagation path, including variations in backazimuth as well as phase and group velocity. The reported analyses of these data provide empirical bounding constraints for the location algorithm that is under development., Presented at the conference on Monitoring Research Review 2009 (MRR-2009): Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies, held in Tucson, AZ, on 21-23 Sep 2009. Published in the proceedings of the conference, v1 p706-713, 2009. Prepared in cooperation with Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL); Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources; and Southern Methodist University. Sponsored in part by National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). The original document contains color images. All DTIC reproductions will be in black and white.

Seismo-acoustic measurements provide an opportunity to quantify natural and man-made sources that are at or near the Earth's surface. We have operated three acoustic arrays collocated with seismometers from the University of Utah Seismograph Stations (BGU, EPU, NOQ). We report on progress in three separate areas of research related to these seismo-acoustic databases. The first topic investigates seismo-acoustic signals from the Wells, Nevada earthquake that occurred on February 21, 2008 at 14:16:02 UTC (Mw 6.0). The detailed research and interpretation of this event has been conducted under a separate effort (Arrowsmith et al., 2009c, these Proceedings). The focus in this work is on the data acquisition and highlighting the sources of seismo-acoustic signals that can be observed on regional seismo-acoustic arrays. This event was well recorded by many seismic stations, including the EarthScope Transportable Array (TA) stations, and was also recorded by three infrasonic arrays in Utah (BGU, EPU, NOQ), one in Nevada (NVIAR), and one in Wyoming (PD1AR). The waveforms recorded from the Wells sequence (main event and aftershocks) at the five infrasonic arrays are characterized by complex signals that correspond to: (1) P and 5 arrivals, a result of the coupling-to-air of the seismic waves that traveled to the vicinity of the infrasonic stations (local infrasound); (2) a secondary source of infrasound between the source and receiver; and (3) epicentral infrasound (acoustic energy that was generated by the ground motion at the epicenter and traveled through the atmosphere to the arrays at air sound speed). The second area of work focuses on characterizing acoustic to seismic coupling. In August 2007, infrasound microphones were added at Earthscope stations PI3A, M13A, M14A, and N12A as part of an experiment to record 40,000 lb explosions at the Utah Test and Training Range on Hill Air Force Base (AFB)., Prepared in collaboration with University of Utah Seismograph Stations, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, and Los Alamos National Laboratory. Proposal no. BAA08-65. Presented at Monitoring Research Review - Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies, MRR 2009, Tuscon, AZ on 21-23 Sep 2009; published in proceedings of the same, v1 p230-238. The original document contains color images. All DTIC reproductions will be in black and white.

Two controlled source experiments were conducted to study infrasound signal propagation at distances less than 300 km from the source. This area around a source is sometimes referred to as the "zone of silence" because, based on ray theory, no infrasound energy is expected to return to the ground. However, many observations of returned infrasound energy have been made at these distances. In 2006, the site at 76 km recorded both tropospheric and stratospheric arrivals, while at 108 and 157 km only stratospheric arrivals were recorded. In 2007, the site at 157 km recorded both tropospheric and stratospheric arrivals, while at 288 km both stratospheric and thermospheric arrivals were recorded. While stratospheric arrivals appear most frequently, atmospheric modeling with the InfraMAP software, did not predict these arrivals. Current modeling efforts focus on the tropospheric arrivals. Amplitude variations at NVIAR for sources with the same yield varied more than an order of magnitude on two consecutive days. The site located 157 km from the source observed variations by a factor close to five. We therefore attempt to estimate the yields of the explosions using the predominant frequency content of the signals. The physical basis for such a method is found in an increased acoustic transit time of the explosion blast radius with increased yield. Past formulas were developed for old nuclear atmospheric explosions, but no extrapolation to the lower yields was ever performed. In the current work we use controlled sources with explosive yields of 2000-4,000 lbs. in order to verify the applicability of such a scale to lower yields. Preliminary results show that this is possible., Published in Proceedings of Monitoring Research Review (30th): Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies, Portsmouth, VA, 23-25 Sep 2008, p894-901, sponsored by the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) and the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). Prepared in collaboration with US Army Engineer Research and Development Center-GSL and the Los Alamos National Laboratory. The original document contains color images.

We continued the operation of the Southern Methodist University-Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration (SMU-IGPCEA) broadband seismic network through May 2008 using Program for the Array Seismic Studies of the Continental Lithosphere (PASSCAL) instrumentation. The operating network included three stations northwest of Beijing and 10 stations in Xiuyan. Lisoning Province, NE China. At the end of May, the PASSCAL instrumentation was returned to the U.S. During the 5.5-year operation, we collected approximately 600 Gb of miniSEED data. Most of the data have been archived at the Incorporated Research Institutes for Seismology (IRIS) data center. This high-quality dataset has already provided us the opportunity to study the detailed velocity structure beneath the Huailai Basin and Haicheng in NE China using both teleseismic and regional signals. We are expanding our joint inversion of teleseismic receiver functions and surface wave phase velocities for crustal shear velocity structure from the Huailai Basin to the Huabei area using data from SMU-IGPCEA broadband seismic network with additional data provided by 48 broadband seismic stations in this region., Presented at the Conference on Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies (30th), held in Portsmouth, VA, on 23-25 Sep 2008. Published in the proceedings of the conference in Monitoring Research Review, v1 p287-296, 2008. Prepared in cooperation with Los Alamos National Laboratory; Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration; Saint Louis University; and University of Utah. The original document contains color images. All DTIC reproductions will be in black and white.

Experiments designed to understand the propagation of infrasound signals at distances of less than 200 km were conducted in central Nevada, USA during the week of 11 September 2006. A controlled suite of explosions on the surface, designed to destroy surplus military ordnance, provided the source of the infrasound signals. Three temporary 4-element infrasound arrays were deployed in a line due north of the sources at distances from 76 to 157 km. In addition, seismo-acoustic data was provided by the permanent Nevada Infrasound Array (NVIAR) and collocated seismic array NVAR, located about 36 km east of the source. The experiment was successful, and detections from all explosions were recorded at all arrays. Therefore, the assumption of the absence of signals in the 'zone of silence' is incorrect in this case. At NVIAR the shorter distance and impulsive signals indicated the arrival of direct waves. However, other signals recorded at distances of 76 to 157 km were longer in duration, and initial travel time analysis indicated the rays were turning in the stratosphere. Simultaneous balloon launched rawinsonde weather recordings collected between the sources and the stations through the tropopause showed there were no conditions that would allow turning rays or reflections in the troposphere. Because the travel times were too short for turning rays above the stratosphere, we conclude that the energy was refracted in the stratosphere. Obviously improved atmospheric models through the stratosphere are needed to explain the occurrence of infrasound signals in the "zone of silence"., Presented at the Proceedings of the Monitoring Research Review (29th): Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies, Denver, CO 25-27 September 2007. Published in Proceedings of the Monitoring Research Review (29th): Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies, p855-963, 2007. Sponsored by the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) and the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). The original document contains color images.

Eleven single infrasound systems and six infrasound arrays were deployed at existing seismic sites in Utah in order to gather a comprehensive set of seismic and infrasound recordings from rocket motor explosions. These preliminary efforts have resulted in the identification of regular (over 21 recorded) and large (40,000-80,000 lbs) surface explosions at the Utah Test and Training Range (UTTR) of the Hill AFB. The rocket motor explosions occur about every week providing an opportunity to develop seismic and infrasound recordings under a wide range of atmospheric conditions. Cooperation with the AF provided the necessary atmospheric data needed for modeling and was supplemented by additional profiles collected by our consortium. Additional sources of infrasound such as mining explosions were also documented. Infrasound, seismic and atmospheric data recorded during this experiment that took place during the month of August 2007 are summarized in this final report. Limited preliminary analysis of the data is also included. The complete data set has now been delivered to the IRIS DMC.

This document contains the summary of eleven-research projects performed under this contract. These projects concern developing models and special algorithms for a variety of operations research problems. Eleven of these investigations are summarized in this report.

This empirical study is designed to quantify mining explosions as sources of seismic and infrasound signals. The study focuses on the Western US, where a variety of different types of mining operations exist, ranging from surface coal cast blasting to hard rock fragmentation blasting in porphyry copper mines. The study is extended to the taconite mines of the Mesabi Range of Minnesota. Newly installed instrumentation, including in-mine equipment for ground truth as well as regional seismo-acoustic deployments to complement existing resources in the region, is a key component of the study. In-mine monitoring is ongoing at the Morenci Mine in Arizona and the Tyrone Mine in New Mexico. The seismo-acoustic station at Ft. Hancock, Texas, and the infrasound upgrade to Tucson, Arizona, and WUAZ will also be illustrated. Data from this study have been used to address coupling and source characterization issues for both seismic and infrasound signals. The seismic coupling of large-scale cast blasts in Wyoming, copper fragmentation blasts in Arizona and New Mexico, and taconite fragmentation blasts in Minnesota are compared. For all these event types, there is no relation between total explosive yields and peak amplitude either in the mine or at regional distances. A series of contained, single-fired explosions of varying yield was conducted in the coal mine. At regional distances these events, in contrast, show a definitive magnitude-yield relation that follows the relationship for nuclear explosions. These data and an extensive modeling exercise suggest that the complete characterization of the delay firing process, including a spall contribution, can explain the regional observations. Acoustic data from within the mine indicate that a relation exists between total explosive weight and peak acoustic amplitudes. At regional distances, under optimum wind conditions, approximately 25% of Morenci Mine shots are observed out to 500 km., Presented at the Seismic Research Review: Worldwide Monitoring of Nuclear Explosions (23rd) held in Jackson Hole, WY on 2-5 October 2001. Published in the Proceedings of the Seismic Research Review: Worldwide Monitoring of Nuclear Explosions (23rd), p550-558, 2001.

A four-element, 1-km aperture seismo-acoustic array is being operated northeast of Seoul, Korea. Each element of the array consists of a GS-13 vertical seismometer (1 Hz) in a shallow borehole (approx. 10 m) and a low-frequency acoustic gauge connected to an 11-element hose array (7.6 m hoses) at the surface. The array is being used to assess the importance of co-located seismic and acoustic sensors for the purposes of: (1) quantifying wind as a source of seismic and acoustic noise; (2) constraining propagation path effects in the atmosphere and solid earth; (3) locating the sources of the waves; (4) characterizing the source type. Combined analysis of the seismic and acoustic data can be particularly important in identifying sources of industrial blasting. Seismic noise estimates illustrate a level that is only slightly above the low noise model on average. Acoustic noise levels resolve the microbaroms during low noise times but document a nearly 50 dB increase in noise during the windiest periods. Infrasonic noise in the 0.01 to 5 Hz band increases rapidly with wind velocity. The seismic noise shows little or no dependence on wind velocity. Analysis of the data suggests that there are many more acoustic signals than seismic (4-10 times). The majority of the acoustic signals occurs during working hours and are constrained to several narrow azimuth ranges. These observations suggest that the signals are man made. Approximately 1/4 of all seismic signals are associated with an acoustic arrival. The seismo-acoustic observations come from sources in the 30 to 200 km range and occur during working hours, local time. The 30 to 200 km observation distance is surprising in that average atmospheric velocity models predict no acoustic returns in this range. Average atmospheric models modified by meteorological data for the troposphere indicate the possibility of ducting in the troposphere as an explanation for these arrivals., Proceedings of the 23rd Seismic Research Review: Worldwide Monitoring of Nuclear Explosions, held in Jackson Hole, WY on 2-5 October, 2001. U.S. Government or Federal Rights. The original document contains color images.

The objective of this project is to identify and characterize potential low-cost alternatives to the conventional pipe array wind-noise-reduction method. Initial efforts have focused upon the use of a porous medium as a wind noise filter. A simple theoretical model of wind-generated noise in a rigid, porous medium has been developed. This model predicts that the attenuation, A(w), of the noise in this type of medium is related to the observation depth, d, by an equation of the form; A(w)=exp(-alpha(w)d) where alpha(w)=Re(w(2)/c(2)+i(sigmaw/P(o))1/2 and, c, is the convection velocity of the wind-generated pressure field, sigma, is the effective flow resistance of the medium, and P(o) is the static atmospheric pressure at the elevation of the observation point. The results of a small-scale field trial are described in the main body of this report. They validate the predicted exponential attentuation of the wind noise. They also indicated that a finite, porous body would act as a half-space for wavelengths that are less than 3-4 times its horizontal dimensions. The theoretical model of Attenborough et al (1986) has been adopted to predict the attenuation of airborne sound in a porous medium. This model predicts that the attenuation, A(i), of the infrasound signal in this type of medium is related to the observation depth, d, by an equation of the form; A(i)=exp(-alpha(i)d). Sabatier et al (1993) have shown that in the bandwidth of interest to the infrasound community alpha(i) approx. Re(i(sigmaw/P(o)). The combined wind noise and infrasound signal models therefore predict that infrasound signal-to-noise ratios will exponentially increase as a function of the observation depth in a frequency range defined by the constraint that; f is less than sigmac(2)/4(pi)P(0) where f is the frequency. The preliminary results of a field experiment to test this constraint and a discussion of its practical implications are summarized in the main body of this report., Presented at the Seismic Research Review: Worldwide Monitoring of Nuclear Explosions (23rd) held in Jackson Hole, WY on 2-5 October 2001. Published in the Proceedings of the Seismic Research Review: Worldwide Monitoring of Nuclear Explosions (23rd), p131-139, 2001. The original document contains color images.

Mining the answer of a natural language open-domain question in a large collection of on-line documents is made possible by the recognition of the expected answer type in relevant text passages. If the technology of retrieving texts where the answer might be found is well developed, few studies have been devoted to the recognition of the answer type. This paper presents a unified model of answer types for open-domain Question/Answering that enables the discovery of exact answers. The evaluation of the model performed on real-world questions. considers both the correctness and the coverage of the answer types as well as their contribution to answer precision.

Infrared imaging has demonstrated itself as a vital aspect of modern weapons Systems. Infrared (IR) imaging has the potential to play an equally important role in commercial applications in medicine and transportation. Automobiles equipped with infrared imaging capabilities have been envisioned for the near future. This technology has the potential to tremendously improve personal safety by enabling good vision at night and under adverse weather conditions. Infrared imagers in automobiles may also be an enabling technology for "intelligent super-highways". However, IR imaging systems currently used by the military are too costly for consumer applications. This necessitates the development of inexpensive, uncooled infrared imaging systems that possess high detectivity for night vision applications. This research investigated the integration of semiconducting YBaCuO into micromachined thermal isolation structures to produce uncooled infrared detectors. Various detector structures were developed including a self-supporting structure where the 300 to 400-nm-thick thin film YBaCuO thermometer was held above the substrate by its electrode arms producing a detector with very low thermal mass (as low as 2.3 nI/K) while maintaining an absorption of 30%. Also dual microcavity detectors were developed for to produce a relatively flat spectral response over a large optical bandwidth.

This investigation concerns the development of microsensors sensors on flexible substrates such as Kapton (pyromellitic dianhydride and 4,4' diaminodphenyl ether). Microbolometers have been used as the test bed for microsensor development. The results on this investigation will form a basis for the production of other micromachined sensors such as pressure/strain sensors, "hair-like" touch and flow sensors, and accelerometers on flexible substrates. Flexible substrates can serve as the basis of a sensitive skin for humans and robots where sensors are distributed over skin to provide the sense of touch and feel or monitor the physiology of the wearer. Two techniques have been investigated. One involves attaching a Kapton film to a 4 inch wafer carrier with an adhesive and the other involves using a spin-on polyimide (Kapton-like) to coat a silicon wafer that has been covered with a release layer. The use of 4 inch wafers permits the use of standard microfabrication equipment. Using these techniques, YBaCuO microbolometers have been fabricated. Low temperature fabrication techniques are employed to minimize the thermal cycling of the polyimide substrate. In our preliminary work, the microbolometers displayed a Temperature Coefficient of Resistance of -3.1 %, at room temperature. The microbolometers reached responsivity and detectivity as high as 6x10(exp 3) V/W and 3x10(exp 7) cm.Hz(sup 1/2)/W, respectively, at 1.85 mu alpha of current bias. This detectivity is approximately 40% of the temperature fluctuation limit for these detectors.

The Korea Institute of Geology, Mining, and Materials and Southern Methodist University jointly designed, installed, and operated a 1-km aperture four-element seismo-acoustic array northeast of Seoul, Korea. Joint analysis of the seismic and acoustic recordings can be particularly important in identifying and locating industrial blasting sources. Results from this research array are being used to assess the importance of co-located seismic and acoustic sensors and to determine the utility of small aperture arrays for regional monitoring. In the two months analyzed, there were many more acoustic signals than seismic. Approximately 1/4 of all seismic signals is associated with an acoustic arrival and is presumed to be from mining regions. The vast majority of seismo-acoustic observations come from sources in the 30-200 km range in contrast with the shadow zone of no acoustic returns predicted by average atmospheric models. Event location is based upon regional phase identification using the array and back azimuth estimates from both the seismic and acoustic data. Despite the small size of the array, event clusters are identified at regional distances. Waveform comparisons of these clusters indicate that the events are from common source areas. Within the event clusters, there is more event-to-event variation in the acoustic than the seismic signals suggesting the importance of variable atmospheric propagation. The high-Q path of the Korean Peninsula results in regional seismograms that have significant energy to frequencies as high as 16 Hz. The results from this study suggest that small aperture seismo-acoustic arrays such as those similar arrays at Lajitas, Texas (TXAR) and at Mina, Nevada (NVAR) can be important tools in improving., Proceedings of the 22nd Annual DoD/DOE Seismic Research Symposium: Planning for Verification of and Compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) held in New Orleans, Louisiana on September 13-15, 2000, U.S. Government or Federal Rights. The original document contains color images.

Studies are underway at the Southern Methodist University Geophysics Laboratory to identify seismoacoustic sources located at regional distances from the Nevada Seismic Array (NVAR). The objective of this project is to evaluate the seismo-acoustic method for the identification of mine blasts as well as other type of vented explosions. The studies involve the processing and analysis of regional seismic and seismoacoustic data acquired at NVAR during selected daily intervals for a period of one year. Our assessment of the initial results of the studies show that NVAR is surrounded by regional seismo-acoustic sources. The most active seismo-acoustic source is found near Hawthorne, NV where sequences of signals are generated several times a week. In addition, multiple seismo-acoustic sources are located within the Carlin/Battle Mountains gold mining district in north central NV. Occasional seismo-acoustic signal generated by sources in western Utah and northwestern Arizona were also observed. Additional studies are underway to calibrate NVAR to locate events on the Nevada Test Site., Proceedings of the Annual DoD/DOE Seismic Research Symposium: Planning for Verification of and Compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) (22nd) held in New Orleans, Louisiana on September 13-15, 2000, U.S. Government or Federal Rights.. The original document contains color images.

The problem of monitoring atmospheric radionuclides over time is investigated. Such monitoring is desirable for both natural and anthropogenic radionuclides. The statistical problem is one of testing for a time series outlier, and the problem is complicated by the fact that often several observations may be missing. In fact it may be the case that several missing observations may occur immediately prior to a data value that is to be tested as an outlier. Evans (1996) proposes an exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) approach for detecting these outliers. The EWMA approach is one that is quite popular in practice, but it is restricted to some extent by the fact that it is based on the assumption that the autoregressive integrated moving average model, ARIMA(0,1,1), is a good fit to the data. Evans presents simulation results based on simulated radionuclide data obtained from a model that he fit to Kuwait Be7 data consisting of a sinusoidal component with long period plus an autoregressive component. One problem with Evans' approach is that false alarm rates tend to be high when the data value to be tested as an outlier is preceded by a string of missing observations. In this paper we describe several alternative approaches for outlier detection, and we compare these with the Evans method using a simulation study. In this study, outlier detection capabilities are compared in the case in which no data are missing immediately prior to the data value to be tested as an outlier as well as in the more difficult case in which several data values are missing immediately prior to this value. Our results indicate that an autoregressive-based procedure suggested here has much better control over the false alarm rates than does the Evans procedure, and it has detection capability that is comparable to and sometimes better than that obtained by the Evans approach., Proceedings of the 22nd Annual DoD/DOE Seismic Research Symposium: Planning for Verification of and Compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) held in New Orleans, Louisiana on 13-15 September 2000. U.S. Government or Federal Rights. The original document contains color images.

This effort focuses on collecting and analyzing regional seismic data for earthquakes and underground explosions to improve seismic event characterization capabilities with regard to monitoring the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). Digital data have now been acquired and processed for 267 regional recordings of 160 underground nuclear (UNE) and chemical (UCE) explosions. The explosion data set includes 99 Nevada Test Site (NTS) UNE's recorded by MNV and KNB; 6 Lop Nor UNE's recorded by NIL, ZAL, ULN, WMQ, BRVK and MAKZ; 22 Semipalatinsk (STS) UNE's recorded by WMQ and BRVK; 6 Novaya Zemlya (NZ) UNE's recorded by ARCES and KEV; and one UNE at the Indian Test Site recorded by NIL. In addition, the set includes 20 Former Soviet Union (FSU) peaceful nuclear explosions (PNE) recorded by BRVK and KEV; and 6 STS UCE's recorded by ZAL and BRVK. (Note: not all of these explosions have recordings by all stations listed.) Over 5300 regional recordings, between 3 and 17 degrees, by existing seismic stations of the International Monitoring System (IMS) are also used in this study. The regional recordings correspond to 4173 presumed earthquakes above mb 3.5 in the Reviewed Event Bulletin (REB) that were processed at the prototype International Data Center (pIDC). Maximum amplitude measurements of Pn, Pg, Sn and Lg have been computed in several frequency bands ranging from 2 Hz up to 14 Hz (depending on the Nyquist frequency of a given station). The data for the presumed earthquakes have been used to estimate attenuation corrections for Pn/Sn and Pn/Lg amplitude ratios in the 2-4, 4-6, 6-8, and 8-10 Hz passbands for tectonic and stable region types. The regional phase amplitude ratios are further corrected for path variations using a Bayesian Kriging algorithm., Presented at the Annual DoD/DOE Seismic Research Symposium: Planning for Verification of and Compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (22nd) held in New Orleans, LA on 13-15 September 2000. Published in the proceedings of the same.

The characterization and identification of small magnitude seismic sources using regional observations involves the analysis of signals from natural and man made sources. Proper event classification will depend upon the appropriate assessment of source and propagation path effects. Our work is intended to investigate supplementary procedures and data sets that can improve source characterization procedures. Several approaches to improved source identification procedures have been investigated including: (1) Execution of contained calibration explosions; (2) Utilization of regional array data for improved separation of source and propagation path effects; (3) Development of in-mine ground truth through mine records or on site instrumentation; (4) Combining seismic and infrasound data for source characterization. A series of single-fired calibration shots were detonated in a mine in NE Wyoming for the purpose of developing source scaling relations and comparison to typical delay-fired explosions. Regional data from these explosions are consistent with a simple Mueller-Murphy source model. The variation in seismograms across regional arrays is used to contrast local site effects with source and regional propagation contributions. The three IMS arrays in the western US--TXAR, PDAR and NVAR--were used in the study. TXAR with its homogeneous geology shows the least variability and NVAR with instruments in seven different rock types shows the greatest variation in both amplitudes and wave shapes. Ground truth from controlled mining explosions can be obtained from typical blasting records maintained by the mines or more directly from close-in seismic and acoustic observations from within the mine., Published in Proceedings of the Annual DoD/DOE Seismic Research Symposium: Planning for Verification of and Compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) (22nd), held in New Orleans, LA on 13-15 Sep 2000. U.S. Government or Federal Rights. The original document contains color images.

This final report on contract Fl9628-95-C-0l84 consists of two parts, and five appendices. Part 1, "Regional Discrimination Studies" is a review of the contract via precis of integral parts of the Semiannual Reports. Part 2, consists of the Acknowledgements called for by the contract, which is a review of the work accomplished by SMU (1) in developing and deploying instrumentation for GSETT-2, (2) in the design and installation of GERESS and (3) in the design and installation of TEXESS TXAR, prior to the Discrimination Contract. Appendix 1 is entitled Seismo-Acoustic Studies at TXAR. Appendix 2 is entitled Observation of Shuttle Quakes at TXAR. Appendix 3 is entitled Seismic ""Bow", Waves: Parts I and II. Appendix 4 is entitled Preliminary Results of Alternative Infrasonic Sensor Designs. Appendix 5 is entitled Infrasound Recordings of Bolides and Explosions.

Our sponge layers are the only ones for which a proof of the reflectionless property has been given in cylindrical and spherical coordinates. More significantly, we have obtained initial results (presented at the 14th ACES conference) that indicates our sponge layer in spherical coordinates produces the same error as the exact ABC but at a fraction of the computational cost. We are continuing with analysis and numerical comparisons with exact ABC's in ABC's instead of the simpler Dirichlet boundary condition to terminate the sponge layers in the time-domain is desirable only for shallow layers and for layers of any depth but with a constant loss profile. Our efforts to determine the numerical reflection of the discrete sponge layer in cylindrical and spherical coordinates necessitated the derivation and study of the numerical dispersion relation of the discrete wave equation in these two curvilinear coordinate systems. With this work we have for the first time derived guidelines to limit the phase error when using finite difference schemes in curvilinear coordinates and have opened the avenue towards determining the numerical reflection of a given layer in such coordinate systems and optimizing it.