1,156,246 results on '"So, Matthew"'
Search Results
2. The Effect of Student-Tutor Ratios: Experimental Evidence from a Pilot Online Math Tutoring Program. EdWorkingPaper No. 24-976
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Annenberg Institute for School Reform at Brown University, Matthew A. Kraft, and Virginia S. Lovison
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Budget constraints and limited supplies of local tutors have caused many K-12 school districts to pivot from individual tutoring in-person toward small-group tutoring online to expand access to personalized instruction. We conduct a field experiment to explore the effect of increasing student-tutor ratios on middle school students' math achievement and growth during an online tutoring program. We leverage a novel feature of the program where tutors often taught individual and small-group tutoring sessions, allowing them to directly compare their experiences across these settings. Both experimental estimates and tutor survey responses suggest 1:1 tutoring is more effective than 3:1 tutoring online. Tutoring small groups in an online format presents additional challenges for personalizing instruction, developing relationships, fostering participation, and managing student behavior.
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- 2024
3. A Future of Hope and Dread: How K-12 Pre-Service Language Teachers Are Situating Their Identities within Modern Japanese Value and Belief Systems
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Matthew Nall and Takaaki Hiratsuka
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The current study is located among the body of language teacher identity research by focusing on the identities of pre-service language teachers in Japan. This study looks at how pre-service language teacher identities are situated among Japanese values and belief systems and investigates how participants are coping with disrupted language teacher identities as they are preparing to embark on teaching careers. Three pre-service teachers took part in this study, and data originated from narrative frames and semi-structured interviews. These participants are preparing for future employment as K-12 English teachers in Japan. Drawing upon grounded theory and Gross' (2015) process model of emotional regulation, findings illustrate the conflicted manner in which pre-service teachers are constructing their nascent language teacher identities against the backdrop of Japanese values and belief systems and the realities of teaching in Japan. In this context, the participants are approaching their future careers with deeply held emotions of both hope and dread, complicating the development of empowered language teacher identities. Additionally, this study found that the participants were able to employ Gross' (2015) emotional regulation strategies to varying degrees of success. This article concludes with implications for pre-service teachers and pre-service teacher training programs in Japan and abroad.
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- 2024
4. Legends of Learning: Math Basecamp. Math Basecamp Use and Math Achievement in Rialto Unified School District
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McREL International, Kristen Erichsen, Bradley Rentz, Matthew Linick, and Sheila A. Arens
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The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between students' engagement with Legends of Learning's Math Basecamp (MBC) and students' math achievement at the elementary school level in Rialto Unified School District (RUSD) in California. Researchers examined the association between MBC usage and student achievement scores on the Smarter Balanced Mathematics assessment for 3,273 students in grades 3-5 using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression. Additionally, researchers used propensity score matching to determine a causal relationship between MBC usage and math scores for 1,608 students. OLS regression results reveal that as the number of sessions of Legends of Learning's Math Basecamp increases, achievement on California's Smarter Balanced Mathematics assessment increases significantly. Further, propensity score matching results indicate that completing at least 24 sessions of MBC significantly increases student scores on the Smarter Balanced Mathematics assessment. Further research is needed to confirm a causal relationship between participation in Math Basecamp and math achievement, which could be done in a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) or a robust quasi-experimental design (QED). Expanding future studies to include additional populations and settings, as well as additional analytic approaches can confirm the robustness of these findings and the generalizability of Math Basecamp's impact. [This report was prepared for Legends of Learning.]
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- 2024
5. Using Constructive Alignment, eduScrum and Tableau to Teach Managerial Analytics
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Matthew Boyne
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The research sought to study potential efficiency in course design and execution using Constructive Alignment, and then classroom workflow grounded in eduScrum based on the Agile Project Framework of Scrum for graduate classes in managerial analytics. The research measured performance based on the Scrum concept of Velocity, defined as the rate of improvement in learning as measured by the number of Constructive Alignments' Learning Objectives achieved. The process of class design creates a list of activities for each class that lends itself to a standardized learning workflow. Scrum, as a project framework originated within software development in the early 2000s, but has now become a managerial method of choice for projects in a wide variety of industries and sectors. The final product to be delivered is broken into increments of value that can be created by the team in short work periods, also called Sprints. EduScrum mimics the same approach, using each class session to act as a sprint in which the students are assigned to self-managed teams of students and assigned a list of learning activities to achieve. The teacher/professor's role shifts to coach, moving from team to team and improving workflow, overcoming barriers, providing resources, and ensuring each class maximizes value creation. Scrum and eduScrum rely on a short reflective learning session at the end of the Sprint, called a Retrospective, in which students and professors assess how they can improve the velocity of learning. Assessments are embedded for individuals as part of Constructive Alignment, and are connected to the Teaching/Learning Activities.
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- 2024
6. Employing Gamification-Incentive-Feedback (GIF) Model in Enhancing Classroom Learning Experience
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Adeva Jane Esparrago-Kalidas, Princess Imee Alliah F. Labis, Roshmond Roi Entrina, Divine Grace R. Marcelino, Kevin Matthew N. Pacana, and Joelie Mae B. Pailaga
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This action research aimed to study the use the Gamification-Incentive-Feedback (GIF) Model in enhancing the classroom learning experience of Grade 9 students in a private school in Cagayan de Oro, Philippines. The research used convenience sampling and used a combination of Likert scale pre-intervention and post-intervention survey questionnaires as well as focus group discussion (FGD) to gather data and responses. The results were analyzed through the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test and interview responses from the FGD through thematic analysis. Results reveal a significant difference in students' classroom learning experience in terms of motivation. Further, the participants' responses to the FGD revealed that the GIF Model encourages participation and teamwork; that it promotes competition; that it is motivating, fun, exciting, and interesting; that it encourages learning retention; and that the GIF Model should be implemented face to face; among others. It is concluded that the use of GIF Model is a promising approach for the students in the classroom to create an engaging, motivating, and rewarding experience. Educators are encouraged to adapt the GIF Model in their teaching practice but should make sure that it is properly and fairly organized to avoid student frustration.
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- 2024
7. Strengthening State Higher Education Funding: Lessons Learned from K-12
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Bellwether, Matthew Richmond, Carrie Hahnel, Linea Harding, and Nick Lee
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Most Americans today need some education beyond high school to secure a well-paying job, and higher education is a key factor in social and economic mobility. But higher education is not accessible to all students. To further equalize opportunity, states must understand options for improving the way they fund higher education. America's public K-12 system has been grappling with similar funding disparities for decades -- challenges that offer important lessons for postsecondary funding. Bellwether's analysis, "Strengthening State Higher Education Funding: Lessons Learned From K-12," identifies insights and lessons from K-12 finance policy that may be instructive as states rework how they fund higher education. This report explores four topics and associated questions that are also relevant across K-12 education: (1) Equity: How can states distribute funding to students and public IHEs with the greatest needs?; (2) Adequacy: How much funding is enough to achieve the desired outcomes?; (3) Cost Sharing: How can local governments and states share the cost of public higher education?; and (4) Stability: How can public IHEs secure consistent and predictable funding?
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- 2024
8. Hardware-efficient quantum error correction using concatenated bosonic qubits
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Putterman, Harald, Noh, Kyungjoo, Hann, Connor T., MacCabe, Gregory S., Aghaeimeibodi, Shahriar, Patel, Rishi N., Lee, Menyoung, Jones, William M., Moradinejad, Hesam, Rodriguez, Roberto, Mahuli, Neha, Rose, Jefferson, Owens, John Clai, Levine, Harry, Rosenfeld, Emma, Reinhold, Philip, Moncelsi, Lorenzo, Alcid, Joshua Ari, Alidoust, Nasser, Arrangoiz-Arriola, Patricio, Barnett, James, Bienias, Przemyslaw, Carson, Hugh A., Chen, Cliff, Chen, Li, Chinkezian, Harutiun, Chisholm, Eric M., Chou, Ming-Han, Clerk, Aashish, Clifford, Andrew, Cosmic, R., Curiel, Ana Valdes, Davis, Erik, DeLorenzo, Laura, D'Ewart, J. Mitchell, Diky, Art, D'Souza, Nathan, Dumitrescu, Philipp T., Eisenmann, Shmuel, Elkhouly, Essam, Evenbly, Glen, Fang, Michael T., Fang, Yawen, Fling, Matthew J., Fon, Warren, Garcia, Gabriel, Gorshkov, Alexey V., Grant, Julia A., Gray, Mason J., Grimberg, Sebastian, Grimsmo, Arne L., Haim, Arbel, Hand, Justin, He, Yuan, Hernandez, Mike, Hover, David, Hung, Jimmy S. C., Hunt, Matthew, Iverson, Joe, Jarrige, Ignace, Jaskula, Jean-Christophe, Jiang, Liang, Kalaee, Mahmoud, Karabalin, Rassul, Karalekas, Peter J., Keller, Andrew J., Khalajhedayati, Amirhossein, Kubica, Aleksander, Lee, Hanho, Leroux, Catherine, Lieu, Simon, Ly, Victor, Madrigal, Keven Villegas, Marcaud, Guillaume, McCabe, Gavin, Miles, Cody, Milsted, Ashley, Minguzzi, Joaquin, Mishra, Anurag, Mukherjee, Biswaroop, Naghiloo, Mahdi, Oblepias, Eric, Ortuno, Gerson, Pagdilao, Jason, Pancotti, Nicola, Panduro, Ashley, Paquette, JP, Park, Minje, Peairs, Gregory A., Perello, David, Peterson, Eric C., Ponte, Sophia, Preskill, John, Qiao, Johnson, Refael, Gil, Resnick, Rachel, Retzker, Alex, Reyna, Omar A., Runyan, Marc, Ryan, Colm A., Sahmoud, Abdulrahman, Sanchez, Ernesto, Sanil, Rohan, Sankar, Krishanu, Sato, Yuki, Scaffidi, Thomas, Siavoshi, Salome, Sivarajah, Prasahnt, Skogland, Trenton, Su, Chun-Ju, Swenson, Loren J., Teo, Stephanie M., Tomada, Astrid, Torlai, Giacomo, Wollack, E. Alex, Ye, Yufeng, Zerrudo, Jessica A., Zhang, Kailing, Brandão, Fernando G. S. L., Matheny, Matthew H., and Painter, Oskar
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Quantum Physics - Abstract
In order to solve problems of practical importance, quantum computers will likely need to incorporate quantum error correction, where a logical qubit is redundantly encoded in many noisy physical qubits. The large physical-qubit overhead typically associated with error correction motivates the search for more hardware-efficient approaches. Here, using a microfabricated superconducting quantum circuit, we realize a logical qubit memory formed from the concatenation of encoded bosonic cat qubits with an outer repetition code of distance $d=5$. The bosonic cat qubits are passively protected against bit flips using a stabilizing circuit. Cat-qubit phase-flip errors are corrected by the repetition code which uses ancilla transmons for syndrome measurement. We realize a noise-biased CX gate which ensures bit-flip error suppression is maintained during error correction. We study the performance and scaling of the logical qubit memory, finding that the phase-flip correcting repetition code operates below threshold, with logical phase-flip error decreasing with code distance from $d=3$ to $d=5$. Concurrently, the logical bit-flip error is suppressed with increasing cat-qubit mean photon number. The minimum measured logical error per cycle is on average $1.75(2)\%$ for the distance-3 code sections, and $1.65(3)\%$ for the longer distance-5 code, demonstrating the effectiveness of bit-flip error suppression throughout the error correction cycle. These results, where the intrinsic error suppression of the bosonic encodings allows us to use a hardware-efficient outer error correcting code, indicate that concatenated bosonic codes are a compelling paradigm for reaching fault-tolerant quantum computation., Comment: Comments on the manuscript welcome!
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- 2024
9. DARES: Depth Anything in Robotic Endoscopic Surgery with Self-supervised Vector-LoRA of the Foundation Model
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Zeinoddin, Mona Sheikh, Lena, Chiara, Qu, Jiongqi, Carlini, Luca, Magro, Mattia, Kim, Seunghoi, De Momi, Elena, Bano, Sophia, Grech-Sollars, Matthew, Mazomenos, Evangelos, Alexander, Daniel C., Stoyanov, Danail, Clarkson, Matthew J., and Islam, Mobarakol
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Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Abstract
Robotic-assisted surgery (RAS) relies on accurate depth estimation for 3D reconstruction and visualization. While foundation models like Depth Anything Models (DAM) show promise, directly applying them to surgery often yields suboptimal results. Fully fine-tuning on limited surgical data can cause overfitting and catastrophic forgetting, compromising model robustness and generalization. Although Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) addresses some adaptation issues, its uniform parameter distribution neglects the inherent feature hierarchy, where earlier layers, learning more general features, require more parameters than later ones. To tackle this issue, we introduce Depth Anything in Robotic Endoscopic Surgery (DARES), a novel approach that employs a new adaptation technique, Vector Low-Rank Adaptation (Vector-LoRA) on the DAM V2 to perform self-supervised monocular depth estimation in RAS scenes. To enhance learning efficiency, we introduce Vector-LoRA by integrating more parameters in earlier layers and gradually decreasing parameters in later layers. We also design a reprojection loss based on the multi-scale SSIM error to enhance depth perception by better tailoring the foundation model to the specific requirements of the surgical environment. The proposed method is validated on the SCARED dataset and demonstrates superior performance over recent state-of-the-art self-supervised monocular depth estimation techniques, achieving an improvement of 13.3% in the absolute relative error metric. The code and pre-trained weights are available at https://github.com/mobarakol/DARES., Comment: 11 pages
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- 2024
10. Quantum error correction below the surface code threshold
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Acharya, Rajeev, Aghababaie-Beni, Laleh, Aleiner, Igor, Andersen, Trond I., Ansmann, Markus, Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Asfaw, Abraham, Astrakhantsev, Nikita, Atalaya, Juan, Babbush, Ryan, Bacon, Dave, Ballard, Brian, Bardin, Joseph C., Bausch, Johannes, Bengtsson, Andreas, Bilmes, Alexander, Blackwell, Sam, Boixo, Sergio, Bortoli, Gina, Bourassa, Alexandre, Bovaird, Jenna, Brill, Leon, Broughton, Michael, Browne, David A., Buchea, Brett, Buckley, Bob B., Buell, David A., Burger, Tim, Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Cabrera, Anthony, Campero, Juan, Chang, Hung-Shen, Chen, Yu, Chen, Zijun, Chiaro, Ben, Chik, Desmond, Chou, Charina, Claes, Jahan, Cleland, Agnetta Y., Cogan, Josh, Collins, Roberto, Conner, Paul, Courtney, William, Crook, Alexander L., Curtin, Ben, Das, Sayan, Davies, Alex, De Lorenzo, Laura, Debroy, Dripto M., Demura, Sean, Devoret, Michel, Di Paolo, Agustin, Donohoe, Paul, Drozdov, Ilya, Dunsworth, Andrew, Earle, Clint, Edlich, Thomas, Eickbusch, Alec, Elbag, Aviv Moshe, Elzouka, Mahmoud, Erickson, Catherine, Faoro, Lara, Farhi, Edward, Ferreira, Vinicius S., Burgos, Leslie Flores, Forati, Ebrahim, Fowler, Austin G., Foxen, Brooks, Ganjam, Suhas, Garcia, Gonzalo, Gasca, Robert, Genois, Élie, Giang, William, Gidney, Craig, Gilboa, Dar, Gosula, Raja, Dau, Alejandro Grajales, Graumann, Dietrich, Greene, Alex, Gross, Jonathan A., Habegger, Steve, Hall, John, Hamilton, Michael C., Hansen, Monica, Harrigan, Matthew P., Harrington, Sean D., Heras, Francisco J. H., Heslin, Stephen, Heu, Paula, Higgott, Oscar, Hill, Gordon, Hilton, Jeremy, Holland, George, Hong, Sabrina, Huang, Hsin-Yuan, Huff, Ashley, Huggins, William J., Ioffe, Lev B., Isakov, Sergei V., Iveland, Justin, Jeffrey, Evan, Jiang, Zhang, Jones, Cody, Jordan, Stephen, Joshi, Chaitali, Juhas, Pavol, Kafri, Dvir, Kang, Hui, Karamlou, Amir H., Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, Kelly, Julian, Khaire, Trupti, Khattar, Tanuj, Khezri, Mostafa, Kim, Seon, Klimov, Paul V., Klots, Andrey R., Kobrin, Bryce, Kohli, Pushmeet, Korotkov, Alexander N., Kostritsa, Fedor, Kothari, Robin, Kozlovskii, Borislav, Kreikebaum, John Mark, Kurilovich, Vladislav D., Lacroix, Nathan, Landhuis, David, Lange-Dei, Tiano, Langley, Brandon W., Laptev, Pavel, Lau, Kim-Ming, Guevel, Loïck Le, Ledford, Justin, Lee, Kenny, Lensky, Yuri D., Leon, Shannon, Lester, Brian J., Li, Wing Yan, Li, Yin, Lill, Alexander T., Liu, Wayne, Livingston, William P., Locharla, Aditya, Lucero, Erik, Lundahl, Daniel, Lunt, Aaron, Madhuk, Sid, Malone, Fionn D., Maloney, Ashley, Mandrá, Salvatore, Martin, Leigh S., Martin, Steven, Martin, Orion, Maxfield, Cameron, McClean, Jarrod R., McEwen, Matt, Meeks, Seneca, Megrant, Anthony, Mi, Xiao, Miao, Kevin C., Mieszala, Amanda, Molavi, Reza, Molina, Sebastian, Montazeri, Shirin, Morvan, Alexis, Movassagh, Ramis, Mruczkiewicz, Wojciech, Naaman, Ofer, Neeley, Matthew, Neill, Charles, Nersisyan, Ani, Neven, Hartmut, Newman, Michael, Ng, Jiun How, Nguyen, Anthony, Nguyen, Murray, Ni, Chia-Hung, O'Brien, Thomas E., Oliver, William D., Opremcak, Alex, Ottosson, Kristoffer, Petukhov, Andre, Pizzuto, Alex, Platt, John, Potter, Rebecca, Pritchard, Orion, Pryadko, Leonid P., Quintana, Chris, Ramachandran, Ganesh, Reagor, Matthew J., Rhodes, David M., Roberts, Gabrielle, Rosenberg, Eliott, Rosenfeld, Emma, Roushan, Pedram, Rubin, Nicholas C., Saei, Negar, Sank, Daniel, Sankaragomathi, Kannan, Satzinger, Kevin J., Schurkus, Henry F., Schuster, Christopher, Senior, Andrew W., Shearn, Michael J., Shorter, Aaron, Shutty, Noah, Shvarts, Vladimir, Singh, Shraddha, Sivak, Volodymyr, Skruzny, Jindra, Small, Spencer, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, Smith, W. Clarke, Somma, Rolando D., Springer, Sofia, Sterling, George, Strain, Doug, Suchard, Jordan, Szasz, Aaron, Sztein, Alex, Thor, Douglas, Torres, Alfredo, Torunbalci, M. Mert, Vaishnav, Abeer, Vargas, Justin, Vdovichev, Sergey, Vidal, Guifre, Villalonga, Benjamin, Heidweiller, Catherine Vollgraff, Waltman, Steven, Wang, Shannon X., Ware, Brayden, Weber, Kate, White, Theodore, Wong, Kristi, Woo, Bryan W. K., Xing, Cheng, Yao, Z. Jamie, Yeh, Ping, Ying, Bicheng, Yoo, Juhwan, Yosri, Noureldin, Young, Grayson, Zalcman, Adam, Zhang, Yaxing, Zhu, Ningfeng, and Zobrist, Nicholas
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Quantum Physics - Abstract
Quantum error correction provides a path to reach practical quantum computing by combining multiple physical qubits into a logical qubit, where the logical error rate is suppressed exponentially as more qubits are added. However, this exponential suppression only occurs if the physical error rate is below a critical threshold. In this work, we present two surface code memories operating below this threshold: a distance-7 code and a distance-5 code integrated with a real-time decoder. The logical error rate of our larger quantum memory is suppressed by a factor of $\Lambda$ = 2.14 $\pm$ 0.02 when increasing the code distance by two, culminating in a 101-qubit distance-7 code with 0.143% $\pm$ 0.003% error per cycle of error correction. This logical memory is also beyond break-even, exceeding its best physical qubit's lifetime by a factor of 2.4 $\pm$ 0.3. We maintain below-threshold performance when decoding in real time, achieving an average decoder latency of 63 $\mu$s at distance-5 up to a million cycles, with a cycle time of 1.1 $\mu$s. To probe the limits of our error-correction performance, we run repetition codes up to distance-29 and find that logical performance is limited by rare correlated error events occurring approximately once every hour, or 3 $\times$ 10$^9$ cycles. Our results present device performance that, if scaled, could realize the operational requirements of large scale fault-tolerant quantum algorithms., Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, Supplementary Information
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- 2024
11. A Big Red Dot: Scattered light, host galaxy signatures and multi-phase gas flows in a luminous, heavily reddened quasar at cosmic noon
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Stepney, Matthew, Banerji, Manda, Tang, Shenli, Hewett, Paul C., Temple, Matthew J., Wethers, Clare F., Puglisi, Annagrazia, and Molyneux, Stephen J.
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Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies - Abstract
We present a deep X-Shooter rest-frame UV to optical spectral analysis of the heavily reddened quasar, ULASJ2315+043 at z=2.566, known to reside in a major-merger host galaxy. The rest-frame optical is best-fit by a dust-reddened quasar E(B-V)_QSO = 1.55 with black-hole mass log10(Hbeta, MBH [M_sol]) = 10.26 +\- 0.05, bolometric luminosity L_Bol = 10^48.16 erg s^-1 and Eddington-scaled accretion rate log10(\lambda_Edd) = -0.19. We find remarkable similarities between ULASJ2315+043 and the high-redshift Little Red Dots (LRDs). The rest-frame UV cannot be explained by a dusty quasar component alone and requires an additional blue component consistent with either a star-forming host galaxy or scattered AGN light. We detect broad high-ionisation emission lines in the rest-UV, supporting the scattered light interpretation for the UV excess. The scattering fraction represents just 0.05% of the total luminosity of ULASJ2315+043. Analysis of the mid infra-red SED suggests an absence of hot dust on torus-scales similar to what is observed for LRDs. The obscuring medium is therefore likely on galaxy scales. We detect narrow, blueshifted associated absorption line systems in CIV, NV, SiIV and SiIII. There is evidence for significant high-velocity (>1000 km s^-1) outflows in both the broad and narrow line regions as traced by CIV and [OIII] emission. The kinetic power of the [OIII] wind is e_ion = 10^44.61 erg s^-1 ~ 0.001 L_Bol. ULASJ2315+043 is likely in an important transition phase where star formation, black-hole accretion and multi-phase gas flows are simultaneously occurring., Comment: Accepted to MNRAS: 13th Aug 2024. 18 pages, 12 figures
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- 2024
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12. Enhanced Superconducting Qubit Performance Through Ammonium Fluoride Etch
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Kopas, Cameron J., Goronzy, Dominic P., Pham, Thang, Castanedo, Carlos G. Torres, Cheng, Matthew, Cochrane, Rory, Nast, Patrick, Lachman, Ella, Zhelev, Nikolay Z., Vallieres, Andre, Murthy, Akshay A., Oh, Jin-su, Zhou, Lin, Kramer, Matthew J., Cansizoglu, Hilal, Bedzyk, Michael J., Dravid, Vinayak P., Romanenko, Alexander, Grassellino, Anna, Mutus, Josh Y., Hersam, Mark C., and Yadavalli, Kameshwar
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Condensed Matter - Materials Science ,Quantum Physics - Abstract
The performance of superconducting qubits is often limited by dissipation and two-level systems (TLS) losses. The dominant sources of these losses are believed to originate from amorphous materials and defects at interfaces and surfaces, likely as a result of fabrication processes or ambient exposure. Here, we explore a novel wet chemical surface treatment at the Josephson junction-substrate and the substrate-air interfaces by replacing a buffered oxide etch (BOE) cleaning process with one that uses hydrofluoric acid followed by aqueous ammonium fluoride. We show that the ammonium fluoride etch process results in a statistically significant improvement in median $\text{T}_1$ by $\sim22\%$ ($p=0.002$), and a reduction in the number of strongly-coupled TLS in the tunable frequency range. Microwave resonator measurements on samples treated with the ammonium fluoride etch prior to niobium deposition also show $\sim33\%$ lower TLS-induced loss tangent compared to the BOE treated samples. As the chemical treatment primarily modifies the Josephson junction-substrate interface and substrate-air interface, we perform targeted chemical and structural characterizations to examine materials' differences at these interfaces and identify multiple microscopic changes that could contribute to decreased TLS.
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- 2024
13. Learning Atoms from Crystal Structure
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Vasylenko, Andrij, Antypov, Dmytro, Schewe, Sven, Daniels, Luke M., Claridge, John B., Dyer, Matthew S., and Rosseinsky, Matthew J.
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Condensed Matter - Materials Science ,Condensed Matter - Disordered Systems and Neural Networks ,Physics - Computational Physics - Abstract
Computational modelling of materials using machine learning, ML, and historical data has become integral to materials research. The efficiency of computational modelling is strongly affected by the choice of the numerical representation for describing the composition, structure and chemical elements. Structure controls the properties, but often only the composition of a candidate material is available. Existing elemental descriptors lack direct access to structural insights such as the coordination geometry of an element. In this study, we introduce Local Environment-induced Atomic Features, LEAFs, which incorporate information about the statistically preferred local coordination geometry for atoms in crystal structure into descriptors for chemical elements, enabling the modelling of materials solely as compositions without requiring knowledge of their crystal structure. In the crystal structure, each atomic site can be described by similarity to common local structural motifs; by aggregating these features of similarity from the experimentally verified crystal structures of inorganic materials, LEAFs formulate a set of descriptors for chemical elements and compositions. The direct connection of LEAFs to the local coordination geometry enables the analysis of ML model property predictions, linking compositions to the underlying structure-property relationships. We demonstrate the versatility of LEAFs in structure-informed property predictions for compositions, mapping of chemical space in structural terms, and prioritising elemental substitutions. Based on the latter for predicting crystal structures of binary ionic compounds, LEAFs achieve the state-of-the-art accuracy of 86 per cent. These results suggest that the structurally informed description of chemical elements and compositions developed in this work can effectively guide synthetic efforts in discovering new materials., Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, supplementary information
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- 2024
14. Gemma 2: Improving Open Language Models at a Practical Size
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Gemma Team, Riviere, Morgane, Pathak, Shreya, Sessa, Pier Giuseppe, Hardin, Cassidy, Bhupatiraju, Surya, Hussenot, Léonard, Mesnard, Thomas, Shahriari, Bobak, Ramé, Alexandre, Ferret, Johan, Liu, Peter, Tafti, Pouya, Friesen, Abe, Casbon, Michelle, Ramos, Sabela, Kumar, Ravin, Lan, Charline Le, Jerome, Sammy, Tsitsulin, Anton, Vieillard, Nino, Stanczyk, Piotr, Girgin, Sertan, Momchev, Nikola, Hoffman, Matt, Thakoor, Shantanu, Grill, Jean-Bastien, Neyshabur, Behnam, Bachem, Olivier, Walton, Alanna, Severyn, Aliaksei, Parrish, Alicia, Ahmad, Aliya, Hutchison, Allen, Abdagic, Alvin, Carl, Amanda, Shen, Amy, Brock, Andy, Coenen, Andy, Laforge, Anthony, Paterson, Antonia, Bastian, Ben, Piot, Bilal, Wu, Bo, Royal, Brandon, Chen, Charlie, Kumar, Chintu, Perry, Chris, Welty, Chris, Choquette-Choo, Christopher A., Sinopalnikov, Danila, Weinberger, David, Vijaykumar, Dimple, Rogozińska, Dominika, Herbison, Dustin, Bandy, Elisa, Wang, Emma, Noland, Eric, Moreira, Erica, Senter, Evan, Eltyshev, Evgenii, Visin, Francesco, Rasskin, Gabriel, Wei, Gary, Cameron, Glenn, Martins, Gus, Hashemi, Hadi, Klimczak-Plucińska, Hanna, Batra, Harleen, Dhand, Harsh, Nardini, Ivan, Mein, Jacinda, Zhou, Jack, Svensson, James, Stanway, Jeff, Chan, Jetha, Zhou, Jin Peng, Carrasqueira, Joana, Iljazi, Joana, Becker, Jocelyn, Fernandez, Joe, van Amersfoort, Joost, Gordon, Josh, Lipschultz, Josh, Newlan, Josh, Ji, Ju-yeong, Mohamed, Kareem, Badola, Kartikeya, Black, Kat, Millican, Katie, McDonell, Keelin, Nguyen, Kelvin, Sodhia, Kiranbir, Greene, Kish, Sjoesund, Lars Lowe, Usui, Lauren, Sifre, Laurent, Heuermann, Lena, Lago, Leticia, McNealus, Lilly, Soares, Livio Baldini, Kilpatrick, Logan, Dixon, Lucas, Martins, Luciano, Reid, Machel, Singh, Manvinder, Iverson, Mark, Görner, Martin, Velloso, Mat, Wirth, Mateo, Davidow, Matt, Miller, Matt, Rahtz, Matthew, Watson, Matthew, Risdal, Meg, Kazemi, Mehran, Moynihan, Michael, Zhang, Ming, Kahng, Minsuk, Park, Minwoo, Rahman, Mofi, Khatwani, Mohit, Dao, Natalie, Bardoliwalla, Nenshad, Devanathan, Nesh, Dumai, Neta, Chauhan, Nilay, Wahltinez, Oscar, Botarda, Pankil, Barnes, Parker, Barham, Paul, Michel, Paul, Jin, Pengchong, Georgiev, Petko, Culliton, Phil, Kuppala, Pradeep, Comanescu, Ramona, Merhej, Ramona, Jana, Reena, Rokni, Reza Ardeshir, Agarwal, Rishabh, Mullins, Ryan, Saadat, Samaneh, Carthy, Sara Mc, Perrin, Sarah, Arnold, Sébastien M. R., Krause, Sebastian, Dai, Shengyang, Garg, Shruti, Sheth, Shruti, Ronstrom, Sue, Chan, Susan, Jordan, Timothy, Yu, Ting, Eccles, Tom, Hennigan, Tom, Kocisky, Tomas, Doshi, Tulsee, Jain, Vihan, Yadav, Vikas, Meshram, Vilobh, Dharmadhikari, Vishal, Barkley, Warren, Wei, Wei, Ye, Wenming, Han, Woohyun, Kwon, Woosuk, Xu, Xiang, Shen, Zhe, Gong, Zhitao, Wei, Zichuan, Cotruta, Victor, Kirk, Phoebe, Rao, Anand, Giang, Minh, Peran, Ludovic, Warkentin, Tris, Collins, Eli, Barral, Joelle, Ghahramani, Zoubin, Hadsell, Raia, Sculley, D., Banks, Jeanine, Dragan, Anca, Petrov, Slav, Vinyals, Oriol, Dean, Jeff, Hassabis, Demis, Kavukcuoglu, Koray, Farabet, Clement, Buchatskaya, Elena, Borgeaud, Sebastian, Fiedel, Noah, Joulin, Armand, Kenealy, Kathleen, Dadashi, Robert, and Andreev, Alek
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Computer Science - Computation and Language ,Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence - Abstract
In this work, we introduce Gemma 2, a new addition to the Gemma family of lightweight, state-of-the-art open models, ranging in scale from 2 billion to 27 billion parameters. In this new version, we apply several known technical modifications to the Transformer architecture, such as interleaving local-global attentions (Beltagy et al., 2020a) and group-query attention (Ainslie et al., 2023). We also train the 2B and 9B models with knowledge distillation (Hinton et al., 2015) instead of next token prediction. The resulting models deliver the best performance for their size, and even offer competitive alternatives to models that are 2-3 times bigger. We release all our models to the community.
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- 2024
15. Off-axis Hartmann wavefront sensing for the GMT-Consortium Large Earth Finder (G-CLEF) red camera optics
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Leung, Matthew C. H., Jurgenson, Colby A., Szentgyorgyi, Andrew, McLeod, Brian, Onyuksel, Cem, Zajac, Joseph, Charbonneau, David, Podgorski, William, Unger, Abigail, Mueller, Mark, Smith, Matthew, Baldwin, Daniel, and Villar, V. Ashley
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Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Physics - Optics - Abstract
The Hartmann test is a method used to measure the wavefront error in a focal optical system, wherein a mask with a pattern of small holes is placed at the system's aperture stop. By taking an image at a defocused plane, the differences between the ideal and real positions of the reimaged holes (called the transverse ray aberrations) can be measured, which can then be used to estimate the wavefront error. However, the Hartmann test is usually used with an on-axis field. In this paper, we present a wavefront sensing method which generalizes the classical Hartmann test for off-axis field angles and arbitrary reference wavefronts. Our method involves taking images at two defocused planes, and then using the real reimaged hole positions on both planes to estimate the trajectories of rays from the system's exit pupil, at which the reference wavefront is situated. We then propagate the rays forward from the reference wavefront to one of the two defocused planes, in order to find the ideal reimaged hole positions, from which we can compute transverse ray aberrations. We derive and solve a pair of nonlinear partial differential equations relating transverse ray aberrations to wavefront error, using Zernike decomposition and nonlinear least squares. Our method has been verified on simulated data from the 7-lens f/2.25 red camera system of the GMT-Consortium Large Earth Finder (G-CLEF), a high resolution optical echelle spectrograph which will be a first light instrument for the Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT)., Comment: 18 pages, 23 figures, SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation 2024
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- 2024
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16. Multi-layer anti-reflection coats using ePTFE membrane for mm-wavelength plastic optics
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Eiben, Miranda, Carter, Keara, Dierickx, Marion, Elwood, Brodi, Grimes, Paul, Kovac, John, Miller, Matthew, Petroff, Matthew A., Polish, Annie, and Vergès, Clara
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Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Physics - Optics - Abstract
Future millimeter wavelength experiments aim to both increase aperture diameters and broaden bandwidths to increase the sensitivity of the receivers. These changes produce a challenging anti-reflection (AR) design problem for refracting and transmissive optics. The higher frequency plastic optics require consistently thin polymer coats across a wide area, while wider bandwidths require multilayer designs. We present multilayer AR coats for plastic optics of the high frequency BICEP Array receiver (200-300 GHz) utilizing an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) membrane, layered and compressively heat-bonded to itself. This process allows for a range of densities (from 0.3g/cc to 1g/cc) and thicknesses (>0.05mm) over a wide radius (33cm), opening the parameter space of potential AR coats in interesting directions. The layered ePTFE membrane has been combined with other polymer layers to produce band average reflections between 0.2% and 0.6% on high density polyethylene and a thin high modulus polyethylene window, respectively.
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- 2024
17. The CHiME-8 DASR Challenge for Generalizable and Array Agnostic Distant Automatic Speech Recognition and Diarization
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Cornell, Samuele, Park, Taejin, Huang, Steve, Boeddeker, Christoph, Chang, Xuankai, Maciejewski, Matthew, Wiesner, Matthew, Garcia, Paola, and Watanabe, Shinji
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Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Audio and Speech Processing ,Computer Science - Sound - Abstract
This paper presents the CHiME-8 DASR challenge which carries on from the previous edition CHiME-7 DASR (C7DASR) and the past CHiME-6 challenge. It focuses on joint multi-channel distant speech recognition (DASR) and diarization with one or more, possibly heterogeneous, devices. The main goal is to spur research towards meeting transcription approaches that can generalize across arbitrary number of speakers, diverse settings (formal vs. informal conversations), meeting duration, wide-variety of acoustic scenarios and different recording configurations. Novelties with respect to C7DASR include: i) the addition of NOTSOFAR-1, an additional office/corporate meeting scenario, ii) a manually corrected Mixer 6 development set, iii) a new track in which we allow the use of large-language models (LLM) iv) a jury award mechanism to encourage participants to explore also more practical and innovative solutions. To lower the entry barrier for participants, we provide a standalone toolkit for downloading and preparing such datasets as well as performing text normalization and scoring their submissions. Furthermore, this year we also provide two baseline systems, one directly inherited from C7DASR and based on ESPnet and another one developed on NeMo and based on NeMo team submission in last year C7DASR. Baseline system results suggest that the addition of the NOTSOFAR-1 scenario significantly increases the task's difficulty due to its high number of speakers and very short duration.
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- 2024
18. Machine Learning for Improved Current Density Reconstruction from 2D Vector Magnetic Images
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Reed, Niko R., Bhutto, Danyal, Turner, Matthew J., Daly, Declan M., Oliver, Sean M., Tang, Jiashen, Olsson, Kevin S., Langellier, Nicholas, Ku, Mark J. H., Rosen, Matthew S., and Walsworth, Ronald L.
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Physics - Computational Physics ,Physics - Applied Physics ,Quantum Physics - Abstract
The reconstruction of electrical current densities from magnetic field measurements is an important technique with applications in materials science, circuit design, quality control, plasma physics, and biology. Analytic reconstruction methods exist for planar currents, but break down in the presence of high spatial frequency noise or large standoff distance, restricting the types of systems that can be studied. Here, we demonstrate the use of a deep convolutional neural network for current density reconstruction from two-dimensional (2D) images of vector magnetic fields acquired by a quantum diamond microscope (QDM) utilizing a surface layer of Nitrogen Vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. Trained network performance significantly exceeds analytic reconstruction for data with high noise or large standoff distances. This machine learning technique can perform quality inversions on lower SNR data, reducing the data collection time by a factor of about 400 and permitting reconstructions of weaker and three-dimensional current sources., Comment: 17 pages, 10 figures. Includes Supplemental Information
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- 2024
19. Non-semisimple topological field theory and $\widehat{Z}$-invariants from $\mathfrak{osp}(1 \vert 2)$
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Costantino, Francesco, Harper, Matthew, Robertson, Adam, and Young, Matthew B.
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Mathematics - Quantum Algebra ,Mathematics - Geometric Topology ,Mathematics - Representation Theory ,81T45 (Primary), 20G42 (Secondary) - Abstract
We construct three dimensional non-semisimple topological field theories from the unrolled quantum group of the Lie superalgebra $\mathfrak{osp}(1 \vert 2)$. More precisely, the quantum group depends on a root of unity $q=e^{\frac{2 \pi \sqrt{-1}}{r}}$, where $r$ is a positive integer greater than $2$, and the construction applies when $r$ is not congruent to $4$ modulo $8$. The algebraic result which underlies the construction is the existence of a relative modular structure on the non-finite, non-semisimple category of weight modules for the quantum group. We prove a Verlinde formula which allows for the computation of dimensions and Euler characteristics of topological field theory state spaces of unmarked surfaces. When $r$ is congruent to $\pm 1$ or $\pm 2$ modulo $8$, we relate the resulting $3$-manifold invariants with physicists' $\widehat{Z}$-invariants associated to $\mathfrak{osp}(1 \vert 2)$. Finally, we establish a relation between $\widehat{Z}$-invariants associated to $\mathfrak{sl}(2)$ and $\mathfrak{osp}(1 \vert 2)$ which was conjectured in the physics literature., Comment: 38 pages
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- 2024
20. PKS 2131-021 -- Discovery of Strong Coherent Sinusoidal Variations from Radio to Optical Frequencies: Compelling Evidence for a Blazar Supermassive Black Hole Binary
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Kiehlmann, Sebastian, De La Parra, Philipe Vergara, Sullivan, Andrew, Synani, A., Liodakis, Ioannis, Readhead, Anthony, Graham, Matthew, Begelman, Mitchell, Blandford, Roger, Chatziioannou, Katerina, Ding, Yuanze, Harrison, Fiona, Homan, D., Hovatta, Talvikki, Kulkarni, Shrinivas, Lister, Matthew, Maiolino, Roberto, Max-Moerbeck, Walter, Molina, B., Mroz, Przemyslaw, O'Dea, Christopher, Pavlidou, Vasiliki, Pearson, Timothy J., Aller, Margo, Lawrence, C., Lazio, T. Joseph, O'Neill, S., Prince, Thomas, Ravi, Vikram, Reeves, Rodrigo, Tassis, Konstantinos, Vallisneri, Michele, and Zensus, J.
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Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena - Abstract
Haystack and Owens Valley Radio Observatory (OVRO) observations recently revealed strong sinusoidal total flux density variations that maintained coherence between 1975 and 2021 in the blazar PKS 2131-021 ($z=1.283)$. This was interpreted as possible evidence of a supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB). Extended observations through 2023 show coherence over 47.9~years, with an observed period $P_\textrm{15 GHz}=(1739.3 \pm 1.2) \, {\rm days}$. We reject, with $p$-value = $5.3 \times 10^{-7}$, the hypothesis that the variations are due to random fluctuations in the red noise tail of the power spectral density. There is clearly a constant-period physical phenomenon in PKS 2131-021 producing coherent intermittent sinusoidal flux density variations. We find the coherent sinusoidal intensity variations extend from below 2.7 GHz to optical frequencies, from which we derive an observed period $P_\textrm{optical}=(1764 \pm 36)$ days. Across this broad frequency range there is a monotonic phase shift in the sinusoidal variations with frequency. The same coherent periodicity is possibly also observed at $\gamma$-ray energies. The importance of well-vetted SMBHB candidates to searches for gravitational waves is pointed out. We estimate the fraction of blazars that are SMBHB candidates to be $>1$ in 100. Thus monitoring programs covering tens of thousands of blazars could discover hundreds of SMBHB candidates., Comment: 23 pages, 17 figures, 5 tables, submitted to ApJ
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- 2024
21. FEBio FINESSE: An open-source finite element simulation approach to estimate in vivo heart valve strains using shape enforcement
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Laurence, Devin W., Sabin, Patricia M., Sulentic, Analise M., Daemer, Matthew, Maas, Steve A., Weiss, Jeffrey A., and Jolley, Matthew A.
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Physics - Medical Physics ,Physics - Biological Physics - Abstract
Finite element simulations are an enticing tool to evaluate heart valve function in healthy and diseased patients; however, patient-specific simulations derived from 3D echocardiography are hampered by several technical challenges. In this work, we present an open-source method to enforce matching between finite element simulations and in vivo image-derived heart valve geometry in the absence of patient-specific material properties, leaflet thickness, and chordae tendineae structures. We evaluate FEBio Finite Element Simulations with Shape Enforcement (FINESSE) using three synthetic test cases covering a wide range of model complexity. Our results suggest that FINESSE can be used to not only enforce finite element simulations to match an image-derived surface, but to also estimate the first principal leaflet strains within +/- 0.03 strain. Key FINESSE considerations include: (i) appropriately defining the user-defined penalty, (ii) omitting the leaflet commissures to improve simulation convergence, and (iii) emulating the chordae tendineae behavior via prescribed leaflet free edge motion or a chordae emulating force. We then use FINESSE to estimate the in vivo valve behavior and leaflet strains for three pediatric patients. In all three cases, FINESSE successfully matched the target surface with median errors similar to or less than the smallest voxel dimension. Further analysis revealed valve-specific findings, such as the tricuspid valve leaflet strains of a 2-day old patient with HLHS being larger than those of two 13-year old patients. The development of this open source pipeline will enable future studies to begin linking in vivo leaflet mechanics with patient outcomes, Comment: 31 pages, 8 figures
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- 2024
22. The neutron star mass, distance, and inclination from precision timing of the brilliant millisecond pulsar J0437$-$4715
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Reardon, Daniel J., Bailes, Matthew, Shannon, Ryan M., Flynn, Chris, Askew, Jacob, Bhat, N. D. Ramesh, Chen, Zu-Cheng, Curyło, Małgorzata, Feng, Yi, Hobbs, George B., Kapur, Agastya, Kerr, Matthew, Liu, Xiaojin, Manchester, Richard N., Mandow, Rami, Mishra, Saurav, Russell, Christopher J., Shamohammadi, Mohsen, Zhang, Lei, and Zic, Andrew
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Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Nuclear Theory - Abstract
The observation of neutron stars enables the otherwise impossible study of fundamental physical processes. The timing of binary radio pulsars is particularly powerful, as it enables precise characterization of their (three-dimensional) positions and orbits. PSR~J0437$-$4715 is an important millisecond pulsar for timing array experiments and is also a primary target for the Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER). The main aim of the NICER mission is to constrain the neutron star equation of state by inferring the compactness ($M_p/R$) of the star. Direct measurements of the mass $M_p$ from pulsar timing therefore substantially improve constraints on the radius $R$ and the equation of state. Here we use observations spanning 26 years from Murriyang, the 64-m Parkes radio telescope, to improve the timing model for this pulsar. Among the new precise measurements are the pulsar mass $M_p=1.418\pm 0.044$ $M_{\odot}$, distance $D=156.96 \pm 0.11$ pc, and orbital inclination angle $i=137.506 \pm 0.016^\circ$, which can be used to inform the X-ray pulse profile models inferred from NICER observations. We demonstrate that these results are consistent between multiple data sets from the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array (PPTA), each modeled with different noise assumptions. Using the longest available PPTA data set, we measure an apparent second derivative of the pulsar spin frequency and discuss how this can be explained either by kinematic effects due to the proper motion and radial velocity of the pulsar or excess low-frequency noise such as a gravitational-wave background., Comment: 13 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in Astrophysical Journal Letters
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- 2024
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23. Non-Robust Features are Not Always Useful in One-Class Classification
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Lau, Matthew, Wang, Haoran, Helbling, Alec, Hul, Matthew, Peng, ShengYun, Andreoni, Martin, Lunardi, Willian T., and Lee, Wenke
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Computer Science - Machine Learning ,Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition ,68T45 ,I.2.10 ,I.4.10 ,I.5.4 - Abstract
The robustness of machine learning models has been questioned by the existence of adversarial examples. We examine the threat of adversarial examples in practical applications that require lightweight models for one-class classification. Building on Ilyas et al. (2019), we investigate the vulnerability of lightweight one-class classifiers to adversarial attacks and possible reasons for it. Our results show that lightweight one-class classifiers learn features that are not robust (e.g. texture) under stronger attacks. However, unlike in multi-class classification (Ilyas et al., 2019), these non-robust features are not always useful for the one-class task, suggesting that learning these unpredictive and non-robust features is an unwanted consequence of training., Comment: CVPR Visual and Anomaly Detection (VAND) Workshop 2024
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- 2024
24. The infrastructure powering IBM's Gen AI model development
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Gershon, Talia, Seelam, Seetharami, Belgodere, Brian, Bonilla, Milton, Hoang, Lan, Barnett, Danny, Chung, I-Hsin, Mohan, Apoorve, Chen, Ming-Hung, Luo, Lixiang, Walkup, Robert, Evangelinos, Constantinos, Salaria, Shweta, Dombrowa, Marc, Park, Yoonho, Kayi, Apo, Schour, Liran, Alim, Alim, Sydney, Ali, Maniotis, Pavlos, Schares, Laurent, Metzler, Bernard, Karacali-Akyamac, Bengi, Wen, Sophia, Chiba, Tatsuhiro, Choochotkaew, Sunyanan, Yoshimura, Takeshi, Misale, Claudia, Elengikal, Tonia, Connor, Kevin O, Liu, Zhuoran, Molina, Richard, Schneidenbach, Lars, Caden, James, Laibinis, Christopher, Fonseca, Carlos, Tarasov, Vasily, Sundararaman, Swaminathan, Schmuck, Frank, Guthridge, Scott, Cohn, Jeremy, Eshel, Marc, Muench, Paul, Liu, Runyu, Pointer, William, Wyskida, Drew, Krull, Bob, Rose, Ray, Wolfe, Brent, Cornejo, William, Walter, John, Malone, Colm, Perucci, Clifford, Franco, Frank, Hinds, Nigel, Calio, Bob, Druyan, Pavel, Kilduff, Robert, Kienle, John, McStay, Connor, Figueroa, Andrew, Connolly, Matthew, Fost, Edie, Roma, Gina, Fonseca, Jake, Levy, Ido, Payne, Michele, Schenkel, Ryan, Malki, Amir, Schneider, Lion, Narkhede, Aniruddha, Moshref, Shekeba, Kisin, Alexandra, Dodin, Olga, Rippon, Bill, Wrieth, Henry, Ganci, John, Colino, Johnny, Habeger-Rose, Donna, Pandey, Rakesh, Gidh, Aditya, Gaur, Aditya, Patterson, Dennis, Salmani, Samsuddin, Varma, Rambilas, Rumana, Rumana, Sharma, Shubham, Mishra, Mayank, Panda, Rameswar, Prasad, Aditya, Stallone, Matt, Zhang, Gaoyuan, Shen, Yikang, Cox, David, Puri, Ruchir, Agrawal, Dakshi, Thorstensen, Drew, Belog, Joel, Tang, Brent, Gupta, Saurabh Kumar, Biswas, Amitabha, Maheshwari, Anup, Gampel, Eran, Van Patten, Jason, Runion, Matthew, Kaki, Sai, Bogin, Yigal, Reitz, Brian, Pritko, Steve, Najam, Shahan, Nambala, Surya, Chirra, Radhika, Welp, Rick, DiMitri, Frank, Telles, Felipe, Arvelo, Amilcar, Chu, King, Seminaro, Ed, Schram, Andrew, Eickhoff, Felix, Hanson, William, Mckeever, Eric, Joseph, Dinakaran, Chaudhary, Piyush, Shivam, Piyush, Chaudhary, Puneet, Jones, Wesley, Guthrie, Robert, Bostic, Chris, Islam, Rezaul, Duersch, Steve, Sawdon, Wayne, Lewars, John, Klos, Matthew, Spriggs, Michael, McMillan, Bill, Gao, George, Kamra, Ashish, Singh, Gaurav, Curry, Marc, Katarki, Tushar, Talerico, Joe, Shi, Zenghui, Malleni, Sai Sindhur, and Gallen, Erwan
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Computer Science - Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing ,Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence - Abstract
AI Infrastructure plays a key role in the speed and cost-competitiveness of developing and deploying advanced AI models. The current demand for powerful AI infrastructure for model training is driven by the emergence of generative AI and foundational models, where on occasion thousands of GPUs must cooperate on a single training job for the model to be trained in a reasonable time. Delivering efficient and high-performing AI training requires an end-to-end solution that combines hardware, software and holistic telemetry to cater for multiple types of AI workloads. In this report, we describe IBM's hybrid cloud infrastructure that powers our generative AI model development. This infrastructure includes (1) Vela: an AI-optimized supercomputing capability directly integrated into the IBM Cloud, delivering scalable, dynamic, multi-tenant and geographically distributed infrastructure for large-scale model training and other AI workflow steps and (2) Blue Vela: a large-scale, purpose-built, on-premises hosting environment that is optimized to support our largest and most ambitious AI model training tasks. Vela provides IBM with the dual benefit of high performance for internal use along with the flexibility to adapt to an evolving commercial landscape. Blue Vela provides us with the benefits of rapid development of our largest and most ambitious models, as well as future-proofing against the evolving model landscape in the industry. Taken together, they provide IBM with the ability to rapidly innovate in the development of both AI models and commercial offerings., Comment: Corresponding Authors: Talia Gershon, Seetharami Seelam,Brian Belgodere, Milton Bonilla
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- 2024
25. Bayesian inference of physics-based models of acoustically-forced laminar premixed conical flames
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Giannotta, Alessandro, Yoko, Matthew, Cherubini, Stefania, De Palma, Pietro, and Juniper, Matthew P.
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Physics - Fluid Dynamics - Abstract
We perform twenty experiments on an acoustically-forced laminar premixed Bunsen flame and assimilate high-speed footage of the natural emission into a physics-based model containing seven parameters. The experimental rig is a ducted Bunsen flame supplied by a mixture of methane and ethylene. A high-speed camera captures the natural emission of the flame, from which we extract the position of the flame front. We use Bayesian inference to combine this experimental data with our prior knowledge of this flame's behaviour. This prior knowledge is expressed through (i) a model of the kinematics of a flame front moving through a model of the perturbed velocity field, and (ii) a priori estimates of the parameters of the above model with quantified uncertainties. We find the most probable a posteriori model parameters using Bayesian parameter inference, and quantify their uncertainties using Laplace's method combined with first-order adjoint methods. This is substantially cheaper than other common Bayesian inference frameworks, such as Markov Chain Monte Carlo. This process results in a quantitatively-accurate physics-based reduced-order model of the acoustically forced Bunsen flame for injection velocities ranging from 1.75 m/s to 2.99 m/s and equivalence ratio values ranging from 1.26 to 1.47, using seven parameters. We use this model to evaluate the heat release rate between experimental snapshots, to extrapolate to different experimental conditions, and to calculate the flame transfer function and its uncertainty for all the flames. Since the proposed model relies on only seven parameters, it can be trained with little data and successfully extrapolates beyond the training dataset. Matlab code is provided so that the reader can apply it to assimilate further flame images into the model.
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- 2024
26. Scaling on Frontier: Uncertainty Quantification Workflow Applications using ExaWorks to Enable Full System Utilization
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Titov, Mikhail, Carson, Robert, Rolchigo, Matthew, Coleman, John, Belak, James, Bement, Matthew, Laney, Daniel, Turilli, Matteo, and Jha, Shantenu
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Computer Science - Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing - Abstract
When running at scale, modern scientific workflows require middleware to handle allocated resources, distribute computing payloads and guarantee a resilient execution. While individual steps might not require sophisticated control methods, bringing them together as a whole workflow requires advanced management mechanisms. In this work, we used RADICAL-EnTK (Ensemble Toolkit) - one of the SDK components of the ECP ExaWorks project - to implement and execute the novel Exascale Additive Manufacturing (ExaAM) workflows on up to 8000 compute nodes of the Frontier supercomputer at the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility. EnTK allowed us to address challenges such as varying resource requirements (e.g., heterogeneity, size, and runtime), different execution environment per workflow, and fault tolerance. And a native portability feature of the developed EnTK applications allowed us to adjust these applications for Frontier runs promptly, while ensuring an expected level of resource utilization (up to 90%).
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- 2024
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27. What Evidence Could Help Schools Put Students on a Path to Economic Mobility? Research Report
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Urban Institute, Center on Education Data and Policy, Matthew Chingos, and Karishma Furtado
- Abstract
Upward mobility is core to the American dream yet remains unobtainable for many Americans. And although education is widely viewed as a key lever to support students' upward mobility, there is too little actionable information about how schools promote lifelong success. As a result, PK-12 education tends to focus on conventional indicators of success, such as standardized test scores, that--though important--are unlikely to capture the full set of skills that drive upward mobility. This report reviews the available evidence on the direct links between PK-12 education and economic mobility. We find that the current research offers little guidance about which skills and competencies in PK-12 education are most important for economic success. In part, this is because few studies connect students' PK-12 experiences to their economic success as adults. Additionally, the existing research defines success narrowly in terms of wages, ignoring other dimensions like finding dignity in one's work and a sense of autonomy and belonging in one's community. Furthermore, current research does not adequately address the relationship between individual and contextual factors that affect children's readiness to learn, how school systems function, and how success in school translates into longer-term success. Some research examines how students across different groups (e.g., by race or ethnicity and gender) experience the PK-12 education system, but few explore why patterns differ through a lens that considers historical and contemporary forms of oppression such as racism and sexism. We argue that for schools and education policymakers to best equip all students to attain lifelong success, a new generation of research at the intersection of PK-12 education and economic mobility is necessary. This research should seek to understand how the PK-12 environment can foster skill development that drives upward mobility, how measures of those skills function across different people and places, and how student-, school-, and system-level measures are all shaped by broader factors both in and beyond schools.
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- 2024
28. Portraits of a Graduate: Strengthening Career and College Readiness through Social and Emotional Skill Development
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Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL), Matthew N. Atwell, and Andrew Tucker
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This report examines state portraits of a graduate and how state strategies for development and implementation can support future readiness. It also provides recommendations for state education agencies to consider to lift up the importance and visibility of these portraits. Several states have begun the process of developing a "portrait" or "profile of a graduate," which is a holistic look at the skills and competencies students need to master to thrive in work, postsecondary educational opportunities, community, and their personal lives. To better understand how states are utilizing the portrait of a graduate to prepare students for career and college, we conducted a scan of all 50 states to see which states had developed state-wide portraits of a graduate or visions of a high school graduate. The results inform the findings and recommendations of this report, including the skills states are highlighting as essential for students' future success and how states are making this vision actionable in service of cultivating future-ready graduates. As this review indicates, states are keenly aware that today's students will be called on to meet the growing challenges of the 21st century, as among the top skills are critical thinking and problem- solving, social awareness skills, and being an active citizen. Moreover, states deeply understand it is necessary to develop students' social and emotional skills and competencies. This report delves deeper into how states are implementing their portrait of a graduate to help students meet these expectations.
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- 2024
29. Serving Students through Service-Learning: A Digital Pandemic Histories Archive
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Vivianna Marie Goh, Susan Bibler Coutin, Kameryn Denaro, Michael Dennin, Richard Matthew, and Dmitry Tsukerman
- Abstract
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, a California public university launched the Pandemic Histories Archive Project (PHAP) in collaboration with the library. This online service-learning opportunity empowered undergraduates to describe and reflect on their pandemic experiences and represent their communities by contributing to the library's digital archive. From 2020-2021, nearly 300 undergraduate students completed PHAP's asynchronous online training modules and documented the COVID-19 pandemic and social justice issues by producing materials such as field notes, interviews, photographs, and reflections. According to open-ended surveys, students responded favorably to this novel project, valuing the creative freedom, knowledge, and skills gained through community archiving. This case study summarizes the literature on online and service-learning, presents the pros and cons of each, and offers recommendations for creating a student-centered learning environment. PHAP's teaching approaches, which emphasized student wellness and strengths, can be applied beyond the pandemic in future online, hybrid, and in-person courses.
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- 2024
30. Maintaining Playground Relationships through Music during a Pandemic: An Action Research Inquiry
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Matthew Yanko
- Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic's restrictions for schools and playgrounds threatened children's social and emotional wellbeing. In response, Grade 4/5 students created music-based activities through action research to sustain playground interactions. This study explored the crucial yet fragile playground relationships and the children's determination to maintain them. Findings indicate that the student-initiated projects were not only a medium for self-expression and maintaining friendships, but also served as an important tool for reinforcing the inherent social fabric of the playground setting. Notably, this study underscores the significance of collaborative learning, interpersonal skill development, and intrinsic motivation in fostering social skills and enhancing self-confidence.
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- 2024
31. Preparing Early Elementary Preservice Teachers to Positively Support Students with Challenging Behavior
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Kathleen M. Randolph, Samantha Riggleman, Matthew S. Taylor, Ji Hyun Oh, and Marla Lohmann
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This article describes the significance of equipping preservice teachers with the knowledge and skills necessary to effectively approach behavioral challenges with early elementary students (i.e., kindergarten to third grade). Early elementary years are crucial for a child's academic and social development, and students who exhibit challenging behaviors early often face academic struggles and potential long-term negative effects. When educators are prepared to effectively manage challenging behaviors, they provide students with the support needed to succeed. This article also highlights the need for teacher preparation programs to include coursework and practical training emphasizing evidence-based practices in behavior management, effective communication, and behavioral supports. By doing so, teachers can create inclusive and supportive classrooms, reduce disruptive, unexpected behaviors, and improve students' overall well-being by intervening early and providing a foundation for positive behaviors in school. Early intervention and skill development in K-3 preservice teachers can lead to better academic outcomes, enhanced classroom dynamics, and a brighter future for students with challenging behavior. The authors share recommendations for classroom activities, learning materials, and applications for teacher educators.
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- 2024
32. Faith and STEM Education: A Path to Mutual Elevation in Catholic Schools
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Michael Szopiak and Matthew Kloser
- Abstract
Amidst increasing religious disaffiliation, often due to a perceived tension between faith and the STEM disciplines, Catholic schools provide critical opportunities for young people to recognize how these domains can be mutually elevating. The field, however, lacks guidance as to how this integration should occur in practice. This conceptual paper first provides an overarching framework for how aspects of the Catholic tradition, like Scripture and the Catholic social tradition, can shape traditional educational domains of STEM teaching and learning. Secondly, we provide a heuristic of three criteria for deeply engaging students at the interface of the Catholic faith and the STEM disciplines. Finally, we narrow in on K-12 science standards and provide six examples of how the three criteria can be applied to authentically and deeply advance understanding at the intersection of science and the Catholic faith.
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- 2024
33. Exploring the Perception and Retention of Movement Analysis Skills through Online Mastery-Based Modules
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Helena Baert, Larissa True, Matthew Madden, Erica Pratt, and Emily Gilbert
- Abstract
A mixed-methods study was used to determine if an online, mastery-based learning resource was successful in improving content knowledge and retention of critical elements and developmental stages of 16 fundamental movement skills (FMS); a secondary purpose was to determine participant perceptions of their experience with the online resource. Participants (N = 323; motor development (MD) = 94; movement education (ME) = 124; elementary physical education (EPE) = 105) were Teacher Candidates (TCs) in a Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE) Program. Pre- and post-survey data, and pre-, post-, and retention test scores were used to evaluate the program's effectiveness. Paired samples t-tests indicated higher post-test scores for MD ([delta]37.23, p < 0.001, d = 2.32) and ME ([delta]32.12, p < 0.001, d = 1.72). Results from a one-way ANOVA indicated significant improvement and retention of test scores over time, F(3, 331) = 27.761, p < 0.001, [eta-squared] = 0.963. Perceptions of PETE TCs reported positive reactions to the use of the online modules to improve their ability to analyze FMS. Based on these findings, the authors propose that implementing an online, mastery-based resource to analyze FMS may be a positive learning experience for TCs and could lead to long-term content knowledge acquisition of critical elements of FMS.
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- 2024
34. Kinesthesia and Cultural Affordances: Learning Physical and General Kinetic Concepts in a Tertiary-Level Contemporary Dance Classroom
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Matthew Henley and Robin Conrad
- Abstract
In this study, we frame learning in the tertiary-level contemporary dance class as a process of developing culturally situated shared patterns of skilled action and attention through dynamic engagement with kinetic experience. Extending existing scholarship on dance learning, we adopt the framework of cultural affordances to understand the developmental relationship between physical and general categories of attention during the learning process. Based on qualitative analysis of student and teacher interviews, we contend that the dance classes were laboratories in which cross-domain mapping (physical and general) was leveraged to develop students' kinetic and attentional skills. Understood in this way, the physical concepts and the general concepts worked in a helical fashion, cycling through dynamic engagement with kinetic experience and the development of attentional awareness, not as pure repetition, but as a progression toward more complex, skilled, and nuanced ways of moving.
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- 2024
35. Frameworks and Challenges for Implementing Machine Learning Curriculum in Secondary Education
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Fletcher Wadsworth, Josh Blaney, Matthew Springsteen, Bruce Coburn, Nischal Khanal, Tessa Rodgers, Chase Livingston, and Suresh Muknahallipatna
- Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and, more specifically, Machine Learning (ML) methodologies have successfully tailored commercial applications for decades. However, the recent profound success of large language models like ChatGPT and the enormous subsequent funding from governments and investors have positioned ML to emerge as a paradigm-shifting technology across numerous domains in the coming years. To cultivate a competent workforce and prepare students for success in this new AI-focused evolving world, the integration of ML is proposed to begin in compulsory education rather than in college courses or expensive boot camps. Unfortunately, ML is a complex and intimidating topic for high school teachers to engage with, let alone high school students. Based on our experiences hosting Machine Learning for High School Teachers (ML4HST) workshops for teachers teaching ML topics at our institution, we present in this paper various considerations for educating educators on the topic of ML. In particular, we discuss (a) overarching pedagogic strategies, (b) accessibility of resources such as computational hardware and datasets, (c) balancing theory and implementation, (d) appropriate selection of topics and activities for fostering understanding and engagement, and perhaps most importantly, (e) a compilation of pitfalls to avoid. Synthesizing these insights, we propose a framework for successfully empowering educators to introduce ML in the classroom.
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- 2024
36. The Architecture of the Unknown: Constructing a Flexible EdD Program
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Chery L. Lucarelli, Amy L. Murzyn, Matthew J. Ridenour, and Neil B. Witikko
- Abstract
Beginning in the summer of 2019, the College of St. Scholastica endeavored to build a flexible, adaptable EdD program grounded in the guiding principles of CPED. This meant establishing a welcoming and safe program dedicated to cultivating justice-minded change makers. It also meant constructing a curriculum that would accommodate differing student backgrounds, be responsive to fluctuating consumer demands, and function as context-inclusive in an ever-evolving and intersecting space. While this alone was certainly a challenge, we did not anticipate that a global pandemic would present the most significant test of what we had created. To accomplish the aforementioned goals, the program architecture was dependent on the following structural considerations: a broadening of the target participant profile to include students across various social sectors; the use of design thinking as an asset in supporting innovation, creativity and flexibility; the inclusion of credit-bearing "third-place" courses intended to provide open-ended space and place for community building and reflective, intentional action; and an approach to course design that encouraged risk-taking by students with a focus on cultivating mindsets and skills around equity and social justice. None of these attributes on their own provided total protection from seismic societal, cultural or market shifts. Collectively, however, they offered a unique environment for the culturing of a particular type of doctoral experience, unique in its elasticity compared to more traditional, inflexible designs. This essay details the ways in which we attempted to create an inclusive, innovative, flexible structure, as validated (and challenged) by the COVID-19 pandemic.
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- 2024
37. Principal Candidates' Leadership Growth during a Summer Residency Program
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Beverly J. Irby, Rafael Lara-Alecio, Fuhui Tong, Elsa Villarreal, Matthew J. Etchells, Zihan Geng, Roya Pashmforoosh, Mikaela Spooner, and Shuo Feng
- Abstract
Field-based practicum experiences are essential in connecting classroom theory to the real world. In this mixed methods study, we analyzed principal candidates' perceptions of their summer residency practicum experiences via a self-assessment principal leadership competency instrument and virtual semi-structured interviews. We found that principal candidates expressed leadership growth in the following Texas principal leadership competency areas: Strategic Operations, Human Capital, and Executive Leadership. These findings were consistent in our quantitative and qualitative data analysis. Conversely, the principal candidates stated that their greatest leadership challenges during the summer residency practicum involved providing instructional feedback and engaging in difficult conversations. The results of this study may assist principal preparation programs in revamping their curriculum to include a more meaningful residency-practicum experience.
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- 2024
38. Governance and School District Leadership: Addressing Race-Based Academic Achievement Disparity and Board Member Perceptions
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Christopher Dignam, James A. Gates, and Matthew A. Cooney
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Public school board members are charged with the responsibility and accountability to provide governance-level advocacy for equity and excellence in public education. This qualitative study examined the perceptions of school board members in three K--8 school districts in the midwestern part of the United States regarding the 50+ year Race-Based Academic Achievement Disparity (RBAAD) in public education. Virtual one-on-one interviews, a virtual focus group, and member checks were used to gather data. Utilizing servant and moral leadership as the theoretical frameworks, the findings revealed that school board members are empowered with governance-level authority and the responsibility to address the RBAAD phenomenon, school board members encounter obstacles that challenge their ability to mitigate the RBAAD phenomenon, and school board members contend that opportunities exist to promote mitigation of the RBAAD. Implications for future research and practice are addressed.
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- 2024
39. Can Instructor Feedback and Failure Dialogues Reduce the Stigma of Failure and Encourage Help-Seeking? An Interdisciplinary Undergraduate Perspective
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Krystal Nunes, Jennifer Ross, Abigail Eastman, Daniel Guadagnolo, Angela Bakaj, Laura Crupi, Shirley Liu, Matthew Petrei, Nicole Laliberté, and Fiona Rawle
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Experiencing failure is an important part of the learning process, but undergraduate students often hold a negative perception of failure that may contribute to fear of failure and risk avoidance. We investigated the influence of instructor feedback, discussions of failure in the classroom, and course-level and institutional structures on students' view of failure across disciplines. Undergraduate students at the University of Toronto Mississauga participated in an online survey (n = 304) consisting of Likert-scaled and open-ended questions on perceptions of failure, experience with instructor feedback, likelihood to engage in help-seeking, and course- and institutional-level suggestions to support learning from failure. When instructors discussed with their students how to best respond to feedback, students were more likely to view small failures as a helpful part of the learning process. Further, when instructors discussed strategies to best respond to failure, students were more likely to view failure as helpful for learning and less likely to view weak performance early in a course as an indication of future weak performance. Student-identified strategies to better support resilience included improved communication between students and instructors, in peer-to-peer conversations, and by the institution more broadly. Across all three areas, students expressed a desire for systems of higher education to destigmatize failure through changes in both rhetoric and policy. This suggests the incorporation of meaningful conversations and failure narratives in the classroom and beyond are effective strategies to encourage the development of resilience-based skills. Such discussions may help students engage positively with failure and maintain willingness to engage in future challenges.
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- 2024
40. The Adequacy and Fairness of State School Finance Systems, School Year 2020-21. Sixth Edition
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Albert Shanker Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Graduate School of Education, Bruce D. Baker, Matthew Di Carlo, and Mark Weber
- Abstract
In the United States, K-12 school finance is largely controlled by the states. Every year, hundreds of billions of dollars in public funds are distributed based on 51 different configurations of formulas, rules, and regulations to over 13,000 districts that vary in terms of the students they serve, their ability to raise revenue locally, and many other characteristics. Good school finance systems compensate for factors states cannot control (e.g., student poverty, labor costs) using levers that they can control (e.g., driving funding to districts that need it most). The authors have devised a framework that evaluates states based largely on how well they accomplish this balance. Each state's funding is assessed while accounting directly for the students and communities served by its public schools. In this sixth edition of the annual report, the K-12 school finance systems of all 50 states and the District of Columbia is evaluated. The latest year of data presented is the 2020-21 school year. [This report was co-prepared by University of Miami School of Education and Human Development.]
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- 2024
41. Fostering Community of Inquiry in Public-Private English Language University Settings in Kurdistan (Iraq)
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Zimkitha Mpatheni, Shilan Hama Sur, Fatimah Jalal Tahir, David Courtney, and Matthew Peszek
- Abstract
At two higher education institutions in Kurdistan (Iraq), English as foreign language (EFL) programs aim to provide adult learners with language skills development that they need to excel in their majors and as professionals. A framework called the Community of Inquiry (COI), based on interactionist and constructivist-learning theories was used to create a needs analysis tool to inform the design, delivery, and evaluation of a collaborative mini-conference hosted by the two institutions during and post-COVID pandemic. The current study explores the use of the needs assessment, which measured instructors' beliefs following the sudden transition to online learning during the pandemic, and their awareness of principles of teaching and learning for EFL learners in particular within the context of Kurdistan Iraq. There are opportunities in and beyond the current setting to address issues of equity, capacity for integrating tech skills with pedagogy, and more empathy between public and private institutions of higher education that support EFL learners. The study gathered critical evidence through qualitative and quantitative research methods that assessed institutional, faculty, and student needs during the transition of online learning.
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- 2024
42. Investigating the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Potential of a T Cell Receptor (TCR)-like single Domain Antibody (sDAb)-Human IgG1 Antibody against Heat Shock Protein (HSP) 16KDa/HLA-A2 for Latent Tuberculosis
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Liu, Huaqiang, Dass, Sylvia Annabel, Wong, Matthew Tze Jian, Balakrishnan, Venugopal, Nordin, Fazlina, and Tye, Gee Jun
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- 2024
43. ISBAR+ a new communication tool to advocate for patients
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Links, Matthew Jon, McLean, Michelle, Pepper, Miriam, Hrivnak, George, and Lai, Cindy J
- Published
- 2024
44. Divergent seed dispersal outcomes: Interactions between seed, disperser, and forest traits
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Dehaudt, Bastien, Bruce, Tom, Deblauwe, Vincent, Ferraz, António, Gardner, Brett, Bibila, Tafon Godwin Babs’, LeBreton, Matthew, Mempong, Gaston, Njabo, Kevin, Nkengbeza, Standly Nkemnyi, Ordway, Elsa M, Pavan, Lucas, Russo, Nicholas J, Smith, Thomas B, and Luskin, Matthew Scott
- Subjects
Biological Sciences ,Ecology ,Life on Land ,Cephalophus ,Congo Basin ,duiker ,forest structure ,indigenous knowledge ,lidar ,regurgitation ,remote sensing ,seed dispersal ,seed size ,ungulate ,wildlife ,Ecological Applications ,Evolutionary Biology ,Zoology ,Ecological applications - Abstract
Animals disperse seeds in various ways that affect seed deposition sites and seed survival, ultimately shaping plant species distribution, community composition, and ecosystem structure. Some animal species can disperse seeds through multiple pathways (e.g., defecation, regurgitation, epizoochory), each likely producing distinct seed dispersal outcomes. We studied how seed traits (size and toughness) interact with disperser species to influence seed dispersal pathway and how this ultimately shapes the proportion of seeds deposited in various habitat types. We focused on three frugivorous species of duikers (African forest antelopes) in the Dja Faunal Reserve, a tropical rainforest in southern Cameroon. Duikers can both defecate and regurgitate seeds, the latter predominantly occurring during rumination at their bedding sites (or "nests"). We located duiker nests and dungs along 18 linear 1-km-transects to assess: (1) how seed traits affect the likelihood of dispersal via defecation versus regurgitation, (2) if defecated versus regurgitated seeds are deposited at different rates in different forest types (assessed by indigenous Baka), microhabitats, and forest structural attributes (measured by drone lidar), and (3) if these differ between three duiker species that vary in size and diel activity patterns. We found that duikers predominantly defecated small seeds (10 mm length), the latter including 25 different plant species. The three duiker species varied in their nesting habits, with nocturnal bay duikers (Cephalophus dorsalis) nesting in dense understory vegetation at proportions 3-4 times higher than Peter's and yellow-backed duikers (Cephalophus callipygus and Cephalophus silvicultor). As a result, bay duikers deposited larger regurgitated seeds at a higher rate in habitats with denser understory where lianas and palms predominate and near fallen trees. This directed regurgitation seed deposition likely plays an important and unique role in forest succession and structure. This study highlights the importance of ungulate seed dispersal by regurgitation, a vastly understudied process that could impact many ecosystems given the prevalence of ruminating ungulates worldwide.
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- 2024
45. Early Cold Stored Platelet Transfusion Following Severe Injury: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
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Sperry, Jason, Guyette, Francis, Rosario-Rivera, Bedda, Kutcher, Matthew, Kornblith, Lucy, Cotton, Bryan, Wilson, Chad, Inaba, Kenji, Zadorozny, Eva, Vincent, Laura, Harner, Ashley, Love, Emily, Doherty, Joseph, Cuschieri, Joseph, Kornblith, Aaron, Fox, Erin, Bai, Yu, Hoffman, Marcus, Seger, Catherine, Hudgins, Jay, Mallett-Smith, Sheila, Neal, Matthew, Leeper, Christine, Spinella, Philip, Yazer, Mark, and Wisniewski, Stephen
- Subjects
Humans ,Platelet Transfusion ,Male ,Female ,Adult ,Middle Aged ,Shock ,Hemorrhagic ,Blood Preservation ,Feasibility Studies ,Wounds and Injuries ,Treatment Outcome ,Resuscitation ,Cold Temperature - Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of early cold stored platelet transfusion compared with standard care resuscitation in patients with hemorrhagic shock. BACKGROUND: Data demonstrating the safety and efficacy of early cold stored platelet transfusion are lacking following severe injury. METHODS: A phase 2, multicenter, randomized, open label, clinical trial was performed at 5 US trauma centers. Injured patients at risk of large volume blood transfusion and the need for hemorrhage control procedures were enrolled and randomized. The intervention was the early transfusion of a single apheresis cold stored platelet unit, stored for up to 14 days versus standard care resuscitation. The primary outcome was feasibility and the principal clinical outcome for efficacy and safety was 24-hour mortality. RESULTS: Mortality at 24 hours was 5.9% in patients who were randomized to early cold stored platelet transfusion compared with 10.2% in the standard care arm (difference, -4.3%; 95% CI, -12.8% to 3.5%; P =0.26). No significant differences were found for any of the prespecified ancillary outcomes. Rates of arterial and/or venous thromboembolism and adverse events did not differ across treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In severely injured patients, early cold stored platelet transfusion is feasible, safe and did not result in a significant lower rate of 24-hour mortality. Early cold stored platelet transfusion did not result in a higher incidence of arterial and/or venous thrombotic complications or adverse events. The storage age of the cold stored platelet product was not associated with significant outcome differences. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04667468.
- Published
- 2024
46. Innovations and advances in instrumentation at the W. M. Keck Observatory, vol. III
- Author
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Kassis, Marc F, Alvarez, Carlos, Baker, Ashley D, Bailey, John I, Banyal, Ravinder K, Bertz, Rob, Beichman, Charles A, Bouchez, Antonin H, Brown, Aaron M, Brown, Matthew K, Bundy, Kevin A, Campbell, Randall D, Chun, Mark R, Cooke, Jeffrey, Deich, William T, Dekany, Richard G, Doppmann, Greg, Fassnacht, Christopher, Ferrara, Jocelyn, Fitzgerald, Michael P, Fremling, Christoffer, Fucik, Jason R, Gibson, Steven R, Gillingham, Peter R, Glazebrook, Karl, Greffe, Timothee, Halverson, Samuel P, Hill, Grant M, Hillenbrand, Lynne, Hinz, Philip M, Holden, Bradford P, Howard, Andrew W, Huber, Daniel, Jones, Tucker A, Jordan, Carolyn, Jovanovic, Nemanja J, Kain, Isabel J, Kasliwal, Mansi M, Kirby, Evan, Konopacky, Quinn M, Krishnan, Shanti, Kulkarni, Shrinivas R, Kupke, Renate, Lanclos, Kyle, Larkin, James E, Lilley, Scott J, Lingvay, Larry, Lu, Jessica R, Lyke, James E, MacDonald, Nicholas, Martin, Christopher, Mather, John C, Matuszewski, Mateusz, Mawet, Dimitri P, McGurk, Rosalie C, Marin, Eduardo, Meeks, Robert L, Millar-Blanchaer, Maxwell A, Nash, Reston B, Neill, James D, O'Meara, John M, Pahuja, Rishi, Peretz, Eliad, Prusinski, Nikolaus, Radovan, Matthew V, Rider, Kodi A, Roberts, Mitsuko K, Rockosi, Constance M, Rubenzahl, Ryan, Sallum, Stephanie E, Sandford, Dale, Savage, Maureen L, Skemer, Andrew J, Smith, Roger, Steidel, Charles, Steiner, Jonathan, Stelter, Richard D, Walawender, Josh, Westfall, Kyle B, Wizinowich, Peter L, Wright, Shelley A, Wold, Truman, and Zimmer, Jake
- Published
- 2024
47. Investigation of the genetic aetiology of Lewy body diseases with and without dementia
- Author
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Wu, Lesley Yue, Real, Raquel, Martinez-Carrasco, Alejandro, Chia, Ruth, Lawton, Michael A, Shoai, Maryam, Bresner, Catherine, Blauwendraat, Cornelis, Singleton, Andrew B, Ryten, Mina, Abramzon, Yevgeniya, Ahmed, Sarah, Alba, Camille, Albert, Marilyn S, Bacikova, Dagmar, Barrett, Matthew J, Beach, Thomas G, Bennett, David A, Besser, Lilah M, Bigio, Eileen H, Boeve, Bradley F, Bohannan, Ryan C, Caraway, Chad A, Palma, Jose-Alberto, Dalgard, Clifton L, Dickson, Dennis, Ding, Jinhui, Faber, Kelley, Ferman, Tanis, Ferrucci, Luigi, Flanagan, Margaret E, Foroud, Tatiana M, Ghetti, Bernardino, Gibbs, J Raphael, Goate, Alison, Goldstein, David, Graff-Radford, Neill R, Hu, Heng-Chen, Hupalo, Daniel, Kaiser, Scott M, Kaufmann, Horacio, Kim, Ronald C, Klein, Gregory, Kukull, Walter, Kuzma, Amanda, Leverenz, James, Lopez, Grisel, Mao, Qinwen, Martinez-McGrath, Elisa, Masliah, Eliezer, Monuki, Ed, Newell, Kathy L, Norcliffe-Kaufmann, Lucy, Perkins, Matthew, Pletnikova, Olga, Renton, Alan E, Resnick, Susan M, Ross, Owen A, Sabir, Marya S, Scherzer, Clemens R, Scholz, Sonja W, Serrano, Geidy, Shakkotai, Vikram, Sidransky, Ellen, Tanaka, Toshiko, Tayebi, Nahid, Traynor, Bryan J, Troncoso, Juan C, Viollet, Coralie, Walton, Ronald L, Woltjer, Randy, Wszolek, Zbigniew K, Black, Sandra E, Gan-Or, Ziv, Keith, Julia, Masellis, Mario, Rogaeva, Ekaterina, Aarsland, Dag, Al-Sarraj, Safa, Attems, Johannes, Ferrari, Raffaele, Gentleman, Steve, Hardy, John A, Hodges, Angela K, Love, Seth, McKeith, Ian, Morris, Christopher M, Morris, Huw R, Palmer, Laura, Pickering-Brown, Stuart, Reynolds, Regina H, Thomas, Alan J, Tilley, Bension S, Troakes, Claire, Brett, Francesca, Brice, Alexis, and Duyckaerts, Charles
- Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Biological Psychology ,Clinical Sciences ,Neurosciences ,Psychology ,Neurodegenerative ,Genetics ,Prevention ,Aging ,Lewy Body Dementia ,Brain Disorders ,Dementia ,Alzheimer's Disease Related Dementias (ADRD) ,Parkinson's Disease ,Human Genome ,Acquired Cognitive Impairment ,Clinical Research ,Alzheimer's Disease including Alzheimer's Disease Related Dementias (AD/ADRD) ,2.1 Biological and endogenous factors ,Neurological ,International Lewy Body Dementia Genomics Consortium ,APOE ,Lewy body diseases ,dementia ,genome-wide association studies ,Clinical sciences ,Biological psychology - Abstract
Up to 80% of Parkinson's disease patients develop dementia, but time to dementia varies widely from motor symptom onset. Dementia with Lewy bodies presents with clinical features similar to Parkinson's disease dementia, but cognitive impairment precedes or coincides with motor onset. It remains controversial whether dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease dementia are distinct conditions or represent part of a disease spectrum. The biological mechanisms underlying disease heterogeneity, in particular the development of dementia, remain poorly understood, but will likely be the key to understanding disease pathways and, ultimately, therapy development. Previous genome-wide association studies in Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies/Parkinson's disease dementia have identified risk loci differentiating patients from controls. We collated data for 7804 patients of European ancestry from Tracking Parkinson's, The Oxford Discovery Cohort, and Accelerating Medicine Partnership-Parkinson's Disease Initiative. We conducted a discrete phenotype genome-wide association study comparing Lewy body diseases with and without dementia to decode disease heterogeneity by investigating the genetic drivers of dementia in Lewy body diseases. We found that risk allele rs429358 tagging APOEe4 increases the odds of developing dementia, and that rs7668531 near the MMRN1 and SNCA-AS1 genes and an intronic variant rs17442721 tagging LRRK2 G2019S on chromosome 12 are protective against dementia. These results should be validated in autopsy-confirmed cases in future studies.
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- 2024
48. How we simulate DNA origami
- Author
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Haggenmueller, Sarah, Matthies, Michael, Sample, Matthew, and Šulc, Petr
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Condensed Matter - Soft Condensed Matter ,Physics - Computational Physics ,Physics - Physics Education - Abstract
DNA origami consists of a long scaffold strand and short staple strands that self-assemble into a target 2D or 3D shape. It is a widely used construct in nucleic acid nanotechnology, offering a cost-effective way to design and create diverse nanoscale shapes. With promising applications in areas such as nanofabrication, diagnostics, and therapeutics, DNA origami has become a key tool in the bionanotechnology field. Simulations of these structures can offer insight into their shape and function, thus speeding up and simplifying the design process. However, simulating these structures, often comprising thousands of base pairs, poses challenges due to their large size. OxDNA, a coarse-grained model specifically designed for DNA nanotechnology, offers powerful simulation capabilities. Its associated ecosystem of visualization and analysis tools can complement experimental work with in silico characterization. This tutorial provides a general approach to simulating DNA origami structures using the oxDNA ecosystem, tailored for experimentalists looking to integrate computational analysis into their design workflow.
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- 2024
49. Sketching With Your Voice: 'Non-Phonorealistic' Rendering of Sounds via Vocal Imitation
- Author
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Caren, Matthew, Chandra, Kartik, Tenenbaum, Joshua B., Ragan-Kelley, Jonathan, and Ma, Karima
- Subjects
Computer Science - Graphics ,Computer Science - Computation and Language ,Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction ,Computer Science - Sound ,Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Audio and Speech Processing ,I.3.8 - Abstract
We present a method for automatically producing human-like vocal imitations of sounds: the equivalent of "sketching," but for auditory rather than visual representation. Starting with a simulated model of the human vocal tract, we first try generating vocal imitations by tuning the model's control parameters to make the synthesized vocalization match the target sound in terms of perceptually-salient auditory features. Then, to better match human intuitions, we apply a cognitive theory of communication to take into account how human speakers reason strategically about their listeners. Finally, we show through several experiments and user studies that when we add this type of communicative reasoning to our method, it aligns with human intuitions better than matching auditory features alone does. This observation has broad implications for the study of depiction in computer graphics., Comment: SIGGRAPH Asia 2024
- Published
- 2024
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50. Evolution and challenges of computer vision and deep learning technologies for analysing mixed construction and demolition waste
- Author
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Langley, Adrian, Lonergan, Matthew, Huang, Tao, and Azghadi, Mostafa Rahimi
- Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition ,Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence - Abstract
Improving the automatic and timely recognition of construction and demolition waste (C&DW) composition is crucial for enhancing business returns, economic outcomes, and sustainability. Technologies like computer vision, artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, and internet of things (IoT) are increasingly integrated into waste processing to achieve these goals. While deep learning (DL) models show promise in recognising homogeneous C&DW piles, few studies assess their performance with mixed, highly contaminated material in commercial settings. Drawing on extensive experience at a C&DW materials recovery facility (MRF) in Sydney, Australia, we explore the challenges and opportunities in developing an advanced automated mixed C&DW management system. We begin with an overview of the evolution of waste management in the construction industry, highlighting its environmental, economic, and societal impacts. We review various C&DW analysis techniques, concluding that DL-based visual methods are the optimal solution. Additionally, we examine the progression of sensor and camera technologies for C&DW analysis as well as the evolution of DL algorithms focused on object detection and material segmentation. We also discuss C&DW datasets, their curation, and innovative methods for their creation. Finally, we share insights on C&DW visual analysis, addressing technical and commercial challenges, research trends, and future directions for mixed C&DW analysis. This paper aims to improve the efficiency of C&DW management by providing valuable insights for ongoing and future research and development efforts in this critical sector.
- Published
- 2024
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