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Background Physical restraint has been commonly indicated to patients with brain dysfunction in neurocritical care. The effect of physical restraints on outcomes of critically ill adults remains controversial as no randomized controlled trials have compared its safety and efficacy, and the association between physical restraint requirement and neurological outcome in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has not been fully examined. The aim of this study was to examine the association between physical restraint requirement and neurological outcomes in patients with SAH. Methods A single-center, retrospective study was conducted on patients with acute phase SAH treated for > 72 h in the intensive care unit from 2014 to 2020. Patients were divided into three groups based on the amount of time required for physical restraint during the first 24–72 h after admission: no, intermittent, and continuous use of physical restraint. Unfavorable neurologic outcome, assessed using the modified Rankin scale upon hospital discharge, has been considered as primary end point. Results Overall, 101 patients were included in the study, with 52 patients (51.5%) having unfavorable neurological outcomes. Among them, 46 patients (45.5%) did not use physical restraint, and 55 (54.5%) patients used physical restraint during the first 24–72 h after admission: 26 (25.7%) intermittent and 29 (28.7%) continuous. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that continuous use of physical restraint during the first 24–72 h after admission was significantly associated with unfavorable neurological outcomes in patients with SAH (odds ratio, 3.54; 95% confidence interval, 1.05–13.06; p = 0.042) compared with no physical restraint. Conclusions Continuous use of physical restraint during the first 24–72 h after admission was more significantly associated with unfavorable neurological outcomes than no physical restraint among patients with SAH during the acute phase.

BackgroundThe association between physical restraint requirement and neurological outcome in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has not been fully examined. The aim of this study was to examine the association between physical restraint and neurological outcomes in patients with SAH.MethodsA single-center, retrospective study was conducted on patients with acute phase SAH treated for >72 h in the intensive care unit from 2014 to 2020. Patients were divided into three groups based on the amount of time required for physical restraint during the first 24–72 h after admission: no，intermittent，and continuous use of physical restraint. Unfavorable neurologic outcome, assessed using the modified Rankin scale upon hospital discharge, has been considered as primary end-point.ResultsOverall, 101 patients were included in the study, with 52 patients (51.5%) having unfavorable neurological outcomes. Among them, 46 patients (45.5%) did not use physical restraint, and 55 (54.5%) patients used physical restraint during the first 24–72 h after admission: 26 (25.7%) intermittent and 29 (28.7%) continuous. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that continuous use of physical restraint during the first 24–72 h after admission compared to no physical restraint was significantly associated with unfavorable neurological outcomes in patients with SAH (odds ratio [OR], 3.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02–11.54; p = 0.045]).ConclusionsContinuous use of physical restraint during the first 24–72 h after admission was more significantly associated with unfavorable neurological outcomes than no physical restraint among patients with SAH during the acute phase.

We investigated the properties of pulse propagation on nonlinear traveling-wave field effect transistors (TW-FET) to develop a method for amplifying short electrical pulses. TW-FETs are a special type of FET whose electrodes are employed not only as electrical contacts but also as transmission lines. Due to the presence of electromagnetic couplings between the gate and drain lines, two different propagation modes called the c mode and π mode are developed on a TW-FET. Moreover, the Schottky contact beneath the gate electrode creates an ideal source of nonlinearity for soliton-like propagation. We can design the TW-FET to amplify only soliton-like pulses carried by one of the two modes and attenuate the ones carried by the other mode. This paper discusses the fundamental properties of a nonlinear TW-FET, including the width and velocity of a soliton-like pulse carried by c and π modes, and gives design criteria of amplification of soliton-like pulses.