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11. Hydrogen elimination from the dissociation of methyl-substituted silanes on tungsten and tantalum surfaces

Author

Toukabri, R. and Shi, Y.J.

Subjects
Chemical vapor deposition -- Analysis, Tungsten -- Analysis, Mass spectrometry -- Analysis, Ionization -- Analysis, Silane -- Analysis -- Chemical properties, Chemistry
Abstract

The elimination of [H.sub.2] from the dissociation of four methyl-substituted silane molecules, including monomethylsilane (MMS), dimethylsilane (DMS), trimethylsilane (TriMS), and tetramethylsilane (TMS), on a heated tungsten or tantalum filament surface has been studied using laser ionization mass spectrometry. Two complementary ionization methods, i.e., single photon ionization (SPI) using a vacuum ultraviolet wavelength at 118 nm (10.5 eV) and a dual ionization source incorporating both 10.5 eV SPI and laser-induced electron ionization, were employed to detect the production of [H.sub.2]. Examination of the intensity of the [H.sub.2.sup.+] peak from the four molecules has shown that it increases with temperature until reaching a plateau at around 2000- 2100°C on both tungsten and tantalum filaments. These methyl-substituted silanes are dissociatively adsorbed on tungsten and tantalum surfaces by Si-H bond cleavage, and as the temperature is raised, by C-H bond rupture. Experiments with the isotopomers of MMS, DMS, and TriMS have shown that the formation of [H.sub.2] follows the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism where two adsorbed hydrogen atoms on metal surfaces recombine to produce [H.sub.2]. The determined activation energy ([E.sub.a]) for [H.sub.2] formation from MMS, DMS, and TriMS, in the range of 58.2-93.4 kJ [mol.sup.-1], has been found to increase with the number of methyl substitutions in the precursor molecule. Comparison of these [E.sub.a] values with the reported values of 51.1-78.8 kJ [mol.sup.-1] for the methyl radical formation from the same three precursor molecules has led to the conclusion that the initial Si-H bond cleavage in the dissociative adsorption of MMS, DMS, and TriMS is the rate-limiting step for the formation of both [H.sub.2] molecules and - C[H.sub.3] radicals. Key words: [H.sub.2] elimination, methyl-substituted silanes, tungsten and tantalum surfaces, laser ionization mass spectrometry, chemical vapor deposition. Nous avons etudie, au moyen de la spectrometrie de masse par ionisation laser, l'elimination d'[H.sub.2] resultant de la dissociation de quatre molecules a substituants methyliques, le monomethylsilane (MMS), le dimethylsilane (DMS), le trimethylsilane (TriMS) et le tetramethylsilane (TMS), chauffees sur une surface de filament de tungstene ou de tantale. Nous avons employe deux methodes d'ionisation complementaires, soit l'ionisation monophotonique a l'aide de rayons ultraviolets sous vide a la longueur d'onde de 118 nm (10,5 eV) et l'ionisation a deux sources integrant a la fois l'ionisation monophotonique a 10,5 eV et l'ionisation electronique induite par laser, en vue de detecter la production de [H.sub.2]. En examinant l'intensite des pics d'[H.sub.2.sup.+] des quatre molecules, nous avons observe que celle-ci augmente en fonction de la temperature, jusqu';! ce que cette derniere atteigne un plateau se situant autour de 2000-2100°C, tant pour les filaments de tungstene que pour ceux de tantale. Ces silanes a substituants methyliques sont adsorbes sur les surfaces de tungstene et de tantale par dissociation de la liaison Si-H et, a mesure que la temperature augmente, par rupture de la liaison C-H. Des experiences menees avec les isotopomeres de MMS, DMS et TriMS ont indique que la formation d'[H.sub.2] se produit selon le mecanisme de Langmuir-Hinshelwood, oU deux atomes d'hydrogene adsorbes sur la surface des metaux se recombinent pour former d'[H.sub.2]. Nous avons determine que l'energie d'activation ([E.sub.a]) pour la formation d'[H.sub.2] a partir du MMS, du DMS et du TriMS se situait entre 58,2 et 93,4 kJ [mol.sup.-1] et avons observe qu'elle augmentait avec le nombre de substituants methyliques sur la molecule de depart. En comparant ces valeurs d'[E.sub.a] avec les valeurs publiees (51,1-78,8 kJ [mol.sup.-1]) pour la formation du radical methyle a partir des memes molecules de depart, nous sommes arrives a la conclusion que le clivage initial de la liaison Si-H dans le processus d'adsorption dissociative du MMS, du DMS et du TriMS constitue l'etape limitante de la formation des molecules d'[H.sub.2] et des radicaux -C[H.sub.3]. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : elimination d'hydrogene moleculaire, silanes a substituants methyliques, surfaces de tungstene et de tantale, spectrometrie de masse par ionisation laser, depot chimique en phase vapeur., Introduction Hydrogen, especially atomic hydrogen, is perhaps the most critical determinant for the purity and growth rate of diamond thin films by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods. (1) Several groups [...]

Published
2016
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18. Asymmetrically distorted structures of monosilacyclobutane and disilacyclobutane radical cations studied by ab initio and density functional theories

Author

Cai, Z.J. and Shi, Y.J.

Subjects
Cations -- Structure -- Chemical properties -- Research, Chemical structure -- Research, Chemistry
Abstract

The geometrical and electronic structures of a series of six monosilacyclobutane and 1,3-disilacyclobutane radical cations were systematically studied using ab initio and density functional theories. It was shown that all six radical cations possess an asymmetrically distorted structure in their ground electronic states. In the asymmetrically distorted [C.sub.1] structure of monosilacyclobutane cations, one Si--C bond was elongated and the other was shortened. For the disilacyclobutane cations, two ring bonds were elongated and the other two contracted. The asymmetrical distortion was enhanced by exocyclic methyl substitutions and weakened by endocyclic Si substitution. The unpaired electron was localized mainly in the elongated cc(Si--C) ring bond(s) in all six cations. Studies of the excited electronic states of the cations provided strong support that the asymmetrical distortion in the four-membered-ring cations originates from the second-order Jahn--Teller effect. It was found that the puckered ring structures in the monosilacyclobutane molecules were maintained upon ionization, whereas 1,3-disilacyclobutane cations changed to a planar ring structure. Examination of the potential energy surfaces of all six cations showed that the Si--C ring bond elongation is the main contributor to the significant difference in the geometry change between monosilacyclobutane and disilacyclobutane species upon ionization. Key words: silacyclobutane, radical cation, second-order Jahn--Teller effect, potential energy surfaces, structures. Faisant appel a des calculs theoriques ab initio et d'autres derives de la theorie de la fonctionnelle de la densite, on a fait une etude systematique des structures geometriques et electroniques d'une serie de six cations radicaux derives de monosilacyclobutanes et 1,3-disilacyclobutanes. Il a ete permis de demontre que, dans leurs etats electroniques fondamentaux, ces six cations radicaux possedent une structure avec distorsion asymetrique. Dans la structure [C.sub.1] a distorsion asymetrique des cations radicaux du monosilacyclobutane, une des liaisons Si--C est allongee alors que l'autre est raccourcie. Dans le cas des cations radicaux du disilacyclobutane, les deux liaisons du cycle sont allongees alors que les deux autres sont contractees. La distorsion asymetrique est rehaussee par des substitutions de groupes methyles exocycliques et affaiblie par une substitution endocyclique du silicium. Pour chacun des six cations radicaux, l'electron non apparie est principalement localise dans les liaisons allongees c (Si--C) du cycle. Les etudes des etats electroniques excites des cations radicaux supportent fortement la distorsion dans les cations radicaux des cycles a quatre chainons qui trouvent leur origine dans l'effet Jahn--Teller du deuxieme ordre. On a trouve que les structures repliees des cycles des molecules de monosilacyclobutane sont maintenues lors de l'ionisation alors que celles des cations radicaux derives du 1,3-disilacyclobutane se transforment en une structure dans laquelle le cycle est plan. L'examen des surfaces d'energie potentielle des six cations radicaux montre que l'elongation de la liaison Si--C du cycle est la principale cause de la difference significative dans le changement de geometrie entre les especes monosilacyclobutanes et disilacyclobutanes lors de leur ionisation. Mots-cles : silacyclobutane, cation radical, effet Jahn--Teller du deuxieme ordre, surfaces d'energie potentielle, structures. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction The study of the geometrical and electronic structures of alkane radical cations has attracted much attention over the past few decades because of their fundamental chemical importance. (1-3) A [...]

Published
2012
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20. Gas-phase reaction chemistry of 1,1-dimethyl-1-silacyclobutane as a precursor gas in the hot-wire chemical vapor deposition process--formation of tetramethylsilane and trimethylsilane

Author

Tong, L. and Shi, Y.J.

Subjects
Chemical vapor deposition -- Research -- Chemical properties, Methyl groups -- Research -- Chemical properties, Chemical reactions -- Research -- Chemical properties, Butane -- Chemical properties -- Research, Chemistry
Abstract

The secondary gas-phase reaction products of 1,1-dimethyl-1-silacyclobutane (DMSCB) and its isotopomer, 1,1-di(perdeuteratedmethyl)-1-silacyclobutane (DMSCB-[d.sub.6]), in a hot-wire chemical vapour deposition reactor were investigated using vacuum UV laser single photon ionization with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Dimethylsilylene, one of the primary decomposition products, undergoes π-type addition across the double and triple C-C bond and an insertion reaction into the Si-H bond. A short-chain reaction mechanism, initiated by methyl radicals produced in the primary decomposition, is found to exist for both the source DMSCB molecule and its stable secondary products. The formation of tetramethylsilane and trimethylsilane via the reaction of 1,1-dimethylsilene with a methyl radical and an [H.sub.2] molecule, respectively, has been demonstrated. These are two new reaction channels involving 1,1-dimethylsilene in secondary gas-phase reactions. Key words: 1,1-dimethyl-1-silacyclobutane, gas-phase reaction chemistry, hot-wire chemical vapour deposition, vacuum UV laser single photon ionization mass spectrometry, silene, silylene. Faisant appel a la spectromeetrie de masse en temps de vol avec ionisation par un photon unique d'un laser UV a vide, on a etudie la nature des produits secondaires de la reaction du 1,1-dimeethyl-1-silacyclobutane (DMSCB) et de son isotopomere, le 1,1-di(perdeuteromeethyl)-1-silacyclobutane (DMSCB-[d.sub.6]) dans un reacteur a depot de vapeur chimique sur un filament chauffe. Le dimethylsilylene, un des produits de decomposition primaire, subit une addition de type-π sur les doubles et triples liaisons C-C et une reaction d'insertion dans la liaison Si-H. On a trouve qu'il existe un mecanisme reactionnel a courte chaine, initie par les radicaux methyles produits dans la decomposition primaire, tant pour la molecule source DMSCB que pour ses produits secondaires stables. On a demontre qu'il y a formation de tetramethylsilane et de trimethylsilane par le biais de la reaction du 1,1-dimethylsilene avec respectivement un radical methyle et une molecule de [H.sub.2]. Ce sont deux voies reactionnelles nouvelles impliquant le 1,1-dimethylsilene dans des reactions secondaires en phase gazeuse. Mots-cles: 1,1-dimeethyl-1-silacyclobutane, chimie d'une reaction en phase gazeuse, depot de vapeur chimique sur un filament chauffe;, spectrometrie de masse avec ionisation par un photon unique d'un laser UV a vide, silene, silylene., Introduction 1,1-Dimethyl-1-silacyclobutane (DMSCB) has been used as a single-source precursor to deposit SiC thin films by low-pressure chemical vapour deposition (LP-CVD) (1) and hot-wire CVD (HW-CVD) (2). In this molecule, [...]

Published
2011
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21. Photocatalytic decomposition of methylene blue by Cr/TiO2 composite coatings

Author

Shi Y.J., Li J.W., Wang X.Y., Chen X.B., Yu Z.P., Shi Y.J., Li J.W., Wang X.Y., Chen X.B., and Yu Z.P.

Abstract

In this research, the Cr/TiO2 composite coatings were formed in Na2HPO4 + NaOH + Cr2O3 by micro-arc oxidation (MAO) technology with different ratios of anodic and cathodic currents. Surface morphology results showed that the pancake-like structures on the coating surface decreased with the ratio decreased. XRD results showed the TiO2:Cr3+ coatings are composed of anatase and rutile phase and the anatase content first increased and then decreased. XPS results indicated that Ti2p spin–orbit components of the Cr/TiO2 composite coatings are shifted towards higher binding energy, compared with the pure TiO2 coating, suggesting that some of the Cr3+ ions are incorporated into TiO2 lattice. The photocatalytic experiment results showed that the photocatalytic activity of Cr/TiO2 MAO coatings can be greatly enhanced with a moderate amount of Cr3+., In this research, the Cr/TiO2 composite coatings were formed in Na2HPO4 + NaOH + Cr2O3 by micro-arc oxidation (MAO) technology with different ratios of anodic and cathodic currents. Surface morphology results showed that the pancake-like structures on the coating surface decreased with the ratio decreased. XRD results showed the TiO2:Cr3+ coatings are composed of anatase and rutile phase and the anatase content first increased and then decreased. XPS results indicated that Ti2p spin–orbit components of the Cr/TiO2 composite coatings are shifted towards higher binding energy, compared with the pure TiO2 coating, suggesting that some of the Cr3+ ions are incorporated into TiO2 lattice. The photocatalytic experiment results showed that the photocatalytic activity of Cr/TiO2 MAO coatings can be greatly enhanced with a moderate amount of Cr3+.

Published
2021

22. Geometries and energetics of methanol-ethanol clusters: a VUV laser/time-of-flight mass spectrometry and density functional theory study (1)

Author

Liu, Y., Consta, S., Ogeer, F., Shi, Y.J., and Lipson, R.H.

Subjects
Alcohol -- Properties -- Structure -- Usage, Methanol -- Properties -- Structure -- Usage, Time-of-flight mass spectrometry -- Methods -- Usage -- Research, Lasers -- Usage -- Properties, Alcohol, Denatured -- Properties -- Structure -- Usage, Mixtures -- Properties -- Structure -- Methods -- Research -- Usage, Energetics -- Research -- Methods -- Usage, Chemistry, Laser, Structure, Usage, Research, Properties, Methods
Abstract

Abstract: Hydrogen-bonded clusters, formed above liquid methanol (Me) and ethanol (Et) mixtures of various compositions, were entrained in a supersonic jet and probed using 118 nm vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) laser [...]

Published
2007

24. An overview of organic molecule soft ionization using vacuum ultraviolet laser radiation (1)

Author

Shi, Y.J. and Lipson, R.H.

Subjects
Ultraviolet radiation -- Research, Mass spectrometry -- Research, Ionization -- Research, Chemistry, Research
Abstract

The utility of coherent vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) single-photon ionization (SPI) combined with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) for organic molecule detection by parent mass is explored in this short review. Nonresonant tripling in phase-matched Xe-Ar gas mixtures was used to generate photons at a fixed energy of 10.5 eV. Representative organic molecules with different functional groups were examined, including aliphatic and aromatic alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alkanols, ethers, amines, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters. In almost every case, the intensity of the resultant parent molecular ion peak detected by TOF-MS was found to be superior to that obtained using 70 eV electron impact (EI), and comparable to that obtained with 12 eV EI. In those instances when fragmentation reactions did occur, the resultant ions were similar to those found using EI but with significantly reduced mass spectral intensities. It was still possible to establish one dominant fragmentation pathway that could be used for molecular identification even if the parent molecular ion was not the strongest feature in the spectrum, for example, in the case of alcohols, alcohol clusters, and alcohol-ether adducts. Several of the fragment ions were metastably broadened. Not surprisingly, their known appearance energies or estimated reaction enthalpies were very similar to the fixed photon energy used. The success of using VUV for organic molecule soft ionization is attributed to the low photon energy that removes predominantly a π- or non-bonding electron from the functionalized species. As most organic compounds have ionization potentials in the 10.5 eV region, this approach is expected to be near universal. Key words: vacuum ultraviolet laser, single photon ionization, organic molecule detection, soft-ionization, mass spectrometry. Resume : Dans cette courte revue, on examine l'utilite d'une ionisation par un photon unique dans l'ultraviolet lointain coherent combinee avec un spectrometre de masse a temps d'envol (SM-TDE) pour la detection de molecules organiques a l'aide de la masse parente. Le triplage non resonant de melanges de gaz Xe-Ar en phase a ete utilise pour generer des photons d'energie fixe de 10,5 eV. Des molecules organiques representatives portant divers groupes fonctionnels ont ete examinees, y compris des alcanes, des alcenes, des alcynes, des alcools, des ethers, des amines, des aldehydes, des cetones, des acides carboxyliques et des esters aliphatiques et aromatiques. Dans pratiquement tous les cas, il a ete trouve que l'intensite du pic de l'ion moleculaire parent qui en resulte telle que detectee par SM-TDE est superieure a celle obtenue en utilisant un impact electronique (IE) de 70 eV, et qu'elle est comparable a celle obtenue avec un IE de 12 eV. Dans les cas ou des reactions de fragmentation se sont produites, les ions qui en resultent sont semblables a ceux observes avec un IE, mais les intensites des masses spectrales sont de beaucoup reduites. Il est toujours possible d'etablir une voie de fragmentation dominante qui pourrait etre utilisee pour l'identification moleculaire, meme si l'ion moleculaire parent n'est pas la caracteristique la plus forte du spectre, par exemple, dans le cas des alcools, des agregats d'alcools et des adduits alcool-ether. Plusieurs fragments ioniques sont elargis par leurs ions metastables. Il n'est pas surprenant que leurs energies d'apparition connues ou les enthalpies reactionnelles evaluees soient tres semblables a celle de l'energie photonique fixe utilisee. Le succes obtenu en utilisant l'ionisation douce des molecules organiques a l'aide d'ultraviolet lointain est attribue a la faible energie photonique qui elimine principalement un Electron π ou non liant des especes fonctionnalisees. Comme les potentiels d'ionisation de la plupart des molecules organiques se situent autour de 10,5 eV, il semble que cette approche pour etre universelle. Mots cles : laser ultraviolet lointain, ionisation photonique unique, detection de molecules organiques, ionisation douce, spectrometrie de masse., [Traduit par la Redaction] Introduction Several ionization schemes have been developed for mass spectrometry of gas-phase organic molecules. Electron impact (EI) and chemical ionization (CI) (1, 2) predominate. While claims [...]

Published
2005

25. A vacuum ultraviolet laser single-photon zero kinetic energy photoelectron spectroscopic study of the [X.sup.2][E.sub.3/2] ground electronic state of C[H.sub.3][Br.sup.+]

Author

Shi, Y.J., Wang, S., Jakubek, Z.J., and Simard, B.

Subjects
Bromides -- Research, Bromides -- Optical properties, Methyl groups -- Research, Methyl groups -- Optical properties, Lasers -- Usage, Laser
Abstract

The vacuum ultraviolet laser single-photon zero kinetic energy (ZEKE) photoelectron spectrum of the [X.sup.2][E.sub.3/2] ground electronic state of the methyl bromide cation is reported. The spectrum is dominated by the origin hand [0.sup.0.sub.0] of the transition [X.sup.2][E.sub.3/2] [left arrow] [X.sup.1][A.sub.1]. In addition, the [2.sup.1.sub.0] band and the [3.sup.1.sub.1] hot band are observed. All observed bands show similar rotational contours. Simulation of the rotational contour of the origin band yields the first ionization energy of methyl bromide (85 031.2 [+ or -] 1.0 [cm.sup.-1]) and the rotational constants of the cation in its ground electronic state. Key words: methyl bromide, vacuum ultraviolet laser, single-photon excitation, zero kinetic energy photoelectron spectroscopy.

Published
2004

28. Modeling for moment-rotation characteristics for end-plate connections

Author

Shi, Y.J., Chan, S.L., and Wong. Y.L.

Subjects
Structural frames -- Research, Plates, Iron and steel -- Research, Structural stability -- Models, Engineering and manufacturing industries, Science and technology
Abstract

An analytical procedure is proposed to establish the nonlinear moment-rotation (M-[Phi]) characteristics for the bolted end-plate connections in flexibly jointed steel frames. The connection characteristics are assumed to depend on the component behavior of the tension zone, the compression zone, and the shear zone. The column flange and end plate with each bolt row in the tension zone are considered as a series of T-stub assembly with the effective length recommended by the Eurocode 3. Based on the beam and yield-line theory, the elastoplastic force-deformation relationship for each T-stub assembly is derived. With the consideration of the deformation of column web in compression and shear zone, the connection rotation [Phi] under bending moment M is evaluated accordingly. The proposed analytical model is compared with some experimental results of extended and flush end-plate connections, and the feasibility and validation of the proposed model are demonstrated.

Published
1996

39. Optimization of the JUNO liquid scintillator composition using a Daya Bay antineutrino detector

Author

Bay, Daya, collaborations, JUNO, Abusleme, A., Adam, T., Ahmad, S., Aiello, S., Akram, M., Ali, N., An, F. P., An, G. P., An, Q., Andronico, G., Anfimov, N., Antonelli, V., Antoshkina, T., Asavapibhop, B., de André, J. P. A. M., Babic, A., Balantekin, A. B., Baldini, W., Baldoncini, M., Band, H. R., Barresi, A., Baussan, E., Bellato, M., Bernieri, E., Biare, D., Birkenfeld, T., Bishai, M., Blin, S., Blum, D., Blyth, S., Bordereau, C., Brigatti, A., Brugnera, R., Budano, A., Burgbacher, P., Buscemi, M., Bussino, S., Busto, J., Butorov, I., Cabrera, A., Cai, H., Cai, X., Cai, Y. K., Cai, Z. Y., Cammi, A., Campeny, A., Cao, C. Y., Cao, G. F., Cao, J., Caruso, R., Cerna, C., Chakaberia, I., Chang, J. F., Chang, Y., Chen, H. S., Chen, P. A., Chen, P. P., Chen, S. M., Chen, S. J., Chen, X. R., Chen, Y. W., Chen, Y. X., Chen, Y., Chen, Z., Cheng, J., Cheng, Y. P., Cheng, Z. K., Chepurnov, A., Cherwinka, J. J., Chiarello, F., Chiesa, D., Chimenti, P., Chu, M. C., Chukanov, A., Chuvashova, A., Clementi, ., Clerbaux, B., Di Lorenzo, S. Conforti, Corti, D., Costa, S., Corso, F. D., Cummings, J. P., Dalager, O., De La Taille, C., Deng, F. S., Deng, J. W., Deng, Z., Deng, Z. Y., Depnering, W., Diaz, M., Ding, X. F., Ding, Y. Y., Dirgantara, B., Dmitrievsky, S., Diwan, M. V., Dohnal, T., Donchenko, G., Dong, J. M., Dornic, D., Doroshkevich, E., Dove, J., Dracos, M., Druillole, F., Du, S. X., Dusini, S., Dvorak, M., Dwyer, D. A., Enqvist, T., Enzmann, H., Fabbri, A., Fajt, L., Fan, D. H., Fan, L., Fang, C., Fang, J., Fatkina, A., Fedoseev, D., Fekete, V., Feng, L. C., Feng, Q. C., Fiorentini, G., Ford, R., Formozov, A., Fournier, A., Franke, S., Gallo, J. P., Gan, H. N., Gao, F., Garfagnini, A., Göttel, A., Genster, C., Giammarchi, M., Giaz, A., Giudice, N., Giuliani, F., Gonchar, M., Gong, G. H., Gong, H., Gorchakov, O., Gornushkin, Y., Grassi, M., Grewing, C., Gromov, M., Gromov, V., Gu, M. H., Gu, W. Q., Gu, X. F., Gu, Y., Guan, M. Y., Guardone, N., Gul, M., Guo, C., Guo, J. Y., Guo, L., Guo, W. L., Guo, X. H., Guo, Y. H., Guo, Z., Haacke, M., Hackenburg, R. W., Hackspacher, P., Hagner, C., Han, R., Han, Y., Hans, S., He, M., He, W., Heeger, K. M., Heinz, T., Heng, Y. K., Herrera, R., Higuera, A., Hong, D. J., Hor, Y. K., Hou, S. J., Hsiung, Y. B., Hu, B. Z., Hu, H., Hu, J. R., Hu, J., Hu, S. Y., Hu, T., Hu, Z. J., Huang, C. H., Huang, G. H., Huang, H. X., Huang, Q. H., Huang, W. H., Huang, X. T., Huang, Y. B., Huber, P., Hui, J. Q., Huo, L., Huo, W. J., Huss, C., Hussain, S., Insolia, A., Ioannisian, A., Ioannisyan, D., Isocrate, R., Jaffe, D. E., Jen, K. L., Ji, X. L., Ji, X. P., Ji, X. Z., Jia, H. H., Jia, J. J., Jian, S. Y., Jiang, D., Jiang, X. S., Jin, R. Y., Jing, X. P., Johnson, R. A., Jollet, C., Jones, D., Joutsenvaara, J., Jungthawan, S., Kalousis, L., Kampmann, P., Kang, L., Karagounis, M., Kazarian, N., Kettell, S. H., Khan, A., Khan, W., Khosonthongkee, K., Kinz, P., Kohn, S., Korablev, D., Kouzakov, K., Kramer, M., Krasnoperov, A., Krokhaleva, S., Krumshteyn, Z., Kruth, A., Kutovskiy, N., Kuusiniemi, P., Lachacinski, B., Lachenmaier, T., Langford, T. J., Lee, J., Lee, J. H. C., Lefevre, F., Lei, L., Lei, R., Leitner, R., Leung, J., Li, C., Li, D. M., Li, F., Li, H. T., Li, H. L., Li, J., Li, J. J., Li, J. Q., Li, K. J., Li, M. Z., Li, N., Li, Q. J., Li, R. H., Li, S. C., Li, S. F., Li, S. J., Li, T., Li, W. D., Li, W. G., Li, X. M., Li, X. N., Li, X. L., Li, X. Q., Li, Y., Li, Y. F., Li, Z. B., Li, Z. Y., Liang, H., Liang, J. J., Liebau, D., Limphirat, A., Limpijumnong, S., Lin, C. J., Lin, G. L., Lin, S. X., Lin, T., Lin, Y. H., Ling, J. J., Link, J. M., Lippi, I., Littenberg, L., Littlejohn, B. R., Liu, F., Liu, H., Liu, H. B., Liu, H. D., Liu, H. J., Liu, H. T., Liu, J. C., Liu, J. L., Liu, M., Liu, Q., Liu, R. X., Liu, S. Y., Liu, S. B., Liu, S. L., Liu, X. W., Liu, Y., Lokhov, A., Lombardi, P., Loo, K., Lorenz, S., Lu, C., Lu, H. Q., Lu, J. B., Lu, J. G., Lu, S. X., Lu, X. X., Lubsandorzhiev, B., Lubsandorzhiev, S., Ludhova, L., Luk, K. B., Luo, F. J., Luo, G., Luo, P. W., Luo, S., Luo, W. M., Lyashuk, V., Ma, Q. M., Ma, S., Ma, X. B., Ma, X. Y., Ma, Y. Q., Malyshkin, Y., Mantovani, F., Mao, Y. J., Mari, S. M., Marini, F., Marium, S., Marshall, C., Martellini, C., Martin-Chassard, G., Caicedo, D. A. Martinez, Martini, A., Martino, J., Mayilyan, D., McDonald, K. T., McKeown, R. D., Müller, A., Meng, G., Meng, Y., Meregaglia, A., Meroni, E., Meyhöfer, D., Mezzetto, M., Miller, J., Miramonti, L., Monforte, S., Montini, P., Montuschi, M., Morozov, N., Muralidharan, P., Napolitano, J., Nastasi, M., Naumov, D. V., Naumova, E., Nemchenok, I., Nikolaev, A., Ning, F. P., Ning, Z., Nunokawa, H., Oberauer, L., Ochoa-Ricoux, J. P., Olshevskiy, A., Ortica, F., Pan, H. 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J., Shutov, V., Sidorenkov, A., Simkovic, F., Sirignano, C., Siripak, J., Sisti, M., Slupecki, M., Smirnov, M., Smirnov, O., Sogo-Bezerra, T., Songwadhana, J., Soonthornthum, B., Sotnikov, A., Sramek, O., Sreethawong, W., Stahl, A., Stanco, L., Stankevich, K., Stefanik, D., Steiger, H., Steiner, H., Steinmann, J., Stender, M., Strati, V., Studenikin, A., Sun, G. X., Sun, L. T., Sun, J. L., Sun, S. F., Sun, X. L., Sun, Y. J., Sun, Y. Z., Suwonjandee, N., Szelezniak, M., Tang, J., Tang, Q., Tang, X., Tietzsch, A., Tkachev, I., Tmej, T., Treskov, K., Troni, G., Trzaska, W., Tse, W. -H., Tull, C. E., Tuve, C., van Waasen, S., Boom, J. Vanden, Vassilopoulos, N., Vedin, V., Verde, G., Vialkov, M., Viaud, B., Viren, B., Volpe, C., Vorobel, V., Votano, L., Walker, P., Wang, C., Wang, C. H., Wang, E., Wang, G. L., Wang, J., Wang, K. Y., Wang, L., Wang, M. F., Wang, M., Wang, N. Y., Wang, R. G., Wang, S. G., Wang, W., Wang, W. S., Wang, X., Wang, X. Y., Wang, Y., Wang, Y. F., Wang, Y. G., Wang, Y. M., Wang, Y. Q., Wang, Z., Wang, Z. M., Wang, Z. Y., Watcharangkool, A., Wei, H. Y., Wei, L. H., Wei, W., Wei, Y. D., Wen, L. J., Whisnant, K., White, C. G., Wiebusch, C., Wong, S. C. F., Wong, H. L. H., Wonsak, B., Worcester, E., Wu, C. H., Wu, D. R., Wu, F. L., Wu, Q., Wu, W. J., Wu, Z., Wurm, M., Wurtz, J., Wysotzki, C., Xi, Y. F., Xia, D. M., Xie, Y. G., Xie, Z. Q., Xing, Z. Z., Xu, D. L., Xu, F. R., Xu, H. K., Xu, J. L., Xu, J., Xu, M. H., Xu, T., Xu, Y., Xue, T., Yan, B. J., Yan, X. B., Yan, Y. P., Yang, A. B., Yang, C. G., Yang, H., Yang, J., Yang, L., Yang, X. Y., Yang, Y. F., Yang, Y. Z., Yao, H. F., Yasin, Z., Ye, J. X., Ye, M., Yegin, U., Yeh, M., Yermia, F., Yi, P. H., You, Z. Y., Young, B. L., Yu, B. X., Yu, C. X., Yu, C. Y., Yu, H. Z., Yu, M., Yu, X. H., Yu, Z. Y., Yuan, C. Z., Yuan, Y., Yuan, Z. X., Yuan, Z. Y., Yue, B. B., Zafar, N., Zambanini, A., Zeng, P., Zeng, S., Zeng, T. X., Zeng, Y. D., Zhan, L., Zhang, C., Zhang, F. Y., Zhang, G. Q., Zhang, H. H., Zhang, H. Q., Zhang, J., Zhang, J. B., Zhang, J. W., Zhang, P., Zhang, Q. M., Zhang, T., Zhang, X. M., Zhang, X. T., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y. H., Zhang, Y. M., Zhang, Y. P., Zhang, Y. X., Zhang, Y. Y., Zhang, Z. J., Zhang, Z. P., Zhang, Z. Y., Zhao, F. Y., Zhao, J., Zhao, R., Zhao, S. J., Zhao, T. C., Zheng, D. Q., Zheng, H., Zheng, M. S., Zheng, Y. H., Zhong, W. R., Zhou, J., Zhou, L., Zhou, N., Zhou, S., Zhou, X., Zhu, J., Zhu, K. J., Zhuang, H. L., Zong, L., Zou, J. H., Abusleme A., Adam T., Ahmad S., Aiello S., Akram M., Ali N., An F.P., An G.P., An Q., Andronico G., Anfimov N., Antonelli V., Antoshkina T., Asavapibhop B., de Andre J.P.A.M., Babic A., Balantekin A.B., Baldini W., Baldoncini M., Band H.R., Barresi A., Baussan E., Bellato M., Bernieri E., Biare D., Birkenfeld T., Bishai M., Blin S., Blum D., Blyth S., Bordereau C., Brigatti A., Brugnera R., Budano A., Burgbacher P., Buscemi M., Bussino S., Busto J., Butorov I., Cabrera A., Cai H., Cai X., Cai Y.K., Cai Z.Y., Cammi A., Campeny A., Cao C.Y., Cao G.F., Cao J., Caruso R., Cerna C., Chang J.F., Chang Y., Chen H.S., Chen P.A., Chen P.P., Chen S.M., Chen S.J., Chen X.R., Chen Y.W., Chen Y.X., Chen Y., Chen Z., Cheng J., Cheng Y.P., Cheng Z.K., Chepurnov A., Cherwinka J.J., Chiarello F., Chiesa D., Chimenti P., Chu M.C., Chukanov A., Chuvashova A., Clementi C., Clerbaux B., Di Lorenzo S.C., Corti D., Costa S., Dal Corso F., Cummings J.P., Dalager O., De La Taille C., Deng F.S., Deng J.W., Deng Z., Deng Z.Y., Depnering W., Diaz M., Ding X.F., Ding Y.Y., Dirgantara B., Dmitrievsky S., Diwan M.V., Dohnal T., Donchenko G., Dong J.M., Dornic D., Doroshkevich E., Dove J., Dracos M., Druillole F., Du S.X., Dusini S., Dvorak M., Dwyer D.A., Enqvist T., Enzmann H., Fabbri A., Fajt L., Fan D.H., Fan L., Fang C., Fang J., Fatkina A., Fedoseev D., Fekete V., Feng L.C., Feng Q.C., Fiorentini G., Ford R., Formozov A., Fournier A., Franke S., Gallo J.P., Gan H.N., Gao F., Garfagnini A., Gottel A., Genster C., Giammarchi M., Giaz A., Giudice N., Giuliani F., Gonchar M., Gong G.H., Gong H., Gorchakov O., Gornushkin Y., Grassi M., Grewing C., Gromov M., Gromov V., Gu M.H., Gu W.Q., Gu X.F., Gu Y., Guan M.Y., Guardone N., Gul M., Guo C., Guo J.Y., Guo L., Guo W.L., Guo X.H., Guo Y.H., Guo Z., Haacke M., Hackenburg R.W., Hackspacher P., Hagner C., Han R., Han Y., Hans S., He M., He W., Heeger K.M., Heinz T., Heng Y.K., Herrera R., Higuera A., Hong D.J., Hor Y.K., Hou S.J., Hsiung Y.B., Hu B.Z., Hu H., Hu J.R., Hu J., Hu S.Y., Hu T., Hu Z.J., Huang C.H., Huang G.H., Huang H.X., Huang Q.H., Huang W.H., Huang X.T., Huang Y.B., Huber P., Hui J.Q., Huo L., Huo W.J., Huss C., Hussain S., Insolia A., Ioannisian A., Ioannisyan D., Isocrate R., Jaffe D.E., Jen K.L., Ji X.L., Ji X.P., Ji X.Z., Jia H.H., Jia J.J., Jian S.Y., Jiang D., Jiang X.S., Jin R.Y., Jing X.P., Johnson R.A., Jollet C., Jones D., Joutsenvaara J., Jungthawan S., Kalousis L., Kampmann P., Kang L., Karagounis M., Kazarian N., Kettell S.H., Khan A., Khan W., Khosonthongkee K., Kinz P., Kohn S., Korablev D., Kouzakov K., Kramer M., Krasnoperov A., Krokhaleva S., Krumshteyn Z., Kruth A., Kutovskiy N., Kuusiniemi P., Lachacinski B., Lachenmaier T., Landini C., Langford T.J., Lee J., Lee J.H.C., Lefevre F., Lei L., Lei R., Leitner R., Leung J., Li D.M., Li F., Li H.T., Li H.L., Li J., Li J.J., Li J.Q., Li K.J., Li M.Z., Li N., Li Q.J., Li R.H., Li S.C., Li S.F., Li S.J., Li T., Li W.D., Li W.G., Li X.M., Li X.N., Li X.L., Li X.Q., Li Y., Li Y.F., Li Z.B., Li Z.Y., Liang H., Liang J.J., Liebau D., Limphirat A., Limpijumnong S., Lin C.J., Lin G.L., Lin S.X., Lin T., Lin Y.H., Ling J.J., Link J.M., Lippi I., Littenberg L., Littlejohn B.R., Liu F., Liu H., Liu H.B., Liu H.D., Liu H.J., Liu H.T., Liu J.C., Liu J.L., Liu M., Liu Q., Liu R.X., Liu S.Y., Liu S.B., Liu S.L., Liu X.W., Liu Y., Lokhov A., Lombardi P., Loo K., Lorenz S., Lu C., Lu H.Q., Lu J.B., Lu J.G., Lu S.X., Lu X.X., Lubsandorzhiev B., Lubsandorzhiev S., Ludhova L., Luk K.B., Luo F.J., Luo G., Luo P.W., Luo S., Luo W.M., Lyashuk V., Ma Q.M., Ma S., Ma X.B., Ma X.Y., Ma Y.Q., Malyshkin Y., Mantovani F., Mao Y.J., Mari S.M., Marini F., Marium S., Marshall C., Martellini C., Martin-Chassard G., Caicedo D.A.M., Martini A., Martino J., Mayilyan D., McDonald K.T., McKeown R.D., Muller A., Meng G., Mednieks I., Meng Y., Meregaglia A., Meroni E., Meyhofer D., Mezzetto M., Miller J., Miramonti L., Monforte S., Montini P., Montuschi M., Morozov N., Muralidharan P., Napolitano J., Nastasi M., Naumov D.V., Naumova E., Nemchenok I., Nikolaev A., Ning F.P., Ning Z., Nunokawa H., Oberauer L., Ochoa-Ricoux J.P., Olshevskiy A., Ortica F., Pan H.R., Paoloni A., Park J., Parkalian N., Parmeggiano S., Patton S., Payupol T., Pec V., Pedretti D., Pei Y.T., Pelliccia N., Peng A.G., Peng H.P., Peng J.C., Perrot F., Petitjean P.A., Rico L.F.P., Popov A., Poussot P., Pratumwan W., Previtali E., Pun C.S.J., Qi F.Z., Qi M., Qian S., Qian X., Qian X.H., Qiao H., Qin Z.H., Qiu S.K., Rajput M., Ranucci G., Raper N., Re A., Rebber H., Rebii A., Ren B., Ren J., Reveco C.M., Rezinko T., Ricci B., Robens M., Roche M., Rodphai N., Rohwer L., Romani A., Rosero R., Roskovec B., Roth C., Ruan X.C., Ruan X.D., Rujirawat S., Rybnikov A., Sadovsky A., Saggese P., Salamanna G., Sangka A., Sanguansak N., Sawangwit U., Sawatzki J., Sawy F., Schever M., Schuler J., Schwab C., Schweizer K., Selivanov D., Selyunin A., Serafini A., Settanta G., Settimo M., Shahzad M., Shi G., Shi J.Y., Shi Y.J., Shutov V., Sidorenkov A., Simkovic F., Sirignano C., Siripak J., Sisti M., Slupecki M., Smirnov M., Smirnov O., Sogo-Bezerra T., Songwadhana J., Soonthornthum B., Sotnikov A., Sramek O., Sreethawong W., Stahl A., Stanco L., Stankevich K., Stefanik D., Steiger H., Steiner H., Steinmann J., Stender M., Strati V., Studenikin A., Sun G.X., Sun L.T., Sun J.L., Sun S.F., Sun X.L., Sun Y.J., Sun Y.Z., Suwonjandee N., Szelezniak M., Tang J., Tang Q., Tang X., Tietzsch A., Tkachev I., Tmej T., Treskov K., Troni G., Trzaska W., Tse W.-H., Tull C.E., Tuve C., van Waasen S., Boom J.V.D., Vassilopoulos N., Vedin V., Verde G., Vialkov M., Viaud B., Viren B., Volpe C., Vorobel V., Votano L., Walker P., Wang C., Wang C.H., Wang E., Wang G.L., Wang J., Wang K.Y., Wang L., Wang M.F., Wang M., Wang N.Y., Wang R.G., Wang S.G., Wang W., Wang W.S., Wang X., Wang X.Y., Wang Y., Wang Y.F., Wang Y.G., Wang Y.M., Wang Y.Q., Wang Z., Wang Z.M., Wang Z.Y., Watcharangkool A., Wei H.Y., Wei L.H., Wei W., Wei Y.D., Wen L.J., Whisnant K., White C.G., Wiebusch C., Wong S.C.F., Wong H.L.H., Wonsak B., Worcester E., Wu C.H., Wu D.R., Wu F.L., Wu Q., Wu W.J., Wu Z., Wurm M., Wurtz J., Wysotzki C., Xi Y.F., Xia D.M., Xie Y.G., Xie Z.Q., Xing Z.Z., Xu D.L., Xu F.R., Xu H.K., Xu J.L., Xu J., Xu M.H., Xu T., Xu Y., Xue T., Yan B.J., Yan X.B., Yan Y.P., Yang A.B., Yang C.G., Yang H., Yang J., Yang L., Yang X.Y., Yang Y.F., Yang Y.Z., Yao H.F., Yasin Z., Ye J.X., Ye M., Yegin U., Yeh M., Yermia F., Yi P.H., You Z.Y., Young B.L., Yu B.X., Yu C.X., Yu C.Y., Yu H.Z., Yu M., Yu X.H., Yu Z.Y., Yuan C.Z., Yuan Y., Yuan Z.X., Yuan Z.Y., Yue B.B., Zafar N., Zambanini A., Zeng P., Zeng S., Zeng T.X., Zeng Y.D., Zhan L., Zhang C., Zhang F.Y., Zhang G.Q., Zhang H.H., Zhang H.Q., Zhang J., Zhang J.B., Zhang J.W., Zhang P., Zhang Q.M., Zhang T., Zhang X.M., Zhang X.T., Zhang Y., Zhang Y.H., Zhang Y.M., Zhang Y.P., Zhang Y.X., Zhang Y.Y., Zhang Z.J., Zhang Z.P., Zhang Z.Y., Zhao F.Y., Zhao J., Zhao R., Zhao S.J., Zhao T.C., Zheng D.Q., Zheng H., Zheng M.S., Zheng Y.H., Zhong W.R., Zhou J., Zhou L., Zhou N., Zhou S., Zhou X., Zhu J., Zhu K.J., Zhuang H.L., Zong L., Zou J.H., Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie (IJCLab), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan (CENBG), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de physique subatomique et des technologies associées (SUBATECH), Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), JUNO, Daya Bay, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Abusleme, A, Adam, T, Ahmad, S, Aiello, S, Akram, M, Ali, N, An, F, An, G, An, Q, Andronico, G, Anfimov, N, Antonelli, V, Antoshkina, T, Asavapibhop, B, de Andre, J, Babic, A, Balantekin, A, Baldini, W, Baldoncini, M, Band, H, Barresi, A, Baussan, E, Bellato, M, Bernieri, E, Biare, D, Birkenfeld, T, Bishai, M, Blin, S, Blum, D, Blyth, S, Bordereau, C, Brigatti, A, Brugnera, R, Budano, A, Burgbacher, P, Buscemi, M, Bussino, S, Busto, J, Butorov, I, Cabrera, A, Cai, H, Cai, X, Cai, Y, Cai, Z, Cammi, A, Campeny, A, Cao, C, Cao, G, Cao, J, Caruso, R, Cerna, C, Chang, J, Chang, Y, Chen, H, Chen, P, Chen, S, Chen, X, Chen, Y, Chen, Z, Cheng, J, Cheng, Y, Cheng, Z, Chepurnov, A, Cherwinka, J, Chiarello, F, Chiesa, D, Chimenti, P, Chu, M, Chukanov, A, Chuvashova, A, Clementi, C, Clerbaux, B, Di Lorenzo, S, Corti, D, Costa, S, Dal Corso, F, Cummings, J, Dalager, O, De La Taille, C, Deng, F, Deng, J, Deng, Z, Depnering, W, Diaz, M, Ding, X, Ding, Y, Dirgantara, B, Dmitrievsky, S, Diwan, M, Dohnal, T, Donchenko, G, Dong, J, Dornic, D, Doroshkevich, E, Dove, J, Dracos, M, Druillole, F, Du, S, Dusini, S, Dvorak, M, Dwyer, D, Enqvist, T, Enzmann, H, Fabbri, A, Fajt, L, Fan, D, Fan, L, Fang, C, Fang, J, Fatkina, A, Fedoseev, D, Fekete, V, Feng, L, Feng, Q, Fiorentini, G, Ford, R, Formozov, A, Fournier, A, Franke, S, Gallo, J, Gan, H, Gao, F, Garfagnini, A, Gottel, A, Genster, C, Giammarchi, M, Giaz, A, Giudice, N, Giuliani, F, Gonchar, M, Gong, G, Gong, H, Gorchakov, O, Gornushkin, Y, Grassi, M, Grewing, C, Gromov, M, Gromov, V, Gu, M, Gu, W, Gu, X, Gu, Y, Guan, M, Guardone, N, Gul, M, Guo, C, Guo, J, Guo, L, Guo, W, Guo, X, Guo, Y, Guo, Z, Haacke, M, Hackenburg, R, Hackspacher, P, Hagner, C, 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Subjects
organic compounds: admixture, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Liquid scintillator, scintillation counter: liquid, Analytical chemistry, FOS: Physical sciences, model: optical, Scintillator, Wavelength shifter, antineutrino: detector, 01 natural sciences, NO, High Energy Physics - Experiment, wavelength shifter, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), PE2_2, Daya Bay, Neutrino, 0103 physical sciences, fluorine: admixture, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], ddc:530, neutrino oscillation, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory, Physics, JUNO, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Settore FIS/01 - Fisica Sperimentale, Detector, Light yield, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Yield (chemistry), Scintillation counter, Composition (visual arts), photon: yield
Abstract

To maximize the light yield of the liquid scintillator (LS) for the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), a 20 t LS sample was produced in a pilot plant at Daya Bay. The optical properties of the new LS in various compositions were studied by replacing the gadolinium-loaded LS in one antineutrino detector. The concentrations of the fluor, PPO, and the wavelength shifter, bis-MSB, were increased in 12 steps from 0.5 g/L and, 13 pages, 8 figures

Published
2021
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