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Treatment of malignant tumors has always been a worldwide challenge. The complexity, diversity, and heterogeneity of tumors have prompted the treatment strategies to gradually shift from monotherapy to combination therapy that can synergize multiple treatment modalities. With unique physical and chemical properties, nanomaterials have been widely used in different cancer therapies, including chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and phototherapy. Especially, the variability and integrity of nanomaterials make them ideal media for synergistic collaboration strategies. Here, we provide our perspective on the synergistic strategy of nanoplatform-mediated phototherapies and related combination therapies, specifically photochemotherapy, photoradiotherapy, and photoimmunotherapy. Besides, we provide an analysis and outlook on the current challenges faced by synergistic nanophototherapy.

Treatment of pancreatic cancer is faced with great difficulties and challenges due to high lethality and metastasis. Synergism of targeted therapy and immunotherapy has been considered as ideal strategy to both eliminate primary tumors and control metastases. For the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer, we demonstrated a local photothermal therapy (PTT) following administration of monoclonal antibody of programmed death ligand 1 (αPD-L1). Fe2P nanorods were employed as a Fenton agent and photothermal agent, which modified with DSPE-PEG2000-Mal for improved biocompatibility and Mal mediated-antigen presentation. Under a low dose laser irradiation at 980 nm, Fe2P-PEG-Mal nanorods (NRs) mediated PTT could induce immunogenic tumor cell death that can cause dendritic cells (DCs) infiltration and maturation. In a bilateral pancreatic tumor model, the local treatment of NRs-PTT on primary tumor could cause the increased infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and decreased residential of M2 macrophages in untreated distal tumors. Furthermore, subsequently intervened αPD-L1 could enhance cell death triggered by CTLs in distal tumors through reversing immunosuppression. An orthotopic pancreatic tumor model was used to further confirm the therapeutic outcome. Finally, the combination of NRs based PTT and αPD-L1 based immunotherapy was able to significantly eliminate orthotopic pancreatic tumors and reduce mesentery metastases. Thus, the strategy may provide a more effective treatment for pancreatic cancer.

The prior literature on role congruity theory has revolved around demographic-based expectations, emphasizing role incongruity derived from a mismatch between prescriptive expectations of distinct roles. In this study, we depart from this traditional focus on between-role incongruity and explore an alternative source of role incongruity by examining how language can trigger the within-role incongruity of function-based expectations. Through an analysis of conference call transcripts and contracts for 7,649 deals during 2003–2018, we show that the incongruity of function-based expectations manifested through the language of the CFO leads banks to employ more debt contract covenants. This takes place because such incongruity increases banks' perceived hazards. In addition, by investigating the moderating effects of corresponding CEO language and media sentiment, we show how the social context and sentiment toward the firm weaken this incongruity effect. We discuss the theoretical implications of our study for future research on the sources of role incongruity and the antecedents of contract design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to analyze the variation characteristics and formation mechanism of environmental vibration caused by metro operation, field measurement of ground vibration and tunnel wall vibration are carried out along a metro line in Beijing. Vibration sample data of all trains in a whole day are analyzed statistically. And the main reasons for the discreteness of environmental vibration are summarized by comparing the vibration variety rules of different trains and different sections. The result shows as following. Firstly, the difference of vibration level at ground point can reach at most 14.6 dB, with a large degree of dispersion. Although the average value of twenty trains could meet the requirement of the standard prescribed limit, but there is still 30% ~ 50% of vibration values exceeding the standard prescribed limit. Secondly, the difference of vibration level at tunnel points reaches at most 22.1 dB, which is caused by the abnormal status of five vehicles in all trains on the day with the symptom of wheel irregularity. And the average value of maximum Z weighted vibration acceleration level (VLZmax) at tunnel wall points caused by them is 90.6 dB. Thirdly, vibration level at tunnel wall points between different sections induced by thesame vehicle is changed notably. And there is an important correlation with vehicle status. When the wheel is out of roundness visibly, the vibration level difference between different sections is changed more significantly. The maximum noise level can reach 10.7 dB, which is twice of 'normal vehicle', indicating that the deterioration of wheel state and track state will further change the wheel-rail interaction and aggravate the environmental vibration level. In addition, after wheel reprofiled of abnormal vehicles, the vibration level at ground point close to building is effectively reduced and all vibration values are reduced to less than 70 dB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Role congruity theory proposes that bias may arise from the perceived incongruity between stereotypes about a social group and expected requirements for success in a social role. Since its introduction, with a focus on gender roles and the development of prejudice against female leaders, management scholars have applied role congruity theory to understand the emergence and consequences of prejudice in a wide range of organizational settings. We provide a review of management research that has incorporated role congruity theory. In this review, we first identify the key constructs and predictions that underlie the theory. Then, we summarize the adoption of the theory in the management literature based on the effects of role incongruity on target evaluation, outcome, and adaptation. Lastly, we suggest potential areas for future development of the theory, including the expansion of the theory to include social roles beyond gender, the examination of multilevel and multidimensional role incongruity effects, and other relevant emerging topics. We hope that this review will promote the accessibility of role congruity theory to management researchers and stimulate the development and application of the theory in the field of management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Operational modal analysis (OMA) is prevalent in large structure modal identification for that it asks for output measurements only. To guarantee identification accuracy, theoretically, OMA data need to be a random process of Gaussian white noise (GWN). Although numerous OMA applications are found in practice, few have particularly discussed the data distribution and to what extent it would blur the modal judgement. This paper presents a method to sieve segments mostly obeying the GWN distribution out of a recording. With a windowing technique, the data segments are evaluated by the modified Kurtosis value. The process has been demonstrated on the monitoring data of two case study structures: one is a laboratory truss bridge excited by artificial forces, the other is a real cable-stayed bridge subject to environmental loads. The results show that weak randomness data may result in false peaks that would possibly mislead the non-parametric modal identification, such as using the Frequency Domain Decomposition method. To overcome, cares on selecting the optimal segment shall be exercised. The proposed method is verified effective to find the most suitable data for modal identification of structural health monitoring systems.

Treatment of pancreatic cancer is faced with great difficulties and challenges due to high lethality and metastasis. Synergism of targeted therapy and immunotherapy has been considered as ideal strategy to both eliminate primary tumors and control metastases. For the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer, we demonstrated a local photothermal therapy (PTT) following administration of monoclonal antibody of programmed death ligand 1 (αPD-L1). Fe2P nanorods were employed as a Fenton agent and photothermal agent, which modified with DSPE-PEG2000-Mal for improved biocompatibility and Mal mediated-antigen presentation. Under a low dose laser irradiation at 980 nm, Fe2P-PEG-Mal nanorods (NRs) mediated PTT could induce immunogenic tumor cell death that can cause dendritic cells (DCs) infiltration and maturation. In a bilateral pancreatic tumor model, the local treatment of NRs-PTT on primary tumor could cause the increased infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and decreased residential of M2 macrophages in untreated distal tumors. Furthermore, subsequently intervened αPD-L1 could enhance cell death triggered by CTLs in distal tumors through reversing immunosuppression. An orthotopic pancreatic tumor model was used to further confirm the therapeutic outcome. Finally, the combination of NRs based PTT and αPD-L1 based immunotherapy was able to significantly eliminate orthotopic pancreatic tumors and reduce mesentery metastases. Thus, the strategy may provide a more effective treatment for pancreatic cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a promising anticancer treatment that involves inducing thermal ablation and enhancing antitumor immune responses. However, it is difficult to completely eradicate tumor foci through thermal ablation alone. Additionally, the PTT elicited antitumor immune responses are often insufficient to prevent tumor recurrence or metastasis, due to the presence of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Therefore, combining photothermal and immunotherapy is believed to be a more effective treatment approach as it can modulate the immune microenvironment and amplify the post-ablation immune response., Methods: Herein, the indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase-1 inhibitors (1-MT) loaded copper (I) phosphide nanocomposites (Cu 3 P/1-MT NPs) are prepared for PTT and immunotherapy. The thermal variations of the Cu 3 P/1-MT NPs solution under different conditions were measured. The cellular cytotoxicity and immunogenic cell death (ICD) induction efficiency of Cu 3 P/1-MT NPs were analyzed by cell counting kit-8 assay and flow cytometry in 4T1 cells. And the immune response and antitumor therapeutic efficacy of Cu 3 P/1-MT NPs were evaluated in 4T1-tumor bearing mice., Results: Even at low energy of laser irradiation, Cu 3 P/1-MT NPs remarkably enhanced PTT efficacy and induced immunogenic tumor cell death. Particularly, the tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) could help promote the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and antigen presentation, which further activates infiltration of CD8 + T cells through synergistically inhibiting the indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase-1. Additionally, Cu 3 P/1-MT NPs decreased the suppressive immune cells such as regulatory T cells (Tregs) and M2 macrophages, indicating an immune suppression modulation effect., Conclusion: Cu 3 P/1-MT nanocomposites with excellent photothermal conversion efficiency and immunomodulatory properties were prepared. In addition to enhanced the PTT efficacy and induced immunogenic tumor cell death, it also modulated the immunosuppressive microenvironment. Thereby, this study is expected to offer a practical and convenient approach to amplify the antitumor therapeutic efficiency with photothermal-immunotherapy., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work., (© 2023 He et al.)