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Purpose During the early weeks of life optimization of nutrition in extremely preterm infants presents a critical opportunity to attenuate the adverse neurologic consequences of prematurity and potentially improve neurodevelopmental outcome. We hypothesized that the use of multicomponent lipid emulsion (MLE) in PN would be related to larger volume of the cerebellum on brain magnetic resonance at term of equivalent age (TEA) in extremely low birthweight (ELBW) infants. Methods We analyzed the brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) at TEA of a cohort of preterm infants with gestational age (GA) ≤28 weeks and/or birthweight (BW) Results MRIs at TEA of 34 infants were then analyzed: 17 in the MLE group and17 in the SLE group. The postmenstrual age (PMA) at which MRIs were performed were comparable between the two study groups. The CeV, as well as the PMA-corrected CeV, were significantly higher in the MLE group than in the SLE group. No difference was found among the other brain volumes considered. Conclusion Our results suggest that the use of MLE in PN could promote CeV growth in ELBW infants, valued with MRI at TEA.

In wheelchair tennis, the biomechanical-bioenergetic quantitative aspects involved are the fast force and maximum isometric propulsion force of the race medium. The problem encountered is to improve the propulsion force of the race medium, therefore the thrust force, to increase the strength of the upper limbs in the response to the service. The aim of the study is to verify the effects of a training with upper limb overloads on sports performance, in particular the response to the service. A sample of 30 paraplegic athletes, of an average age of 25 years, with a D8-D12 back injury, of the Open category, has been recruited. Athletes have been training with upper body overloads for 2 months with a frequency of 2 times a week. The 20m sprint test was executed after and before the two months. The T-test for dependent samples was used to detect the difference between the two groups (p < .05). Training with upper limb overloads showed a significant improvement (p < .05) of 42% in service response. According to the results, athletes from an average initial performance level of 5.2 have moved to an average level of 4.82, which corresponds to an almost excellent level. Overload training has proven effective in increasing fast strength in response to the technical gesture of the opponent's service.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the significance of concept of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation " Cognitive PNF " training in increasing muscle-tendon flexibility over the course of 4 weeks (8 training sessions) in a group of 10 participants aged between 13 and 14 years old, comparing it with another group of 10 participants of the same age, subjected instead to 8 sessions of static stretching. The 20 participants underwent a series of entrance tests, in order to identify the level of flexibility and relative joint mobility of the hip, lumbar spine and shoulder joints: Thomas test, hip extension test, lumbar spine flexion, shoulder range test. Subsequently, through the flexibility index, a lack of flexibility in the participants emerged. The statistical model used for both samples is the T-Test for dependent samples. In the control group, the value of the Stat t (-1.17) falls within the acceptance region which is given by the two-tailed critical t (-2.30; 2.30), therefore, the difference between two averages is not significant. In the experimental group, the value of the Stat t (-5.73) falls outside the acceptance region which is given by the two-tailed critical t (-2.26; 2.26), in other words, in the rejection region rejecting the null hypothesis which states that the difference between the two averages is not significant.

The game rules of team sports and the technical and tactical methods applicable to them are indispensable for practicing competitive sports. The correct competition arose from the automatic mechanism of the sanction following the infringement of a game rule which is also aided by the relational dynamics of the individual members of the group who demand the application of the rule to continue playing. The competition can also be self-regulated by the two groups who compete for the victory without even the decisive action of the referee as always happens in training activities. This phenomenon is found only in those contexts where the rule is necessary and alone sufficient to ensure the orderly development of activities. The objective of the study is to identify the significant elements of the handball game rules, and the related technical and tactical behaviours, to identify an inventory of significant behaviours. The method is documentary archival research for the analysis of the game rules of the team sport in question, and a subsequent comparative method between grids of indicators, descriptors and weights that classify rule, technique and tactics. The expected results will focus on the appropriate presence of the significant elements and the commonality or discrepancy between team sports. The data is useful for measuring the quantity of significant behaviours in order to qualitatively elaborate the value of each of them with respect to the other current behaviours of quantitative performance and establish the connections.

For some years, the Italian Tennis Federation has made use of the national didactic evaluation and learning quality certification system of the Fit Junior Program, geared at accompanying young students on an introductory path consisting of a series of steps, with the aim of dividing learning into goals. With respect to this program, the aim of this study is to observe the learning of tennis within a group of “Dolphin level” beginner children, of the Potenza Tennis Club. Attention was focused on the evaluation of five technical aspects: strikes with feet planted firmly on the ground; strikes by swinging the racket forward; also uses the non-dominant limb; shifts body weight from back to front; and strikes the ball at the right time. Each of them has been assigned a value between 1 (poor skill) and 5 (excellent skill), based on the skills acquired by the child during the five months of observation. The children underwent an evaluation both before and after the training period. Through the use of the Pearson correlation, it can be said that the working method carried out has made it possible to achieve positive results, confirming the effectiveness and validity of the Fit Junior Program.

The aim of the study is to identify a solution to the preliminary study of normal people's capacity of adjustment on a wheelchair in the context of basketball, a solution that fundamentally would also encourage the performance of people with disabilities. As the difficulties encountered in the previous study were mainly on the sitting and on the thrust of the wheelchair, the introduction of the new technological instrument already presented could be useful and meaningful: a chair characterized by the presence of an engine, like the one that distinguishes the electric skateboards of the new millennium, such as overboard and Segway, which work thanks to the displacement of the centre of gravity. Practically, shifting the weight of the bust in all directions (back, forward, right, left) translocations occur in space. Consequently, all this would not only favour the norm gifted athletes who at first impact have many difficulties in the conduction of the wheelchair, but also those who have more or less serious disabilities (especially people with amputation of the upper limbs). In fact, the presence of motor and sensors that allow to move the wheelchair only with the movement of the body centre of gravity, simplifies the performance of sports and makes it less expensive from the point of view of energy, as there would no longer be the need to have to push the mobile device manually.

The Back Pain is the most frequent osteoarticular disorder, representing, after the common cold, the most frequent human disease. Nearly 80% of the population is destined for a certain point of life to an entire low back pain. It affects men and women equally; it occurs more often between 30 and 50 years of age; it involves very high individual and social costs, in terms of diagnostic analyses and treatments, reduction in productivity and capacity to carry out daily activities. Over 95% of the problems have a mechanical cause underlying low back pain. The most common causes are the degenerative processes related to eternity in the intervertebral discs and in the facet joints. The aim is, through a survey with a questionnaire, to highlight the differences between subjects who practice physical activity, non-practicing and subjects who attend a postural back gymnastics course. The results show that the subjects subjected to the test, and who practice physical activity, suffer from back pain rarely (61%), the sedentary suffer from it sometimes (50%) and usually (50%). In conclusion, it was shown that the best form of prevention of back pain is physical exercise. The practice of a sport adapted to age and physical conditions serves to maintain good muscle tone, to safeguard bone structures. The sport practice is also useful to learn the correct movements during everyday life such as knowing how to lift a weight correctly from the ground or assume a correct posture.

The study of movement often contrasts complexity and reductionism. movement analysis helps to justify the reductionist model with data, aesthetic analysis contributes with the use of indicators, descriptors, weights. There is no evaluation model integrated with the contribution of perception to approach the evaluation with a more complex model. The aim of the study is to measure the motor skills of jumping, speed of execution, reaction times and agility, with a global view of the movement in addition to the whole of the individual acts to consider that the various destructured unit values are inseparable elements of a single set and which, according to the non-linear complexity, are mutually determined. The method is experimental research through the recruitment of data with questionnaires and surveys prepared with the Google Forms platform and the evaluation of motor gestures with technological tools: Optojump Next. The sample is represented by a group of 25 students of the three-year bachelor’s degree in Exercise Science from the University of Salerno, aged between 20 and 27 years. the results of the initial data confirm the impossibility of breaking down the movement into simpler parts in order to understand how it works because it emerges that the movement must be considered in its entirety. the integrated use of quantitative biomechanical and qualitative educational evaluation can be achieved with self-assessment and enabling self-esteem. In conclusion, the study can be useful for identifying the areas of performance to be analysed in order to form the physical and sport educational professional skills most dedicated to evaluation.

In Italy, degree courses in Sports Sciences were born in 2001, first in didactic organization of the old system, then specialistic courses were added and, finally, only in 2007 master's degree courses took place. Originally born only in a few locations, these degree courses have progressively developed throughout national territory. They are three different types: -Management of sport and motor activities (LM-47); - Sciences and Techniques of Preventive and Adapted Motor Activities (LM-67); - Sports Sciences and Techniques (LM-68). In the previous study, “Preliminary study on the master’s degree in sciences of Sports Evaluation and Sport for disabled at University of Salerno”, was analysed the development, over last four years, of study plans and educational objectives exclusively of the LM-68 course of Salerno’s University. The objective of this new study is to analyse Professional Profile, Istat Codes and Student’s Opinion, to see if the specific educational objectives of all 17 Italian master's degree courses in Sport Science and Techniques are consistent with each other. In this way we could check if there could be improvements. The method used for this second survey is the archive research, with an official documentary analysis and with references to the statistical surveys extrapolated from AlmaLaurea consortium. Results appear extremely heterogeneous due to the total university autonomy, but this doesn’t help cooperation, despite the law prescribes obligations to bring out uniformity. Therefore, coordination actions are considered appropriate to make the training more uniform than the current one.

Technological development in recent times has had a rapid spread in various sports to have an improvement in equipment, training methods and performance of athletes through the use of tools. Although in volleyball a good use of video analysis is expected, it is not connected with other technologies. Previous studies have shown that the use of the technological tool, Power Glowe, is able to collect information on force, precision, time impact and direction of the hit when jumping and on the ground. The purpose of the study is to connect and compare the functions of video analysis with those related to the Power Glowe with the actual data on strength, speed, accuracy and tests to assess the effectiveness of the service on a sample divided into 2 groups of female athletes, one from 12 to 16 years and the other from 18 to 26 years old with the aim of comparing the data recruited in a different way. In conclusion, we want to integrate individual methods of data recruitment to optimize the analysis and consequently the evaluation.

The aim of the study is to measure the ability to react to a specific stimulus, which in this study can be acoustic or visual. The acquired data allowed us to evaluate two parameters, called: reaction time and action time. The test considers movement in its entirety, trying to identify the mechanisms that allowed the creation of the gesture, even going back to the sensitive phases of motor learning. The various capacities that contribute to the structure of a given motor gesture are considered as inseparable elements of a single project that, in a continuous and non-linear way, influence each other. The method is an experimental research through the recruitment of data with questionnaires and surveys prepared with the Google Forms platform and the evaluation of motor gestures with a technological tool: Optojump Next. The sample is represented by a group of 25 students of the three-year bachelor’s degree in Exercise Science from the University of Salerno, aged between 20 and 27 years. The results of the initial data confirm the impossibility of breaking down the movement into simpler parts in order to understand how it works because it emerges that the movement must be considered in its entirety. The integrated use of quantitative biomechanical and qualitative educational evaluation can be achieved with self-assessment and enabled self-esteem. The results seem to confirm the close relationship between skills possessed and learned in the appropriate stages. In conclusion, the study can be useful to identify performance’s area to be analysed in order to form the motor-sporting educational professional skills most dedicated to evaluation.