Search

Unique lately, versatile administrations have grown quickly and customary satellite-earthbound Networks have been not able to help them.We are confronted with the issues of how to find portable terminals precisely and process the information we gathered rapidly to diminish correspondence pressure. To tackle this issue, this paper concentrates on a pointing and following strategy in light of man-made reasoning for versatile stations and terminals in satellite-earthbound organization, to ensure that our versatile stations and terminals would be able access best receiving wire signal and experience the ill effects of different stations or terminals. A man-made intelligence based self-learning (ASL) network system is intended to help sifting and right unique testing information, portable following of versatile stations and terminals, and unaided satellite determination and receiving wire change plot. Profound learning of authentic data information of stations and terminals to accomplish continuous pointing and following, and foresee the dispersion of stations and terminals sooner or later in the future. At last, the ASL is contrasted with existing frameworks with measure their usefulness andconvenience.

A peer-to-peer version of electronic cash would allow online payments to be sent from one party to the other without contacting the financial institutions. We use the blockchain paradigm with cryptographically secured transactions. Here we are considering Bitcoin, the largest owned cryptocurrency in the market. We will tackle this by taking inspiration from previous cryptocurrency problems and providing a helpful solution to satisfy the requirements. Our currency's name is Krono Coin, and it works on the algorithm of "Proof of Work." It uses blockchain to tackle real work problems and business application solutions. Our objective is to build a platform where people would beable to mine cryptocurrency. Once hitting the desired mark, people would be able to use this coin as a means of transaction in real life. We implement a wallet system for people to store their currency. This, if implemented with other wallets, will help people exchange, trade, and buy/sell other currencies.

Dyskeratosis congenita (DC) is a pediatric bone marrow failure syndrome caused by germline mutations in telomere biology genes. Mutations in DKC1 (the most commonly mutated gene in DC), the 3′ region of TERC, and poly(A)-specific ribonuclease (PARN) cause reduced levels of the telomerase RNA component (TERC) by reducing its stability and accelerating TERC degradation. We have previously shown that depleting wild-type DKC1 levels by RNA interference or expression of the disease-associated A353V mutation in the DKC1 gene leads to decay of TERC, modulated by 3′-end oligoadenylation by noncanonical poly(A) polymerase 5 (PAPD5) followed by 3′ to 5′ degradation by EXOSC10. Furthermore, the constitutive genetic silencing of PAPD5 is sufficient to rescue TERC levels, restore telomerase function, and elongate telomeres in DKC1_A353V mutant human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Here, we tested a novel PAPD5/7 inhibitor (RG7834), which was originally discovered in screens against hepatitis B viral loads in hepatic cells. We found that treatment with RG7834 rescues TERC levels, restores correct telomerase localization in DKC1 and PARN-depleted cells, and is sufficient to elongate telomeres in DKC1_A353V hESCs. Finally, treatment with RG7834 significantly improved definitive hematopoietic potential from DKC1_A353V hESCs, indicating that the chemical inhibition of PAPD5 is a potential therapy for patients with DC and reduced TERC levels.

Valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) batteries are traditionally classified on the basis of gel and absorptive glass mat (AGM) separators. To fulfill the desired functions of AGM batteries, a key design feature of the separator relies on the uptake of the electrolyte in shortest transport time. Herein, we present a three-dimensional (3D) analytical model to predict the fastest electrolyte uptake in AGM separators based upon the optimal set of fiber and structural parameters. The predictive model has utilized 3D data of fiber orientation in AGM separators, obtained via X-ray micro-computed tomography analysis. Such realistic structural information of AGM has assisted in simulating the separators made up of cheaper coarser glass fibers, which was subsequently benchmarked with the experimental samples consisting of finer fibers for attaining the fastest electrolyte uptake. Through theoretical modeling, a design criterion has successfully evolved for the fastest electrolyte uptake by mapping the key effects of the fiber diameter, 3D fiber orientation distribution and porosity of AGM separators. In general, high-density AGM separators comprising of preferentially aligned coarser fibers tend to attain the fastest electrolyte uptake.

Electrospun mats with targeted wettability are a way forward to diversify their mainstream applications and can facilitate in creating a platform for a remarkable set of properties. Limited control over the fiber morphology and surface chemistry, along with the complex architecture of electrospun mats, pose some of the key challenges for maneuvering the wettability. Herein, we present the design principles that underpin the key determinants responsible for a metastable state of a water droplet on electrospun mats possessing wrinkled surface topography. A ‘first-of-its-kind’ analytical model of apparent contact angle based on the modified Cassie-Baxter state has been proposed that accounts for the dual-scale roughness originating from fiber wrinkles and protuberances created by fiber–fiber contacts. Three-dimensional (3D) fiber and structural parameters obtained via X-ray microcomputed tomography (microCT) analysis served as key inputs for predictive modeling. The analytical model of the apparent advancing and receding contact angles has been validated with electrospun mats having well-defined orientation characteristics. In general, the theory and experiments are in reasonable agreement. Although similar magnitudes of static and advancing contact angles of water on surfaces of randomly and aligned electrospun mats have been experimentally observed, the receding contact angles differed significantly.

Hydatid cysts can be found in almost any organ of the body with the most common sites being liver, lung, spleen, and kidney. A pancreatic hydatid cyst is rare but an isolated pancreatic hydatid cyst is even rarer. Cysts in the head of pancreas usually present with jaundice, whereas cysts located in the body and tail are usually asymptomatic. We present a rare case of isolated pancreatic hydatid cyst that presented with acute pancreatitis and mimicked a pancreatic fluid collection.

Background Microscopic colitis (MC) remains an elusive cause of chronic diarrhea. Histopathology is a gold standard with variable yield. The OCTT and concomitant lactose intolerance in these cases may aid to understand the complex symptoms. We used Hydrogen(H2) breath tests (H2BT) for detecting SIBO (Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth), Lactose intolerance and calculation of oro-cecal transit time (OCTT). Methods 43 MC patients [mean age - 45.83(±15.92] and 10 controls were studied. Among these, 37(86%) patients with MC & 9 (90%) controls underwent breath tests. SIBO was diagnosed with glucose H2BT. For confirmation, we took rise ≥12 ppm over fasting value in H2 concentration within 2hours of glucose ingestion Lactulose H2BT was done to calculate OCTT. Time taken for rising in breath hydrogen by ≥12ppm over baseline value in two consecutive readings was considered as OCTT. For lactose breath test, 15 minutes samples were taken up to 4 hours. A ≥20 ppm rise over fasting value in H2concentration in two consecutive readings was considered intolerance Results Four(9.5%) patients of SIBO in Glucose H2BT were enrolled in controls. Mean (+ SD) OCTT in cases of MC vs controls was 130.38±47.95 mins and 97.14±48.55 mins (p= 0.109) respectively. Thus OCTT increased in 73% cases of MC vs 43% controls. Also, in the MC group, 9(28.1%) patients were lactose intolerant while vs 3(42.9%) controls (p= 0.654). Thus a significant 28% MC patients were lactose intolerant possibly aggravating symptoms Conclusions Lactose intolerance has lesser prevalence in cases of microscopic colitis. These patients were also detected to have paradoxically prolonged OCTT excluding the role of small bowel in diarrheal symptoms

Background Chronic diarrhea due to Microscopic colitis (MC) is often overlooked. Restriction of disease to the colon is still unclear, and on drawing analogies from Idiopathic Ulcerative Colitis any proximal disease extension may have bearing on treatment regimes. We evaluated terminal ileum using narrow band imaging (NBI), high definition white light endoscopy (HDWLE) and histopathological findings on biopsy Methods 53 adults with suspected MC were enrolled. All underwent colonoscopy with ileal intubation. Segmental colonic and terminal ileum biopsies were obtained using HDWLE and NBI. Same were analysed by expert gastrointestinal histopathologist Results In 43 patients of confirmed MC, HDWLE of ileum was normal. On NBI, intravillous capillary network was regular unbranched with semi-circular pattern in 41(95.4%) of patients of MC and in all controls. It was sparse and irregular in 2(4.7%) cases. Peyer’s patch domes were indistinct in 5(9.4%), normal in 38(88.4%) cases and normal in all controls (p = 0.570). Peyer’s patch vessels were regular and unbranched in 38(88.4%) cases and all controls. They were sparse and irregular in 5 cases (11.6%) (p = 0.570). Ileal histopathology revealed normal villi in 39 (90.6%) cases, 4 had partial villous atrophy. The crypt villous ratio was grouped as 1:1.5, 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5 in 2 (4.6), 26 (60.4),11 (25.5%) and 4 (9.3) respectively. Lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate was grouped as mild, moderate and severe, and observed in 10 (23.2%), 2 (4.6%) and 1 (2.3%) patient respectively Conclusions Ileal NBI findings in MC are hitherto unreported, with up to 12% showing abnormalities. Histologically up to 23% showed abnormalities in ileal biopsies. Ileal pathology may contribute to certain symptoms in MC

Background Ileo-cecal ulcers could result from a number of conditions including intestinal tuberculosis and Crohn’s disease. We report the use of GeneXpert Mtb/Rif in the diagnosis of ITB in patients with ileo-cecal ulcers. Methods One year retrospective study involving patients with ileo-cecal ulcers who underwent GeneXpert Mtb/Rif from the intestinal biopsies taken from ulcers. The results of the test were compared with the final diagnosis. We divided the patients into two groups: those with a final diagnosis of ITB and those with a final diagnosis other than ITB (OTH). Results Of the 40 patients with ileo-cecal ulcers included, 23 (57.5%) were females and the mean age was 32.92±12.78 years. Abdominal pain was present in 33 (88.5%) patients and diarrhea in 12 (30%). Out of 40 patients, 25 had ITB and 15 patients were in the OTH group. The sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, the positive predictive value and accuracy of GeneXpert-Mtb/Rif for diagnosis of ITB was 32% (CI: 14.95–53.50%), 100% (78.2–100), 46.88% (40.27–53.59%), 100 & 57.50 (40.89–72.89)% respectively. Conclusions A positive GeneXpert-Mtb/Rif is helpful in the diagnosis of ITB but the sensitivity is low.

Reduced levels of TERC, the telomerase RNA component, cause dyskeratosis congenita (DC) in patients harboring mutations in TERC, PARN, NOP10, NHP2, NAF1, or DKC1. Inhibition of the noncanonical poly(A) polymerase PAPD5, or the exosome RNA degradation complex, partially restores TERC levels in immortalized DKC1 mutant cells, but it remains unknown if modulation of posttranscriptional processing of TERC could improve hematopoietic output in DC. We used human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) with a common dyskerin mutation (DKC1_A353V), which have defective telomere maintenance and reduced definitive hematopoietic potential, to understand the effects of reducing EXOSC3 activity, or silencing PAPD5-mediated oligoadenylation, on hematopoietic progenitor specification and function in DC. Reduction of EXOSC3 or PAPD5 levels in DKC1 mutant hESCs led to functional improvements in TERC levels and telomerase activity, with concomitant telomere elongation and reduced levels of DNA damage signaling. Interestingly, the silencing of PAPD5, but not EXOSC3, significantly restored definitive hematopoietic potential in DKC1 mutant cells. Mechanistically, we show that PAPD5 inhibition is sustained in differentiated CD34+ cells, with a concomitant increase in mature, functional, forms of TERC, indicating that regulation of PAPD5 is a potential strategy to reverse hematologic dysfunction in DC patients.

A key aspect of cellular function is the proper assembly and utilization of ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). Recent studies have shown that hyper- or hypo-assembly of various RNPs can lead to human diseases. Defects in the formation of RNPs lead to "RNP hypo-assembly diseases", which can be caused by RNA degradation out-competing RNP assembly. By contrast, excess RNP assembly, either in higher-order RNP granules, or due to the expression of repeat-containing RNAs, can lead to "RNP hyper-assembly diseases”. Here, we discuss the most recent advances in understanding the cause of disease onset, as well as potential therapies from the aspect of modulating RNP assembly in the cell, which presents a novel route to the treatment of these diseases.

Mutations in the human telomerase RNA component (hTR), the telomerase ribonucleoprotein component dyskerin (DKC1) and the poly(A) RNase (PARN) can lead to reduced levels of hTR and to dyskeratosis congenita (DC). However, the enzymes and mechanisms responsible for hTR degradation are unknown. We demonstrate that defects in dyskerin binding lead to hTR degradation by PAPD5-mediated oligoadenylation, which promotes 3'-to-5' degradation by EXOSC10, as well as decapping and 5'-to-3' decay by the cytoplasmic DCP2 and XRN1 enzymes. PARN increased hTR levels by deadenylating hTR, thereby limiting its degradation by EXOSC10. Telomerase activity and proper hTR localization in dyskerin- or PARN-deficient cells were rescued by knockdown of DCP2 and/or EXOSC10. Prevention of hTR RNA decay also led to a rescue of localization of DC-associated hTR mutants. These results suggest that inhibition of RNA decay pathways might be a useful therapy for some telomere pathologies.

The valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) battery is a predominant electrochemical storage system that stores energy in a cheap, reliable and recyclable manner for innumerable applications. The absorptive glass mat (AGM) separator is a key component, which is pivotal for the successful functioning of the VRLA battery. Herein, the intricate three-dimensional (3D) porous structure of AGM separators has been unveiled using X-ray micro-computed tomography (microCT) analysis. X-ray microCT has quantified a variety of fiber and structural parameters including fiber orientation, porosity, tortuosity, pore size distribution, pore interconnectivity and pore volume distribution. A predictive model of hydraulic tortuosity has been developed based upon some of these fiber and structural parameters. Moreover, the pore size distribution extracted via X-ray microCT analysis has served as a benchmark for making a comparison with the existing analytical model of the pore size distribution of AGM separators. Pore size distributions obtained via the existing analytical model and through X-ray microCT analysis are in close agreement.

PARN loss-of-function mutations cause a severe form of the hereditary disease dyskeratosis congenita (DC). PARN deficiency affects the stability of non-coding RNAs such as human telomerase RNA (hTR), but these effects do not explain the severe disease in patients. We demonstrate that PARN deficiency affects the levels of numerous miRNAs in human cells. PARN regulates miRNA levels by stabilizing either mature or precursor miRNAs by removing oligo(A) tails added by the poly(A) polymerase PAPD5, which if remaining recruit the exonuclease DIS3L or DIS3L2 to degrade the miRNA. PARN knockdown destabilizes multiple miRNAs that repress p53 translation, which leads to an increase in p53 accumulation in a Dicer-dependent manner, thus explaining why PARN-defective patients show p53 accumulation. This work also reveals that DIS3L and DIS3L2 are critical 3' to 5' exonucleases that regulate miRNA stability, with the addition and removal of 3' end extensions controlling miRNA levels in the cell.

Subdural haematoma (SDH) is the collection of blood below the inner layer of the dura but external to the brain and the arachnoid membrane. It is the most common type of traumatic intracranial mass lesion seen. Chronic subdural haematoma (CSDH) usually presents with headache, fluctuating level of consciousness, falls, seizures, focal or transient neurological deficits and hemiparesis1 (Table 1). Isolated third nerve palsy is a common presentation of intracranial aneurysms, diabetes mellitus, trauma and in chronic lymphocytic meningeal infiltration. Subdural haematomas presenting with an isolated unilateral oculomotor paralysis, without any other notable signs or symptoms, except for mild headache, however, are very unusual. To the best of our knowledge it has been reported only thrice earlier in literature.2–4 Table 1 Presentations of chronic subdural haematoma.1 Here we report one such rare case of CSDH in a relatively young individual who presented with unilateral complete third nerve palsy as the only presenting sign and a normal level of consciousness.

Loss-of-function mutations in 3'-to-5' exoribonucleases have been implicated in hereditary human diseases. For example, PARN mutations cause a severe form of dyskeratosis congenita (DC), wherein PARN deficiency leads to human telomerase RNA instability. Since the DC phenotype in PARN patients is even more severe than that of loss-of-function alleles in telomerase components, we hypothesized that PARN would also be required for the stability of other RNAs. Here, we show that PARN depletion reduces the levels of abundant human Y RNAs, which might contribute to the severe phenotype of DC observed in patients. Depletion of PAPD5 or the cytoplasmic exonuclease DIS3L rescues the effect of PARN depletion on Y RNA levels, suggesting that PARN stabilizes Y RNAs by removing oligoadenylated tails added by PAPD5, which would otherwise recruit DIS3L for Y RNA degradation. Through deep sequencing of 3' ends, we provide evidence that PARN can also deadenylate the U6 and RMRP RNAs without affecting their levels. Moreover, we observed widespread posttranscriptional oligoadenylation, uridylation, and guanylation of U6 and Y RNA 3' ends, suggesting that in mammalian cells, the formation of a 3' end for noncoding RNAs can be a complex process governed by the activities of various 3'-end polymerases and exonucleases.

Growth of wireless technologies with its increased user demands of applications makes this area more vulnerable for attackers and intruders. The attacker continuously trying to affects the communication and getting the benefits from gamming the network with higher data drop rates. Among them, the most famous and dangerous attacks is blackhole by which a node starts dropping a data and behaving as a normal node. During the last few years various solutions are provided for overcoming the active and passive blackhole detection and termed as malicious node detections. Any node, affecting the actual performance or operation of network will be termed as malicious node and blackhole is its one category. The existing mechanism only detects the static blackhole attacks but is not capable to detect sudden change in the behavior of node from legitimate to malicious. Thus this paper proposes a CTV (Consistent Trust Value) mechanism based on some of the performance parameter analysis such as PDR, throughput, delays and TTL values by which timely triggered and normal blackhole node is detected with higher accuracy. By regular analysis those improper behaviour is detected in timely manner and reduces the probability of data drops. At the initial level of evaluation the approach is proving its strong presence among the existing methods. Index Terms: MANET (Mobile Ad-Hoc Network), AODV, Routing, Attacks, Timely Triggered Blackhole, CTV (Consistent Trust Value), Reliable Path

The accurate biogenesis of RNA–protein complexes is a key aspect of eukaryotic cells. Defects in Sm protein complex binding to snRNAs are known to reduce levels of snRNAs, suggesting an unknown quality control system for small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) assembly. snRNA quality control may also be relevant in spinal muscular atrophy, which is caused by defects in the survival motor neuron ( SMN ) 1 gene, an assembly factor for loading the Sm complex on snRNAs and, when severely reduced, can lead to reduced levels of snRNAs and splicing defects. To determine how assembly-defective snRNAs are degraded, we first demonstrate that yeast U1 Sm-mutant snRNAs are degraded either by Rrp6- or by Dcp2-dependent decapping/5′-to-3′ decay. Knockdown of the decapping enzyme DCP2 in mammalian cells also increases the levels of assembly-defective snRNAs and suppresses some splicing defects seen in SMN-deficient cells. These results identify a conserved mechanism of snRNA quality control, and also suggest a general paradigm wherein the phenotype of an “RNP assembly disease” might be suppressed by inhibition of a competing RNA quality control mechanism.

Dengue fever is the most prevalent form of flavivirus infection in humans. Borne by the Aedes mosquito, the infection is endemic in more than 100 countries mostly in the developing world and those around the tropics and the warm temperate regions of the world. The highest incidence occurs in Southeast Asia, India, and the American tropics. Worldwide more than 100 million people are infected annually.1 Recent studies indicate that the clinical profile of dengue is changing, and that neurological manifestations are now being reported more frequently, though their exact incidence is uncertain.2 Ocular findings in dengue fever were also considered rare previously. However now, a wide spectrum of ocular manifestations ranging from mild non-specific symptoms to severe retinal hemorrhages, are being regularly reported.3,4 However, abducens nerve involvement, manifesting with lateral rectus paralysis following dengue is so rare that it has only been reported once, earlier in literature.5