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We present a velocity-resolved reverberation mapping analysis of the hypervariable quasar RM160 (SDSS J141041.25+531849.0) at z = 0.359 with 153 spectroscopic epochs of data representing a ten-year baseline (2013-2023). We split the baseline into two regimes based on the 3x flux increase in the light curve: a 'low state' phase during the years 2013-2019 and a 'high state' phase during the years 2022-2023. The velocity-resolved lag profiles (VRLP) indicate that gas with different kinematics dominates the line emission in different states. The H\b{eta} VRLP begins with a signature of inflow onto the BLR in the 'low state', while in the 'high state' it is flatter with less signature of inflow. The H{\alpha} VRLP begins consistent with a virialized BLR in the 'low state', while in the 'high state' shows a signature of inflow. The differences in the kinematics between the Balmer lines and between the 'low state' and the 'high state' suggests complex BLR dynamics. We find that the BLR radius and velocity (both FWHM and {\sigma}) do not obey a constant virial product throughout the monitoring period. We find that BLR lags and continuum luminosity are correlated, consistent with rapid response of the BLR gas to the illuminating continuum. The BLR kinematic profile changes in unpredictable ways that are not related to continuum changes and reverberation lag. Our observations indicate that non-virial kinematics can significantly contribute to observed line profiles, suggesting caution for black-hole mass estimation in luminous and highly varying quasars like RM160., Comment: 23 pages, 17 figures

Progress in the task of symbolic music generation may be lagging behind other tasks like audio and text generation, in part because of the scarcity of symbolic training data. In this paper, we leverage the greater scale of audio music data by applying pre-trained MIR models (for transcription, beat tracking, structure analysis, etc.) to extract symbolic events and encode them into token sequences. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to demonstrate the feasibility of training symbolic generation models solely from auto-transcribed audio data. Furthermore, to enhance the controllability of the trained model, we introduce SymPAC (Symbolic Music Language Model with Prompting And Constrained Generation), which is distinguished by using (a) prompt bars in encoding and (b) a technique called Constrained Generation via Finite State Machines (FSMs) during inference time. We show the flexibility and controllability of this approach, which may be critical in making music AI useful to creators and users., Comment: ISMIR 2024

A fundamental goal of astrobiology is to detect life outside of Earth. This proves to be an exceptional challenge outside of our solar system, where strong assumptions must be made about how life would manifest and interact with its planet. Such assumptions are required because of the lack of a consensus theory of living systems, or an understanding of the possible extent of planetary dynamics. Here we explore a model of life spreading between planetary systems via panspermia and terraformation. Our model shows that as life propagates across the galaxy, correlations emerge between planetary characteristics and location, and can function as a population-scale agnostic biosignature. This biosignature is agnostic because it is independent of strong assumptions about any particular instantiation of life or planetary characteristic--by focusing on a specific hypothesis of what life may do, rather than what life may be. By clustering planets based on their observed characteristics, and examining the spatial extent of these clusters, we demonstrate (and evaluate) a way to prioritize specific planets for further observation--based on their potential for containing life. We consider obstacles that must be overcome to practically implement our approach, including identifying specific ways in which better understanding astrophysical and planetary processes would improve our ability to detect life. Finally, we consider how this model leads us to think in novel ways about hierarchies of life and planetary scale replication., Comment: 16 pages, 20 figures

New vector bosons that are coupled to conserved currents in the Standard Model exhibit enhanced rates below the electroweak scale from anomalous triangle amplitudes, leading to (energy/vector mass)$^2$ enhancements to rare Z decays and flavor-changing meson decays into the longitudinally polarized vector boson. In the case of a vector boson gauging $U(1)_{B-L}$, the mass gap between the top quark and the remaining SM fermions leads to (energy/vector mass)$^2$ enhancements for processes with momentum transfer below the top mass. In addition, we examine the case of an intergenerational $U(1)_{B_3 - L_2}$ that has been proposed to resolve the $(g-2)_\mu$ anomaly with an MeV scale DM candidate, and we find that these enhanced processes constrain the entire parameter space., Comment: 19 pages, 4 figures, 1 table

We describe a protocol for the universal control of non-ideal $\pi$-periodic superconducting qubits. Our proposal relies on a $\pi$-SQUID: a superconducting loop formed by two $\pi$-periodic circuit elements, with an external magnetic flux threading the circuit. The system exhibits an extensive sweet spot around half-flux where residual $2\pi$-periodic Cooper pair tunneling is highly suppressed. We demonstrate that universal single-qubit operations can be realised by tuning the flux adiabatically and diabatically within this broad sweet spot. We also assess how residual $2\pi$-periodicity in $\pi$-SQUIDs impacts holonomic phase gates., Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures

Understanding the origin(s) of life (OoL) is a fundamental challenge for science in the 21st century. Research on OoL spans many disciplines, including chemistry, physics, biology, planetary sciences, computer science, mathematics and philosophy. The sheer number of different scientific perspectives relevant to the problem has resulted in the coexistence of diverse tools, techniques, data, and software in OoL studies. This has made communication between the disciplines relevant to the OoL extremely difficult because the interpretation of data, analyses, or standards of evidence can vary dramatically. Here, we hope to bridge this wide field of study by providing common ground via the consolidation of tools and techniques rather than positing a unifying view on how life emerges. We review the common tools and techniques that have been used significantly in OoL studies in recent years. In particular, we aim to identify which information is most relevant for comparing and integrating the results of experimental analyses into mathematical and computational models. This review aims to provide a baseline expectation and understanding of technical aspects of origins research, rather than being a primer on any particular topic. As such, it spans broadly -- from analytical chemistry to mathematical models -- and highlights areas of future work that will benefit from a multidisciplinary approach to tackling the mystery of life's origin. Ultimately, we hope to empower a new generation of OoL scientists by reviewing how they can investigate life's origin, rather than dictating how to think about the problem.

Quaoar is a classical Trans-Neptunian Object (TNO) with an area equivalent diameter of 1,100 km and an orbital semi-major axis of 43.3 astronomical units. Based on stellar occultations observed between 2018 and 2021, an inhomogeneous ring (Q1R, Quaoar's first ring) was detected around this body. Aims. A new stellar occultation by Quaoar was observed on August 9th, 2022 aiming to improve Quaoar's shape models and the physical parameters of Q1R while searching for additional material around the body. Methods. The occultation provided nine effective chords across Quaoar, pinning down its size, shape, and astrometric position. Large facilities, such as Gemini North and the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT), were used to obtain high acquisition rates and signal-to-noise ratios. The light curves were also used to characterize the Q1R ring (radial profiles and orbital elements). Results. Quaoar's elliptical fit to the occultation chords yields the limb with an apparent semi-major axis of $579.5\pm4.0$ km, apparent oblateness of $0.12\pm0.01$, and area-equivalent radius of $543\pm2$ km. Quaoar's limb orientation is consistent with Q1R and Weywot orbiting in Quaoar's equatorial plane. The orbital radius of Q1R is refined to a value of $4,057\pm6$ km. The radial opacity profile of the more opaque ring profile follows a Lorentzian shape that extends over 60 km, with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of $\sim5$ km and a peak normal optical depth of 0.4. Besides the secondary events related to the already reported rings, new secondary events detected during the August 2022 occultation in three different data sets are consistent with another ring around Quaoar with a radius of $2,520\pm20$ km, assuming the ring is circular and co-planar with Q1R. This new ring has a typical width of 10 km and a normal optical depth of $\sim$0.004. Like Q1R, it also lies outside Quaoar's classical Roche limit., Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics (17-April-2023). 18 pages, 12 figures

Creating a pop song melody according to pre-written lyrics is a typical practice for composers. A computational model of how lyrics are set as melodies is important for automatic composition systems, but an end-to-end lyric-to-melody model would require enormous amounts of paired training data. To mitigate the data constraints, we adopt a two-stage approach, dividing the task into lyric-to-rhythm and rhythm-to-melody modules. However, the lyric-to-rhythm task is still challenging due to its multimodality. In this paper, we propose a novel lyric-to-rhythm framework that includes part-of-speech tags to achieve better text setting, and a Transformer architecture designed to model long-term syllable-to-note associations. For the rhythm-to-melody task, we adapt a proven chord-conditioned melody Transformer, which has achieved state-of-the-art results. Experiments for Chinese lyric-to-melody generation show that the proposed framework is able to model key characteristics of rhythm and pitch distributions in the dataset, and in a subjective evaluation, the melodies generated by our system were rated as similar to or better than those of a state-of-the-art alternative., Comment: Published in ISMIR 2022

Music structure analysis (MSA) systems aim to segment a song recording into non-overlapping sections with useful labels. Previous MSA systems typically predict abstract labels in a post-processing step and require the full context of the song. By contrast, we recently proposed a supervised framework, called "Music Structural Function Analysis" (MuSFA), that models and predicts meaningful labels like 'verse' and 'chorus' directly from audio, without requiring the full context of a song. However, the performance of this system depends on the amount and quality of training data. In this paper, we propose to repurpose a public dataset, HookTheory Lead Sheet Dataset (HLSD), to improve the performance. HLSD contains over 18K excerpts of music sections originally collected for studying automatic melody harmonization. We treat each excerpt as a partially labeled song and provide a label mapping, so that HLSD can be used together with other public datasets, such as SALAMI, RWC, and Isophonics. In cross-dataset evaluations, we find that including HLSD in training can improve state-of-the-art boundary detection and section labeling scores by ~3% and ~1% respectively., Comment: ISMIR2022, LBD paper

An array of powerful neutrino-beam experiments will study the fundamental properties of neutrinos with unprecedented precision in the coming years. Along with their primary neutrino-physics motivations, there has been growing recognition that these experiments can carry out a rich program of searches for new, light, weakly-coupled particles that are part of a dark sector. In this white paper, we review the diverse theoretical motivations for dark sectors and the capabilities of neutrino beam experiments to probe a wide range of models and signatures. We also examine the potential obstacles that could limit these prospects and identify concrete steps needed to realize an impactful dark sector search program in this and coming decades., Comment: 66 pages, 24 figures, 6 tables; Contribution to Snowmass 2021; v2: minor changes, references added

Conventional music structure analysis algorithms aim to divide a song into segments and to group them with abstract labels (e.g., 'A', 'B', and 'C'). However, explicitly identifying the function of each segment (e.g., 'verse' or 'chorus') is rarely attempted, but has many applications. We introduce a multi-task deep learning framework to model these structural semantic labels directly from audio by estimating "verseness," "chorusness," and so forth, as a function of time. We propose a 7-class taxonomy (i.e., intro, verse, chorus, bridge, outro, instrumental, and silence) and provide rules to consolidate annotations from four disparate datasets. We also propose to use a spectral-temporal Transformer-based model, called SpecTNT, which can be trained with an additional connectionist temporal localization (CTL) loss. In cross-dataset evaluations using four public datasets, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the SpecTNT model and CTL loss, and obtain strong results overall: the proposed system outperforms state-of-the-art chorus-detection and boundary-detection methods at detecting choruses and boundaries, respectively., Comment: This manuscript is accepted by ICASSP 2022

The ultimate goal of astrobiology is to determine the distribution and diversity of life in the universe. But as the word "biosignature" suggests, what will be detected is not life itself, but an observation implicating a particular process associated with living systems. Technical constraints and our limited access to other worlds suggest we are more likely to detect an out-of-equilibrium suite of gasses than a writhing octopus. Yet, anything short of a writhing octopus will raise skepticism among astrobiologists about what has been detected. Resolving that skepticism requires a theory to delineate processes due to life and those due solely to abiotic mechanisms. This poses an existential question for the endeavor of life detection: How do astrobiologists plan to detect life via features shared between non-living and living systems? We argue that you cannot without an underlying theory of life. We illustrate this by analyzing the hypothetical detection of an "Earth 2.0" exoplanet. In the absence of a theory of life, we argue the community should focus on identifying unambiguous features of life via four areas of active research: understanding the principles of life on Earth, building life in the lab, detecting life in the solar system and searching for technosignatures. Ultimately, we ask, what exactly do astrobiologists hope to learn by searching for life?, Comment: 15 pages, 2 figures, 1 box

Photons excited into ground state modes at finite temperature display partitioning among photon phases, lifetimes and distances travelled since creation. These distributions set the distance from an interface a created photon has some chance of emission. Excited photons at each frequency have a phase velocity set by each mode propagation index which determines mode density and internal energy contribution. All photons emitted after striking an interface obliquely are refracted. Their exit intensities are then irreversible except when weak internal attenuation occurs. At low temperature attenuation index is small so reversibility is approximate. As temperature rises refraction direction varies. Total emission remains reversible after transitioning through a non equilibrium state with no other heat inputs. In equilibrium the densities of excitations that create and annihilate photons are in balance with photon densities while emissivity depends on both indices and internal incident direction. Modelled exit intensities from pure water and crystalline silica contain strong resonant intensities and match data accurately. Intrinsic resonances formed within liquids and compounds are due to photon modes hybridising with localized excitations, including molecular oscillations and the anharmonic component of lattice distortions. They explain the many resonant spectral intensities seen in remote sensing. Each hybrid oscillator is a photonic virtual bound state whose energy fluctuates between levels separated by mode energy. Refraction induces solid angle changes and often anomalous refraction while thermal recycling of internally reflected photons modifies intensities and internal energy. Enhanced internal heat flux from phonon drag by photon density gradients under an external temperature gradient is also predicted., Comment: 27 pages, 5 figures

Many trials are designed to collect outcomes at or around pre-specified times after randomization. If there is variability in the times when participants are actually assessed, this can pose a challenge to learning the effect of treatment, since not all participants have outcome assessments at the times of interest. Furthermore, observed outcome values may not be representative of all participants' outcomes at a given time. Methods have been developed that account for some types of such irregular and informative assessment times; however, since these methods rely on untestable assumptions, sensitivity analyses are needed. We develop a methodology that is benchmarked at the explainable assessmen (EA) assumption, under which assessment and outcomes at each time are related only through data collected prior to that time. Our method uses an exponential tilting assumption, governed by a sensitivity analysis parameter, that posits deviations from the EA assumption. Our inferential strategy is based on a new influence function-based, augmented inverse intensity-weighted estimator. Our approach allows for flexible semiparametric modeling of the observed data, which is separated from specification of the sensitivity parameter. We apply our method to a randomized trial of low-income individuals with uncontrolled asthma, and we illustrate implementation of our estimation procedure in detail., Comment: Revised to include more implementation details, including a tutorial implementing our estimator, and using a more flexible outcome modeling approach in the data analysis. Newest version: revised with improved organization of material, exposition of assumptions, and tutorial

The Astrobiology Graduate Conference (AbGradCon) is an annual conference both organized for and by early career researchers, postdoctoral fellows, and students as a way to train the next generation of astrobiologists and develop a robust network of cohorts moving forward. AbGradCon 2021 was held virtually on September 14-17, 2021, hosted by the Earth-Life Science Institute (ELSI) of Tokyo Institute of Technology after postponement of the in-person event in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The meeting consisted of presentations by 120 participants from a variety of fields, two keynote speakers, and other career building events and workshops. Here, we report on the organizational and executional aspects of AbGradCon 2021, including the meeting participant demographics, various digital aspects introduced specifically for a virtual edition of the meeting, and the abstract submission and evaluation process. The abstract evaluation process of AbGradCon 2021 is unique in that all evaluations are done by the peers of the applicants, and as astrobiology is inherently a broad discipline, the abstract evaluation process revealed a number of trends related to multidisciplinarity of the astrobiology field. We believe that meetings like AbGradCon can provide a unique opportunity for students and early career researchers in astrobiology to experience community building, inter- and multidisciplinary collaboration, and career training and would be a welcome sight in other fields as well. We hope that this report provides inspiration and a basic roadmap for organizing future conferences in any field with similar goals.

We report precision mass measurements of neutron-deficient gallium isotopes approaching the proton drip line. The measurements of $^{60-63}$Ga performed with the TITAN multiple-reflection time-of-flight mass spectrometer provide a more than threefold improvement over the current literature mass uncertainty of $^{61}$Ga and mark the first direct mass measurement of $^{60}$Ga. The improved precision of the $^{61}$Ga mass has important implications for the astrophysical rp process, as it constrains essential reaction Q-values near the $^{60}$Zn waiting point. Based on calculations with a one-zone model, we demonstrate the impact of the improved mass data on prediction uncertainties of X-ray burst models. The first-time measurement of the $^{60}$Ga ground-state mass establishes the proton-bound nature of this nuclide; thus, constraining the location of the proton drip line along this isotopic chain. Including the measured mass of $^{60}$Ga further enables us to extend the evaluated $T=1$ isobaric multiplet mass equation up to $A=60$., Comment: 16 pages, 6 figures

Music structure analysis (MSA) methods traditionally search for musically meaningful patterns in audio: homogeneity, repetition, novelty, and segment-length regularity. Hand-crafted audio features such as MFCCs or chromagrams are often used to elicit these patterns. However, with more annotations of section labels (e.g., verse, chorus, and bridge) becoming available, one can use supervised feature learning to make these patterns even clearer and improve MSA performance. To this end, we take a supervised metric learning approach: we train a deep neural network to output embeddings that are near each other for two spectrogram inputs if both have the same section type (according to an annotation), and otherwise far apart. We propose a batch sampling scheme to ensure the labels in a training pair are interpreted meaningfully. The trained model extracts features that can be used in existing MSA algorithms. In evaluations with three datasets (HarmonixSet, SALAMI, and RWC), we demonstrate that using the proposed features can improve a traditional MSA algorithm significantly in both intra- and cross-dataset scenarios., Comment: This paper was accepted and presented at ISMIR 2021

The Forward Physics Facility (FPF) is a proposal to create a cavern with the space and infrastructure to support a suite of far-forward experiments at the Large Hadron Collider during the High Luminosity era. Located along the beam collision axis and shielded from the interaction point by at least 100 m of concrete and rock, the FPF will house experiments that will detect particles outside the acceptance of the existing large LHC experiments and will observe rare and exotic processes in an extremely low-background environment. In this work, we summarize the current status of plans for the FPF, including recent progress in civil engineering in identifying promising sites for the FPF and the experiments currently envisioned to realize the FPF's physics potential. We then review the many Standard Model and new physics topics that will be advanced by the FPF, including searches for long-lived particles, probes of dark matter and dark sectors, high-statistics studies of TeV neutrinos of all three flavors, aspects of perturbative and non-perturbative QCD, and high-energy astroparticle physics., Comment: revised version, accepted by Physics Reports

The topological structure associated with the branchpoint singularity around an exceptional point (EP) provides new tools for controlling the propagation of electromagnetic waves and their interaction with matter. To date, observation of EPs in light-matter interactions has remained elusive and has hampered further progress in applications of EP physics. Here, we demonstrate the emergence of EPs in the electrically controlled interaction of light with a collection of organic molecules in the terahertz regime at room temperature. We show, using time-domain terahertz spectroscopy, that the intensity and phase of terahertz pulses can be controlled by a gate voltage which drives the device across the EP. This fully electrically-tuneable system allows reconstructing the Riemann surface associated with the complex energy landscape and provides a topological control of light by tuning the loss-imbalance and frequency detuning of interacting modes. We anticipate that our work could pave the way for new means of dynamic control on the intensity and phase of terahertz field, developing topological optoelectronics, and studying the manifestations of EP physics in the quantum correlations of the light emitted by a collection of emitters coupled to resonators., Comment: 17 pages, 4 figures