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Paratransit is a specialized transport service which acts as a bridge between the private automobile and public transit. It mostly provides shared ride service and door to door service maintaining flexibility in terms of route and schedule. The goal of this study is to assess the role of paratransit in the regional passenger movement. The paratransit vehicles are used as a substitute of bus service in the vicinity of urban area particularly in the NE region. The reason may be lower population density, narrow roads and the frequency of service. The small size Paratransit vehicles like Auto-rickshaw, Cruiser, Tata-sumo, Winger, Tata-magic, Auto-van, Mahindra Maxx, Ambassador are found to be very effective to provide services in the semi-urban/ rural areas at a higher frequency. Various surveys like modal spilt survey, vehicular occupancy survey, operator survey and techno-economic characteristic survey of the vehicle have been conducted in the study area and the share of Paratransit in passenger movement have been found out with respect to all the modes. The degree of variations of the level of utility of regional Paratransit at various locations has been studied and presented. Suggestions and recommendations have been made to improve the Paratransit service systems and the study area. KEYWORDS: paratransit, automobile, route, regional, passenger, road network

Sand plays a crucial role as an important component of concrete. Concrete is a widely used construction material. By examining the role of sand in enhancing workability, strength, and durability, we gain insight into its importance in shaping the structural integrity of concrete. Sand available in different Mohal of Barak Valley like Taranathpur river of Dwarbond, Katakhal river , Jatinga river, are found to be fail in zoning after Particle size Distribution Test . It is found to be fine to very fine in nature. So, for important Structure like multistorey buildings and bridges it does not give target strength in mix design. To achieve target strength, we have to mix crusher sand 5mm down with local sand subject to other property of sand ,cement and stone clips .This technique not only gives us target strength but saves cement 20-25% per cubic meter concrete. Crusher sand is easily available from stone crusher in this region. KEYWORDS: Crucial, target strength,mix design, river, local sand, stone crusher.

Colebrookea oppositifolia is a folkloric medicinal plant, well known for its tremendous medicinal properties such as curing epilepsy, ulcers, and urinary problems. The aim of the present study was to apply the dereplication strategy on the ethanol extract of C. oppositifolia with potent anti-inflammatory activity for the rapid identification and isolation of novel bioactive molecules to aid the drug discovery process. An integrated approach using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) followed by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for the isolation of potent molecules from the anti-inflammatory extract of C. oppositifolia. Purity of the compounds (>98.5%) was established by HPLC, and identification was carried out by NMR and ESI-MS. 5,6,7-Trihydroxyflavone-3-O-glucuronide methyl ester (compound III) isolated from C. oppositifolia was extensively studied for anti-inflammatory potential in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and the mice model. Compound III significantly repressed various proinflammatory mediators and upregulated the release of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Compound III reduced inflammation when studied for parameters such as the phagocytic index, carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice, and effect on organ weight. It reduced inflammation in a dose-dependent manner both in vitro and in vivo. Further molecular insights into the study revealed that compound III blocks the phosphorylation of I kappa b kinase α/β (IKKα/β), IκBα, and nuclear factor kB p65 (NF-κBp65) which is a key controller of inflammation, thereby showing anti-inflammatory potential. Hence, this study permits further investigation to develop compound III as an anti-inflammatory drug.

tRNA modifications play a significant role in the structural stability as well as translational fidelity in all organisms from bacteria to humans. They also play a major role in bacterial physiology by regulating translation in response to various environmental stresses. Modifications coming at the anticodon-stem loop (ASL) are particularly important as they stabilize codon-anticodon interactions, ensuring accuracy and speed in decoding mRNAs Addition of isopentenyl group (i6A) at A37 position by tRNA isopentenyltransferase (MiaA) is a well conserved modification from bacteria to human. We studied

In the present study, we report herein the isolation of cadinane-type sesquiterpenoid, tatarinowin A (ACH-6), and pentadecanoic acid (ACH-8) from petroleum ether extract of rhizome of Acorus calamus L. (Acoraceae) along with 6 other known compounds in this species. It is pertinent to mention here that this is the first report to stain these compounds in which dereplication approach based on GC-MS was applied to target unknown compounds ACH-6 and ACH-8 in A. calamus L. Derelpication approaches based on GC-MS is very useful technique in the area of drug discovery and have eminence potential to identify known and unknown compounds present in extracts of medicinal important plants. This technique can be used to expedite the process of purification of unknown compounds from different matrixes. The isolated compounds were identified with the help of inbuilt library search which reveals the presence of 17 known and 4 unknown compounds. Further, the structure elucidation of all isolated compounds was done using spectroscopy techniques. Also, the structure of ACH-6 was further confirmed by using the single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique.

Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) is one of the very attractive crops successfully cultivated in most developing countries due to its easy cultivation technology. The most amazing point of mushroom cultivation technology is its landless agriculture on useless lignocellulosic agricultural wastes. The oyster mushrooms have potentials to utilize various kinds of waste materials as substrate than any other mushrooms and in consequence convert them into valuable vegetable food at par with non-vegetarian food in terms of nutritional attributes. Since these natural lignocelluloses contain limits of their nutrient constituents, require supplementations in the form of chemical and biological supplements. Addition of the supplements with basal substrate has been as common practice to enhance the yield, nutritional and medicinal values. The present manuscript comprised the detailed information in context of oyster mushroom cultivation, used multiple basal substrates and supplements (additives) as reported in past researches. Therefore, the technology of mushroom agriculture enables us to acquire substrate materials at very low cost or even for free to get biotechnological foods and further led to conserve our environment through efficient bioconversion of wastes with sustainable food security.

In this paper, we have proposed a new and an efficient cryptographic hash function based on random Latin squares generated through padding, shift operations and non-linear transformations. The developed hash scheme satisfies basic as well as desirable properties of an ideal hash function. Generation of Latin Squares for each plain text block strengthens the hash function. Removal of Duplicates and random padding have been implemented to achieve confusion and diffusion. Use of repeated lookups on Latin squares, non-linear transformations and complex shift operations further increase the strength of our cryptographic hash function at a low computational overhead and ensures that the hashing algorithm satisfy the principal properties of pre-image resistance and collision resistance.

Escherichia coli, a normal inhabitant of the gastrointestinal tract of warm-blooded animals, is used as an indicator of water quality. Certain serotypes have been associated with waterborne disease outbreaks and mortality in humans (Bruneau et al. 2004). Shiga toxin–producing E. coli (STEC) or enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) are asymptomatic in animals, but human infections may lead to hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome, or death (Shelton et al. 2006). Although cattle represent the main reservoir, EHEC is harbored by a wide range of animals and birds (Williams et al. 2006). EHEC causes diseases in humans through production of one or more shiga-like toxins (encoded by stx1 and stx2 and their variants), which inhibit protein synthesis of host cells, leading to cell death. Other virulence factors include the eaeA gene-encoding intimin, responsible for attaching and effacing lesions, and the hlyA gene, which acts as a pore-forming cytolysin on eukaryotic cells. The ingestion of as few as 1–10 EHEC cells may cause illness in humans (Chart 2000; Kuhnert et al. 2000). EHEC contamination of drinking water (processed and unprocessed) has been associated with disease outbreaks (Ashbolt 2004). In India and some other countries, surface waters from rivers, lakes, and ponds are processed by alum treatment, filtration, and chlorination to be used as drinking water (Clever et al. 2000; Shrivastava et al. 2004). Some recent studies found multiantimicrobial-resistant E. coli isolates positive for virulence determinants for EHEC in surface waters that are being used as raw water to supply drinking water (Hamner et al. 2007; Ram and Shanker 2005; Ram et al. 2007). The occurrence of potential EHEC from extensively used source waters is an important health concern because much of India’s population depends on processed or unprocessed surface waters for drinking. Recently, insufficient treatment of surface waters for the drinking water supply, malfunctioning of sewage collection systems, and defective water distribution pipelines have led to contamination of potable water by fecal coliform and other pathogenic bacteria (Babu and Kumar 2002; Bhatta et al. 2007; Shrivastava et al. 2004). However, despite a high incidence of water-borne diseases in India, the potable water supply has never been investigated for the presence of specific pathotypes of diarrheagenic E. coli including EHEC. In India, EHEC has been underacknowledged as far as public health is concerned (Hamner et al. 2007), and thus no report has been published on the presence of multiantimicrobial-resistant E. coli exhibiting virulence determinants specific to EHEC in potable water in India. In this article, we report on the occurrence of multiantimicrobial-resistant E. coli harboring virulence markers of EHEC in potable water samples collected from the drinking water distribution systems of northern India.

ON THE ABSOLUTE NÖRLUND SUMMABILITY FACTORS OF INFINITE SERIES

Ovarian cancer (OC) is a molecularly and histologically heterogeneous disease; however, standard treatment is the same for all subtypes. High-grade serous OC initially responds to chemotherapy; however, low-grade serous and clear cell OC are relatively chemoresistant. Limited treatment options are available upon recurrence. p53 mutations are found in over 90% of high-grade serous OC. Low-grade serous OC harbor wild type p53, but contain other mutations. During later stages of OC, tumors are a heterogeneous population of mutant cells; thus, development of a novel drug that addresses these molecular differences is highly desirable. Previously, we showed that Kevetrin stabilized wild type p53 and induced transcriptional targets in human lung carcinoma. We sought to validate Kevetrin as a potential treatment for OC with varied p53 status. Endometrioid carcinoma (A2780, wt p53), atypical non-serous clear cell (SKOV-3, deleted p53), and high-grade serous (OVCAR-3, mutant p53) OC cell lines were treated with Kevetrin. Kevetrin induced apoptosis in all three OC cell lines, as assayed by cleavage of PARP and caspase-3. Studies showed significant increases in p53 and p21 protein levels in A2780 cells in 24 to 48 hours; however, in OVCAR-3, Kevetrin downregulated oncogenic mutant p53. RNA levels of p53 and p21 were quantified by qRT-PCR 8 to 72 hours after treatment. No significant changes were observed in p53 mRNA, whereas an increase in p21 mRNA was observed in all three cell lines. In A2780, Kevetrin also induced levels of PUMA in a dose-dependent manner. To establish that Kevetrin mediates increased p21 expression requiring p53 in A2780 cells, p53 was depleted by siRNA. p53 depletion reduced p21 expression, as assayed by FACS, indicating p53 directs p21 expression in a dose-dependent manner after Kevetrin treatment. In an in vivo xenograft study in immunocompromised nude mice bearing established A2780 tumors, Kevetrin treatment inhibited tumor growth at well-tolerated doses. The mode of action in vivo also showed enhanced expression of p21 in tumor tissue, indicating p53 pathway activation in A2780 tumors. In contrast, in SKOV-3 cells and xenografts, a p53 independent increase in p21 expression was observed. In OVCAR-3 cells,Kevetrin altered the expression of three microRNAs (miRNA-27a, miRNA-1274b, miRNA-25), that are known to be dysregulated in OC, in a time-dependent manner. To gain further insight into the mechanism of action in cells with diverse p53 status, RNA-Seq is being performed in the three cell lines and tumor tissue from mice before and after Kevetrin exposure. In summary, Kevetrin has promise as an effective therapeutic agent for endometrioid, non-serous clear cell, and high-grade serous OC, with molecularly diverse p53 status. A Phase 1 clinical study was completed and a Phase 2 clinical study in ovarian cancer is scheduled to begin January 2017. Citation Format: Ashok Kumar, David P. Brennan, Karima Chafai-Fadela, Sylvia A. Holden, Siya Ram, Geoffrey I. Shapiro, Krishna Menon. Kevetrin induces p53-dependent and independent cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in ovarian cancer cell lines representing heterogeneous histologies [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3221. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3221

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) causes worldwide outbreaks of food and waterborne diseases. Rapid identification of causative agents is critical for early intervention in the case of widespread diarrheal epidemics to prevent mortality. In this study, a Molecular-Beacon targeting stx2 gene (highly associated with human illness) was designed to develop a culture-independent real-time PCR assay for detection and quantification of STEC in water samples. The assay could detect lowest 10 genomic equivalent (GE) of the reference strain (E. coli I.T.R.C.-18) per PCR or 100 GE/mL. The presence of 106 CFU/mL of non-pathogenic E. coli DH5α has no impact on sensitivity of the assay. The assay could successfully enumerate STEC in surface water (collected from a sewage impacted river) and potable water samples collected from Lucknow city without prior enrichment. The assay will be useful in pre-emptive monitoring of surface/potable waters to prevent waterborne outbreaks caused by STEC.

Enterococci serve as an "indicator" of fecal contamination for recreational water quality. The vancomycin-resistant-enterococci (VRE) are emerging environmental contaminants in the surface waters. The aim ofthis study wasto develop a rapid and specific molecular beacon probe (MBP)-based real-time PCR assay for detection of vanA gene in surface waters and aquatic macrophyte. The limit of detection (LOD) of the MBP assay was 1 CFU/mL of VRE [r = 0.943; PCR efficiency = 99.7%] in 2-fold dilution format within 2.5 h and demonstrated high specificityfor environmental enterococci isolates exhibiting VanA phenotype (n=25). VRE were detected from downstream surface waters of the rivers impacted by point sources of pollution and recreational activities.The probe detected vanA gene in rootmat associated microbiota of E. crassipes (Mart) Solms. an aquatic nuisance weed, at eutrophic sites of the surface waters (ANOVA p0.001). In addition, the assay enabled detection of otherwise nondetectable vanA gene concentration in the upstream sites of two Indian rivers (Student's ttest p0.001). The MBP assay developed can be used for sensitive and rapid detection of VRE in surface waters and identification of nonpoint sources of pollution for implementation of preventive measures to protect human health.

Aims: To determine the occurrence of Escherichia coli harbouring virulence markers of shiga- or entero-toxins and resistance to antimicrobials in surface waters. Methods and Results: Surface water samples were collected at six locations of the river Gomti. E. coli isolates (n = 90) were characterized for their pathogenic potential using polymerase chain reaction to detect virulence genes as well as their sensitivity to antimicrobial agents using disc diffusion methods. In this study, 57·8% of E. coli isolates exhibited resistance to three or more antimicrobial agents. Sensitivity to cephotaxime, gentamicin and norfloxacin was observed in 7·8%, 48·9% and 77·8% of isolates, respectively. Both stx1 and stx2 genes were present in 15·6% of isolates while remaining isolates had either stx1 (17·8%) or stx2 (6·7%). The stx1 gene (33·3%) was more prevalent than stx2 (22·2%). The results indicate that the LT1 and ST1 genes were positive in 21·2% of isolates. Conclusions: The presence of multi-drug resistance and virulence genes in E. coli isolated from surface water being used for domestic and recreational purposes may result in waterborne outbreaks. Significance and Impact of the Study: The data will be useful in monitoring surface waters for forecasting and management of waterborne outbreaks.

Our studies showed that Kevetrin™, a small molecule currently under development, has potent antitumor activity in several wild type and mutant p53 human tumor xenografts e.g. A549, PC-3, MDA-MB-231, HT-29, NCI-H1975, HCT-15, K-562, LNCaP. To investigate the mechanism of action of its antitumor activity in different xenograft models, we assessed Kevetrin's effects on apoptosis and cell cycle progression. Rb-E2F and MDM2-p53 pathways are crucial regulators of cell cycle progression. Remarkably, both Rb-E2F and MDM2-p53 pathways are defective in most, if not all, human tumors. There is extensive crosstalk between the Rb-E2F and MDM2-p53 pathways, especially between the transcription factors E2F1 and p53, which influence vital cellular decisions. In wild type p53 human lung carcinoma (A549), Kevetrin showed a concentration dependent increase in activation of p53 by Western blot analysis. Activated p53 triggered apoptosis by inducing the expression of PUMA. Kevetrin also increased the expression of the target gene p21, an inhibitor of cell cycle progression. Kevetrin induced apoptosis in a transcriptional independent way by altering the E3 ligase processivity of MDM2. Kevetrin strongly induced apoptosis in multiple tumor cell lines characterized by activation of caspase3 and PARP. E2F1 is a pivotal transcription factor that integrates signals from a variety of G1/S phase regulators and modulates diverse functions, such as DNA synthesis, mitosis, apoptosis and senescence. E2F1 overexpression, observed in most tumors, is associated with tumor growth. Cells which overexpress E2F1 proved to be immune to induction of senescence. A recent study showed that depletion of E2F1 hinders cell cycle progression and induces senescence. Kevetrin down regulated E2F1 expression in various p53 wild type and mutant cell lines. Kevetrin also down regulated the E2F1 target gene thymidylate synthase (TS) in various tumor cell lines. Several reports have shown E2F1 overexpression correlates with TS expression. Effective inhibition of TS by Kevetrin could play a crucial role in tackling the problem of resistance. Kevetrin acting through both major pathways of tumor suppression, Rb-E2F and MDM2-p53, has far reaching consequences. Due to the complexity of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic pathways with multiple players involved and redundant signaling networks, blocking only one antiapoptotic factor may not result in robust antitumor activity. However, Kevetrin acts via multiple targets to produce potent efficacy in various xenograft tumor models. We have also demonstrated that Kevetrin is non-genotoxic. DNA damaging drugs result in rapid phosphorylation of H2A.X at Ser 139 by PI3K-like kinases; however, Kevetrin did not induce phosphorylation of H2A.X. Since Kevetrin was well-tolerated in GLP safety pharmacology and toxicity studies, we have submitted an IND application for a Phase I clinical trial at Dana Farber / Harvard Cancer Center for 2012. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2874. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2874

We have previously shown that Kevetrin, a small molecule currently under development, has potent antitumor activity in human multi-drug resistant carcinoma xenograft models while being well tolerated. To investigate the mechanism of action for its potent antitumor activity, we assessed Kevetrin's effect on apoptosis, cell cycle progression, including underlying molecular mechanisms. Here we report that Kevetrin strongly induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549) using the TUNEL assay and FACS analysis; similar results were observed using a human breast carcinoma cell line (MDA-MB-231). Treatment of A549 cells with 400 µM of Kevetrin for 48 hours resulted in G2/M phase cell cycle arrest that was associated with a marked decline in levels of G2/M regulatory proteins, including CDK1 and cdc25B, and increased expression of Wee1. Further, Kevetrin-mediated growth inhibition of A549 correlated with apoptosis induction that was characterized by cleavage of procaspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). The p53 tumor suppressor is a well characterized transcription factor controlling cell growth and apoptosis during times of cellular stress. The tumor suppressor p53 inhibits tumor growth primarily through its ability to induce apoptosis. In cancer development, the resistance of cells to apoptosis is one of the crucial steps. The reactivation of p53 in tumor cells should trigger massive apoptosis and eliminate the tumor. Interestingly, Kevetrin treatment caused enhanced activated p53 levels in A549 cells. Activation of p53 can lead to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Western blotting revealed a concentration dependent increase in phosphorylation of p53 at serine 15. The phosphorylation of p53 at serine 15 leads to reduced interaction between p53 and its negative regulator, the oncoprotein MDM2. We also found that Kevetrin increased expression of p53 target genes such as p21 (Waf1). The tumor suppressor protein p21 (Waf1) acts as inhibitor of cell cycle progression. Finally, we also found that p53 induced apoptosis by inducing the expression of PUMA. Our study shows that Kevetrin activates p53 functions in tumor cells. Thus Kevetrin is a strong candidate as an anticancer drug that targets p53. Based on our studies we plan to initiate a Phase I clinical trial in 2011. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4470. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4470

BackgroundSurface waters quality has declined in developing countries due to rapid industrialization and population growth. The microbiological quality of river Ganga, a life-sustaining surface water resource for large population of northern India, is adversely affected by several point and non-point sources of pollution. Further, untreated surface waters are consumed for drinking and various household tasks in India making the public vulnerable to water-borne diseases and outbreaks. Enterococci, the 'indicator' of water quality, correlates best with the incidence of gastrointestinal diseases as well as prevalence of other pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, this study aims to determine the distribution of species diversity, dissemination of antimicrobial-resistance and virulence-markers in enterococci with respect to rural-urban landscape along river Ganga in northern India.ResultsEnterococci density (χ2: 1900,df: 1;p< 0.0001) increased from up-to-down gradient sites in the landscape. Species diversity exhibit significant (χ2: 100.4,df: 20;p< 0.0001) and progressive distribution ofE. faecalis,E. faecium,E. duransandE. hiraedown the gradient. Statistically discernible (p: 0.0156 – < 0.0001) background pool of resistance and virulence was observed among differentEnterococcusspp. recovered from five sites in the up-to-down gradient landscape. A significant correlation was observed in the distribution of multiple-antimicrobial-resistance (viz., erythromycin-rifampicin-gentamicin-methicillin and vancomycin-gentamicin-streptomycin;rs: 0.9747;p: 0.0083) and multiple-virulence-markers (viz.,gelE+esp+;rs: 0.9747;p: 0.0083;gelE+efaA+;rs: 0.8944;p: 0.0417) among differentEnterococcusspp.ConclusionOur observations show prevalence of multiple-antimicrobial-resistance as well as multiple-virulence traits among differentEnterococcusspp. The observed high background pool of resistance and virulence in enterococci in river waters of populous countries has the potential to disseminate more alarming antimicrobial-resistant pathogenic bacteria of same or other lineage in the environment. Therefore, the presence of elevated levels of virulent enterococci with emerging vancomycin resistance in surface waters poses serious health risk in developing countries like India.

Several 5-benzoyl-2-thiobenzimidazole and 2-thiobenzimidazole aliphatic acids, esters, and N,N-dialkyl-carboxamides and thiocarboxamides were prepared by reacting bromo aliphatic acids, bromo aliphatic esters, and N,N-dialkylcarbamoyl or thiocarbamoyl chlorides with 5-benzoyl-2-thiobenzimidazole or 2-thiobenzimidazole in the presence of base. 2-Thiocarbomethoxy- and 2-thiocarboethoxybenzimidazole were prepared by the reaction of 2-thiobenzimidazole with methyl or ethyl chloroformate in the presence of base. However, the reaction of 5-benzoyl-2-thiobenzimidazole with ethyl chloroformate, afforded 5-benzoyl-2-ethylthiobenz-imidazole.

Various aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds were selectively and rapidly reduced to their corresponding amino derivatives in very good yield using anhydrous ammonium formate as a catalytic hydrogen transfer agent.

A series of methyl 2-substituted purine 8-carbamates was prepared and evaluated for antifilarial activity. These purines were synthesized as aza congeners of benzimidazole carbamates which have shown significant anthelminthic activity to determine the effect that this modification might have on anthelmintic activity. The compounds were tested against the filarial infection, B. pahangi, in jirds. None of the compounds prepared in this study demonstrated antifilarial activity

A number of 2,5-disubstituted benzimidazoles have been prepared from 2-benzyl-5-nitrobenzimidazole (5) and 2-p-fluorobenzyl-5-nitrobenzimidazole (6), and evaluated as potential antifilarial agents. None of the compounds prepared in this study have demonstrated any significant antifilarial activity.

Various tertiary N-methylated amines were synthesized by using a new reductive-carboxylation approach. Secondary amines, on carboxylation with carbon dioxide under moderate reaction conditions, afforded their corresponding carbamate esters, which, on in situ lithium aluminum hydride reduction, gave desired tertiary N-methylated amines in high yield.

A new rapid high yield synthesis of radiolabeled N′-(4-11C-methyl)imipramine has been developed using a reductive-carboxylation approach, in which 11CO2 is reacted with either N′-trimethylsilyldesimipramine or N′-lithium derivative of desimipramine, followed by lithium aluminum hydride reduction, to give no carrier added or carrier added11C-labeled imipramine respectively. The final product is characterized by chromatographic and spectroscopic methods.

In this paper we prove that under suitable restrictions on { p n } \{ {p_n}\} and the integral modulus of continuity of a function f of Wiener’s class the Fourier series of f is summable | N , p n | |N,{p_n}| .

A method is described for the synthesis of [1-11C]palmitic acid,in which 11CO2 is reacted with a Grignard reagent trapped within the pores of microporous polypropylene powder in a column. The free acid is liberated by passing gaseous HCl through the column. The apparatus is very simple, facilitating automation and miniaturization of the synthesis.