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Recently, we reported the discovery of a novel endoglucanase of the glycoside hydrolase family 12 (GH12), designated IfCelS12A, from the haloalkaliphilic anaerobic bacterium Iocasia fonsfrigidae strain SP3-1, which was isolated from a hypersaline pond in the Samut Sakhon province of Thailand (ca. 2017). IfCelS12A exhibits high substrate specificity on carboxymethyl cellulose and amorphous cellulose but low substrate specificity on b-1,3;1,4-glucan. Unlike some endoglucanases of the GH12 family, IfCelS12A does not exhibit hydrolytic activity on crystalline cellulose (i.e., Avicel™). High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) analyses of products resulting from IfCelS12-mediated hydrolysis indicate mode of action for this enzyme. Notably, IfCelS12A preferentially hydrolyzes cellotetraoses, cellopentaoses, and cellohexaoses with negligible activity on cellobiose or cellotriose. Kinetic analysis with cellopentaose and barely b-D-glucan as cellulosic substrates were conducted. On cellopentaose, IfCelS12A demonstrates a 16-fold increase in activity (KM = 0.27 mM; kcat = 0.36 s-1; kcat/KM = 1.34 mM-1 s-1) compared to the enzymatic hydrolysis of barley b-D-glucan (KM: 0.04 mM, kcat: 0.51 s-1, kcat/KM = 0.08 mM-1 s-1). Moreover, IfCelS12A enzymatic efficacy is stable in hypersaline sodium chlorids (NaCl) solutions (up to 10% NaCl). Specifically, IfCel12A retains notable activity after 24 h at 2M NaCl (10% saline solution). IfCelS12A used as a cocktail component with other cellulolytic enzymes and in conjunction with mobile sequestration platform technology offers additional options for deconstruction of ionic liquid-pretreated cellulosic feedstock. KEY POINTS: • IfCelS12A from an anaerobic alkaliphile Iocasia fronsfrigidae shows salt tolerance • IfCelS12A in cocktails with other enzymes efficiently degrades cellulosic biomass • IfCelS12A used with mobile enzyme sequestration platforms enhances hydrolysis.

Salt (NaCl), is an essential nutrient for survival, while excessive salt can be detrimental. In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, internal taste organs in the pharynx are critical gatekeepers impacting the decision to accept or reject a food. Currently, our understanding of the mechanism through which pharyngeal gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs) sense high salt are rudimentary. Here, we found that a member of the ionotropic receptor family, Ir60b, is expressed exclusively in a pair of GRNs activated by high salt. Using a two-way choice assay (DrosoX) to measure ingestion volume, we demonstrate that IR60b and two co-receptors IR25a and IR76b are required to prevent high salt consumption. Mutants lacking external taste organs but retaining the internal taste organs in the pharynx exhibit much higher salt avoidance than flies with all taste organs but missing the three IRs. Our findings highlight the vital role for IRs in a pharyngeal GRN to control ingestion of high salt.

Iodized salt serves as an effective intervention strategy, combating iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) and promoting overall health. This study aimed to assess the household salt consumption status and its relationship with urinary iodine (UI) levels among school-aged children. This is a descriptive-cross-sectional study that was selected by cluster-random sampling from 5 girls' schools (182) and 5 boys' schools (169), with a total of 351 primary school students (8–10 years old) of Darab. To explore the relationship between independent variables and dependent variable, urinary iodine (UI) levels, linear regression model was applied. A significance level of 0.05 was adopted for all analyses. The median UI level was 138 µg/L (IQR = 111). Our findings revealed that 66% of used iodized salt. A significant majority of participants properly stored their salt in containers with lids. Nearly half of the students in Darab have insufficient iodine intake. Despite controlling for the effect of iodized foods consumption, no significant association (P-value = 0.693) was observed between the storage method and iodized foods. Our study showed that students do not receive enough iodine or have received more than the required amount of iodine. Therefore, efforts should be focused on increasing awareness of diseases caused by iodine deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite global efforts to promote universal salt iodization, iodine deficiency remains a public health issue in developing countries. Objectives: This study assessed the proportion and sociodemographic characteristics of households consuming adequately iodized salt in 49 low- and middle-income countries. Methods: Data from DHS surveys of 49 low- and middle-income countries (2005–2021) were used to analyze household iodized salt prevalence. R version 4.0 was employed for statistical analyses. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to estimate overall and regional prevalence. Results: We found that 83.4% of households consume adequately iodized salt, although with high heterogeneity (I2 = 100.0%). The East Asia and Pacific and the Europe and Central Asia regions showed high consumption rates of 87.6% and 87.7%, respectively, while Latin America and the Caribbean presented a significantly lower proportion of 30.8%. Conclusions: The study highlights the need for enhanced public health strategies to increase iodized salt consumption, especially in low-income and rural households. Addressing disparities in access, education, and affordability is crucial for improving iodine intake and preventing deficiency disorders, particularly among vulnerable populations like children and pregnant women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports on newly acquired density data of synthetically prepared pure and mixed NaCl and CaCl2 aqueous solutions that span a wide range of geothermally encountered concentrations and mixing ratios. The analytical data are provided for the temperature range of 293–353 K at ambient pressure. For the reproduction of that data, PHREESCALE was used. The predictive potential of this numerical tool regarding the density of geothermal fluids of known composition was the major target herein. As a result, the measured data are in good agreement with previous analytical studies found in the literature. Possible sources of errors are discussed in this paper. Density data of the mixed solutions at temperatures other than ambient are unique and close existing data gaps. The numerical model reproduces the newly measured and already existing density data within an error band of approximately 1%. For further use in geothermal applications, this can be considered an excellent agreement. Moreover, the model yields a direct calculation of density without the need to establish complex empirical equations of state and mixing rules. Finally, sensitivity calculations performed with a thermal–hydraulic (TH) numerical reservoir model demonstrate the required accuracy of fluid density for reliably predicting the long-term performance of deep geothermal energy systems. In terms of the productivity index and the timing of thermal breakthrough it shows that the present analytical and numerical uncertainty in density is small enough to reliably state both reservoir parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roadside habitat has been touted as a conservation opportunity for insect pollinators, including the declining monarch butterfly. The spectacular monarch migration is under threat from the loss of habitat and the decline of their milkweed host plants. In the northern part of their range, roadsides could potentially produce millions of monarchs annually due to high densities of milkweed; however, roadside milkweed can accumulate chemicals from roads, such as sodium from road salt. Controlled lab studies have shown mixed effects of sodium on monarch development: small increases can be beneficial as sodium is an important micronutrient in brain and muscle development, but large increases can sometimes decrease survival. It is unclear how dietary sodium affects performance in ecologically relevant conditions and the migration itself. In this experiment, we raised monarchs outdoors, in migration‐inducing conditions, on milkweed sprayed with three levels of sodium chloride. We released 2464 tagged monarchs and held an additional 246 for further lab assays. While our recovery rates to the wintering grounds were low (N = 7 individuals), individuals from all three sodium chloride treatments made it to Mexico. Butterflies reared on control milkweed and low salt concentrated sodium in their tissues, while those on high salt diets excreted sodium, suggesting high salt levels were above a physiological optimum. There were no effects of treatment on wing coloration, survival, body size, immunity, or parasite prevalence. Taken together, our results suggest that monarchs are robust to levels of sodium in milkweeds found along roadsides, which is promising with respect to the toxicity of roadside plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Iodized salt serves as an effective intervention strategy, combating iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) and promoting overall health. This study aimed to assess the household salt consumption status and its relationship with urinary iodine (UI) levels among school-aged children. This is a descriptive-cross-sectional study that was selected by cluster-random sampling from 5 girls’ schools (182) and 5 boys’ schools (169), with a total of 351 primary school students (8–10 years old) of Darab. To explore the relationship between independent variables and dependent variable, urinary iodine (UI) levels, linear regression model was applied. A significance level of 0.05 was adopted for all analyses. The median UI level was 138 µg/L (IQR = 111). Our findings revealed that 66% of used iodized salt. A significant majority of participants properly stored their salt in containers with lids. Nearly half of the students in Darab have insufficient iodine intake. Despite controlling for the effect of iodized foods consumption, no significant association (P-value = 0.693) was observed between the storage method and iodized foods. Our study showed that students do not receive enough iodine or have received more than the required amount of iodine. Therefore, efforts should be focused on increasing awareness of diseases caused by iodine deficiency.

Abstract This study reports on newly acquired density data of synthetically prepared pure and mixed NaCl and CaCl2 aqueous solutions that span a wide range of geothermally encountered concentrations and mixing ratios. The analytical data are provided for the temperature range of 293–353 K at ambient pressure. For the reproduction of that data, PHREESCALE was used. The predictive potential of this numerical tool regarding the density of geothermal fluids of known composition was the major target herein. As a result, the measured data are in good agreement with previous analytical studies found in the literature. Possible sources of errors are discussed in this paper. Density data of the mixed solutions at temperatures other than ambient are unique and close existing data gaps. The numerical model reproduces the newly measured and already existing density data within an error band of approximately 1%. For further use in geothermal applications, this can be considered an excellent agreement. Moreover, the model yields a direct calculation of density without the need to establish complex empirical equations of state and mixing rules. Finally, sensitivity calculations performed with a thermal–hydraulic (TH) numerical reservoir model demonstrate the required accuracy of fluid density for reliably predicting the long-term performance of deep geothermal energy systems. In terms of the productivity index and the timing of thermal breakthrough it shows that the present analytical and numerical uncertainty in density is small enough to reliably state both reservoir parameters.

The pozzolanic reaction of fly ashes with calcium-based additives can be effectively used to solidify and chemically stabilize (S&S process) highly concentrated brines inside a cementitious matrix. However, complex interactions between the fly ash, the additive, and the brine typically affect the phases formed at equilibrium, and the resulting solid capacity to successfully encapsulate the brine and its contaminants. Here, the performances of two types of fly ash (a Class C and Class F fly ash) are assessed when combined with different additives (two types of cement, or lime with and without NaAlO2), and two types of brine (NaCl or CaCl2) over a range of concentrations (0 ≤ [Cl-] ≤ 2 M). The best performing matrices - i.e., the matrices with the highest Cl-containing phases content - were identified using XRD and TGA. The experimental results were then combined with thermodynamic modeling to dissociate the contribution of the fly ash from that of the additives. All results were implemented in a machine learning model that showed good accuracy at predicting the fly ash degree of reaction, allowing for the robust prediction of extended systems performance when combined with thermodynamic modeling.

Abstract Background Abiotic stress, such as salinity, affects the photosynthetic apparatus of plants. It is reported that the use of selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs), and biochemical compounds such as chitosan (CS) increase the tolerance of plants to stress conditions. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the potential of Se NPs, CS, and their composite (CS + Se NPs) in improving the photosynthetic apparatus of C. sinensis under salt stress in greenhouse conditions. The grafted seedlings of C. sinensis cv. Valencia after adapting to the greenhouse condition, were imposed with 0, 50, and 100 mM NaCl. After two weeks, the plants were foliar sprayed with distilled water (control), CS (0.1% w/v), Se NPs (20 mg L− 1), and CS + Se NPs (10 and 20 mg L− 1). Three months after treatment, the levels of photosynthetic pigments, leaf gas exchange, and chlorophyll fluorescence in the treated plants were evaluated. Results Under salinity stress, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, and SPAD values decreased by 31%, 48%, and 28% respectively, and Fv/Fm also decreased compared to the control, while the ratio of absorption flux (ABS), dissipated energy flux (DI0) and maximal trapping rate of PSII (TR0) to RC (a measure of PSII apparent antenna size) were increased. Under moderate (50 mM NaCl) and intense (100 mM NaCl) salinity stress, the application of CS + Se NPs significantly increased the levels of photosynthetic pigments and the Fv/Fm value compared to plants treated with distilled water. Conclusions It may be inferred that foliar treatment with CS + Se NPs can sustain the photosynthetic ability of C. sinensis under salinity stress and minimize its deleterious effects on photosynthesis.

This is an article in the field of mineral materials. The utilization of desulfurized gypsum (FGD) to prepare more widely used hemihydrate gypsum plays a very important role in the resource utilization of industrial by-product gypsum. It can not only avoid the large-scale exploitation of natural gypsum, but also realize the resource utilization of desulfurized gypsum. In the process of converting FGD gypsum into hemihydrate gypsum, appropriate concentration of additive and sodium chloride were used as the reaction solution, and the process was heated and stirred under normal pressure. The effects of sodium chloride concentration, additive concentration, solid-liquid ratio, rotation speed and reaction temperature on the phase conversion time and crystal size of dihydrate to hemihydrate gypsum were studied. The increase of additive and sodium chloride concentration not only sped up the phase conversion process but also had a certain inhibitory effect on the average length and average aspect ratio of hemihydrate gypsum crystals. Higher or lower rotation speed hindered the nucleation and growth of hemihydrate gypsum crystals and affected the collision frequency of Ca2+ and SO42- in the NaCl added solution, thus delaying the formation of hemihydrate gypsum. Decreasing the solid-liquid ratio and increasing the temperature had a certain promoting effect on the phase conversion process. At a lower temperature, due to the insufficient driving force of the phase conversion process, it was difficult to transform FGD gypsum into hemihydrate gypsum. The optimal process conditions for preparing hemihydrate gypsum from FGD gypsum were determined as follows: sodium chloride concentration 10%, additive concentration 10%, solid-liquid ratio 1∶5, rotating speed 300 r/min, reaction temperature 100 ℃. Under the best process conditions, the reaction could be completed in 60 min. The average length of the prepared hemihydrate gypsum crystals was as high as 127 μm, and the average aspect ratio was as high as 19. At the same time, the relationship between the activity of water molecules in the solution, the degree of supersaturation and the reaction temperature was studied, and it was determined that the phase conversion process was determined by the temperature and the degree of supersaturation.

Purpose: The study aimed to explore the effects of biofertilizer inoculation on the growth and morphophysiological traits of Red Angel and Wonderful pomegranate cultivars under salinity stress. Research method: The experiment utilized a factorial design based on a completely randomized design with four replications to assess the effects of salinity stress at three levels (control, 4, and 8 dS/m) and biofertilizer at four levels (control, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Glomus mosseae, and P. fluorescens + G. mosseae) on pomegranate plantlets. Findings: The results showed that the highest percentage of symbiosis was observed in P. fluorescens + G. mosseae, with 89.16% and 90.55% in the Red Angel and Wonderful cultivars, respectively. Salinity did not have any influence on the percentage of symbiosis in both cultivars. Furthermore, the application of biofertilizers increased the stem diameter, number of lateral branches, total number of leaves, leaf fresh and dry weight, root diameter, number of lateral roots, and relative water content of leaves in both cultivars. Additionally, all biofertilizers reduced cell membrane injury at all salinity levels by approximately 40%. Salinity decreased the leaf fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight, and number of lateral roots, while increasing cell membrane injury in both cultivars. Research limitations: No limitations were identified. Originality/Value: The results highlight the potential of biofertilizers in mitigating the adverse effects of salinity stress on pomegranates, particularly when P. fluorescens and G. mosseae are combined.

Background: Abiotic stress, such as salinity, affects the photosynthetic apparatus of plants. It is reported that the use of selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs), and biochemical compounds such as chitosan (CS) increase the tolerance of plants to stress conditions. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the potential of Se NPs, CS, and their composite (CS + Se NPs) in improving the photosynthetic apparatus of C. sinensis under salt stress in greenhouse conditions. The grafted seedlings of C. sinensis cv. Valencia after adapting to the greenhouse condition, were imposed with 0, 50, and 100 mM NaCl. After two weeks, the plants were foliar sprayed with distilled water (control), CS (0.1% w/v), Se NPs (20 mg L− 1), and CS + Se NPs (10 and 20 mg L− 1). Three months after treatment, the levels of photosynthetic pigments, leaf gas exchange, and chlorophyll fluorescence in the treated plants were evaluated. Results: Under salinity stress, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, and SPAD values decreased by 31%, 48%, and 28% respectively, and Fv/Fm also decreased compared to the control, while the ratio of absorption flux (ABS), dissipated energy flux (DI0) and maximal trapping rate of PSII (TR0) to RC (a measure of PSII apparent antenna size) were increased. Under moderate (50 mM NaCl) and intense (100 mM NaCl) salinity stress, the application of CS + Se NPs significantly increased the levels of photosynthetic pigments and the Fv/Fm value compared to plants treated with distilled water. Conclusions: It may be inferred that foliar treatment with CS + Se NPs can sustain the photosynthetic ability of C. sinensis under salinity stress and minimize its deleterious effects on photosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt-induced diffusiophoresis is the migration of a colloidal particle in water due to a directional salt concentration gradient. An important example of colloidal particles is represented by micelles, generated by surfactant self-assembly in water. For non-ionic surfactants containing polyethylene glycol (PEG) groups, PEG preferential hydration at the micelle–water interface is expected to drive micelle diffusiophoresis from high to low salt concentration. However, micelles are reversible supramolecular assemblies, with salts being able to promote a significant change in micelle size. This phenomenon complicates the description of diffusiophoresis. Specifically, it is not clear to what extent the salt-induced growth of micelles affects micelle diffusiophoresis. In this paper, a multiple-equilibrium model is developed for assessing the contribution of the micelle growth and preferential hydration mechanisms to the diffusiophoresis of non-ionic micelles. The available experimental data characterizing the effect of NaCl on Triton X-100 aggregation number are combined with data on diffusiophoresis and the preferential hydration of PEG chains to show that the contribution of the micelle growth mechanism to overall diffusiophoresis is small compared to that of preferential hydration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While dietary salt intake has been linked with gastric cancer risk in Asian studies, findings from Western populations are sparse and limited to case—control studies. Our aim was to evaluate the frequency of adding salt to food at table in relation to gastric cancer risk among UK adults. Methods: We evaluated associations between the frequency of adding salt to food and the risk of gastric cancer in the UK Biobank (N = 471,144) using multivariable Cox regression. Frequency of adding salt to food was obtained from a touchscreen questionnaire completed at baseline (2006–2010). 24-h urinary sodium excretion was estimated using INTERSALT formulae. Cancer incidence was obtained by linkage to national cancer registries. Results: During a median follow-up period of 10.9 years, 640 gastric cancer cases were recorded. In multivariable models, the gastric cancer risk among participants reporting adding salt to food at table "always" compared to those who responded "never/rarely" was HR = 1.41 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.90). There was a positive linear association between estimated 24-h urinary sodium levels and the frequency of adding salt to food (p-trend <0.001). However, no significant association between estimated 24-h urinary sodium with gastric cancer was observed (HR = 1.19 (95% CI: 0.87, 1.61)). Conclusions: "Always adding salt to food" at table was associated with a higher gastric cancer risk in a large sample of UK adults. High frequency of adding salt to food at table can potentially serve as a useful indicator of salt intake for surveillance purposes and a basis for devising easy-to-understand public health messages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Almaty Technological University is the property of Almaty Technological University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Societe et Environnement is the property of Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: The study aimed to explore the effects of biofertilizer inoculation on the growth and morphophysiological traits of Red Angel and Wonderful pomegranate cultivars under salinity stress. Research method: The experiment utilized a factorial design based on a completely randomized design with four replications to assess the effects of salinity stress at three levels (control, 4, and 8 dS/m) and biofertilizer at four levels (control, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Glomus mosseae, and P. fluorescens + G. mosseae) on pomegranate plantlets. Findings: The results showed that the highest percentage of symbiosis was observed in P. fluorescens + G. mosseae, with 89.16% and 90.55% in the Red Angel and Wonderful cultivars, respectively. Salinity did not have any influence on the percentage of symbiosis in both cultivars. Furthermore, the application of biofertilizers increased the stem diameter, number of lateral branches, total number of leaves, leaf fresh and dry weight, root diameter, number of lateral roots, and relative water content of leaves in both cultivars. Additionally, all biofertilizers reduced cell membrane injury at all salinity levels by approximately 40%. Salinity decreased the leaf fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight, and number of lateral roots, while increasing cell membrane injury in both cultivars. Research limitations: No limitations were identified. Originality/Value: The results highlight the potential of biofertilizers in mitigating the adverse effects of salinity stress on pomegranates, particularly when P. fluorescens and G. mosseae are combined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectivesCurrent literature is lacking a comprehensive review of data on dietary interventions in blood pressure (BP) management in sub-Saharan African countries. We assessed the association of dietary and other lifestyle interventions with BP-lowering effects in populations within sub-Saharan Africa.MethodsWe performed a systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis to determine the impact of dietary and lifestyle interventions on SBP and DBP in sub-Saharan Africa. We searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases. We included intervention studies that were randomized and nonrandomized conducted in Africans residing in sub-Saharan Africa investigating diet and other lifestyle, physical activity, weight loss, tobacco, and alcohol cessation modifications. We determined the effect of diet and other lifestyle interventions on SBP and DBP. We expressed effect size as weighted mean difference and 95% confidence interval (CI).Main results: We identified six studies with a total of 1412 individuals, 38% males, mean age of 52.8 years (SD = 11.5). The weighted mean difference of dietary and other lifestyle interventions on SBP and DBP was -7.33 mmHg, (95% CI: -9.90 to -4.76, P

Background: Potassium-enriched salt is a proven dietary intervention for reducing risk of stroke, cardiovascular disease, and premature mortality when used instead of regular table salt. Potassium-enriched salt products are available globally, but the on-pack health claims, product features, and instructions for use are diverse. Objectives: The objective of this study was to summarize the label features of potassium-enriched salt products available worldwide. Methods: A content analysis was conducted on the labels of potassium-enriched salt products available for sale in May 2023. Potassium-enriched salt products were identified through a systematic search of literature, major online shopping websites, and Google using similar keywords such as “salt substitute” or “low sodium salt.” Information on product labels was coded relating to health claims, product features, and instructions for use, and were quantitatively summarized. Results: A total of 117 potential potassium-enriched salt products were identified, with 83 included in the final analysis after excluding products containing no sodium (n = 15), no potassium (n = 5), or that were duplicates (n = 14). There were 23 (28%) products with on-pack claims for health benefits and 36 (43%) with health warnings. Twenty-five (30%) of product labels included descriptions of other product features such as taste and potassium content, and 36 (43%) had instructions for use. Conclusions: There was large variability in the label features of potassium-enriched salt products identified in this study. Most product labels made no health-related statements, but among those that did, warnings occurred more frequently than statements of health benefits. The diversity in labeling may cause confusion among consumers, and standardized, evidence-based labeling should be developed.

Abstract Roadside habitat has been touted as a conservation opportunity for insect pollinators, including the declining monarch butterfly. The spectacular monarch migration is under threat from the loss of habitat and the decline of their milkweed host plants. In the northern part of their range, roadsides could potentially produce millions of monarchs annually due to high densities of milkweed; however, roadside milkweed can accumulate chemicals from roads, such as sodium from road salt. Controlled lab studies have shown mixed effects of sodium on monarch development: small increases can be beneficial as sodium is an important micronutrient in brain and muscle development, but large increases can sometimes decrease survival. It is unclear how dietary sodium affects performance in ecologically relevant conditions and the migration itself. In this experiment, we raised monarchs outdoors, in migration‐inducing conditions, on milkweed sprayed with three levels of sodium chloride. We released 2464 tagged monarchs and held an additional 246 for further lab assays. While our recovery rates to the wintering grounds were low (N = 7 individuals), individuals from all three sodium chloride treatments made it to Mexico. Butterflies reared on control milkweed and low salt concentrated sodium in their tissues, while those on high salt diets excreted sodium, suggesting high salt levels were above a physiological optimum. There were no effects of treatment on wing coloration, survival, body size, immunity, or parasite prevalence. Taken together, our results suggest that monarchs are robust to levels of sodium in milkweeds found along roadsides, which is promising with respect to the toxicity of roadside plants.

The research presented in this paper is to determine the best tracer studies that will give acceptable estimates of longitudinal dispersion coefficient for Orashi river using rhodamine WT dye and sodium chloride as water tracer. Estimated results obtained for longitudinal dispersion coefficient for the case of rhodamine WT experiment ranges between 71 and 104.4 m2s−1 while that of sodium chloride experiment ranges between 20.1 and 34.71 m2s−1. These results revealed lower dispersion coefficient using sodium chloride as water tracer (WT) indicating that for larger rivers, sodium chloride should not be used as water tracer. The usage of sodium chloride as water tracer in the estimation of longitudinal dispersion coefficient is recommended in smaller streams as NaCl is relatively conservative. The established equations for both cases of investigation are proving satisfactory upon validation as degree of accuracy of 100.0% was obtained using discrepancy ratio (Dr). Standard error (SE), normal mean error (NME) and mean multiplication error (MME) of the developed equations is better when compared with other existing equations. However, Equation ( 17) is satisfactorily recommended. HIGHLIGHTS The study gives the range of values of longitudinal dispersion coefficient that can be used to assess assimilatory capacity of the river.; The research established best tracer to be used for sizeable rivers as rhodamine WT dye.; The study will guide in water quality parameters monitoring/assessment.; This investigation gives interpretation of influence of total suspended solids and total dissolve solids on the longitudinal dispersion coefficient.;

Analytical grade Sodium chloride (NaCl) is one type of salt with a purity of > 99.50 % NaCl content, including other impurities. In laboratories, salt is used as a reagent and a standard solution. This research carried out the salt production process through purification, acidification, neutralization, crystallization, and drying methods. Compared to existing technologies, the advantages of this technology are its simplicity and ability to produce accompanying products. In the first stage of the purification process, the precipitation of sulfate (SO42-) and magnesium (Mg2+) ions was examined. In this step, 20 % w/v barium chloride (BaCl2) and 20 % w/v sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution were consecutively used, and after 12 hours of sitting, the filtering process separated the mixture. The second stage of purification will investigate the precipitation of calcium (Ca2+) ions using 20 % w/v sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) solution, and the mixture was again separated by filtering after 12 hours. All stages of the purification process have shown that the ions concentration decreases by adding BaCl2, NaOH, and Na2CO3 solution. Furthermore, the acidification, neutralization, and crystallization processes can control pH and potassium (K+) content. The results demonstrated that the technology produced 30% analytical grade NaCl with purity > 99.50% and high brine solution as a by-product, which can be further processed for producing pharmaceutical and food-grade salts.

ObjectiveTo explore the effects of sodium chloride and tryptone in the components of mannitol salt agar on the quality of mannitol salt agar， and investigate the product quality of 5 domestic brands and 1 imported brand of mannitol salt agar sold on the market.MethodsThe effects of sodium chloride and tryptone with different brands and concentrations of sodium chloride and tryptone on the quality of mannitol salt agar were investigated using plate coating counting and semi quantitative scoring method. Quantitative determination of the growth of different types of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli on 5 domestic brands and 1 imported brand of mannitol salt agar. Referring to GB 4789.28—2013， the growth rate， growth index， and colony size of different brands of culture media for different strains were compared， and the quality of each brand of culture media was evaluated.ResultsThere were significant differences in the growth rate and growth index of experimental strains on mannitol salt agar prepared with different types and concentrations of sodium chloride or tryptone. The growth index of non target bacteria in different brands of mannitol salt agar was qualified， but there were significant differences in the growth rate and colony size of the target bacteria.ConclusionSodium chloride and tryptone have a significant impact on the quality of mannitol salt agar， which directly determines whether the medium is qualified. There are significant differences in the quality of different brands of mannitol salt agar sold domestically and internationally， and the quality of domestic mannitol salt agar is better than that of imported medium.

Purpose: Seed germination and seedling growth are recognized as the most sensitive stages of salinity for the majority of plant species. This experiment aimed to characterize the impact of various salinity levels on selected ornamental plants from the Asteraceae family including Gazannia splendens, Rudbeckia hirta, Ageratum houstonianum, Gaillardia aristata, and Coreopsis grandiflora during the seed germination stage. Research method: Five independent experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD), comprising seven treatments with different concentrations of sodium chloride (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 mM) in four replications using Petrie plates. Findings: The salinity of 120 mM significantly reduced the seed germination percentage in G. splendens, G. aristata, and C. grandiflora, compared to the other species. A. houstanianum exhibited a stimulating effect on seed germination percentage with salinity levels ranging from 20 mM to 80 mM. Salinity stress at a concentration of 120 mM had negatively affected vegetative traits in A. houstonianum, R. hirta, G. aristata, and C. grandiflora, inhibiting the growth of plumule in A. houstonianum and C. grandiflora. However, traits like plumule length and seedling length in G. splendens remained unaffected by salinity. Research limitations: No limitations were identified. Originality/Value: Results demonstrate varied responses of ornamental plants to different salinity levels. R. hirta exhibited superior performance in seed germination and early seedling stages compared to other plants.

Soil salinity causes severe physiological disorders, decline in biomass, and crop production worldwide becoming more critical with global climate change. Consequently, salt-tolerant varieties received major focus in all sectors of agriculture. Biomass plants such as Szarvasi-1 energy grass (Elymus elongatus subsp. ponticus cv. Szarvasi-1) may play an important role in energy production if they are tolerant to environmental stresses. In this study, Szarvasi-1 energy grass has been investigated to reveal its tolerance to 50–200 mM NaCl in hydroponics. Significant decline in stomatal conductance appeared at 100 mM NaCl treatment but fresh and dry weight and the maximal quantum efficiency of PSII decreased only at 200 mM NaCl. Relative water content and total chlorophyll concentration did not change compared to the control. Leaf water potential was maintained at the control level for one week NaCl exposure, decrease became significant only after two weeks. Malondialdehyde concentration did not refer to oxidative stress. In the element composition of the plants, remarkable increase was found only for Mo whereas Ca, K, S, P, Mn decreased compared to the control. K to Na ratio remained higher than one in the shoot even at 200 mM NaCl. Salt treatment caused temporal and concentration-dependent changes in the expression of genes in the phenylpropanoid pathway, Na transport, photosynthesis, and cellular protection and repair. Szarvasi-1 was found to be fairly tolerant to NaCl which induced a sequential response switching on vacuolar compartmentalization at 50 mM, Na efflux at 100 mM, and cellular protection and repair at 200 mM.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) represents a transformative tool in medical diagnostics, particularly for the early detection of key biomarkers such as small extracellular vesicles (sEVs). Its unparalleled sensitivity and compatibility with intricate biological samples make it an ideal candidate for revolutionizing noninvasive diagnostic methods. However, a significant challenge that mars its efficacy is the throughput limitation, primarily anchored in the prerequisite of hotspot and sEV colocalization within a minuscule range. This paper delves deep into this issue, introducing a never-attempted-before approach which harnesses the principles of crystallization-nucleation and growth. By synergistically coupling lasers with plasmonic resonances, we navigate the challenges associated with the analyte droplet drying method and the notorious coffee ring effect. Our method, rooted in a profound understanding of crystallization's materials science, exhibits the potential to significantly increase the areal density of accessible plasmonic hotspots and efficiently guide exosomes to defined regions. In doing so, we not only overcome the throughput challenge but also promise a paradigm shift in the arena of minimally invasive biosensing, ushering in advanced diagnostic capabilities for life-threatening diseases.

High concentrations of dietary salt are harmful to health. Like most animals, Drosophila melanogaster are attracted to foods that have low concentrations of salt, but show strong taste avoidance of high salt foods. Salt in known on multiple classes of taste neurons, activating Gr64f sweet-sensing neurons that drive food acceptance and 2 others (Gr66a bitter and Ppk23 high salt) that drive food rejection. Here we find that NaCl elicits a bimodal dose-dependent response in Gr64f taste neurons, which show high activity with low salt and depressed activity with high salt. High salt also inhibits the sugar response of Gr64f neurons, and this action is independent of the neurons taste response to salt. Consistent with the electrophysiological analysis, feeding suppression in the presence of salt correlates with inhibition of Gr64f neuron activity, and remains if high salt taste neurons are genetically silenced. Other salts such as Na2SO4, KCl, MgSO4, CaCl2, and FeCl3 act on sugar response and feeding behavior in the same way. A comparison of the effects of various salts suggests that inhibition is dictated by the cationic moiety rather than the anionic component of the salt. Notably, high salt-dependent inhibition is not observed in Gr66a neurons-response to a canonical bitter tastant, denatonium, is not altered by high salt. Overall, this study characterizes a mechanism in appetitive Gr64f neurons that can deter ingestion of potentially harmful salts.

BackgroundIntracellular biomacromolecules, such as industrial enzymes and biopolymers, represent an important class of bio-derived products obtained from bacterial hosts. A common key step in the downstream separation of these biomolecules is lysis of the bacterial cell wall to effect release of cytoplasmic contents. Cell lysis is typically achieved either through mechanical disruption or reagent-based methods, which introduce issues of energy demand, material needs, high costs, and scaling problems. Osmolysis, a cell lysis method that relies on hypoosmotic downshock upon resuspension of cells in distilled water, has been applied for bioseparation of intracellular products from extreme halophiles and mammalian cells. However, most industrial bacterial strains are non-halotolerant and relatively resistant to hypoosmotic cell lysis.ResultsTo overcome this limitation, we developed two strategies to increase the susceptibility of non-halotolerant hosts to osmolysis using Cupriavidus necator, a strain often used in electromicrobial production, as a prototypical strain. In one strategy, C. necator was evolved to increase its halotolerance from 1.5% to 3.25% (w/v) NaCl through adaptive laboratory evolution, and genes potentially responsible for this phenotypic change were identified by whole genome sequencing. The evolved halotolerant strain experienced an osmolytic efficiency of 47% in distilled water following growth in 3% (w/v) NaCl. In a second strategy, the cells were made susceptible to osmolysis by knocking out the large-conductance mechanosensitive channel (mscL) gene in C. necator. When these strategies were combined by knocking out the mscL gene from the evolved halotolerant strain, greater than 90% osmolytic efficiency was observed upon osmotic downshock. A modified version of this strategy was applied to E. coli BL21 by deleting the mscL and mscS (small-conductance mechanosensitive channel) genes. When grown in medium with 4% NaCl and subsequently resuspended in distilled water, this engineered strain experienced 75% cell lysis, although decreases in cell growth rate due to higher salt concentrations were observed.ConclusionsOur strategy is shown to be a simple and effective way to lyse cells for the purification of intracellular biomacromolecules and may be applicable in many bacteria used for bioproduction.

Soil salinization is an adverse phenomenon in agriculture that severely affects crop growth and yield. The use of natural products, such as wood distillate (WD, derived from the pyrolysis of woody biomass), could be a sustainable approach to enhance the tolerance of plants cultivated in the saline soils. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the potential of WD, a foliar sprayed at 0.2% (v/v), in lettuce plants subjected to grow under both moderate and high soil sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations (ranging from 0 to 300 mM). The changes in the physiological and biochemical responses of these plants to the varying salt stress conditions allowed the identification of a maximum tolerance threshold (100 mM NaCl), specific to lettuce. Beyond this threshold, levels related to plant defense antioxidant power (antiradical activity) were lowered, while those indicative of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde content and electrolyte leakage) were raised, causing significant losses in leaf fresh biomass. On the other hand, WD significantly improved plant growth, enabling plants to survive high salt conditions >200 mM NaCl. Collectively, these observations highlight that treatments with WD could be of paramount importance in coping with current environmental challenges to have better yields under soil conditions of high salt concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The bitter drug, warfarin, has a narrow therapeutic index (NTI) and is used in paediatrics and geriatrics. The aim of this feasibility study was to formulate the taste-masked warfarin-containing pellets to be applicable for dose personalisation and to improve patient compliance, as well as to investigate the effect of the core type (PharSQ® Spheres M, CELPHERE™ CP-507, and NaCl) on the warfarin release from the Kollicoat® Smartseal taste-masking-coated pellets. The cores were successfully drug-loaded and coated in a fluid-bed coater with a Wurster insert. An increase in particle size and particle size distribution was observed by optical microscopy. In saliva-simulated pH, at the Kollicoat® Smartseal level of 2 mg/cm2, none of the pellets demonstrated drug release, confirming their efficient taste-masking. However, in a stomach-simulated pH, a faster drug release was observed from PharSQ® Spheres M- and CELPHERE™ CP-507-coated pellets in comparison with NaCl cores. Additional experiments allowed us to explain the slower drug release from NaCl-containing pellets because of the salting-out effect. Despite the successful taste masking, the drug release from pellets was relatively slow (not more than 91% per 60 min), allowing for further formulation improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources / Kuangchan Zonghe Liyong is the property of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stability of angiotensin II in 0.9% sodium chloride for up to 5 days. Methods: We prepared angiotensin II dilutions, by aseptically diluting 2.5 mg (1 mL) in 249 mL 0.9% sodium chloride creating a solution of 10 000 ng/mL. Admixtures were stored under refrigeration (5 ± 3°C). Stability of the dilution was assessed by: preservation of clarity, consistency of pH, and retention of concentration. Solutions were sampled at times 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 hours. Solutions were analyzed via High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC-UV) and Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Retention of concentration was set a priori at > 90% of initial concentration. Results: Clarity, color, and pH at all sample time points remained constant. Both methods of analysis confirmed similar results. When stored under refrigeration, the concentration of angiotensin II solution remained above 90% of initial concentration throughout the entire sampling period. Conclusions: Angiotensin II in 0.9% sodium chloride stored in infusion bags under refrigeration (5 ± 3°C) maintained at least 90% of their original concentrations for up to 5 days. Stability was also demonstrated based on turbidity, color, and pH assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Machinery is the property of Food & Machinery Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sodium, although essential for life, is a key factor in changes in vascular function and cardiovascular disease when consumed in excess. Sarcocornia spp., a halophyte plant with many nutritional benefits, presents itself as a promising substitute for the consumption of purified salt. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 2 and 9 are widely studied due to their action in physiological processes and as biomarkers at the diagnostic level due to their increased expression in inflammatory processes. This study aimed to evaluate whether replacing salt with Sarcocornia perennis (S. perennis) powder in healthy young people leads to an improvement in biochemical profiles and the attenuation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity. In the present study, 30 participants were randomized into a control group that consumed salt and an intervention group that replaced salt with powdered S. perennis. The evaluation of the biochemical parameters was carried out by the spectrophotometry method, and the evaluation of MMP activity was carried out by zymography. A significant decrease was observed in the intervention group in total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and creatinine (p-value ≤ 0.05), along with lower but not significantly different mean values of triglycerides. Regarding MMP activity after the intervention, a lower mean value was observed for MMP-9 activity, with there being higher mean values for MMP-2 activity, both with p-values ≥ 0.05. The results confirmed that the consumption of S. perennis is a beneficial choice for health regarding the lipid profile. The evaluation of MMP activity indicated the potential of S. perennis in the regulation of MMP-9 activity in healthy individuals, along with the need for the further study of these proteases in individuals with pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity is one of the limiting stresses on agricultural production. The high potential of Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) as a tropical and semi-tropical plant and its scientific and industrial uses caused to investigate its germination potential under saline condition and improving it by titanium dioxide nanoparticles. An experiment conducted in 2023 in the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Mohaghegh Ardabili University as factorial based on randomized complete design with three replications. Experimental treatments included different concentrations of seed priming with titanium dioxide nanoparticles (0, 0.5, and 1mM) and salinity stress (0, -0.4, -0.8, and -1.2 MPa) using sodium chloride. The results indicated that the osmotic potentials of -0.4, -0.8, and -1.2 MPa significantly reduced the germination percentage (10.56, 20.49, and 31.26%), radicle length (68.00, 88.52, and91.24%), and plumule length (46.92, 82.59, and 89.87%). Nano priming of seeds by 1 mM increased radicle (25.40%) and plumule length (24.87%) compared to no priming. Also, nano priming enhanced catalase activity by 15.92, 10.18, and 1.35% and proline content by 17.81, 6.26, and 8.40% at osmotic potentials of -0.4, -0.8 and -1.2 MPa. Nano priming at a concentration of 1 mM decreased lipid peroxidation by 30.92, 41.59, and 36.74% at -0.4, -0.8 and -1.2 MPa osmotic potentials. The results of this study, in addition to reporting the germination ability of Sunn hemp seeds under salinity stress of1.2 MPa, emphasized the improvement of germination and related indices by using seed priming with titanium dioxide nanoparticles at a 1mM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the effect of priming on seed germination indices and antioxidant enzyme activity in chickpea seedlings under salinity stress and an experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design arranged in factorial with three replications at University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2023 with 3 replications. Treatments were four salinity levels (0, 50, 75 and 100 mM Derived from sodium chloride) and four levels of priming (without priming (control), hydropriming, priming with gibberellin (50 ppm) and salicylic acid (100 ppm)). The results showed that salinity stress reduced germination percentage (GP), daily germination coefficient (DGC), plumlue fresh weight (PFW). But seed priming with distilled water, salicylic acid, especially gibberellin improved these traits. Salinity increased the mean germination time (MGT), so that the highest (0.0387 seed per day) was observed at salinity of 100 Mm. The highest radicle fresh weight (RFW) (110.967 mg), radicle dry weight (RDW) (19.600 mg), plumule dry weight (PDW) (14.667 mg), seed length and weight vigor index (SLVI and SWVI) (12.041and 3.288) were observed in priming with gibberellin and control. The activity of catalase and glutathione enzymes reductase in priming with gibberellin were the application 66 and 42% higher than the control. The activity of peroxidase (enzyme in gibberellin treatment and salinity of 100 mM compared to the control showed an increase about 96%. Also. lowest amylase (2.1384 mg g-1 FW min-1) was obtained in salinity of 100 mM. In general, the results showed that gibberellin by stimulating antioxidant enzymes and neutralizing free radicals can reduce the harmful effects of salinity stress on some traits in chickpea seedlings and improve seedling growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial disease depending on molecular, genetic, and environmental factors like mechanical strain. Next to the cartilage and the subchondral bone, OA also affects the synovium, which is critically involved in the maintenance of joint homeostasis. As there is a correlation between the extracellular sodium content in the knee joint and OA, this study investigates the impact of sodium on OA-associated processes like inflammation and bone remodeling without and with mechanical loading in synovial fibroblasts. For that purpose, murine synovial fibroblasts from the knee joint were exposed to three different extracellular sodium chloride concentrations (−20 mM, ±0 mM and +50 mM NaCl) in the absence or presence of compressive or intermittent tensile strain. In addition to the intracellular Na+ content and gene expression of the osmoprotective transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (Nfat5), the gene and protein expression of inflammatory mediators (interleukin-6 (IL6), prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2 (Ptgs2)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)), and factors involved in bone metabolism (receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG)) were analyzed by qPCR and ELISA. Mechanical strain already increased intracellular Na+ and Nfat5 gene expression at standard salt conditions to levels obtained by exposure to increased extracellular Na+ content. Both high salt and compressive strain resulted in elevated IL6 and PGE2 release. Intermittent tensile strain did not increase Il6 mRNA expression or IL6 protein secretion but triggered Ptgs2 expression and PGE2 production. Increased extracellular Na+ levels and compressive strain increased RANKL expression. In contrast, intermittent tension suppressed RANKL expression without this response being subject to modification by extracellular sodium availability. OPG expression was only induced by compressive strain. Changes in extracellular Na+ levels modified the inflammatory response and altered the expression of mediators involved in bone metabolism in cells exposed to mechanical strain. These findings indicate that Na+ balance and Nfat5 are important players in synovial fibroblast responses to mechanical stress. The integration of Na+ and Na+-dependent signaling will help to improve the understanding of the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis and could lead to the establishment of new therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of salt addition on the skin gene expression of Mucin, Antimicrobial peptides, cortisol, and glucose in Oreochromis niloticus after 5-hour transportation in water. Three groups were compared: Control, post-transport without salt (PT-S), and post-transport with 5 g salt-1(PT + S), with a stocking density of 28.6 gL-1, 20 fish for each experimental group. The results showed that the PT-S group had more significant changes in gene expression than the PT + S group, suggesting that salt alleviated the stress and immune responses of O. niloticus. The PT-S group had higher expression of mucin- 2(MUC + 2) (7.58 folds) and mucin-5AC (MUC5-AC) (6.29 folds) than the PT + S group (3.30 folds and 4.16 folds, respectively). The PT-S group also had lower expression of β-defensin-1 (Dβ1) (0.42 folds), β-defensin-2 (Dβ2) (0.29 folds), and Cath1 (0.16 folds) than the PT + S group (0.82 folds, 0.69 folds, and 0.75 folds, respectively). The skin morphology of the PT-S group revealed some white patches with no goblet cell openings, while the PT + S group had better preservation of skin features with some goblet cell openings and slight white patches. This study indicates that O. niloticus can benefit from sodium chloride during transportation, as it helps to reduce stress and inflammation, balance mineral levels, enhance health and immunity, and regulate mucous secretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of different levels of sodium chloride, sodium nitrite, and glucose on the quality characteristics of spontaneously fermented goat meat sausage was investigated. The amounts of total biogenic amines in all the sausages ranged from 324.70 to 388.77 mg/kg; among them, spermine was the most abundant, with amounts ranging from 230.96 to 275.78 mg/kg. Increasing sodium chloride from 15 to 35 g/kg, the content of cadaverine, putrescine, tyramine, phenylethylamine, tryptamine, and total amines decreased, and Enterobacteriaceae counts decreased at the same time. Increasing sodium nitrite from 150 to 250 mg/kg, the content of cadaverine, histamine, and total amines decreased, while Enterobacteriaceae counts decreased simultaneously. Increasing glucose from 10 to 40 g/kg, the content of cadaverine, spermidine, and total amines decreased. Enterococcus was the most abundant genus across all the samples, and the relative abundance of Enterococcus was reduced obviously by increasing sodium nitrite and glucose levels. The top 10 differential bacterial taxa for each additive group were respectively obtained, and microbial biomarkers for each level of additive within its group were acquired, respectively. Through Pearson correlation, Lactobacillus was positively correlated with phenylethylamine, tryptamine, tyramine, and cadaverine, Bacteroides and Sediminibacterium were positively correlated with phenylethylamine and putrescine, respectively, suggesting they have the potential to produce biogenic amines. The results provided references for controlling the accumulation of biogenic amines in fermented goat meat sausage via the addition of auxiliary additives during the processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sanctuaries devoted to Asclepius were established and operated for almost a thousand years in various Greek and Roman cities throughout the Mediterranean region. The Asclepieion sanctuary in Lentas (formerly known as Ancient Lebena) in Crete was famous for receiving water from a sacred spring. In Ancient Lebena, Levinaion was a famous centre for hydrotherapy, physiotherapy, and a psychiatric hospital. In the present paper, we aim to assess the hydrochemical status of this sacred spring that holds a prominent position in archaeological and historical studies. The main objectives of this study are: Initially, to present supervisory evidence (archaeological, geological, hydrochemical) of an area that was a water resource management model for many centuries, carrying out therapeutic work. The second objective is to present and compare hydrochemical data in the last century, i.e., from 1915 to 2021. The third objective is to highlight and warn of an incipient saltwater intrusion in the area along the Lentas coast. The fourth objective is to propose an alternative and sustainable form of water resources management in the region that requires the study and rational utilization of the sporadic small water springs in the region. Our study focuses on a basic hydrochemical analysis of spring and borehole water in the remains of Levinaion in the Lentas region, and their comparison with sparse historical data of the sacred spring water, aiming to interpret the impact of the changes in the spring water resources that occurred in recent decades due to urban modernization. Our results highlight (i) visible fluctuations in chemical composition of borehole water samples; (ii) a neutral to alkaline pH in borehole waters and an alkaline pH in spring waters; (iii) undetectable arsenic in Lentas borehole water, unlike historical data of Lentas spring water; (iv) low values of dissolved radon in Lentas borehole water and the spring water of Kefalovrysa; and (v) a timeless constant and hypothermic nature of the water of both the sacred spring and borehole of Lentas, and also of the Kefalovrysa spring. The recorded historical data, i.e., from 1915 to 1957, due to the absence of substantial anthropogenic activity in the area, can be used as reference values (natural background levels, NBLs) for the Lentas area. Our findings emerge with the need to bring again the flowing spring water of the sacred spring of Lentas in its original form through sustainable management and re-discover its beneficial therapeutical effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Seed germination and seedling growth are recognized as the most sensitive stages of salinity for the majority of plant species. This experiment aimed to characterize the impact of various salinity levels on selected ornamental plants from the Asteraceae family including Gazannia splendens, Rudbeckia hirta, Ageratum houstonianum, Gaillardia aristata, and Coreopsis grandiflora during the seed germination stage. Research method: Five independent experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD), comprising seven treatments with different concentrations of sodium chloride (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 mM) in four replications using Petrie plates. Findings: The salinity of 120 mM significantly reduced the seed germination percentage in G. splendens, G. aristata, and C. grandiflora, compared to the other species. A. houstanianum exhibited a stimulating effect on seed germination percentage with salinity levels ranging from 20 mM to 80 mM. Salinity stress at a concentration of 120 mM had negatively affected vegetative traits in A. houstonianum, R. hirta, G. aristata, and C. grandiflora, inhibiting the growth of plumule in A. houstonianum and C. grandiflora. However, traits like plumule length and seedling length in G. splendens remained unaffected by salinity. Research limitations: No limitations were identified. Originality/Value: Results demonstrate varied responses of ornamental plants to different salinity levels. R. hirta exhibited superior performance in seed germination and early seedling stages compared to other plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theories of myopia etiology based on near work and lack of outdoor exposure have had inconsistent support and have not prevented the rising prevalence of global myopia. New scientific theories in the cause and prevention of myopia are needed. Myopia prevalence is low in native people consuming traditional diets lacking in sodium chloride, and nutritional epidemiological evidence supports the association of rising myopia prevalence with dietary sodium intake. East Asian populations have among the highest rates of myopia associated with high dietary sodium. Similar associations of sodium and rising myopia prevalence were observed in the United States in the late 20th century. The present perspective synthesizes nutritional epidemiology evidence with pathophysiological concepts and proposes that axial myopia occurs from increased fluid retention in the vitreous of the eye, induced by dietary sodium chloride intake. Salt disturbs ionic permeability of retinal membranes, increases the osmotic gradient flow of fluid into the vitreous, and stretches ocular tissue during axial elongation. Based on the present nutritional epidemiology evidence, experimental research should investigate the effect of sodium chloride as the cause of myopia, and clinical research should test a very low-salt diet in myopia correction and prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein glutaminase (PG), originating from Chryseobacterium proteolyticum, can catalyze the deamidation of glutamine residues in plant proteins into glutamic acid, thus enhancing its functional properties. However, the low yield of PG limits its industrial production. In this study, the yield of PG in C. proteolyticum TM1040 increased by 121 %, up to 7.30 U/mL in a 15 L fermenter after medium optimization. Subsequently, purified PG was obtained by cation exchange chromatography (CEX) coupled with hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). The degree of deamidation (DD) of wheat gluten after purified PG deamidation was 87.11 %, which is superior to chemical deamidation in safety and DD. The emulsifying and foaming properties of deamidated wheat gluten were 2.67 and 18.86 times higher, and the water- and oil-holding properties were 4.23 and 18.77 times higher, respectively. The deamidated wheat gluten with enhanced functional properties was used to improve the flavor and texture in baking cakes.

Our study successfully fabricated sourness and saltiness sensors and investigated the response toward acetic acid and sodium chloride as the sourness and saltiness sample solutions, respectively. The sensors were made using a lipid membrane with a mixture of two materials. The fabricated sensors can detect the concentration of a small amount of 0.03 mM for the sourness sensor and 0.316 mM for the saltiness sensor, much lower than the human tongue threshold. Moreover, the sensors show a directly proportional response for both sourness and saltiness sensors in the range of 0.03–3 mM of acetic acid and 0.316–31.6 mM of sodium chloride, respectively. The interaction between positive charge in the lipid membrane and anionic species in the sample solution was believed to be the sensing mechanism in this research. Both sensors were refabricated three times, and the saltiness sensor exhibited a similar response when exposed to 3.16 mM of sodium chloride, while the sourness sensor still has to improve its reproducibility. In addition, the fabricated sensors were also tested on three consecutive days to observe the stability.

ObjectivesCoronavirus-disease-19 (COVID-19) continues to affect millions of individuals worldwide. Antiviral activity of mouthrinses remains an important research area as the oral cavity is a site of SARS-CoV-2 initial replication. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of three different mouthrinses in reducing the oral/oropharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 viral load.MethodsAdult patients, hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19 were recruited for the study. Oral/oropharyngeal baseline SARS-CoV-2 samples were collected and analyzed by Real-Time-PCR. Subsequently, patients were instructed to rinse with 1 % hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), 0.12 % chlorhexidine (CHX), 1 % povidone‑iodine (PVP-I) or Sodium Chloride 0.9 % (placebo). Viral loads were measured right after (T1), and at 45 min (T2) from the rinse.ResultsIn the PVP-I 1 % group, 5/8 (62.5 %) patients at T1, and 3/8 (37.5 %) patients at T2, SARS-CoV-2 was not detectable in the swab specimens. In the H2O2 1 % group, 2/11 (18.2 %) patients at T1, and 2/11 (18.2 %) other patients at T2 showed no SARS-CoV-2 loads. One (12.5 %) patient in the CHX 0.12 % group showed SARS-CoV-2 negativity at T2. One (9.1 %) patient at T1, and another (9.1 %) patient at T2 showed no SARS-CoV-2 loads in the placebo group.ConclusionsOral SARS-CoV-2 loads were reduced at T1 in the PVP-I 1 % and H2O2 1 % groups.Clinical relevancePVP-I 1 % was the most effective rinse especially in patients with low viral copy numbers at baseline.

Isotonic drinks contain sugar components as a source of energy, minerals to replace the body's electrolytes, and organic acids for body fitness. Isotonic drinks can be made from natural ingredients derived from local foods such as coconut. Coconut water naturally contains minerals such as potassium and sodium. Citric acid is added to meet the pH quality standards of isotonic drinks and enhance the sour taste. The addition of NaCl in this study aims to meet the standard of sodium content in isotonic drinks. This study aimed to determined the characteristics of the best isotonic drink made from coconut water with the addition of citric acid and NaCl formulations. This study used a single-factor Randomized Block Design (RBD), namely the addition of citric acid and NaCl, with three replications. The parameters observed were pH, sodium, potassium, total dissolved solids, plate count, and organoleptic. The data were analyzed using the ANOVA (α=5 %), followed by DMRT (α=5 %). The best treatment was tested using the effectiveness index test. The results showed that adding citric acid and NaCl affected the pH and sodium content. The coconut water isotonic drink has met the SNI for isotonic drinks for pH, sodium, and total dissolved solids. The organoleptic test showed differences in taste parameters and overall preference. The effectiveness index test shows that added 0.30 % citric acid and 0.35 % NaCl is the best coconut water isotonic drink.